r%If'-ITA I LI0 % 7I I L 1' A DIIT C %0% Vly I I L InN A-BEWSLETTTER FFICi OF NA VAL RESIAICAN Vol 16 No 1 Includes Vol 14 No 4 and Vol 15 Non 1-4 O• MATNUMATICAL SCINISNU 91VISIO N Gordon D Goldstein Editor January 1964 Period of October 1962 thru January 1964 CONTENTS Page No EDITORIAL POLICY NOTICES 1 Current Publication Plan ' ' I I I 2 Editorial 3 Contributions 4 Circulation COMPUTING CENTERS 1 National Bureau of Standards National Standard Reference Data System Washington 25 D C 2 National Bureau of Standards Omnitab Washington 25 D C 3 U S Navy Aviation Supply Office Inventory Control Advances Philadelphia 11 Pennsylvania 4 U S Navy Finance Center IBM 1401 1404 7070 Systems Application Cleveland 14 Ohio 5 U S Navy Finance Center IBM 1401 1404 Satellite Computer System Uses Modified IBM Multiple Duty Program Cleveland 14 Ohio 6 U S Weather Bureau General Circulation Research Laboratory Washington 25 D C COMPUTERS AND CENTERS OVERSEAS 1 The English Electric Company Ltd Process Control Computer System London W C Z England 2 Ferranti Ltd Atlas 2 Computer London Wl England 3 General Post Office LEO 326 and LEO III Computers London E C I England 4 Institute of Technology Computing Center Karlsruhe Germany 5 LEO Computers Ltd LEO IIIF London WZ England 6 Instytut Maszyn Matematycznych ZAM Warsaw Poland 7 Shape Air Defence Technical Centre Computing Center The Hague Netherlands 8 Standard Elektrik Lorenz A G DT 12 Data Transmission System Stuttgart Germany MISCELLANEOUS 1 Computing Devices of Canada Ltd Tactical Moving Map Display Ottawa 4 Canada 2 National Bureau of Standards Projects FIST and SAFARI p 7 9 10 13 13 16 17 17 21 23 23 • 31 Approved by The Under Secretary of the Navy September 1961 Piprodced by tIli C L E ARINGHOUSE A RIN for Fedoral Sciontific Techinicnll Inform ationSpringfiold Va 22151 r 27 27 29 S _25 Sri 6 Washington 25 D C 4 National Bureau of Standards Real Printing Washinigton 25 D C 'I 2 4 Washington 25 D C 3 National Bureau of Standards Foreign-Currency Scientific Program 1 6 1 31 0 - 0 NAVEXOS P-645 Editorial Policy Notices CURRENT PUBLICATION PLAN Because of staffing problems the Digital Computer Newsletter was not published in October 1962 and during 1963 Commencing with this issue however the normal quarterly schedule is being resumed To assist our readers in maintaining continuity in the state of the art this issue is devoted entirely to material scheduled for previous issues The April 1964 issue will be largely current contributions but there will still be some earlier submissions which could not be included in this issue Your contributions will provide assistance in improving the contents of the publication thereby making it an even better medium for the exchange of irdormation between government laboratories academic institutions and industry It is hoped that the readers will particIpate to an even greater extent than in the past in transmitting technical material and suggestions to the editor for future issues Material for specific issues must be received by the editor at least three months in advance It is often impossible for the editor because of limited time and personnel to acknowledge individually all material received CIRCULATION EDITORIAL The Digital Computer Newsletter although a Department of the Navy publication is not restricted to the publication of Navy-originated material The Office of Naval Research welcomes contributions to the Newsletter from any source The Newsletter is subjected to certain limitations in size which prevent publishing all the material received However items which are not printed are kept on file and are made available to interested personnel within the Government DCN is published quarterly January April July and October Material for specific issues must be received by the editor at least three months in advance It is to be noted that the publication of information pertaining to commercial products does not in any way imply Navy approval of those products nor does it mean that Navy vouches for the accuracy of the statements made by the various contributors The information contained herein is to be considered only as being representative of the state-ofthe-art and not as the sole product or technique available CONTRIBUTIONS The Office of Naval Research welcomes contributions to the Newsletter from any source The Newsletter is distributed without charge to intueested military and government agencies to contractors for the Federal Goveminent and to contributors of material for publication For many years in addition to the ONR initial distribution the Newsletter was reprinted by the Association for Computing Machinery as a supplement to their Journal and more recently as a supplement to their Communications The Association decided that their Communications could better serve its members by concentrating on ACM editorial material Accordingly effective with the combined January-April 1961 issue the Newsletter became available only by direct distribution from the Office of Naval Research Requests to receive the Newsletter regularly should be submitted to the editor Contractors of the Federal Government should reference applicable contracts in their requests All communications pertaining to the Newsletter should be addressed to GORDON D GOLDSTEIN Editor Digital Computer Newsletter Informations Systems Branch Office of Naval Research Washington D C 20360 Computing Centers National Standard Reference Data System NatunaL Buream of Standards W oen A C 2061-4 The National Bureau of Standards has been given responsibility for administering the National Standard Reference Data System recently established by the Federal Council for Science and Technology The System will provide critically evaluated data in the physical sciences on a national basis centralizing a large part of the present data-compiling activities of a number of Government agencies The National Standard Reference Data System represents an attempt to solve an important part of the general problem of communicating scientific information to users Its aim is to develop a storehouse of standard refer- data on 16 important properties such as apecific heat viscosity thermal conductivity and vapor pressure for 13 150 compounds The average percentage of compounds for which data were available covering any property was 5 percent and for only one property were as many as 11 percent of the compounds covered Undoubtedly many additional data on these cornpounds exist in the literature but until they have been evaluated and compiled they are of little value to scientists and engineers as a whole The National Bureau of Standards as well as other organizations in this country and abroad has been active in the compilation of ence data to assist in the advancement of science technology and the national economy This result is to be achieved through a broadbased comprehensive effort by scientists both in and outside government Standard reference data is defined to mean critically evaluated data on the physical and chemical properties of materials authoritatively documented as to reliability accuracy and source Tabulations of such data are of great value to the scientist or engineer who is designing an experiment or equipment for te Individual worker is thus relieved in part of the necessity of searching the literature and attempting to evaluate data in fields In which he is not expert Also through study and analysis of standard reference data areas of science In which additional work is needed become more clearly defined and relationships not previouely apparent are recognized standard reference data for many years However in view of the great accumulation of unevaluated data over the past few yearc the present accelerated production of new data and the urgent needs of American science and induastry it has become apparent that a substantiaily greater effort planned and coordinated on a national basis is needed Unfortunately it in often difficult or impossible to locate the data that are needed for a specific use In a recent study by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers l three cornmonly used sources of standard reference data were analyzed in terms of the availability of The initial emphasis for establishing new standard data compilation projects will be in subject-matter areas where no effort is now being applied or where the existing effort falls far short of meeting inmportant needs of government science or industry 1 2 R A Peterson W M Carlson N E Dahl and R H McBride Roadrnap to Physical Property Correlations Am Inst of Cheinical Eng National Meeting Cleveland Ohio May 7 1961 The National Standard Reference Data Systern NSRDS will consist of a National Standard Reference Data Center at NBS and various other Standard Reference Data Centers in other Govinstitutes and other non-Government oresnizano-oenent organpainst and or tione In order for such center to be a part of the NSRDS they will be required to meet quality standards established by NBS However the independent and operational status of existing critical data projects will be encouraged Chemical Engineering Handbook Adited by J Perry McGraw-Hill 1950 HandbookofChernistry and Physics 41st ed Chemical Rubber PuhblTishing Co 1959-60 and International Critical Tables McGraw-Hill 1927 Zg I An Advisory Board will review and recommend policy relative to the operation of the NSRDS It will include among others representation from the National Academy of Sci ia F dauunaiui ano Veaeral agencies engaged in research and development the output services will be provided by the SRD Center and will eventually include 1 Periodical Service designed to keep the user up to date on new data acquisitions in the SRD Center It will provide information on the data available in the Center but will not provide the data themselves by means of a monthly newsletter and by annual and semiannual reviews of data acquisitions The NSRDS will be conducted as a decentralized operation across the country with central coordination by the National Bureau of Standards As presently planned the program will consist of three parts an input from scientists in many different locations a central source of the evaluated data at NBS and an output system geared to the needs of the nation's scientists and engineers 2 Subscription Service in which the user pays to receive all available data on a specific subject on a continuing basis These data packages will be designed to meet the needs of speculc industries industry groups or Government research and development programs 3 Referral Service which will handle narrow one-time requests for data by referral to the files of the SRD Center In general this service will take care of needs that are not met by the other output services Input The input will come from scientists who are comprehensively reviewing the literature in their fields of specialization and critically evaluating the data ior ultimate inclusion in the storehouse of standard reference data These scientists may be in universities or in industrial or Government laboratories some will be at NBS They will work singly or in small groups oriented to the traditional scientific disciplines At the same time other scientists similarly located will be engaged in experimentally determining the standard reference data that do not exist in the literature Clearly the interplay between close and continuous the two groups must be 4 Correlation and Prediction Service for computing values wherever possible in areas where some data exist but where requests come in for specific information not contained in the SRD Center Values will be computed by making use of correlations based on molecular structure and the properties of related cornpounds 5 Mathematical and Statistical Service wi athematical and and compuer computer mathemnatical will offer which w techniques to customers for evaluating new data for subsequent inclusion in the files of the SRD Center or for individual use This service will also provide techniques to assist in the Predic- Central Core tion and Cor elation service The central core will consist of the Standard Reference Data Center at NBS where the evaluated data will be located in punched cards on magnetic tape in notebooks in many other forms all mechanized for storage and retrieval A review and control office will label the incoming data as to relative quality and reliability The SRD Center will classify the data into as many major and minor categories as are required by the needs of the data users 6 Aperiodical Products including tabulations review monographs review papers cornputer card decks and computer tapes These will constitute the formal end products of the SRD Center Output 7 Summary Reviews to provide a rapid assessment of the state-of-the-art in fields where there are few data but which must suddenly be explored because of scientific breakthroughs or crash programs The output will take the form of a series of services aimed at different technical levels and tailored to the needs of various segments of induotry In general it will be oriented toward the application of the data rather than toward a field of science According to present plans In planning the details of the program the needs of American industry academic scientists and Government laboratories must all be ascertained and taken into account Undoubtedly limitations in funds and manpower will require 3 It is expected that ultimately a large fraction of the senior scientists at the Bureau will participate in the work In addition the Bureau tc 1uw uleiniguished scientists to spend some months at the Bureau using its technical administrative and information retrieval servicon for the purpose of producing critical reviews and compilations establishment of a priority system of some kind In choosing work to be undertaken from such a vast field the Bureau will be assisted by the Advisory Board interagm i n tconsultants in the subject-matter areas and working committees of the scientific and engieo1iatione neering societies and industry that are active in the field of critical data OMNITAB Valitmal nturean ' itnndturrIs W'uhitiglim A ' 202Y4 checked for validity and one-shot jobs can be done with a working program OMNITAB a computer program that permits scientists and others unfamiliar with programming to communicate with a 7090 computer using simply written sentence commands has been developed by the National Bureau of Standards U S Departmentof Commerce OMNITAB the work of Joseph Hilsenrath Philip J Walsh and Guy G Ziegler of the Bureau staff is used for the calculation of tables of functions for solutions of non-linear equations for curve fitting and for statistical and numerical ana'ysis of tabular data The ease with which OMNITAB provides access to the computer makes it a tool that will pave the way to more rapid computation of routine laboratory problems OMNITAB by allowing the user to prepare his own data for processing hat accomplished several useful ends 1 The computer is now as readily available as a desk calcul ator because of the ease with which problems can be formulated for solution 2 Problems that in the past may have been withheld from the computer because of the need for programmiag can now be solved in greater detail and in less tinme than formerly Most computers require that a program or code be prepared before even a relatively simple problem can be run Those are usually formulated by a specialist The necessity to learn a programming language forms ý bottleneck in the man-machine system This is especially true for university students and for the average experimental or theoretical ecientist or engineer OMNITAB removes this bottleneck by allowing the user to communicate with the machine directly through simple sentences made up of numbers and familiar English words 3 The responsibility for the data both its accuracy before going into the computer and the types of operations to be performed on it now rests solely with the person who is most familiar with the problem-the scieritist 4 Programmers who formerly spent considerable time devising routines for relatively straight-forward probloms will now he free to handle more important tasks A wide variety of mathematical and manipulative procedures are available in the OMNITAB routine In addition to the basic arithmetical operations there are provisions for raising to powers use of logarithms to base 10 and base e elementary and special functions curve fitting integration differentiation interpolation and many others The program has a capacity of 7200 results arranged in 36 columns of 200 rows each OMNITAB was designed and written primarily for those persons whose problems are normally performed on desk calculators An underlying motive for its creation was to relieve these people from routine day-to-day hand computing OMNITAB gives them a means of direct man-to-computer communication in a language they best understand OMNITAB however is by no means restricted to this special group of personnel-it can also be a valuable aid to professional programmers With OMNITAB various sections of prol-ioem analysis can be checked independently in order to determine proper programming procedures data can be A statistical analysis package which computes the average of a set of numbers 200 maximum and 30 atatistical measures related to the average dispersion randomness and 4 other properties of the distributions has been incorporated in the program This analysis which tak a nnlv a froetinn n o instructs the computer to add the product to data already in column 4 cn4 the machine should have a beneficial standardizing influence on the statistical analysis of laboratory data Function generation is achieved by such sentences as LOGE OF COL 4 MULT COL 2 ADD TO COL 7 The instructions to the computer as well as the data to be manipulated are prepared for entry to the machine on punched cards Simple sentences are used to indicate the allowed operations For example one instruction in a series might read ERROR FUNCTION OF COL 1 MULT BY 1 8735 STORE IN COL 5 and TAN OF 1 8 RADIANS MULT BY COL 3 ADD TO COL 7 MULTIPLY COLUMN 3 BY COLUMN 4 STORE IN COLUMN 5 Other mathematical operations are obtained by such sentences as or in abbreviated form STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COL 3 WEIGHTS IN COL 2 MULTIPLY 3 BY 4 STORE IN 5 or even shorter still as DERIVATIVES OF COL 2 USE 5 POINTS H I STORE IN COLS 3 4 5 MULTIPLY 3 4 5 FIT COL 2 WEIGHTS IN COL 3 VECTORS IN COLS 1 4 5 6 The figures in a column can be operated on by those in another column or by constants The presence of a period after a number indicates that the number is to be read as itself whereas the absence of a period indicates a column of numbers Thus the two sentences POLYFIT COL 2 WEIGHTS IN COL 3 USE 5TH DEGREE POLYNOMIAL PLOT COLS 2 3 4 5 6 AGAINST COL 1 and ADD 2 TO 3 STORE IN 4 and ADD 2 TO 3 STORE IN 4 DIFFERENCE COL 3 have different meanings In each instruction the last figure indicates a column in which the results are stored Each sentence gives a unique command for a specific type of operation a series of commands being necessary for the computation of a problem see attached example Additional features of the program include a variety of manipulative operations flexible input and output formats and options to punch cards plot graphs abridge tables and the like Finally a built-in dictionary permits OMNITAB to accept instructions not only in English but in French German and Japanese as well The result of an operation can be stored in a column or added to the data already in a column Differentiation of these two procedures is accompli - l by the inclusion of an extra MULTIP erm to provide cumulative multiplication r example A typical problem and the OMNITAB instructions for its solution are presented In Table I Table I Typical Problem and OMNITAB Instructions MULTIPLY COL 2 BY COL 3 STORE IN COL 4 Compute the Einstein functions -G -ln I -e will result in the product of thI n operation being cut in column 4 by clearing that location prior to storage H xe 1 x-• 1 S -G H for x 01 01 2 for x ffi 01 01 2 MULTIPLY COL 2 BY COL 3 MULTIPLY BY 1 ADD TO COL 4 5 -e -I - List of OMNITAB Commands RAISE COL 3 TO -1 MULT BY COL 2 ADD 5 MULTIPLY COL 5 BY COL 1 STORE IN 5 ADD COL 4 TO COL 5 STORE IN COL 6 LIB 7 10000 ZnAVWE CO L a 1i IDENTIFICATION HILSENRATH 4-19-62 TITLE I EINSTEIN FUNCTIONS GENERATE 01 01 2 00 DT COL I NEGEXP OF COC 1 STORE IN COL 2 MULTIPLY COL 2 BY -1 STORE IN 3 ADD 1 TO COL 3 STORE IN 3 LOGE OF COL 3 MULT BY -1 ADD INTO 4 COL 2 vuLlf 6-i 0 ADDU v HEAD COL 1 X HEAD COL 4 0 IIEAD COL S H HEAD COL 6 S HEAD COL 7 CSUBP FIXED PODIT 5 DECIMALS PRINT 1 4 5 6 7 Inventory Control Advances N N'aty Aviaiion Su pply Oftie Piladrlj Aia Prnpaylywn i 19100 Some of the most advanced techniques in electronic accounting systems are being developed by the U S Navy Aviation Supply Office ASO in Philadelphia This inventory control point has as its primary mission the supplying of hundreds of thousands of spare parts to Navy and Marine aircraft throughout the world In order to refine procedures and techniques to perform its mission effectively ASW has devised an impressive data processing system This system has resulted from the Imagination and hard-won experience of a battery of management and automatic data processing specialists They have permeated the thinking of ASO administrators and have been tremendously effective in the support of the Fleet The considerable effectiveness of the new techniques Js illustrated in the automation of three major areas of the Supply function Purchasing Inventory and Requisitioning percentage of the dollars spent on the repair part support of Naval Aviation they have resuited in a maze of paperwork and many manhours of effort Purchasing A a result of the new procedure the 10 to 15 pieces of paper which usually found their way into a contract folder for a small purchase have been reduced to only 2 The annual workload on the printing presses will be reduced by at least 2 500 000 sheets The manual review and document preparation actions which will be eliminated number in the hundreds of thousands annually The new system electronically collates replenishment requirements with available suppliers This dovetailing of Information produces Request for Quote EAM cards for each item and destination The cards are sent to the pertinent suppliers who affix prices delivery dates and discount terms and return them to ASO They are then reviewed by procurement agents located in the electronic computer area to determine acceptability of the quotations the only human decision In the process Acceptable quotes are batched weekly and fed back into the computer to produce an eight-part continuousfeed purchase order A facsimile signature is mechanically affixed to the purchase order in this latter operation In March 1963 ASO became the first Federal agency to automate the processing of small purchase orders required for stock replenishment Automated procedures on a combination IBM 1401 1410 computer system were implemented which have routinized simplified and expedited the processing of thousands of smalldollar procurements and have eliminated countless manual processing steps Automation has produced the most expedient and efficient small purchase system to date and has allowed valuable purchase talent to be applied to the large-dollar buys Almost 80 percent of the item buys ASO makes each year are under $2 500 per item The number of individual item buys is steadily increasing as a result of stringent fund restrictions and the increase in the number of parts used in complex modern weapon systems While these item buys constitute only a small Information Storage and Retrieval System For computer inventory control operations the trend is turning away from the magnetic tape 6 as the principal data storage medium and towards the magnetic disc or drum because of the almost instantaneous accessibility of the Automatic Interim Requisitioning is known The random access capabilitv is essential in the processing of daily transactions which arrive in no ordered sequence c'- in the rapid compilation of a list of associated items which are scattered throughout the files advanced automated techniques to harness the speed of the new system to other supply procedurc- Using a much larger T1M 1301 Disc Storage Unit attached to an IBM large scale 1410 computer it has provided automatic proceasing in a certain range of the interim cosumable parts requirements approximately 350 000 items in number without manual intervention As each field requisition is fed intothe computer system from the transceiver network it searches out activities which are storing supply material not required for local needs and based on a geographical proximity table it automatically prepares the shipping directIve to have the material sent to the requiring activity This directive is transmitted by way of transceiver netwoik to both the shipping and receiving activities Some 30 to 40 percent of current interim requests are now being automatically processed but proposed alterations to the system will widen the range and increase the rate to 60 percent allowing supply managers to concentrate more effectively on the more troublesome Items Even when these are passed along by the cornputer for personal attention automation helps by supplying price and other information thereby reducing the quantity of manual screenIng required Moreover in the near future supply managers will have remote inquiry stations to tap the computer storage for up-to-theminute inventory and file information The answers to their requests for specific data will be displayed instantaneously on the screens or printed on hard copy printers These automatic procedures are also used on the periodic Consolidated Stock Status Reporting CSSR redistribution Each week a segment of the consumable parts inventory is analyzed for redistribution purposes by item and by activity This results In a report that shows for each stock item which activities have exceases and which have net requirements When this information is fed into the automatic processing procedures shipment requests are produced that will supply 50 to 60 percent of the activities in short supply and this is done within a matter of hours instead of the 20 days allowed under manual processing schedules The success of the random retrieval exper- ASO has pioneered the latest techn-ques by participating in the pilot operation of a rnaltime data storage and retrieval system 03veloped at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore Schoolof Electrical Engineering under contract to the Navy's Bureau of Supplies and Accounts and the Office of Naval Research This system known as the Multi-List solves the problem of addressing individual It also provides through address linkage lists of stock items associated by a common characteristic but physically scattered through the file Applying this theory to the cajx ollties of the IBM 1405 Disc Storage Unit attached to a medium scale 1401 computer ASO programmed a data retrieval system during the latter part of 1962 which provides instant access to any stock item in the file through the Federal Item Identification Number the Manufacturer's Part Number or other keys It gives immediate response to a request for inventory stock status or a request for technical iniormatior on such matters as engineering units per application production lead time and similar areas of supply and technical data It produces the answer on the console typewriter or it can display it on one of many small television-type screens located at various distances from the computer It responds to a request for any desired weapons list breakdown with a listing on the printer containing the stock numbers of all component assemblies with pertinent technical data along with up-to-date stock status information An almost human quality of the system is its ability 'to make decisions as to the relative importance of a group of queries and Its capacity to deflect less important items in favor of those with higher priority The system can receive and store for future action up to 34 requests while answering higher priority queries IBM 1401 1404 7070 Systems Application U S Navy Fuinarwe G'nter Ginviand Ohio 441J0 nance Center's IBM 7070 system is unique in that for $2 000 less total monthly computer rental the new system will perform all the old functions with greater flexibility and in less Systems Application The addition of an IBM 1401 1404 computer configuration as a satellite to O' e U S Navy Fi7 I elapsed time freeing computer hours for other well as other input-output operations could be r n r d nn a 1401 1404 evnnfivuration at a reduced production cost The study also revealed that a savings of about $2 000 pei month could be realized through reduced rental of equipment and number of operating personnel required A recommendation was made to replace the 7070 peripheral unit-record equipment with an IBM 1401 computer system having a 1402 card reader punch and a 1404 prinfer capable of printing either on EAM cards or continuous form paper o nnln 4nna Within 6 months after it installed its IBM 7070 computer in $elfemnhr 1060 the Cleveland-based Finance Center had two of its major applications military allotments of pay and military pay record processing on the machine And in less than 1 year the third application monthly payments to all U S Navy Retired and Fleet Reserve personnel was added to make the system 100-percent operational The allotment master tape file has one million accounts and disbursements of $116 million are made monthly The retired pay master file has 128 000 accounts aiid disbursements of $23 million a month Each year 1 600 000 military pay records are reviewed by the computer The Finance Center's conversion from a combinalion Addressograph plate IBM stencil and EAM system to the 7070 was highly successful and for the past year the Center has been processing 100 000 input documents a month and issuing 600 000 card checks and bonds a month at an annual savings of more than $150 000-and with greater efficiency and accuracy The Department of Defense approved the recommendation for the 1401 satellite computer on February 21 1962 and appointed the Navy Management Office to conduct a Readiness Review which was held at the Navy Finance Center on May 1 and 2 1962 In September 1962 the computer was installed and placed into operation Immediately following a system test to assure that programs previously tested functioned satisfactorily on the new configuration In addition of a 1401 computer results in a tape-oriented 7070 system with a console card reader and eight tape drives on line Initially the 1401 will be used primarily as a slave to prepare tapes for use on the 7070 and to punch oor print rn output uptrqieet Ecp o writrt requirements Except for ing programs for punching and printing checks the Navy Finance Center plans on using a multiple duty program furnished by IBM for most of its The multiple duty program hase requirements the facility to perform card-to-tape tape- The initial 7070 system with two Inputoutput channels and a 5000-word memory capacity had peripheral equipment on-line conadeqipmnt eriherl sisting of eightpaciy tape drives a card n-lne reader ontwo card punch machines and three IBM 40 t printers with bill-feed attachments This configuration was unique in that relatively slowfiguraiontwars in8s tha- 150 relav 0 1pm were ely slowspeed printer unIqBe IBM 408's con- tnpe-to-pato to-punch lir tope nected directly to the computer This however operations or tape-to-printer to-punch for printers since high-speed necessary was three or all individcombination desired ually in any available were not then card checks printing print eingcardtheckso were noto threnavaile 0operations simultaneously With this program The Immediate solution was to use three 408 the card read time or print time can be overprinters on line printing two checks per printer lapped with punch time resulting in completion and using the priority features of the 7070 equipof two or more operations in less time than it ment to achieve a rated print speed of 900 lines would take to do them separately per minute In July 1961 a study was made to determine the benefits which could be realized with a satellite computer to perform the input-output operations card-to-tape and tape-to-printer or punch At about the same time information was received that the IBM 1403 printer 600 lines per min was being modified to print card checks for the Treasury Department Investigation of this new equipment for handling card checks at the Finance Center revealed that the voluminous check print and print operations as In addition to the $2 000 per month savings the addition of the 1401 1404 has greatly increased the flexibility of the NFC data processing system and released considerable prime shift time on the 7010 for processing new approved applications generated within the Center or by other Government agencies The first of the outside jobs was put on the computer during August 1962 It consists of a management reporting system for the Office of Naval Material in Washington 8 I S•l' S IBM 1401 1404 Satellite Computer System Uses Modified IBM Multiple Duty Program Navl' hi 'tetnue Ceidet C 'le v ela n 4 4 H1 Multiple Duty Program _ i ple Basic program material consists of a condensed program card deck system listing oporating instructions and flow charts A source symbolic program deck is available from IBM as optional program material upon request Operating speeds involving both high and density tapes experienced during testing debugging the modifications made to the When the U S Navy Finance Center Cleveland Ohio installed an IBM 1401 1404 computer system as a satellite to its present IBM 7070 system it employed a modified IBM 1401 multiusage antd to achieve maximum duty program optieduty prorato acieved alow o opand The program #1401-UT-039 permits cardto-tape tape-to-card and tape to-printer operations to run simultaneously in any combination and to start or conclude any operation while others continue The program is made up of six independent but inter-connected routines of binary coded decimal BCD card-to-tape BCD tape-to-card tape-to-printer pure binary card-to-tape pure binary tape-to card and a rapid card-to-tape or tape-to-printer routine program verified the speeds raported by IBM Possible speeds for various configurations are as follows The Navy Finance Center has modified the program to provide for tape labels and permit modifications for specialized routines while retaining the option to perform more than one operation The program was modified as follows 3 Tape-toPrinter 1 Card-to-Tape Blocked One BCD Binary Blocked One BCD Binary 800 Cards in Blocked One Single Spaced 600 Lines min Blocked One 500 Lines min Blocked Two or More 630 Lines ruin Blocked One 275 Lines ruin Tape-toPrinter Blocked One 275 Lines min Tape-to-Card Blocked One 145 Cards rmin Blocked One BCD Blocked One BCD 325 Cards min Blocked One 325 Lines min Blocked O' e BCD 160 Cards rain 2 Tape-to-Card 4 Concurrent Card-to-Tape 1 Card-to-Tape 250 Cards win Tape-toPrinter a Increase blocking factor from one to five 5 Concurrent Card-to-Tape b Provide operator option to write or not write tape header and trailer records labels Tape-toPrinter 2 Tape-to-Card a Accept labeled or unlabeled tape 6 Concurrent Card-to-Tape 3 Tape-to Printer a Accept labeled or unlabeled tape b Allow printer skip and space codes for both before and after print rather than Just before print 7 Concurrent Card-to-Tape c Read pre-punched savings bond card stock from the 1404 bill feed printer and cornpare with tape record data Tape-to-Card 4 Provide typewriter Input and output 5 Binary routines 8 Concurrent Tape-toPrinter a Remove both card-to-tape and tapeto-card binary routines Tape-to-Card 9 160 Cards min 'he nrnh rom mnu ha inth nrI •f on The rnraafIlld of T1U time to introduce another operation by pushing the interrupt button on the'1401 At that point the effective speeds ftr the applicpble 'nnftigration listed in 4 through 8 above would prevail As soon ae one of these operations is cornpleted speeds will automatically increase to that of the configuration remaining v Inlo 4 M nw'- gram #1401-UT-039 is such that NFC is able to load this basic program in their satellite enmpuxtr at the Otsrt of a day and perform a variety of operations throughout the day without having to change programs General Circulation Research Laboratory I$'1hangf G I The goal of the General Circulation Research Laboratory is to expand man's basic knowledge of the atmosphere Specifically its purpose is to express accurately the physicil laws that govern atmospheric bexhavior 214235 Developing Techniques For Studying the Atmosphore Since the meteorologist obviously cannot study and observe the entire atmosphere he brings into his laboratory a hypothetical atmosphere in the form of differential equations expressing the basic physical laws The methods used by the General Circulation Research Laboratory trace their origin back to Isaac Newton who formulated the fundamental laws of particle dynamics Later theorists extended these laws to cover fluid motion and applied them to studies of the atmoophere In the Laboratory Weather Bureau scientists are seeking ihe answers to mnany questions Why does the atmosphere respond in the way it does to ene y from the sun How and why does the atmosphere transform this energy from the sun through various stages before it is ultimately dissipated Of all the possible motions that one can imagine in a fluid such as the atmosphere why do we observe only a few What is the relationship between the circulation in the Northern and Southern Hemisphleres How are the stratosphere and lower atmosphere coupled To what extent do variations of the earth's surface determine our climate Are variations of the sun's radiation a significant factor in the weather we experience If man is to modify the weather or even to forecast it for long periods in advance these questions and many others must be answered At the beginning o thiscentury V Bjerknes of Norway foresaw the possibility of using laws of fluid motion for weather forecasting In 1922 Lewis Fry Richardson an English mathematician ruggested sPecific means for accomplishIng this but he estimated that 64 000 people would be needed to analyze weather observations ud prepare forecasts by this method which is i ow called numerical woathei prediction In Richardson's day there were no electronic computers and in any case the structure of the atmosphere was not yet known well enough to use his method successfully The atmosphere is a fluid so vast that there are two million tons oi it for each person on earth Yet 99 percent of the atmosphere-or fivo billion million tons-lies within 19 miles of the earth's surface encasing the globe like a thin skin This ocean of air is always in motion driven by energy from the sun Heated more at the equator and less at the poles the atmosphere constantly tries to equalize its temperature and in the effort creates wind and weather The winds and the weather are steered by the earth's rotation and as they move around the earth they are also affected by the topography-mountains plains and oceans The result is an amazing complexity of weather events-events that never repeat themselves exactly In the late 1930's and early 1940's more sophisticated theories applicable to numerical forecasting were formulated by a number of outstanding scientists Carl-Gustaf Rossby a noted Swedish-American meteorologist developed a formula for predicting the speed of westerly waves high in the atmosphere Simply stated the speed of a wave dependq on the wind speed the size of the wave and its latitude During the same period other scientists were constructing the first high-speed digital computers With the development of the computer and the theory of westerly waves numerical weather forecasting became a practical 10 2 possibility The actual techniques were devel- impossible results-weather that has never Princeton New Jersey under the dizection of Dr J von Neumann and Dr Jule Charney search for the errors in their calculations or in their thnory These techniques developed for the purpose of short-range weather prediction seop showed their potential for the study of longer period evolutions of the earth's atmosphere At the Institute for Advanced Study Dr Norman A Phillips undertook the first numerical study of the atmosphereas general circulation using hydrodynamical equations to represent atmospheric motion and employing an electronic computer to carry out the calculations kL In 1954 Dr von Neumann urged the Weather Bureau to begin theoretical studies of the general circulation and the General Clrculation Research Section was established by the Bureau in October 1955 The name was later changed to General Circulation Research Laboratory Its aim was to develop a theoretical framework capable of reproducing and explaining the response of the atmosphere to the energy received from the sun Creating a Model Atmosphere Smospheric In constructing a hypothetical atmosphere or mathematical model scientists must first select a system of physical laws that are aseumed to be most important in determining atmovements and evolutions The physical laws are next expressed in differential equations which are analyzed numerically and programed as instructions for the computer The comple7 ity of the model is limited by the capacity of the computer to be used The early models described the motions of the atmosphere as simply as possible and still stretched to the limit the capacity of the computers then in use The computer solves the mathematical formulas and calculates the movements of the atmosphere over a series of time intervals or time steps That is upon obtaining the forecast over the first time interval this result then is used to proceed to the next and so on For purposes of calculation the earth is divided into rectangular grids and the equations must be solved at every point on the grid for every time step The hypothetical model of the atmosphere realisis not considered to be correct unless itebehavior sabsorbs b e s t Sover extended periods of time The testing of a model can take several years depending on its complexity If it produces S 11 The Laboratory's Models The models of the atmosphere devised by the General Circulation Research Laboratory have been designed to simulate the charsateristics of an atmosphere in increasing degrees of reality The six models have been designated Mark I through VI The first model Mark I was limited to the motions of the atmosphere between the equator and 640 N latitude using only two atmospheric levels and only 1300 grid points in each level The vertical structure of this model atmosphere was described as simply as possible while still permitting the development of storms The model ignored the effects of cloud formations and precipitation on the evolutions of the atmosphere and highly simplified the way that solar energy is made available to the atmosphere Mark I has successfully accounted for some of the most important gross properties of the atmosphere's wind systems the large-scale characteristics of middle latitude storms and' the role that they play in maintaining the heat balance of the atmosphere against the sun's radiant energy All of the Laboratory's later models the ones being worked on currently are global in scope Mark VI with 10 000 grid points in each of 10 levels including the earth's surface permite more detailed descriptions of what is happening in the atmosphere than earlier models It allows a close approximation of the solar energy absorbed and reemitted by the earth and the atmosphere Also it takes into account the surface features evaporation snow cover cloud formation and precipitation so that the atmospheric evolutions should be calculated more precisely than with earlier models Additional Research The Laboratory's sclentists sometimes find that in order to add the correct elements to their mathematical models they must have a better understanding of certain atmospheric processes They have therefore undertaken additional research to learn how the atmosphere and transmits radiant energy how the clouds and precipitation of large storms are formed why and how the cumulus clouds of thunderstorms are formed the effects of large I Could its behavior be altered with the relatively small sources of energy available to man Through simulation In the theoretical models the scientists will learn wnat wouid happen wo world weather and climate if for example artificial clouds could be created to reflect more sunlight away from the earth if more carbon dioxide were released to the atmosphere if more forests were converted to agricultural land or cities or if artificial black ground cover could be introduced over large areas such as the Arctic ice pack mountain masses and of the irreqular distribution of land and water over the globe and how the oceans exchange energy with the atmosphere Studies Benefit Forecasting The research of the General Circulation Reaearch Laboratory has produced by-products that are useful in solving forecasting problems The first numerical method of forecasting precipitation amounts was developed in the Laboratory The Laboratory was the first to solve a system of weather forecasting equations that more exactly fit actual weather conditions than earlier methods Laboratory Staff and Facilities Organizationally the General Circulation Research Laboratory is part of the Weather Bureau's Office of Meteorological Research Potential Results of the Laboratory's Work Dr Joseph Smagorinsky has directed the Bureau's general circulation research since the establishment of the Laboratory in October 1955 Since 1955 the Laboratory's staff has grown from 2 to 36 and now includes meteorologists physicists oceanographers mathematicians programers and computer operators For nearly 7 years the Laboratory was located in the Weather Bureau's facilities at Suitland Maryland From 1955 to 1957 an IBM-701 computer was used for studies of the general circulation This computer was replaced by an IBM-704 in 1957 and then by an IBM-7090 in 1960 During the saimmer of 1962 the Laboratory moved to the building at 615 Pennsylvania Avenue N W Washington D C that houses the IBM STRETCH computer In the future more refined and realistic mathematical models will demonstrate how accurately the behavior of the atmosphere can be predicted over various long periods of time With better models scientists hope to solve the mysteries of climatic change These models may one day be used to make the actual longrange weather predictions When theoretical models are able to reproduce natural phenomena faithfully enough to be useful in prediction the next logical step is to investigate weather modification inadvertent as well as intentional Where and how is the atmosphere sensitive to external influences 12 3 Computers and Centers Overseas Process Control Computer System 'JnglishEl1 ri C rmpan•y Lad 1The hiondptl W C 2 F-iglanul is therefore not possible to schedule the cutting process in advance Under manual control the sawman only has time to carry out an approximate calculation which often results in short unsaleable lengths being left at the tail of some An on-line process control computer systern has been ordered from the Metal Industries Division of English Electric Stafford by the Shelton Iron and Steel Company as part of the new universal beam and section mill project at beams their Etruria works Stoke-on-Trent The sys- The high operating speed of the KDN2 sys- tern will be based upon the KDN2 computer and tern makes possible the investigation of many different combinations of order lengths in a matter of seconds The computer then selects the solution giving the best yield displays the lengths to be cut in sequence to the operator and automatically sets the hot saw bench and stops for each cut will be manufactured by English Electric-Leo Computers Limited at their Kidagrove works not far from Etruria It will minimise the waste from cutting beams and sections into the lengths ordered by customers by optimising control of the two hot saws Thi3 is the first digital computer system in the United Kingdom to be used on-line for direct control of cut length at a hot saw As a small percentage increase in yield from this type of mill will give substantial returns it is estimated that the system will regain the capital outlay in about 12 months In addition to the control of the two saws the computer tracks each bloom that is loaded into the reheat furances through the mill and on to the cooling beds so that each cut length can be identified At the cooling beds a digital display provides the cast number and two teleprinters the order details With a beam and section mill several different lengths are usually cut from each finished beam but the length of beam rolled is not accurately known until it reaches the hot saw It Six other systems using English ElectricLeo KDN2 computers are installed or on order for the U K steel industry Atlas 2 Computer F'erranti Lid laidor 11'1 England Atlas 2 and Atlas 1 hitherto called Atlas have an identical instruction code programs may be written to run on either machine Atlas 2 benefits extensively from both hardware and software designed for Atlas and therefore represents the cumulative experience of Manchester University Cambridge University and Ferranti in computer design Atlas 2 is a new smaller ve sion of Atlas see DCN October 1960 and October 1961 averaging half its size but with a wide choice of both size and speed The computer offers up to 131 072 words of core store and can complete nearly hAlf a million instructions per second It provides comprehensive time sharing with complete prograr protection The system can handle a large nuniiber and variety of peripheral equipments with multiple operating consoles Special purpose tn-line devices present no problem The naachine is fully asynchronous Thus future 51v'rovements in machine performance are not blocked by a fixed cycle time Storage Systems B-Store Access 0-35 microseconds 128 halfwords -This store holds indices modifiers 13 and has its own accumulator which can operate V-store and so on In addition three further concurrently with the Main Accumulator bits address a character within a word A programmer may only use reiauve addresses me base address being determined by the Supervisor Program The index register numbers Ba and Bm are referred to in an instruction This permite double modification of arithmetic instructions and two-address indexing instructions The instruction format Is as follows V-Store-Data signals and control signals for peripherals Lock-out control Main Core Store Cycle 2-1 2 or 5 microseconds through 4 independent access systems 32K 64 or 128K words -The core store cycle time in either 2-1 2 or 5 microseconds throughout The independent access systems permit the overlapping of Instructions successive commands being routed through separate systems The Main Store is only sub-divided for program requirements Each program is allocated a multiple of 512 words by the Supervisor see below at any moment there may be several programs present in the main store There are provisions for lock-out regions within a program for peripheral transfers or other purposes Function Ba Bm 0bits 7 bits 1 bits Address Character 21 bits 3 bits A typical arithmetic operation is 0820 51 52 1234 add the floating point number in register 1234 I j to the accumulator and round off where I and J are the contents of index registers 51 52' Slave Store-There are 40 extremely fast access registers constructed of tunnel diodes Speed--The time taken by Instructions depends very much on the context because of instruction overlap multiple access to the store and the use of the slave store An approximate guide is given below time in microseconds Fast Operand Reisters-ln 32 of these smalY oops of instructions are automatically stored while they are obeyed any loop of less than 64 instructions benefits from this facility The remaining eight registers are provided for use as fast working space by programs The double merit of these 40 registers is that they reduce store access time effectively to zero and also relieve the core store access systems 2½microsec store Mgnetic Tape ystem-Although strictly a peripheral the magnetic tape system contributes to the internal store of the machine in that the Supervisor assembles programs onto magnetic tape where they wait to be executed All magnetic tape transfers whether of programs or data occur in units of 512 words one block The block may start at any core store address and may even be scattered over the store in a number of sub-blocks A channel facility is provided which gives automatic buffering ani lock-out during a transfer Magnetic tapes on Atlas 1 and Atlas 2 are compatible 5 microsec store Instruction in slave store Not In slave store Floating-point addition 2 0 2 8 2 0 4 6 Floating-point multiplication 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 5 11 9n 15 On 14 3n 25 9n 7 4n 9 2n 8 3n 13 7n Product of two n-vectors Sum power series n terms Words and Instructions-Words are 48 bits long Each instruction occupies one word Floating-point numbers of the form x 8y have an 8-bit signed exponent and a 40-bit signed mantissa equivalent to about 12 decimal digits The octal exponent speeds shifting Words may be used to hold eight 6-bit characters numbered 0 to 7 Not in In slave slave store store Sequence of 0 ration-Normally the maobeying is instrucons taken from the chine mainstore The address of the instruction being obeyed is held in the Main Control in the special purpose index register B127 in the B-store Addresses are 21 bits long of these 3 determine the type of address relative absolute 14 I If however a complicated instruction requiring for example the formation of the logarithn of the number in the accumulator is required the function digits corresponding to the function logarithm are copied into the Ex tracode Control Register B126 in the B-store the logarithm is computed by the extracode routine which starts at an address within the Supervisor the address the extracode toroutine is com-In B128 Whencorresponding Sand • pleted control reverts to the Main Control in B127 The extracode facility allows the basic Instruction code of the machine to be augmented to include about 250 additional codes for elementary functions input and output conversion and mixed radix conversion In short all the Sfacilities normally thought of as part of a subroutine library are available in Atlas 2 as extracode functions If a peripheral transfer terminates or if any peripheral device requires access to the computer while either main or extracode instructions are being obeyed control is transferred to a third control register stored in index register B125 known as Interrupt Control All peripheral transfers are initiated by extracode functions Interrupt control Is called in automatically whenever an information transfer usually of one character column or line is required to enable the device to continue at full speed The transfer is organised by a part of the Supervisor which passes control back to the interrupted program when the unit of information concerned has been transferred In the case of magnetic tape transfers the initiation of the transfer is handled by an interrupt routine but thereafter the transfer and a program proceed concurrently the transfer causing the program to hesitate when access to a word in the core store is required by the transfer The Su rvlsor Pro ram--Permanently present in the machine is the Supervisor whose function Is the control of autonomous Input and output on paper tape cards and line printers control of autonomous magnetic tape transfers execution of extracodes program scheduling and the Time-Sharing of the various parts of the machine between any number of programs currently held in the core store The hardware and Supervisor together ensure that an error in one program cannot interfere with any other The Supervisor reviews the priorities accorded to programs from time to time in the light of the current situation and the operator's instructions and will occasionally move a program from one part of the store to another to allow space for a large program which has been assembled on magnetic tape The effect of F these activities is to ensure maximum usage of the system as a whole The -n avie•r s an provides monitoring •nformation it has two-way communication with the operator Automatic Programm -It is planned to provide compilers for Alol Fortran and Cobol The Peripheral System -The minimum peripheral and magnetic tape coordinators alfor equipment am shown following low list Double the number mayinbetheafttched with extra hardware Equipment Minimum Provision Character Input Devices tape readers keyboard inputs Character Output Devices tape punches teleprinters flpnhwriters t 6 6 Card Readers Card Punches 2 1 Line Printers Spare 24-bit channels and 12-bit channels for special purpose online devices 2 8 each Magnetic Tape Units The basic installation will comprise 1 Operators' input-output device 3 Paper Tape Readers 3 Paper Tape Punches 30if-line Flexowriters 2 ICT Card Readers 600 cards minute 1 ICT Card Punch 100 cards minute 1 Anelex Line Printer 1000 lines minute 8 Ampex TM2 Magnetic Tape Units 1 Creed 75 Teleprinter on-line for Magnetic Tape System 1 Engineers Console consisting of 1 Paper Tape Reader 1 Creed 75 Teleprinter for output Displays and operators keys switches Further peripheral devices may be attached to Atlas 2 for example IBM compatible magnetic tape units mass stores graphical display units and the like 15 - LEO 326 and LEO III Computers Gntai Post Ofce London E C I Engtand SThe The Buildup Order SThe G P O have announced that they have S As indicated by the G P O the two LEO 326 placed an order with English Electric - LEO Computers Ltd for two LEO 326 computers The value of the order in over A1 million It is S computers will be preceded by two LEO HI's see DCN July 1962 which they will replace The LEO III's which are fully compatible with Kingdom The LEO 326 computers will be de- powerful computers Before even the LEO Ml's are delivered work to prove programmes and to prepare for full scale running will be carried out on LEO Service Bureau Computers the LEO 326 will be used for building up the load of work prior to the arrival of the more the largest single order for commercial cornpnting equipment ever placed in the United livered in 1985 The Choice of Equipment The G P O chose LEO 326 after a stringently planned comparative survey designed to insure that the equipment chosen had the best performance In terms of data processed per unit of cost both as regards capital cost and The LEO IMi The LEO Mie that will be initially used are fast transistorised computers that have been running costs In arriving at their decision the well received by industrial organisations local G P O considered proposals made by manufacturers of all large scale data processing equipment both In the United KIngdom and also in the United States and Europe In all nearly 20 large scale computers were studied by a team including G P O mechanisation experts and Post Office engineers government authorities and government departments Over 20 LEO HI computers have been ordered 7 of which have been delivered and are in operation A large LEO HI will be installed at Southend at the beginning of July for H M Customs and Excise It will carry out a variety of work on import-export statistics A major factor in the choice of LEO MI for this application was the proven ability to work on several quite different jobs at the same time Later this summer the Board of Trade will install a LEO HI in the Census Office at Eastocote Middlesex where the main job is related to the Census of Production Other work includes the census of retail distribution and the calculation of retail and wholesale price indices Application Plans are being made for the computers to take in work from a number of different Post Office sources including initially work connected with repayment of National Savings Certificates dividend payments in respect of Government stock and bonds on the Post Office Register the operations of the Post Office Supplies Department and Premium Savings Bonds It is not intended to alter the present arrangements for the generation of numbers for the monthly Premium Savings Bond draws which will continue to be done by Ernie The LEO 326 The LEO 326 is an advanced version of LEO hI and in the form ordered by the G P O will be nearly 10 times faster It will be able to have access to its fast memory of up to 320 000 characters in approximately one millionth of a second It can multiply two 10-digit numbers together in 53 microseconds It can take logical decisions as to which alternative paths to follow in three millionths of a second Among the features of LEO 326 as of LEO HI Is its ability to work directly in £ s d as well as decimal or any other notation Support Services As well as subjecting the computer system specification to close study the G P O assured themselves that support of the highest quality in regard to systems planning programming operational assistance and maintenance could be provided by the chosen manufacturer 16 t A high density magnetic tape system in the development of which LEO desiners have Magnetic Tapes Ismacn V piayea a iea• W anid L v 3d wiu us eqwuppea O iZO ar tJm wiU Do used am my u- tern Information will be recorded on 1 2-inch magnetic tape at a density of '50 characters to the inch with a bank of magnetic tape decks which will hold the millions of records with which the G P O has to deal The G P O LEO 326 will be equipped to take information from magnetic tape at the effective rate of nearly 250 000 alpbanumerical characters per second A special facility is being added to the G P O computer by means If the LEO microprogramme facilities to en Ale the magnetic tape records to be inspected in the minimum of time to see whether information refers to a particular record It will take 20 microseconds to know whether a particular transaction refers to the next record on the magnetic tape file Printers The G P O work will call for a heavy load of printing The printers employed will be able to print lines of 160 characters at the rate of 1000 lines per minute The LEO Computers supplied to the G P O will be able to operate two of these printers simultaneously and on quite different tasks If required Computing Center Instituteof Ttchnoloo Karhtrui G erm ny The Karlsruhe installation consists of 6000 words of core memory 12000 words of drum memory excess time 10 ms 400 characters per second paper tape reader and 50 characters per second paper tape punch Additional equipment may be added in the future In 1962 a Standard Elekirik ER 55 computer was installed at the Institute of Technology in Karlsruhe Germany The purchase was sponsored by the German Federal ResearchAssociation The machine will be devoted mainly to the training of students and to the needs of all departments of the Institute A computer word has a length of 7 decimal digits whichconstitute an instruction a six-digit fixed-point number plus sign or a string of three alphabetic characters plus special mark Two successive locations can be processed together and are considered a floating point numher or a fixed-point number of double length Fixed-point arithmetic assumes the decimal point to the left of the most signiflcan digit The ER 56 see DCN April 1960 is a serial decimal medium size and medium speed computer Fixed point addition time ranges from 0 3 to 0 9 milliseconds and floating point multiplication from 1 1 to 2 6 milliseconds The structural center of the computer is an electronic cross bar switch the rows of which are attached to subblocks 200 or 1000 words each of the mainstore whilst the columns are connected with the arithmetic unit the control unit auxiliary storage units and the inputoutput devices Simultaneous information flow from all sub-blocks of the mainstore to any one of the Column-units is possible The instruction set comprises some 160 different instructions which give a very powerful and flexible tool for programming The flexibility is enhanced by the possibility of using nine Index registers and various one-bit and two-bit sense registers LEO IIIF Lio CompjWuLU London W2 England The Place of LEO MF in principle which enables installations to be the LEO III Range tailored to the requirements of the individual user AddlUonal storage or peripheral equipmerits can be added subsequently should the work load expand see DCN July 1962 is a general LEO M11 purpose computer designed on the modular 17 71 A The standard features of LEO III are buffered input and output and the running of asveral arnerams nnnea rrantly In make tho hoat use of calculating power and peripheral speed The name LEO mF designates a system with faster storage and arithmetic than LEO III It Is compatible in all ways with LEO III particularly in instruction code and peripheral equipmoed As in LEO HI it can perform arithmetical calculations in binary decimal sterling or any other radix Floating point arithmetic which Is optional on LEO MH is standard on LEO •F It extends the already considerable zangs of LEO III to include the most dema0 commercial scientific and industrial applications 111F which has eight input-output channels to each of which several peripheral units can be ennnantad via tho apmnj masaamImh1s s ia nn LEO II In conasquence programs can be tasted on LEO MI and fully proved before being run on LEO IF The LEO IHF Storage Two speeds of store are available with cycle times of 6 and 2 microseconds Storage is supplied in multiples of 4096 words one division A Block of storage on LEO mF is a combination of one or more divisions of the same speed operating as a single unit Blocks are expandable on site A Block can be either one to four divisions of 6- Msec storage 4096 to 16 384 words or one to four divisions of 2- isec storage 4096 or 16 384 words Special Facilities The essential features of LEO RUF are the ability to carry out more calculation work in a given time and to handle data at a greater rate than LEO M This calculating power can be needed when large files have to be processed at high spied and many calculations performed on each item LEO uHF can have one or two blocks of storage Both blocks of store are directly ad6 dressable and may be used for holding data and program The programmer treats the two blocks as comprising a single homogeneous store in every respect but speed of operation Alternatively a LEO MliF nu y be specified in order to obtain the maximum efficiency from a time-sharing installation where a heavy loading is expected or to give a considerably enhanced performance on a mathemttical calculation involving floating point working Where there are two blocks they need not be of the same cycle time or size By using a single division of 2-microsecond store In combination with a block of 6-microsecond store a substantial part of the arithmetic advantages of the faster access time may be gained for the installation as a whole see Fig 1 Compatibility In general jobs can be exchanged quite freely between LEO RI and HIF Installations provided they are equipped with similar peripheral equipment No re-programming is required unless the user has added a custombuilt microprogram computer code action in order to meet some special requirement This results from the arrangement whereby the two storage blocks operate independently and may be accessed concurrently Thus when one block is handling transfers of data access to the other block is not delayed at all Various features which are optional on LEO MI are standard on LEO 1I11 These include floating point merge and condenne instructions and lockouts and reservations to guard time-shared programs from interference There need not of course be two blocks of storage A LEO UIIF installation Is functionally complete with a single division of store with each other High Speed Channels-Provilsion is made for fitting up to three-0K magnetic tape channels on a LEO lIlF with 6-microsecond store or four channels by special arrangement Five 90K channels are allowed with 2-microsecond store The 90K Magnetic Tape System 90 000 characters per second which is available both on LEO HI and RUF systems can read tapes written by the less powerful systems and can be set to write at the lower density required by the 28K and 45K decks thus giving two-way compatibility Pro onis made for the conversion of a number of channels to work at ultra high speed where more powerful peripheral equipments such as disc files may require this feature All standard peripheral devices with their standard assemblers can be connected to LEO 18 ' STORE ACES i ARRANGEMENT • Sm ARITHMETIC ' R UNIT WURDINArUI A i 04 IVISONS i v MICRKSECOND f L CONTHOL d • e orityD o1ntol NS l MI ROSCN EI l STO P L • JrCONTROL eriPH eRA P __ CALCULATOR Ul'-iRC-ct ULTRAHIGH 1 L CAPCITY CHANNEL Z CHANNEL Cr the Control allows inCalcUlator Priority and I -The Figure to be uved simultaneously store of two Blodka Unit Peripheral Pridependently by the Arithmetic Channel ComCapacity High Ultra ority Control and peting demands are dealt with on a priority basis Arithmetic Speed-The increased processing power of LEO IlIF depends on the greatly enhanced speed of the coordinator and arithmetic unit Computer code actions in LEO MI are carried out by microprograms This system now has added facilities which ease the work of implementing the microprograms and Increase their speed fast as LEO MI In assessing calculating speed allowance has always to be made for store engagement caused by Input and output of data Size-The electronic circuits used in LEO HIF are more compact as well as faster than those in LEO III The cabinets required are as follows the figures in brackets are the comparable number of cabinets for LEO Ill and show the reduction in size The same LEO IIIF arithmetic circuits are used for any store configurition As the system is asynchronous data and instructions can be processed as soon as they are available from store Effective Arithmetic Speeds-Action times are given in Table or LEO F l-2 liUF with 2-Msec store and LEO IIIF-6 The effective speed with mixed store depends on where the program and data are held and varies between the speeds quoted for LEO IIIF-2 and IIIF-6 Arithmetic Unit Coordinator Peripheral Priority Control Calculator Priority Control 6 cabinets 9 Engimers Control 1 cabinet 2 Store 6 Msec 1 to 4 divisions I cabinet I oversize to 4 Store 2 gsec Depending on store configuration and the application LEO IIIF will be 3 to 9 times as 19- r 1 cabinet per division Table I LEO MUF SPEEDS Retinements in detailed design may affect certain of these timings Averages are used in complex cases and only the more significant actions are shown For comnparison the corresponding LEO HI times are included A line of 120 significant characters in astmimed Actions Literal add subtract Add Subtract Select Augment Transfer Copy Multiply e g 10x5 digits Multiply add 10x5 digits Multiply subtract I0x5 digits Divide 5 digit quotient Shift single length Shift double length Convert 5 digits Replace Collate Merge Table look up Copy Registers Change sequence Conditional Sequence Change Enter Sub Routine Step Test Modifier Indirect Modify Input-output Bulk copy Bulk clear Double length Arithmetic Modification Times average Unpack Fixed Field Unpack Variable Field Edit Condense Edit for GP Output LEO IIIF-2 2-microsecond store LEO IHF-6 6-microsecond store 3-1 2 4-1 2 4-1 2 4 7-1 2 4-1 2 4-1 2 52 75 75 83 5 1 per shift 5 1-1 2 per shift 42 7 5-1 2 20 per item plus 4-1 2 per word 2 per item 9 2 4 or 3-1 2 4 10 6 4-1 2 per search 6 12 12 12 18 12 12 126 82 82 90 7 1 per shift 7 1-1 2 per shift 65 14 12 67 per Item plus 12 per word 6 per item 24 6 6 12 24 14 6 per search 14 4-1 2 per word 2-1 2 per word 8 or 9 2 250 000 characters per second 300 000 characters 18 12 per word 6 per word 18 6 180 000 characters per second 190 000 characters psec psec LEO KU gsec 50 34 31 27 50 28 28 480 1000 1000 750 29 6 per shift 29 6 per shift 300 72 52 175 per item plus 27 per word' 26 per item 85 18 20 to 66 33 54 23 34 per search 80 36 per word 26 per word 80 15 33 000 characters per second 26 000 characters per second per second per second 160 000 characters per second 250 000 characters per second 1 45 milliseconds per line 130 000 characters per second 160 000 characters per second 3 6 milliseconds per line 20 000 characters per second 35 000 characters per second 10 2 milliseconds per line 20 as I ZAM 2 II' Jzr fl I'okji The ZAM-2 Computer is a small-size electronic digital computer designed for solving numerical statistical and some data processing computation problems in science industry business and commerce Working Storage Magnetostrictive nickel delay lines 1024 short words Average access time 0 36 milliseconds maximum Maximum access time 0 72 milliseconds When designing this computer high reliability as well as flexibility of applications and extremely simple programming SAKPautocode were taken into account Due to these advantages the ZAM-2 Computer is able to save time and money solving the wide range of problems in different fields such as Structural Analysis Linear Programming Transportation Problems Aircraft Construction ShipConstruction Geodesic Calculations Chemical Engineering Electrical Engineering Aero and Hydrodynamics Nuclear Physics Optics and the like Auxiliary Storage Magnetic drum 16 384 long words 1500 rpm Maximum of two drums may be connected Clock Rate The ZAM-2 Computer is constructed of exchangeable plug-in-units It contains about 850 electronic valves 6000 germanium diodes and 500 transistors Only long-life electronic valves 10 000 hours guaranteed are used 405 kc Basic Computer Cycle 90 gsec Internal Structure Serial computer Synchronous operation Binary fixed-point arithmetic Single-address instruction modification by means of one 18-bit B-register F Addition 90 gsec Subtraction 90 jisec Multiplication 3240 usec Division 3240 jAsec Programming Average Operating Speed Fixed-Point Address System SAS Symbolic SAKO-autocode Library of subroutines including linear programming algorithms and floatingsubroutines Addition and subtraction 100 op sec Multiplication and division 260 op sec Data Input Word Length High-speed tape reader using five channels 300 characters per second maximum Maximum of two readers may be connected 36 bits so called long word or 18bits short word each long word may comprise two instructions 21 numerito express any problem 3 Able some as wellofas computation statistical cal and Data Output j High-speed tape punch using five channels data processing problems 30 characters per second nmaximum Maximum of two tape punches may be connected 4 Shortens the programming time about 10 times 5 Eliminates programming errors 6 Saves computer idle-work-time needed to d-velop programs written in the ZAM-2 Computer Code Supply Three-phase 38C 220 v 50 cps 7 SAKO prcgrams easily read Power Consumption 8 Programs produced by the SAKO cornpiler are almost as efficient as those written by good programmers 11 kva approx 9 All subroutines of the ZAM-2 Program Library are adapted to operate in the SAKO system Outside Dimensions SHeight• Length Width Component m m • 510 Main Cabinet II 510 770 Magnetic Drum Storage - 2485 1845 in SAKO 2485 660 1845 1230 Example of SAKO Application Tabulating the function Control Desk Input Device Desk 1150 945 1340 1090 560 720 Output Device Desk 1090 560 720 510 1730 1845 Input DeviceDesk m Supply Cabinet All elementary functions are included 10 Main Cabinet 090 50for y x2 6x sinr ex sin x InV'8x' 1 x from 0 to 1 with the step 0 1 Results should be given with accuracy up to eight decirnals after point The SAKO program appropriate to solve the problem is the following Space Requirements Approx 60 m2 SET DECIMAL SCALE 1 PARAMETER DECIMAL SCALE 1 1 Y X 2 6xYxSIN CBR EXP X 3 SIN X Total Weight ÷LN SQR BxXx3 1 Approx 2 tons LINE Automatic Coding System PRINT 1 1 X The ZAM-2 Automating Coding System was developed in order to lessen the effort and the time needed to prepare programs The SAKO compiler acts as a translator between the user and the ZAM-2 Computnr The SAKO features are SPACE 10 PRINT 1 8 Y REPEAT FROM 1 X 0 0 1 1 0 1 Similar to normal human language STOP 1 2 Easy in use END 22 I ZAM-2 Computer The SAKO compiler interprets it and PRODUCES A PROGRAM IN ZAM-2 COMPUTER CODE READY TO BE RUN IN ANY ZAM-a i-e program may be taken from the Some details of the aritjhmetic formula must be explained namely A - z aenotes L Computer either in the ZAM-2 Symbolic Code or in the Internal Binary Form Details are available in refs I and 2 CBR denotes cubic root operation and SQR denotes square root operation Com-the ZAM-2 The same inhundred tw inrthree pute Codeprogram cosssof written rogammr wo d xpeiened rctins An wou d programmer structions Anst experienced I WIC Ann Z SAKe - An Automatic L LU ZASZE Autom Progr System Rev in Coding need at least 4 hours to prepare it 2 1961 After the SAW O program is recorded on five-level paper tape the tape is read into the and the Use of Subroutines in 3AKO Ann Rev in Autom Progr 2 1961 A MAZ URKIEWICZ Arithmetic Formulae Computing Center Shape Air DW enre Tehnical Centre Thr Ha i' Ntlherlaud% The SHAPE Air Defense Technical Centre in The Hague installed a 32 K IBM 704 with seven tapes and a 4 K tape 1401 in February 1962 The Royal McBee LGP-30 has been retained A Chronolog Digital Clock was attached to the 704 in August 1962 and the Floating Point Trap Feature in September ground environment systems and air defense weapons coordination 2 Information requirement and decision models for stdy of electronic data processing in integrated commafd and control 3 Reduction of radar flight test data Current areas of application of the system Include 1 Systems simulation such as tracking studies technical and operational studies of Available software includes FORTRAN IPL 5 and NELIAC DT 12 Data Transmission System Standard Ekthrik lxrez 41 Stuttgart etmany Transmission ovel Long Distances with Data DT 12-Smooth operation of present-day industry and public administration is to a large extent dependent on the speeds at which urgent information can be transmitted and processed This information may consist of data for ex-ample the accounting records collected during a business day by diatant branch offices of an enterprise which have to be transmitted to the central office for processing as soon as possible These data are in most cases obtained by machine methods and are evaluated by computers Theproblem faced was to develop a transmission system providing high-speed error-free t S 23 and economical transmission of such data over existing communication lines e g telephone circuits The data transmission system DT 12 solves this problem because it features High Speed Oeration-The transmission speed is 600 or 1200 bauds in compliance with recommendations of the German Post Office and CCITT therewith it meets requirements for international communications For comparison Telex messages are transmitted at a speed of 50 to 75 bauds Error Free Operation-Transmisnion errors due to noisy lines are automatically detected and autornatically corrected by reiterative transmission At worst conditions one untietected error only will be encountered in 14 a -Auur dw' • iUei ultlva but also for purposes of automatic stock accouzntJng bookkeeping and invoicing The ad- ie V'yiiU1at hiiaa L ls t naIU15 aA IU quiIU Pru-M winder normal noise conditions this operating period will extend to 5 months Aniother advan tlage is that t he recevia g ead obtal•as putiched essing of orders and minimum volume of stock-on-hand tape copies without correction marks clean Stape Traffic-In traffic e g aviation the DT 12 may be used for the recording of all flight reaSevatlons at ona centralized office Booking data are immediately passed by the individual agencies to a cetnral booking computer which is able to report within seconds whether or not the seats requested are available This permits immediate customer service eliminates the danger of accepting too many bookings and renders provision of reserve seats unnecessary SIndependence of the Code Used-Tranomissin is on an alphanumeric basis differing systems input and output equipment may be combined Universal Application-Any transmission path suitable for speech transmissidn may be used carrier channels power lines or radio channels Similar to the telephone toll dialling service selection by card diallers is possible Operation is extremely simple Other applications are weight and balance dispositions and centralized stock-keeping Economical Operation-The DT 12 permits utilization not only of existing communication networks but also of reduced tariffs e g the night tariff for a large volume of data Automatic facilities permit unattended operation of the receiver or the transmitter Administration--Tax offices statistical bureamu social security institutions and the like utilize the DT 12 to transmit informattoon to their headquarters for processing and evaluation Universitit- and Institutes-The DT 12 is used to exchange information and data as well as to contact data processing and dtocumentation centers Meteorological centers employ the DT 12 for constarnt communication with the weather stat is Plalning With a View to Future Reguirements-Input and output speeds of up to 10 000 hauds are admissible DT 12 transmits data with any desired coding over telephone lines at high speed error free and rationally Industry-Branch plants for rnre may g2u-Every information source that can be stopped and started exactly at any point may be connected to the transmitter when suitably adapted Punchae tape equipment and ferrite core memories may be adapted to the transmitter at a minimum of expenditure use the DTu12 to transmit wage accounting redords per piece pay personnel action notices to the central payroll office shortly before wage accounting date The information is processed there by electronic or electromec'anical facilities or manually and the completed pay roll lists are transmitted by means of DT 12 to the branch plants in extremely short times Transmitter-Regardless of t0 • •c used the data to be transmitted are 0 biock memories in the form of bloc ' t it Uislength and then transmitted bl -turbed block is repeated until ta ee ' n5reception In the case of undist mission block follows block Th• • nsmission path also serves for speech com• ncation between terminals '0 Other applications are production control handling of orders central stock-keeping and material disposition and error-free digital transmission of metering values Banks and Insurance Companies-The DT 12 is used to keep central accounting and customer files up-to-date to supplement statistical records and to provide within seconds information required Receiver-The blocks received are written synchronously with the transmitter into block memories and checked for errors by electronic facilities A disturbed block is automatically repeated Thus only error-free blocks are passed to the output equipment via the adapting unit The transmission path also serves for speech communication between terminals Trade and Storing-Chain stores branch offices and customers convey their orders to a centralized stock room with the aid of the DT 12 The information or information carriers serve not only as ordering records 24 necessary the stop may be initiated at an earlier time with consideration of delays encountered with mechanical input equipment t -Every output unit that can be stoDoe and started exactly at any noint may be connected to the receiver when suitably adapted Punched tape equipment and ferrite core memories may be adapted to the receiver at a minimum of expenditure A combination of different input and output units is possible e g a tape reader may be used at the transmit end and a core memory at the receive end Simuitaneously with the read-in process a counting circuit extracts the check bits so that the block may be transmitted without loss of time In case of undisturbed transmission block follows block In case an error occurs in the transmis- sion of a block a repeat signal Instead of a con MEMORY 9 firmation signal is sent to the transmitter over the return channel This signal effects transmission of a blocklength signal sequence 0 signal instead of the next block The disturbed block is then repeated if required several times before resuming normal transmission MEMORY cycle -R The transmission system DT 12 is flexible 2I A The terminals are made up of plug-in units and subdivided Into the adapting unit error correction unit and modulation unit M 3I 1 r L COINCIDENCE- SIGNAL MEMORY A 11 Figuire I Transmis sion Logic At the transmit end the data to be transmitted are passed via the adapting unit one of the three block memories 1 2 or 3 which are cyclically connected to the information source MEMORY A As shown in figure 1 the input device works into memory 3 memory 2 is transmitting to the receiver while memory 1 which had transmitted a block before memory 2 holds the information until a confirmation signal acknowledges correct reception of the data Upon arrival of this signal memory 1 is erased and made available for accepting the next block The error correction unit sends a start signal to the iniormation source which thereupon commences reading and supplies to the central control the clock pulse for reading-in A clock generator in the modulation equipment produces the clock pulse for the transmission of the block O oo- 4_ - - REPEAT • O- SIGNAL Figure Z --Receiver Logic At the receive end the blocks transmitted 42 information and 21 check bits are written cyclically into the block memories A and B Figure 2 shows a block just being entered into memory A while the contents of memory B after a code check had proved correctness passed on via the adapting unit to the output equipment Analagously to the operation at the transmit end a counting circuit again derives 21 check bits and compares them with the ch#' bits transmitted In case of coincidence the Each of the block memories has a capacity of 63 bits comprising 42 information bits and 21 check bits During read-in the incoming information bits are counted and the Information source is stopped upon arrival of the 42d bit information quantity of the block memory If 25 u i - i error correction unit delivers a start signal to the information output the information output transmits a repeat signal Insteadchannel of the conftrmtion signal over the return The equipment commences receiving and supplies the clock pulse for the read-out of the errorfree block 0 block the transmission of which in initiated thereby announces a repetitiou of the disturbed block Only upon error-free reception of this block is the normal reception cycle reestablished Synchronism of transmission is achieved again even after disturbances of any length During read-out the information bits are counted and the output equipment is stopped at the 42d bit With consideration of the delays encountered with mechanical equipment the stop may be Initiated at an earlier time In case the code check revealed an error the output equipment does not receive a start signal The disturbed information block as well as the followIng block are erased instead The receiver The transmission system DT 12 does not require any specific signal code Counting of bits during input and output permits reading of various codes into the block memories Positions unused can be filled in with zeros 26 I 4 Miscellaneous Tactical Moving Map Display comp wing Devicr o Catwda Lid 4 Canadri •-ODUwa for effective aircraft navigation Track course and range-to-destination are presented on counters Track error is indicated by a triangular shaped pointer which moves around the circumference of the map display area To make good a track to a destination requires only that the aircraft be steered so that the track error indicator and the aircraft track line are made coincident The pilot is continuously free to deviate from his flight plan anywhere within the map coverage area of 1800 x 1800 nautical miles The inadequacy of the counter-type display for the indication of present position to the pilots of low-level high-speed tactical aircraft has long been recognized In order for a pilot to be effective on a low-level mission he must be continuously aware of the relation between his current flight path and the surrounding and approaching terrain To meet this need the Tactical Moving Map Display recently introduced by Computing Devices provides for the pilot a display of a brightly lit topographic map the centre of which will at all times represent his position and with a radial vector marking his track In addition to overcome cockpit space limitations the versatility of the instrument can be increased by including optional features which display track error desired course and range to destination M Display The maps used for the display are standard 1 500 000 air navigation charts reproduced on a single strip of 35-mm colour film This strip provides continuous coverage of an area 1800 x 1800 nautical miles A map drive unit within the instrument orients the film strip and moves it automatically and continuously in accordance with the path of the aircraft The pilot is not required to make any adjustments to the display other than correcting the position when necessary The map image is presented in full colour and is clearly visible over a wide range of ambient light conditions The high image resolution of the system permits easy recognition of symbols and lettering as small as 1 32 inch Map filmstrips of operational areas can be prepared by Computing Devices of Canada or by any other suitably equipped facility These features can be added without increasing the size of the basic instrument The design of the instrument has been strongly influenced by considerations of the operational stresoes imposed on the tactical pilot The result is a semi-automatic navigation instrument which requires a minimum of manipulative actions on the part of the pilot Any one of a wide range of sensors and navigation computers including Computing Devices Position Homing Indicator PHI or Global Lightweight Airborne Navigation computer Equipment GLANCE can furnish the necessary inputs Present Position Indication Look-Ahead Destination Insertion and Position Up-Dating Facilities The display consists of a 5-inch diameter screen upon which a correctly oriented colour image of the map is projected Present position is indicated by a small fixed circle in the middle of the screen As the aircraft moves over the terrain the map image moves correspondingly along the track line and past the present position circle In the AHEAD mode the pilot may select any direction and manually slew the map to display any area In this mode the range and course counters will display the range and bearing of the ground feature located in the present position Indicator relative to the aircraft's actual position Manually controlled map movement is achieved by the use of the course and range control knobs on the unit face The map display at command automatically returns to Steering Indications The unit also presents an integrated display of other information required by the pilot 27 present position after the look-ahead operation Input Information Sources Whan tho mnta nutwlh i in tho ITRn o n4 ninin The map display unit is operated In conjunc tion with a coupler unit which transforms information from different types of sensors and navlgation computers into a form suitable for the map display unit An optional feature for the computation and display of range and bearing to destination can be furnished if the navigation computer does not provide these as outputs the pilot may insert the range and course of his next destination When the display is returned to the TRACK mode the range counter will count down the distance to go and the course counter will show the bearing to fly An alternate method of destination insertion is by means of the PHItype station selector If an on-top position fix indicates the displayed position to be incorrect it is possible to up-date the display by setting the mode switch to the FIX position and adjusting the range and course controls When the display is not in the TRACK mode a limited memory storage facility ensures that no position information is lost I I Specifications _ Operational Limits Display Controls On the pilot's instrument map orientation is slaved to the aircraft track It is possible however to orient the map to Northat 12 o'clock by depressing the spring-loaded course knob Heading orientation can be provided in lieu of track orientation if desired In both operating modes the current track of the aircraft is shown by a radial line from the centre of the display A map scale control enables two map scale factors 1 500 000 and 1 1 000 000 to be selected The 1 500 000 scale is provided to enable the pilot to distinguish detail of topographic features for low altitude work and provides a viewing radius of 17 nautical miles from presei t position The 1 1 000 000 scale provides a viewinS radius of 34 nautical miles The AHEAD feature extends this viewing radius to any range the pilot may desire within the limits of the equipment Additional controls on the instrument enable the pilot to set the brightness level of the map image An optional automatic brightness level of the map image An optional automatic brightness feature can be provided to maintain the brightness level relative to ambient light at any desired setting Range Counter 1000 nautical miles Course Counter Track Counter 0-360° 0-360° Area of toverage 1800 X 1800 nautical mile 8 a utical miles approx 2000 knots Maximum Speed k Power ReSuirements 2 114 v 400 cps 55 26 v 400 cps 35 w 28 v dc 185 w Weight Display Unit 10 lb approx Computer Coupler 12 lb approx Dimensions Display Unit 6 x 6 x 11-1 4 inches Computer Coupler 3-9 16 x 19 x 7-5 8 Inches 3 8 ATR long Accuracy Limits 1 mile 1 2% disLance flown Alternate Display Capability Supplementary flight information other than topographic map detail can be incorporated on the film strip for display at will Typical of these alternate displays are target or airport approach data emergency operating procedures and air traffic control procedures Environmental Performance Display Unit MIL-E-5400E Class 1 Computer Coupler MIL-E-5400E Class2 28 I Projects FIST and SAFARI Notional Burrau of Sandab Pa'nshington D 20214 Projet FIST creating a need for many more skilled tachnicians This in turn has led to contiraing recruitment and training problems in the services The resulting high cost of maIntenanae has increased the importance of reliability and maintainability as criteria in planning and accepting new electronic equipment Engineers at the National Bureau of Standards U S Department of Commerce have devised FIST Fault Isolation by Senmi-Automatic Techniques a troubleshooting system that approachas the ultimate in simplicity Intended this system in being developed for the Navy for use on modularized electronic equipment Bureau of Ships by Gustave Shapiro George Rogers and Owen Laug of the NBS staff It was described to key personnel concerned with equipment maintainability in government and Industry at a one-day seminar held at NBS September 12 1963 Now being applied to a naval radar equipment the system promises ivhen more widely adopted to have far-reaching consequences In training and procedures used Now being applied experimentally to a first equipment the new trouble-shooting system Is expected eventually to have an impact on the maintenance of military andother high-reliability electronic equipment comparable to that resulting from modularization The system figure 1 consists of a small hand-carried general purpose test instrument together with the special circuits and receptacles built in as part of the prime equipment being tested The test instru- for maintaining electronic equipment SIGNAL INPUT r MOUEMODULE ' UNDER OUTPUT TEST TR A NS- T A S FOR- FOR- MATION NET- WORK TOER TOr- MATRON • NET--- _ €E_ I SWTR WORKWOR TEST PRIME EQUIPMENT-TEST SET INTERFACE CONNECTOR TEST TEST GOOD T ment has a red light a green light a test plug on a cord and a self-test receptacle it Includes four voltage comparators and logic circuitry The operator can check tester operation at any time by plugging it into its self-test receptacle The amount and complexity of electronic equipment used in the military services has multiplied greatly in the past two decades • •'i CELL - BAD INDICATORS Figure 1 29 GONECTORS In use the test set which occupies only a fifth of a cubic toot gives a green good or a red bad indication when plugged in e-ach test receptacle at which a test is possible The module Is within tolerance it a good indication is obained If neither indicator lfts-the Wtest response-this indicates that all needed inSare not present at the module The operator can test the modules In any order with a uniform simple procedure for all types of tests He can save time however by first plugging ino each group test receptacle to localize the area of failure and then into the constituent module receptacles to find the defective module circuitry and the indication The comparator drives a zero-crossina detector circuit which operates the green god indicator light if the comparator output changes polarity and crosses zero Failure of the comparator output to reverse polarity indicating a module characterlstic exceeding either limit causes the detector to energize the red bad indicator A simple one cell test set wo td consist of two input amplifiers identical except for one having a switch selecting its input from either end of the tolerance resistor two peak-to-peak detectors to rectify the signals a differential dc amplifier to compare them a zero-crossing detector and logic circuits Four such cells In each test set permit the simultaneous measurenent of interacting module parameters The test set operator needs no skill or training to identify and replace the failed module he need know no more about electronics or the equipment being tested than the maintenance man who replaced the electric light bulbs The technicians are called in only if the ' mlb charger is unable to find the malfunction as in the case of faults in cabling or connector wiring Circuits needed by the system to adapt module operational parameters for pod-bad indication by the test instrument are in-the prime equipment They are being designed with subminiature components on printed circult boards so they can be mounted on the backs of the module test receptacles All of these transformation networks are passive permitting the measurement of properties such as ac and dc voltages frequency amplification voltage waveforms impedance frequency response and a variety of other electronic and physical measurements Each transformation network operates to permit each desired operational and circuit parameter to be sensed as small voltages Project SAFARI The test met operates by comparing two voltages for each test such as the input to an amplifier module and its output The design of the transformation network is such that it converts the amplifier input and output signals into voltages of comparable magnitude provided that the amplification is within design tolerances The test set comparator determines whether or not these voltages have comparable magnitudes FIST design techniques not only carry on the maintenance revolution already started by modularizatlon but have already sired a project promising an even more radical change in maintenance This is Project SAFARI SemiAutomatic Failure Anticipation Recording _nstrumentation a system of measuring and recording equipment performance SAFARI con sts of a tester much like the FIST tester except that it presents performance figures in a graphical form using a device for recording and viewing module performance as a function of time The output signal In actually obtained alternately at opposite ends of one of the resistors In the attenuation network the components of which have such values that the normal attenuated voltage Is obtained at the high end of the tolerance resistor for a module of the lowest acceptable gain and at the low end for the highest-gain module acceptable Any module of this type having a gain between the acceptable limits must produce an output signal that is greater than the ideal level when sampled at one end of the tolerance resistor and less than the Ideal at the other end Project SAFARI uses equipment performance measurements obtained from a test device similar to that of FIST but which in addition graphically plots successive measurements for comparison with an established rejection level The rate at which the perfurmance approaches this level can be easily monitored and the module replaced before the rejection level is reached This procedure could add a new order of reliability to electronic equipment that is used where reliability is the greatest consideration The comparator input is switched alternately between the ends of the tolerance register so that its output changes polarity in testing a module characteristic within the specified limits This makes for simplification of the The greatest impact of the FIST troubleshooting system is expected to be in alleviating 30 the shortage of capable electronic technicians equipment failures can be troublembnt by me -- V • u J Vuu 1u 1ay the required tasks Secondary effects will be a higher level of dependable operation due to better maintenance reduced numbers of techniciana to be trained and the accompanying possibility of creating a small elite corps of technicians trained in greater depth While not all uVFiST repaired vy momuie replacement or anticipated by SAFARI the number of failures that respond to these techniques is expected to be sufficient to greatly reduce the burden of troubleshooting and repair now performed by technicians j Naitional Foreign-Currency Scientific Program iBureau of Stanoaards Waihinghan i G 20234 Scientific groups in underdeveloped couwtries working under NBS contracts have shown that they can extend the research capabilities of the National Bureau of Standards U S Department of Commerce and American industrial and scientific interests in addition to raising technological levels abroad This fact is one of the first conclusions to emerge from the Bureau's new Foreign Currency Program In the year and one-half since the program was instituted NBS has awarded 27 grants and contracts to support technical projects in India Israel and Pakistan According to Dr Franz L Alt coordinator of the program each grant or contract promises to contribute to one or more of the Bureau's basic needs such as more accurate standards of measurement compilation and measurement of critical data or standard reference data on physical constants and properties of materials or improved methods for high precision measurement program-a total of $1 500 000 thus far-were appropriated under a special section of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 It is expected that grants and contracts will continue to be awarded as relevant proposals are received The opportunity to participate in this program arises from the Agriculture Trade and Development Act of 1954 which enabled many foreign countries to buy surplus U S agricultural products amid pay for them in local currency rather than in dollars As these foreign currencies accumulate the United States can use them for a variety of purposes but only In the country in which they originated When these funds exceed the normal needs of the U S Government as has happened in a few countries the Congress may authorize the use of some of the surplus for scientific purposes This is why NBS has been limited to three countries although the program may in the future be extended to a few others Most of the projects were developed by scientists in the three foreign countries with the cooperation of their Bureau counterparts Each proposal was accepted on the basis of its contribution to the Bureau's mission its general scientific merit and its cost in relation to the funds presently available This program complements the work normally conducted by the Bureau although most of the projects would not have top priority at this time All of the studies however represent work that NBS should be doing and would ultimately have to do and pay for in dollars if foreign currencies were not available Since this research can be conducted now the Bureau gets the advantage of top level scientific research which meets timely and definite needs Salaries for scientists and assistants equipment travel and other costs of research can be provided by the grants Funds for the Real Printing National Bijraeu q1 •tandar 4 tl1'whington 1 G 202341 With the cooperation of the Mergenthaler Linotype Company the National Bureau of Standards has prepared a volume entitled Experimental Transition Probabilities for Spectral Lines of Seventy Elements using an IBM 7090 computer and the Mergenthaler 31 Linoflim System of photographic type setting equipment Tho fthlom In thia Ihvk wro ma_ a4 nn A r i photographic composition machine controlled by the output of the digital computer The computer gemrted a magnetic taps containing all of the printed material including column headings decimal tabular material and page numbers In addition the tape contained the necessary printing instructons for font selection and page layout This output magnetic tape then became the input to the photo-composition Produced auto-pusitlve films machine These in which turn were used to produce direct offset printing plates from which the book was prepared In the future the output magnetic tape will ho tn thw uh a i erA 15-channel paper tape which in turn will be come the input to the commercially available photo compoeition maehine The fact that it is possible to use many different fonts to adjust point size to use superscripts and subscripts and so on in fact to do anything that is done by the present hot lead techniques suggests that this technique will have wide application I I a I I 321