THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S CENTER FOR STRATEGIC COUNTERTERRORISM COMMUNICATIONS MISSION OPERATIONS AND IMPACT HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TERRORISM NONPROLIFERATION AND TRADE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION AUGUST 2 2012 Serial No 112-164 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs Available via the World Wide Web http www foreignaffairs house gov or http www gpo gov fdsys U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 75-389PDF 2012 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U S Government Printing Office Internet bookstore gpo gov Phone toll free 866 512-1800 DC area 202 512-1800 Fax 202 512-2104 Mail Stop IDCC Washington DC 20402-0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN Florida Chairman CHRISTOPHER H SMITH New Jersey HOWARD L BERMAN California DAN BURTON Indiana GARY L ACKERMAN New York ELTON GALLEGLY California ENI F H FALEOMAVAEGA American DANA ROHRABACHER California Samoa DONALD A MANZULLO Illinois BRAD SHERMAN California EDWARD R ROYCE California ELIOT L ENGEL New York STEVE CHABOT Ohio GREGORY W MEEKS New York RON PAUL Texas RUSS CARNAHAN Missouri MIKE PENCE Indiana ALBIO SIRES New Jersey JOE WILSON South Carolina GERALD E CONNOLLY Virginia CONNIE MACK Florida THEODORE E DEUTCH Florida JEFF FORTENBERRY Nebraska DENNIS CARDOZA California MICHAEL T MCCAUL Texas BEN CHANDLER Kentucky TED POE Texas BRIAN HIGGINS New York GUS M BILIRAKIS Florida ALLYSON SCHWARTZ Pennsylvania JEAN SCHMIDT Ohio CHRISTOPHER S MURPHY Connecticut BILL JOHNSON Ohio FREDERICA WILSON Florida DAVID RIVERA Florida KAREN BASS California MIKE KELLY Pennsylvania WILLIAM KEATING Massachusetts TIM GRIFFIN Arkansas DAVID CICILLINE Rhode Island TOM MARINO Pennsylvania JEFF DUNCAN South Carolina ANN MARIE BUERKLE New York RENEE ELLMERS North Carolina ROBERT TURNER New York YLEEM D S POBLETE Staff Director RICHARD J KESSLER Democratic Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON TERRORISM NONPROLIFERATION AND TRADE EDWARD R ROYCE California Chairman TED POE Texas BRAD SHERMAN California JEFF DUNCAN South Carolina DAVID CICILLINE Rhode Island BILL JOHNSON Ohio GERALD E CONNOLLY Virginia TIM GRIFFIN Arkansas ALLYSON SCHWARTZ Pennsylvania ANN MARIE BUERKLE New York RENEE ELLMERS North Carolina II VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL CONTENTS Page WITNESS The Honorable Alberto Fernandez Coordinator Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications U S Department of State 6 LETTERS STATEMENTS ETC SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING The Honorable Edward R Royce a Representative in Congress from the State of California and chairman Subcommittee on Terrorism Nonproliferation and Trade Prepared statement The Honorable Alberto Fernandez Prepared statement 3 9 APPENDIX Hearing notice Hearing minutes The Honorable Gerald E Connolly a Representative in Congress from the Commonwealth of Virginia Prepared statement The Honorable Edward R Royce Letter from the Honorable Edward R Royce to the Honorable Alberto Fernandez dated August 14 2012 Letter from the United States Department of State to the Honorable Edward R Royce received August 30 2012 Written responses from the Honorable Alberto Fernandez to questions submitted for the record by The Honorable Edward R Royce The Honorable Jeff Duncan a Representative in Congress from the State of South Carolina 28 29 31 32 34 36 44 III VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S CENTER FOR STRATEGIC COUNTERTERRORISM COMMUNICATIONS MISSION OPERATIONS AND IMPACT THURSDAY AUGUST 2 2012 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SUBCOMMITTEE ON TERRORISM NONPROLIFERATION AND TRADE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS Washington DC The subcommittee met pursuant to notice at 2 05 p m in room 2172 Rayburn House Office Building Hon Edward R Royce chairman of the subcommittee presiding Mr ROYCE This hearing of the subcommittee will come to order Today we examine the State Department's Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications Terrorist organizations as we know use the Internet They use it to propagandize and they use it to recruit and they use it all over the globe So prevalent are these extremist Web sites today that they have been described as a ''virtual caliphate'' in cyberspace Several witnesses appearing before this subcommittee in the past have urged a more vigorous U S effort to combat terrorist use of the Internet And to go back to recent hearings on this one cited ''the absence of an effective campaign to counter al-Qaeda's extremist ideology'' and made the point that that is a central challenge an ongoing challenge Another witness said that our efforts up until now have been ''anemic '' Stepping into this void is the Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications which was established by executive order last fall While other U S agencies may hack into extremist chat rooms to sew confusion or to render them useless or for the purpose of collecting intelligence CSCC's mission is a very straightforward one Its mission is to identify confront and undermine al-Qaeda or as the Ambassador likes to say ''get in their heads '' Arabic Urdu and Somali speakers ''contest'' in these online chat rooms and media Web sites and these forums that are set up where al-Qaeda and al-Qaeda affiliates operate As we will hear the aim of its ''digital outreach team'' is to expose the inherent contradictions in al-Qaeda propaganda and bring to light al-Qaeda's atrocities One recent effort caught headlines after the al-Qaeda affiliate in Yemen posted photos of coffins And in these pictures they had coffins draped in American flags The center produced a counter ad that replaced the flags with the flag of Yemen conveying of course 1 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 2 that most of the victims of the attacks in Yemen have been local people And these videos of course got a quick reaction And they were applauded by analysts for the use of the ''out-of-the-box'' thinking And the use of ridicule is pretty common here in terms of this interaction that goes on with al-Qaeda on these Web sites So this is new And there are issues for us to consider in this Can the center keep from becoming just another office that is bureaucratic Can we make sure the innovation isn't beaten out of it you know keep it fresh Is it responding to events on the ground with what I think you call the appropriate ''counternarratives'' for those situations And the digital outreach team which includes many contract personnel have also got to master here some pretty sensitive and complicated issues or they could do harm in this situation So how does the State Department oversee their work How do you avoid some of the quality control issues that have plagued some of the U S international broadcasting efforts over the years I am thinking about some of the problems we have had with respect to Iran for example So those are the issues And should it go beyond al-Qaeda as a target Does the center face legal constraints is another issue But an overriding question facing the center is the ability to measure its impact Terrorist propagandists have felt compelled to react to the center's work with vitriolic attacks We have anecdotal evidence in terms of the effectiveness In December a top al-Qaeda Web site began discussing ways to counter the videos posted by the digital outreach teams that are reaching their audience State Department officials take the attitude that it is better to be hated than ignored when it comes to al-Qaeda's watchers But at the end of the day we need a measure of effectiveness We need to know are opinions changing And if so is the center a significant influence or is it just a commendable but ultimately futile attempt to empty an ocean of militancy with a spoon Those are the issues we are going to be discussing today And we look forward to hearing from our witness And I will turn now to Ranking Member Sherman for his opening statement The prepared statement of Mr Royce follows VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389b-1 eps 75389b-2 eps 3 4 Mr SHERMAN Thank you Chairman for holding these hearings Back in September 2010 I was sitting there You were sitting immediately to the right and this same subcommittee held hearings called U S Strategy for Countering Jihadist Web Sites in which we focused on the efforts to counter the radical messages online And while I know our focus here is going to be online television and radio continue to be even more important communications media in most of the world that we are trying to reach The State Department Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications CSCC has as its mission to identify confront and undermine the communications of al-Qaeda affiliates A principal focus is digital outreach The staff of the center is about 45 by the end of this year I understand with about 20 native speakers of Arabic Urdu and Somali and I hope other languages as well And perhaps in your statement you can indicate all the languages that you have native speakers communicating in And they are battling on forums and other sites where al-Qaeda and its affiliates spread propaganda and recruit followers They expose the work of hate contradictions false and empty ideology of al-Qaeda And I hope that you are working hand in hand and maybe you will tell us in your opening statement with the CIA and others to identify who the bad guys are rather than just to argue against them There are some we are not going to be able to convince These are open Web sites forums where vulnerable minds can be swayed by al-Qaeda recruiters According to the State Department the center focuses on two themes in counterterrorism communications that al-Qaeda-inspired violence kills disproportionately Muslims and then violence is not necessary for political change Pakistan is a nuclear-armed Islamic state on the front line of several conflicts With so many extremist groups Pakistan is a pressing international problem for us My hope is that you are reaching out to the Pakistani people not just in Urdu which is the politically correct language that the government and the ISI in Pakistan would have you use but also in the other languages particularly Sindhi The people of Sindh who predominantly speak Sindhi have been under attack by governmental bodies And that is why the Government of Pakistan would just assume you not use that language They are so helpful in so many ways that perhaps you might want to ignore their advice The U S must reach out to Sindh when of course the Sindhi language is spoken by more people than Urdu even though I know you have native Urdu speakers So I hope you will be discussing your efforts to outreach to southern Pakistan I would point out that this committee passed an amendment stating that at least $1 5 million be spent on radio broadcasts preferably AM perhaps based in the Emirates to reach out in the Sindhi language The terrorist organizations use the Internet to get their message across and spread propaganda We are told that we should simply compete with them by posting things where they post things The more aggressive thing to do is just take down their sites And we invented the Internet and we ought to perhaps be aggressive either by serving notice on certain servers in certain countries or through more surreptitious means Are you so sure that you are VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 5 going to outdebate them that you want them to have the run of the Internet Another issue is the budget You have had some belt tightening a 2011 budget of $6 8 million In 2012 it was $5 million The request now is for $5 15 million I would just point out that even if your work is 100th of 1 percent as important as our military you are a real bargain And it has the additional advantage of not having to pay in both blood and treasure for our anti-terrorism efforts So I look forward to hearing from you as to what we can do to block terrorist communications as well as to answer them I yield back Mr ROYCE Thank you Mr Sherman Now we go to Mr Duncan from South Carolina Mr DUNCAN Thank you Mr Chairman You know I am grateful for the work that the State Department Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications is seeking to do In addition to serving on this subcommittee my work on the Homeland Security Committee has enabled me to study this issue in depth And I believe strategic communications is crucial This issue is really an issue about the war of ideas How do we achieve victory on a battleground for the hearts and minds of individuals who not only commit violent actions but who seek to destroy America our values our freedoms and ultimately our Constitution So what do we do with a war that involves conflicting visions of the world western civilization which values freedom versus a totalitarian political ideology of Islamists espoused by alQaeda and other terrorist organizations including the imposition of a rigid form of sharia Radical Islamist clerics and terrorist organizations have become masters at using social media Facebook YouTube Twitter Internet chat rooms and al-Qaeda's Inspire allow the publication of religious commentary and religious opinions to large audiences instantaneously In the course of this hearing I would like know to know to what extent social media plays in the role of the center's identification of current and emerging trends of extremist communication Does the center have an alternative or counternarrative to al-Qaeda's Inspire Additionally I want to understand how the center defines strategic counterterrorism communications What is so strategic about what the center is doing In other words by strategic does the center mean coordination of communications all across government channels More a bureaucratic messaging strategy Or does it mean that the U S Government communications will have a strategic effect I believe the center is on the right path in seeking to steer individuals away from violence However I believe that we can take it further by one understanding the ideology of Islamists number two directly countering the ideology by attacking Islamists' authenticity delegitimizing groups individuals and movements that support Islamist discourse and power and number three neutralizing Islamist propaganda by showing the parallels between Islamism and other forms of political ideology like totalitarianism and fascism and other things And so Ambassador Fernandez thank you for being here today to testify I look forward to your testimony And with that Mr Chairman I will yield back VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 6 Mr ROYCE Thank you Mr Duncan Today we are joined by Ambassador Alberto Fernandez the State Department's Coordinator for the Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communication Previously Ambassador Fernandez served as U S Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea He served as director for Near East Public Diplomacy from 2005 to 2007 and held senior diplomacy positions at the U S Embassies in Afghanistan Jordan and Syria I think you were stationed in Sudan for a while A career member of the Foreign Service Ambassador Fernandez has received the Presidential Meritorious Service Award and the Edward R Murrow Award for Excellence in Public Diplomacy among others He is fluent in Arabic and in Spanish We welcome you to the committee And I would like to acknowledge that the Ambassador submitted his testimony to the committee well in advance of this afternoon's hearing a first I think It is much appreciated obviously by the members of the committee Your complete written statement of course will appear in the record What we are going to suggest is a shorter 5-minute opening statement and then we will proceed with questions And again Ambassador thank you for joining us STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE ALBERTO FERNANDEZ COORDINATOR CENTER FOR STRATEGIC COUNTERTERRORISM COMMUNICATIONS U S DEPARTMENT OF STATE Ambassador FERNANDEZ Thank you Mr Chairman Mr Chairman Ranking Member Sherman and Mr Duncan thank you for the opportunity to be here today I am pleased to be with you this afternoon to discuss the interagency Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications I will make brief remarks drawing on my formal testimony CSCC was established at the direction of the President and the Secretary of State to coordinate orient and inform governmentwide foreign communications activities targeted against terrorism and violent extremism particularly al-Qaeda and its allies We are housed in the Department of State with the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs I report directly to Under Secretary Sonenshine and work very closely with the Bureau of Counterterrorism other department bureaus and other agencies We have a steering committee chaired by Under Secretary Sonenshine with CT Bureau Coordinator Ambassador Benjamin as vice chair The committee comprises nine agencies including NCTC the Departments of Defense Treasury Justice Homeland Security CIA and USAID We target a specific audience overseas through our products for U S Government communicators projects and the online engagement of our Digital Outreach Team As many of you know al-Qaeda has repeatedly made clear the high importance it attaches to the media struggle Ayman alZawahiri has described the communications space as more than half of the battle And one scholar noted recently that al-Qaeda has transformed from a global terrorist organization that used the media into a global media organization that uses terrorism So our VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 7 goal is to move quickly to respond effectively and to contest the space which had been for too long monopolized by our adversaries For example very recently as troubling developments in Timbuktu unfolded last month we were writing a preliminary media strategy and producing new digital material specifically focused on al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and its allies' destructive activities in northern Mali To achieve our goals CSCC is divided into three distinct areas of operation intelligence and analysis plans and operations and the Digital Outreach Team or DOT The intelligence and analysis section gathers analytic support from the intelligence community academia and other sources of relevant expertise that is essential to our mission to counter violent extremism We subscribe to two guiding principles for the center's operation That counterterrorism communications should be guided by the best intelligence and academic analysis of the audience the adversary and the appropriate communications themes and techniques and that this must be an interagency effort drawing on analytical and operational skills across U S Government agencies The detail to CSCC of intelligence community and U S military personnel make this goal a feasible one The second part is the plans and operations team which designs and implements nondigital CVE communications strategies tools and programs to counter al-Qaeda's ability to recruit and win support This section focuses on undermining the efforts of al-Qaeda and its affiliates in and emanating from five priority areas using nondigital means The five priority areas being Al-Shabaab in the Horn of Africa al-Qaeda senior leadership and its affiliates and allies in Pakistan AQIM and its associates across the Sahel through Northern and Western Africa al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and al-Qaeda in Iraq and its offshoots in that general area of the Fertile Crescent These plans and ops teams provide CVE communications material for use by all U S Government communicators with foreign audiences These tools include CSCC communications templates on topics such as highlighting Al-Shabaab's actions against Somalis and shorter Quick Thoughts documents such as the recent ''A Plague of Locusts CT Messaging Against AQIM and Ansar al-Din '' CSCC's third section is the Digital Outreach Team or DOT which directly counters the al-Qaeda narrative in the interactive digital environment Most of this team's engagements which number more than 7 000 since joining CSCC consist of written text posted to online forums Facebook or the comments sections of media Web sites But they also use video They also use poster art and other means Engagements are branded Writer analysts identify themselves as members of the Digital Outreach Team at the U S Department of State This is overt communication in this digital space Three basic principles animate this team's activities Contest the space redirect the conversation and confound the adversary An early measure of effectiveness has been the irate responses from online extremists who fulminate on various occasions expressing a desire to hack the Digital Outreach Team's YouTube channel warning their followers to be wary of providing fodder for the team VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 8 and even discussing the possibility of setting up their own radical Digital Outreach Team to conquer what we are doing The digital environment is rapidly changing as are al-Qaeda's efforts to exploit them CSCC is committed to keeping pace and innovating The rise of hand-held devices provides an opportunity to do so And we have already deployed video with mobile platforms in one of our highest priority areas A recent Yemen-focused clip garnered 15 to 20 percent of views on mobile devices Future plans include establishing a presence on mobile-based interactive environments distributing audio and visual files over mobile devices and finding new ways to deliver digital content to the physical environment through hand-held devices As an example of our work we recently have a campaign that just included a focus in the Urdu language in Pakistan for a 30-month period in June-July 2012 pushing back against extremist narratives in Pakistan with examples of U S -funded aid projects For more than 30 days the team carried out 255 engagements using 10 videos and 10 still images on 29 online platforms reaching nearly 50 000 people through Facebook and forums and generating over 400 comments That was one very targeted narrowly focused campaign on a very specific subject Gentlemen thank you for your interest and your continued support and I look forward to answering your questions and getting into greater detail But thank you very much And it is a real pleasure to be here Mr ROYCE Thank you Ambassador The prepared statement of Mr Fernandez follows VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389a-1 eps 9 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389a-2 eps 10 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389a-3 eps 11 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389a-4 eps 12 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389a-5 eps 13 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389a-6 eps 14 15 Mr ROYCE We appreciate your testimony Let me ask you a question that goes to your strategy I can readily understand the video that you did stressing al-Qaeda's willingness to kill fellow Muslims and especially the concept of destroying the indigenous culture which we saw in Mali which we saw in Timbuktu which we saw on the attacks on the Sufi mosques in Pakistan and the destruction there But moving to the issue of your team stressing the USAID projects in Pakistan I have never seen our efforts win any points in Pakistan We are about as unpopular as can be there My last three trips there I saw that the Deobandi schools were still in full throttle But why this particular message as opposed to a message of what is being done to traditional Pakistani culture by this radical change you know on the order of what we saw in the Cultural Revolution in Mao's China It is an attempt to destroy the past evidence of the culture You saw that in Afghanistan The destruction of art of Muslim art as well as Buddhist And so I think that that is probably a more powerful argument but I wanted to see why we were going with this approach Ambassador FERNANDEZ That is a very good question sir We use a variety of themes at different times The theme you identify of the radical extreme unusually extreme nature of al-Qaeda and its allies its virulence its alien nature from the mainstream of Muslims everywhere is one that we stress traditionally So we do stress that in Pakistan and in the other areas we work This specific campaign as I said we often try to highlight a specific campaign at a specific time So we wanted to use AID's programs as a push back for this specific campaign that we did in the month of July But the image the thrust of what you described is our daily bread and butter It is something that we do all the time Mr ROYCE Let me ask you this The center is beneath the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy One of the things I thought about here is we have got this new counterterrorism bureau which the department would like to empower And given your specific mission it would seem to me that it should be placed right there I wanted to ask you about that Ambassador FERNANDEZ Well we are literally a stone's throw from the CT bureau They are our next door neighbors and we meet with them on a daily basis Mr ROYCE I understand that But in terms of strategy and tactics the Under Secretary is more focused really on cultural and educational exchanges and this type of thing And I think the head of the counterterrorism bureau given where we are trying to drive this policy would be a lot better equipped to deal specifically with your mission So I understand your argument that you talk with them But I really think it is one and the same in terms of the strategy here And there should be consideration in terms of readjusting that mission Give me your response to that if you would Ambassador FERNANDEZ Certainly I can see value in both approaches I mean obviously we are working in a communications field So that is very germane to the work of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs And this is as Mr Duncan noted this is an ideological question this is a question of messages and narratives So I can see that it has a public dimension VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 16 On the other hand we have to work very closely with our counterterrorism colleagues not only in the CT bureau but across the interagency with NCTC with CIA and others And so I can see the value of both of those arguments Mr ROYCE Thank you Ambassador Fernandez Mr Sherman Mr SHERMAN Thank you You have native speakers in Arabic and Urdu and Somali What other languages do you have native speakers in Mr ROYCE Ambassador bring your mic a little closer when you answer please Ambassador FERNANDEZ Thank you sir Generally those are the three languages we focus on Obviously we have native speakers for example some of our Urdu speakers speak more than Urdu But our messaging has been in those three languages But even that is new We added Somali only recently So we are certainly open to adding other languages And we are certainly open in exploring the option that you discussed Mr SHERMAN I would hope very much that you would focus on Pakistan which is the only nuclear state of interest to your organization and that you would focus on the different languages of Pakistan since Urdu is spoken by only 8 percent of the population and the Sindhi language is spoken by 12 percent I am glad to see you are part of the overall public diplomacy effort But in the communications world there is a tendency to just create some separate Web people when in reality our overt communications on the Web are directly tied to what we do at Voice of America radio and television what we do under false flag Web postings which I guess is another department probably should be the same department And how closely do you work with Voice of America to make sure that you are making the same points especially when you are posting video and they are making TV shows Ambassador FERNANDEZ We certainly they are colleagues and as a public diplomacy officer I know them We see them frequently We have staff that came from the BBG Mr SHERMAN Do you promote their programs Ambassador FERNANDEZ Not really Mr SHERMAN Do you take their tape and put it up on YouTube Ambassador FERNANDEZ That is not something that we have done The reason I would say is our focus has been that there is a great deal out there that the U S Government is doing which is supportive sending a positive message What we are trying to do is attack the enemy Mr SHERMAN I would hope that the Voice of America is doing that too If you are the only one countering the terrorist message directly and we decided to do it only on the Web and not radio and television a lot of us are here in the communications business some of us have been involved in campaigns none of us would dream of getting our message exclusively out on the Web and ignoring radio and television And I guess these days none of us would think of doing the exact opposite of that either And then I pointed out in my opening statement how closely do you work with those who could either take down a terrorist site or VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 17 identify terrorist individuals by looking at what is going on on the Web Ambassador FERNANDEZ We work very closely with those who are identifying the appropriate recipients or individuals Since we have an intelligence community component within CSCC we have CIA officers working within CSCC We have reach back into the intelligence community Mr SHERMAN You don't have to tell me what we have done but has anybody taken down a major terrorist Web site whether we did it or maybe you know some act of God did it Ambassador FERNANDEZ That is of course a related but different field which is called cyber warfare And I think there have been some very big successes there Mr SHERMAN Have you noticed any of these sites that you are trying to oppose disappearing which is a very good way to oppose them Ambassador FERNANDEZ They seem to come and go and come back Mr SHERMAN Now you have experts in the culture and language that you are trying to reach out to But many of these arguments get down to the details of Islamic law and the Hadith the Koran Do you have people there who have read 1 000 fatwas from various respected clerics who can tell you what is a good Hadith and a bad Hadith How good are you at having people that can argue on Islamic terms Ambassador FERNANDEZ That is a very good question What we try do is focus not so much on abstract questions of Islamic law but on the enemy's actions and point to the internal contradictions the incoherence and dissonance that exist in the enemy's own discourse Mr SHERMAN So you show that they are not--that they are hypocritical vis-a-vis their own statements not that they are unIslamic because their actions contradict parts of the Koran Ambassador FERNANDEZ That is exactly right Mr SHERMAN I don't know if Congress will give you enough money to do it but I hope that you would go beyond showing that they clash with their own statements and show that they clash with the best in Islam And I believe my time has expired Do get back to me on your efforts to go into those other languages Thank you Ambassador FERNANDEZ Thank you Mr ROYCE We are going to go now to Mr Duncan from South Carolina Mr DUNCAN Thank you Mr Chairman Ambassador what is the center doing to neutralize the communications of state sponsors of terrorism such as Iran especially in the areas of immediate importance to the U S like Iraq and Afghanistan where the Iranian Government is really seeking to fill the political vacuum the U S is leaving in its rapid withdrawal Ambassador FERNANDEZ Sir since our focus has been mostly on al-Qaeda we are so new Iran---- Mr DUNCAN I think you need to start focusing on Iran Just a word of caution VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 18 Ambassador FERNANDEZ I can see the value of that That goes to a question that several of you have asked Obviously we have our main focus which is guided from the National Counterterrorism Strategy which focuses mostly principally on al-Qaeda But under the direction of the interagency we are ready and willing to take up new tasks whether it be new specific areas new languages or new adversaries Mr DUNCAN Okay Define how the center views the long-term strategic goals of Islamist extremist groups that presently do not wage terrorism against the U S specifically the Muslim Brotherhood How have you all addressed that Ambassador FERNANDEZ Well there is incredible hatred for the Muslim Brotherhood among al-Qaeda You know we see daily the daily vitriol propaganda that al-Qaeda puts out every single day And they call the Muslim Brotherhood traitors They call them renegades They call them people that are collaborating with this disgusting western thing which is called democracy and elections Because they believe there should be no democracy there should be no elections The idea that a Muslim even a conservative Muslim like the Muslim Brotherhood would be elected is anathema to al-Qaeda Because for them if you are elected one day as you yourselves know one day you are elected one day you can be chosen not to be elected And the way al-Qaeda sees it that is not the role of the people The people have no role in that So any Muslim whether they be the most conservative you know anti-Western Muslim who participates in the political process even Salafis are seen as anathema by al-Qaeda One of the most fascinating things which has happened over the last year which I am sure you are well aware of is that we have had the most dramatic incredible political events in the Arab world in decades maybe in centuries that have happened over the past year and al-Qaeda had nothing do with it Absolutely nothing You had governments falling You had people in the streets You had millions marching and al-Qaeda was not part of that conversation This drives them crazy This drives them crazy in the propaganda that basically the most important thing that is happening in the Arab world and al-Qaeda is basically an Arab organization and they are completely irrelevant to that issue Mr DUNCAN That is kind of an interesting answer I appreciate you bringing that up That is something I want to chew on a little longer Just on a different line of questioning in my remaining time reportedly the Fort Hood shooter Major Hasan was influenced over the Web Has the center studied this indoctrination And how has it influenced the way the center operates Ambassador FERNANDEZ That is a very good point and it goes to a point that the chairman mentioned as well when he talked about the virtual caliphate And that is that one of the unfortunate things or one of the realities that we face on the Internet is that over time you have a base of stuff that is out there And so there is a you can say a hill or a mountain of poisonous stuff that has been spewed out by the extremists whether photos or videos or words and it is there And even if the terrorists are eliminated VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 19 that material is still there and it can infect it can poison young minds impressionable minds anywhere in the world Mr DUNCAN Are you also looking--you are looking at what alQaeda and the extremists are posting on their Web sites but you are also in the chat rooms so you are seeing what possibly a Major Hasan would post himself in a chat room and engaging in conversation Are you all monitoring that Are you sharing that with other intelligence agencies Ambassador FERNANDEZ Since we have a relationship with the intelligence community we get information from them and we also when we see things we share that with them if appropriate yes Mr DUNCAN I think that is important You know I am frustrated on Homeland Security when I hear some of the agencies aren't talking aren't sharing information especially when it comes to immigration issues But I want to make sure that we don't have this stovepipe effect that we experienced after the 9 11 and what the commission report put out So with that Mr Chairman I will yield back Mr ROYCE Thank you Mr Duncan We will go now to Mr Poe from Texas Mr POE Thank you Mr Chairman On Friday a journalist who was angry with NBC's tape delay which we are not going to discuss of the Olympics spoke out over Twitter NBC complained to Twitter By Sunday Twitter had shut down the journalist's account Twitter wouldn't restore that for 2 days But when it comes to a terrorist using Twitter Twitter has not shut down or suspended a single account According to Twitter's terms of policy any ''person barred from receiving services under the laws of the U S may not own a Twitter account '' Terrorist organizations using Twitter to me is a violation of U S law Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act states that it is unlawful to provide a designated FTO with ''material support or resources including any property tangible or intangible or services '' Among those communication equipment and facilities Terrorists are using Twitter Twitter is a communication service It seems like it is a violation of the law One example is the Somali al-Qaeda affiliate Al-Shabaab Shabaab is an officially recognized foreign terrorist organization Killed 74 people in a series of suicide bombings in Uganda during the 2010 World Cup Shabaab has its own Twitter account On December 7 interesting date 2011 it tweeted ''The jihad being waged here in Somalia shall continue until the country is purified of all the invaders '' Two more officially recognized foreign terrorist organizations Hamas and Hezbollah started tweeting in 2009 and 2011 respectfully The Taliban which the U S Government held accountable for the attacks on 9 11 has two official Twitter accounts August 8 2011 the Taliban tweeted ''Four American cowards killed six wounded in battle two tanks destroyed '' I could go on with more and more but I won't Twitter says it can't verify these accounts are really used by terrorist groups or someone claiming to be these groups So Twitter VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 20 relies on the United States Government to verify accounts Twitter says it will comply if the government asks them to shut down an account To my knowledge not one terrorist Twitter account has ever been shut down by our Government And I want you to correct me if I am wrong on that Mr Fernandez There is a reason why Hezbollah tweeted an average of about 250 tweets a day since it opened its account in November Twitter is a great way to spread propaganda and get new recruits and promote crimes against Americans My question is NBC was able to get the Twitter folks to close it down because some civilian complained about their news service or about the Olympics Not saying that is right or wrong but that did occur So my question really is can you describe the terrorists' use of Twitter and what we are actively doing about it Ambassador FERNANDEZ I would say sir that is mostly a law enforcement question So it is not my area of responsibility in the sense that we are dealing with communications From what I see in Twitter it is certainly in the languages that we are working it is not a major issue in the vernacular languages In other words it is often used in English to communicate with English language constituencies For example Al-Shabaab using Twitter was in English not in Somali So since we are focused on the vernacular languages Arabic Urdu Somali and potentially others that is not our main area of focus But I certainly understand your concern But I think that is a question for law enforcement authorities both here and internationally rather than a communications entity Mr POE Does the State Department have a policy regarding FTOs using Twitter Do you have a policy about what the State Department is going to do or not going do Any policy at all about Twitter Or is that just somebody else's responsibility Ambassador FERNANDEZ Twitter obviously is an American entity and so it is all our responsibility But as I said since we are focused overseas in foreign languages and not in English and not in something like Twitter which is very narrowly defined that is not an area where we work on on a regular basis Al-Qaeda doesn't use Twitter Mr POE You would agree would you not that some foreign terrorist organizations do Ambassador FERNANDEZ Definitely Definitely Mr POE It works They get recruits and they spread propaganda At least they claim to do things that have occurred throughout the world And so I am just concerned about what the United States' position on that is and what we can do about it if anything Do you have a recommendation Ambassador FERNANDEZ You know since it is not something that we are working on in the Twitter field it is not an area which I am very well versed Certainly we need to look at all the tools in the toolbox And CSCC's view has always been that the area where the enemy fo- VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 21 cuses on that is where we should go The main focus for example of al-Qaeda's social media communications is video and text on Web sites on media fora For them Twitter is not something that they look at As you mentioned very rightly some other terrorist groups do use it especially to communicate with sympathizers in the West So to me that seems that that is a very legitimate question for law enforcement individuals in the State Department and outside of the State Department Mr POE Thank you Mr Chairman Mr ROYCE Thank you We are going to go through another round of questions Let me ask you this Ambassador Fernandez The State Department has a reputation in terms of the clearance process that a lot of times could hinder a rapid response right And the one thing you need to be effective is the ability to respond quickly Is this a fair criticism and how we can ensure that what you do isn't weighed down by a process which becomes very cumbersome very bureaucratic in nature Ambassador FERNANDEZ Well sir anyone who has worked in Washington in government knows the clearance process can be very cumbersome It is not just in the State Department That is true anywhere in government We are fortunate in CSCC in that the people that started this about 11 2 years ago realized that this was going to be an issue So when it comes to our digital operations the clearance process is internal to CSCC Mr ROYCE I see Ambassador FERNANDEZ Which means we are able to respond within minutes to an opportunity Mr ROYCE Very good I wonder if you could just give us an example or two of the success beyond what we have talked about today in terms of what you do how it works Just share it with the committee Ambassador FERNANDEZ Well there are many I would say that it is not an easy thing It is a difficult thing One day you feel you have made a success and another day you feel like you are starting all over again The one that garnered a lot of attention is an important one in that as you know al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula tried to establish a foothold in south Yemen We focused on that We used all our tools and did over a very short period 600 engagements We put out videos We put out poster art like the one that you referred to It received a very positive response by basically people adopting the rhetoric that we were using against the terrorists So for example one thing we did al-Qaeda doesn't like to call itself al-Qaeda in Yemen They are ashamed of that And so they use a pseudonym They call themselves Ansar al-Shariah Because sharia in some Muslim circles is like you know mom and apple pie And so we began in our messaging to call them Ansar al-Sharr which means Partisans of Evil And we noticed other people writing digitally adopting the nickname that we had given to them And this organization al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in its last newsletter before it had to head for the hills when the Yemeni VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 22 army drove them out of their safe havens devoted an entire page to our operation attacking what we were doing Mr ROYCE That was clever and it was quick I remember the 9 11 Commission when they did their thorough study of our national security agencies said we just lacked imagination And the other concern is just that imagination can get quashed or destroyed by bureaucracy So you have got a situation where everything is pre-cleared you can basically use your best judgment to keep up with the terrorist networks But let me ask you this The other thing we are really interested in is how to quickly close down these sites Now I know as fast as these sites move and spring up and you try to stay abreast of them that that is a difficult process But tell us how you work in conjunction to make sure that we do all we can do to get these things off the Web Ambassador FERNANDEZ That is a good question I mean there are two issues here There are terrorist sites where terrorists communicate to each other And those are often password protected sites those are basically terrorists have to sign in you know this is terrorist so and so from--known by somebody Those are the object of cyber operations Where we focus on is a slightly larger but more dangerous pool which is as I was telling Mr Duncan the terrorists want to go from the margins to the mainstream They want to metastasize They want to infect a larger population So where we focus with our overt work are these--the middle ground of the contested space which are sites that often are very political sites where people in the Muslim world are concerned about politics and reading about politics And al-Qaeda trolls for people to radicalize them to make them from maybe people who are unhappy with the United States or even angry at the United States to go that extra mile from being angry to being a terrorist So that is the area where we are working Mr ROYCE Thank you Ambassador Fernandez Mr Sherman Mr SHERMAN One of the important things in protecting the American homeland is to prevent the radicalization of those who are fluent in English and could be the most effective terrorists operating here Do you operate in English And if not who does Ambassador FERNANDEZ Sir we do not operate in English Obviously since our being with the State Department our focus being overseas our main focus is of course in those vernacular languages which I mentioned A lot of what you are talking about of course is extremely important It falls in the area of domestic radicalization would be DHS and others Mr SHERMAN There is an international component to everything I am talking about Ambassador FERNANDEZ Yes Mr SHERMAN U S -based sites don't say how to build a bomb in the kitchen of your mom So all of this is international The English language is international And preventing someone fluent in English from becoming radicalized may be many times more important than preventing someone else from being radicalized in the sense of protecting the districts we represent It is hard to criticize you for not doing more because your budget is I believe the small- VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 23 est of any government entity that has come before this subcommittee let alone the full committee And so let me continue my efforts to get you to do more without necessarily being part of getting you any more resources You seem to be focused on Sunni terrorism What about the Shiite extremist groups and the Farsi language Ambassador FERNANDEZ Farsi has not been our focus at all We focus on those three languages There are obviously other terrorist groups like Hezbollah which are of great concern to all of us That has not been a task that we have taken on yet But if we are directed to do so through the interagency we are very happy to engage on that issue with the same alacrity and the same tools that we have engaged in Arabic against al-Qaeda Mr SHERMAN Congress never said limit yourself to the Sunnis or limit yourself to the three languages you are doing We would like you to do it all And you may have to be larger And I would hope that those a pay grade or two above you will indicate how we can make your operation larger without necessarily increasing the entire State Department budget I would like to get back to the idea of taking down the bad sites You have indicated these sites come and go Have any of them gone in the sense of the plug was pulled on them And has there been traffic where people complain that there was a popular terrorist Web site and it looks like the damn Americans or somebody else has taken it down Ambassador FERNANDEZ That certainly has been things that have been said at times by terrorist groups and their sympathizers But given the nature of the Internet and given its very fluid nature these things do tend to pop up You know when they are taken down they pop up in a different--or a similar organization takes its place Mr SHERMAN The disadvantage to the terrorists there is that you know a lot of American companies spend a fortune to get you on their you know bookmarked et cetera And to the extent that you can have people say oh that site is not there I got to go search maybe they will end up at a reasonable site Ambassador FERNANDEZ Make it more difficult Mr SHERMAN Yes exactly Ambassador FERNANDEZ Or put a cupcake on the picture as I think I read on Congressman Royce's blog Mr SHERMAN You are searching the Internet more than I am I have not read Congressman Royce's blog I am sure he will tell me about it on the floor With that I yield back Mr ROYCE I will do it on your time right now Foreign Intrigue Blog if you would like to access the Web site The Foreign Intrigue Blog Thank you Mr Sherman Mr Duncan Mr DUNCAN Thank you Mr Chairman As I have been sitting here listening I keep going back to a couple of things I want to blend some of the things I asked earlier with what Congressman Poe had mentioned You know Twitter is used abroad And I think the center's jurisdiction is focused on VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 24 abroad communications abroad the foreign audience communicating with a foreign audience So I disagree with one thing you said I don't believe this is a DHS or an FBI law enforcement jurisdiction area I do think the Department of State and your center does have some jurisdiction in this as regard to what foreign nationals do use Twitter for And they are absolutely using Twitter That is not a question That is just a statement If you want to respond to that in just a minute I don't mind that But you keep going back to al-Qaeda Is it the State Department and this administration's policy that al-Qaeda is our only threat Ambassador FERNANDEZ We are guided by the National Counterterrorism Strategy Mr DUNCAN Would you pull the microphone up a little bit Ambassador FERNANDEZ We are governed by the National Counterterrorism Strategy The main focus of the National Counterterrorism Strategy is al-Qaeda It also refers to other terrorist threats throughout the world Given the sheer volume of poison that they put out in the digital world and in the communications world it made sense for this organization which is such a new organization to focus on them Certainly we are open to direction to do new tasks But you have seen the threat information as we have and you have seen just the sheer volume of stuff that is put out there Mr DUNCAN And it is amazing It is overwhelming I agree with you there We have had this conversation Ambassador FERNANDEZ We are certainly willing to look at other opportunities Mr DUNCAN I just don't want the agency the State Department or any agency to get tunnel vision to be so focused on what you perceive as the threat coming from al-Qaeda that we get blindsided Now I hope you have looked at the foreign terrorist organization list on the State Department Web site Ambassador FERNANDEZ Yes Mr DUNCAN I glanced as it just now And I see Hezbollah Abu Sayyaf Hamas Palestinian Liberation Front Al-Shabaab Haqqani Boko Haram FARC There are a lot of threats to this Nation And we look at what has happened just in the Western Hemisphere with Iran coming over and the Saudi Ambassador assassination attempt that was thwarted There are so many things I do not want you to get tunnel vision I think America is threatened more by the State Department focusing solely on al-Qaeda And so as you are monitoring these sites you know you better monitor Hamas You better monitor Hezbollah You better monitor Abu Sayyaf which is limited but there are a number of others I just want to raise awareness to that and ask you to respond to what is being done Ambassador FERNANDEZ We are certainly very open-minded about the threat Obviously there is a lot the U S Government including the State Department does on counterterrorism aside from the communications field a whole range of policies directed at all of those groups But we are open to looking at those threats We certainly aim not to have tunnel vision I think maybe because we have a small budget we want to be nimble We want to be agile We want to be creative And we have VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 25 been So we will continue to be that way and monitor and look at the threat and go wherever the threat takes us Mr DUNCAN Was your area within the State Department created post-9 11 Ambassador FERNANDEZ Yes very much so Mr DUNCAN Okay We have seen that created We have seen the Department of Homeland Security created 15 000 employees $3 4 billion complex out on the Potomac We are spending a heck of a lot of money in this country to bring assets online And I can go on and on National Counterterrorism Center and other things I want to make sure that you guys are all talking I think there is--you know State is looking foreign but I think there is a tie in and a need to make sure that NCTC and your group there at State and Homeland Security and everyone else are communicating sharing information As overwhelming as it is there are ways to assimilate and tie that information together Are you doing that Ambassador FERNANDEZ Absolutely Mr DUNCAN Are there shared systems Are there platforms Google-based where this information is all pulled together if you search one search word Ambassador FERNANDEZ Absolutely We think one of our distinctive features is our connection to the intelligence community So that we are able to leverage the best analysis and thought of the intelligence community in our work And it goes both ways We sometimes find things that are of great use or interest to them and they also help us in the whole question of collection of data whether they be images information material that we can use to disparage and discredit the enemy So yes I think there is an excellent relationship excellent communication with CIA with NCTC and with others Mr DUNCAN Ambassador you have a challenge And so thank you for sharing this It is something I think we as Congress and the administration needs to work on to protect America I appreciate your efforts Ambassador FERNANDEZ Thank you Mr ROYCE I thank you I think the members are supportive of your efforts here You are taking on a very difficult mission We will want to keep the conversation on this going I wouldn't be surprised if at some point you run into some of the same quality control issues that we have had with VOA and RFA on the Persian Service with respect to some of the Farsi speakers It just seems to go with the territory But as long as you are attuned to it I think that would be important As I mentioned we will have some specific questions for you on the record And again we appreciate all your efforts We stand adjourned Whereupon at 3 04 p m the subcommittee was adjourned VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL APPENDIX MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD 27 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 28 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389n eps f VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389m-1 eps 29 30 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09 58 Sep 07 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 Y WORK TNT 080212 75389 HFA PsN SHIRL 75389m-2 eps f 31 VerDate 0ct 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National Security Archive Suite 701 Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street NW Washington D C 20037 Phone 202 994-7000 Fax 202 994-7005 nsarchiv@gwu edu