DIGITAL COMPUTER - - rim 7 - ' t contributors 7eantra• torv V s Zi OFFICE OP N4VAL RESEARCN • MATN#IATICAL SClIECFS DIVISIONI 4 ca r 1 Vol 18 No I Gordon D Goldstein Editor January 1066 Margo A Sass Associate Editor y Yvonne H i reo Editorial Asts Elaine K Stroh Editorial AsslstA j7y EPTWJ 3 Circulation _ '-- Y NOTES E3ý11 CM g TERBI AND D A PROCE88ORS NORTH AMERICA 1 Burrougr Corporation 3 F t-ocesah ott Michigan 48232 • 2 Burroughs Corporation 5500 Modu5 Data S stemDetroit mroceulng Michigan 48232 3 Airborne Instruments Laboratory Division of Cutler-Hamme Atomatic Drafting with Eapandable Stored Program Control Deer Park New York 11729 4 Litton Industries Guidance and Control Systems Division L-304 Militarized Computer Woodland Hills California 5 Radio Corporation of America Defense Electronic Products RCA Variable Instruction Computer Burlington Massachusetts 6 Sperry Rand Corporation Univac Oivision Univac 49b Modular Real Time Systems New York 19 New York 7 Wang Laboratories Inc L CI-1 LOCI-2 Tewksbury Mass 4 11 1 2 3 4 29 s0 31 University oClifornia Irvine New Computer Center Irvine California Control Data Corporation 6000 series Computers for AEC Minneapolis Minnesota 55440 National Institutes of Health IBM Computer Time sharing hystem for NiH Bethesda Maryland Massachusetts Institute rd TFechnolo% IBM Time-Sharing Computer Complex Computation Center Cambridge Massachusetts -1I9 5 McDonnol Aircraft CDC 3200 St Louts 66 Missouri 6 National Bureau of tanlards OMNITAB Made More Useful for the Scientist Washington D G 10234 7 Naval Rlsearch Laboratory Honeywell 200 Computer to NRL Washington D C 20390 S Oak lRid 1 - National Laboratory Computing Facility Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 9 Sacramenw Regional Educational Data Processing Center Educational Computer Center 6011 Folsom Bouleyard Sacramento Cal•fornia 10 University of Southern alifornia Beckman 420 Installation Los Angeles California 90001 11 TRW Systems GE 635 Computer Systems Installation Redondo Beach California 12 U S Naval Weapons Laboratory Computation and Analysis Laboratory Dahlgren Virginia COMPUTERS IPCB•NTEfl 23 23 24 26 31 33 34 36 36 37 38 39 40 OVERIEAS 1 O'YW I lMWtWol ini s AdRmWinlstration The Foundation for Management Training G teborI C Sweden 2 University f London Institute of Computer Science 44 Gordon Square London W C 1 England 3 Royal Greenwich Observatory H M Nautical Almanac Ofice Herstmonceux Castle Hailuham Sussex England 4 Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Technical Centre The Hague Netherlands 5 The University of Sydney Basser Computing bepartment Sydney New South Wales Australia I boulTole 9system Unattended Transmission of High Speed Data New York New York 2 Deckmantstruments Inc Systems Division Computer Programmed Telemetry System Fullerton California 3 General Electric GE 635 Systems for Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc New York 22 New York 4 University of Illinom Department of Computer Science High Speed Wybrid Circuits Urbana Illinois 5 llinoIs Institute of Technology UT Computation Center IrTRAN Program Chicago Illinois 606le 6 IBM Industrial Test of Computer Assisted Instruction White Plains New York 0 01 7 Krohn-lbodes Research Institute Advances in the Algebraic Theory of Machines Washington D C 20013 and Berkeley Calif b4702 S Meredith Publishing Company IBM 360 Computer Des Moines 3 Iowa 9 National Bureau of Sadards Direct Communication between Man and Computer Washington D C 20234 10 Do twent of the Navy Off Ice of Management Information ADP Resource haring Washington D C 11 John Sealy Hospital Computerized Hospital Care Galveston Texas t 12 TWA Overseas Flight Planning New York New Work Approved by The Under Secretary of the Navy 25 September 1961 Ruproduced by the CLEARINGHOUSE 42 42 42 43 43 48 48 49 49 51 53 54 55 56 NAVSO P-645 L ItatAk- for Federal Scientific Technical Informftion Springfield Va 22151 41 41 -cP b- a I Editorial Policy Notioes EDITORIAL for the exchange of information between govern- The Digital Computer Newsletter although a Department of the Navy publication is not restricted to the publication of Navy-originated material The Office of Naval Research welcomes contributions to the Newsletter from any source The Newsletter is subjected to certain limitations in size which precent publishing all the material received However items which are not printed are kept on fiUe and are made available to interested personnel within the Government industry It is hoped that the readers will participate to an even greater extent than in the past in transmitting technical material and suggestions to the editor for future issues Material for specific issues must be received by the editor at least three months in advance It is often impossible for the editor because of limIted time and personnel to acknowledge individually all material received ment laboratories academic institutions and DCN is published quarterly January April July and October Material for specific issues must be received by the editor at least three months in advance It is to be noted that the publication of information pertaining to commercial products does not in any way imply Navy approval of those products nor does it mean that Navy vouches for the accuracy of the statements made by the various contributors The information contained herein is to be considered only as being representative of the state-ofthe-art and not as the sole product or technique available CONTRIBUTIONS The Office of Naval Research welcomes contributions to the Newsletter from any source Your contributions will provide assistance in improving the contents of the publication thereby making it an even better medium CIRCULATION The Newsletter in distributed without charge to interested military and government agencies to co ractors for the Federal Government and tW contributors of material for publication For many years in addition to the ONR initial distribution the Newsletter was reprinted by the Association for Computing Machinery as a supplement to their Journal and more recently as a supplement to their Coinmunications The Association decided that their Communications could better serve its members by concentrating on ACM editorial material Accordingly effective with the combined January-April 1961 issue the Newsletter became available only by direct distribution from the Office of Naval Research Requests to receive the Newsletter regularly should be submitted to the editor Contractors of the Federal Government should ref erence applicable contracts in their requests ALI communications pertaining to the Newsletter should be addressed to GORDON D GOLDSTEIN Editor Digital Computer Newsletter Informations Systems Branch Office of Naval Research Washington D C 20360 4 Computers and Data Processors North America B300 Multi-Processing Burroughs Corporation Detroit AMichigan 40232 In July 1965 Burroughs Corporation conducted a successful series of demonstrations emphasizing the power and versatility of an unusual two-processor B300 computer system in multi-processing and time sharing The other major application performed by the processor disk file system was a data cornmunication network of two dial TWX units and a Teletype typewriter Visitors were invited to operate the equipment sending inquiries and transaction information into the disk file and receiving printed results The random access data communications configuration of Burroughs new B300 seriesthe Industry's first moderately-priced multipleprocessor computer system-simultaneously handled continuous on-line teller transactions and on-line integrated inventory and accounting While these applications we 'e running the system also processed input from punched paper tape produced by an E2190 electronic direct accounting computer Here is a listing of transactions and inquiries demonstrated by the two-processor B300 disk file system MULTI-FILE INVENTORY AND ACCOUNTING TRANSACTIONS Product Sale this single input transaction from a remote source causes up to 20 accesses to related records in the disk file At the heart of the on-line applications was a Burroughs random access electronic disk file shared by the two-processor system Actually in both on-line and general purpose computer configurations as many as four B300 processors can share a disk file Updates inventory file reducing quantity on hand and quantity reserved Applies standard cost to issue quantity to give extended value at cost Posts cost value of the inventory reduction transaction to the accounting files Applies sales price to issue quantity to give extended value of the sale Posts the sale transaction to the accounting files Updates the management reporting files reducing total inventory value on hand and reserved Posts the sale to the customer's record in the accounts receivable file For the demonstrations the twin B300 disk file system stored more than a million characters of memory showing the feasibility of utilizing the disk file as a practical extension of the processors' core memories Each processor has 9 6 thousand characters of core memory Access to any record throughout the file is by electronic switching in an average time of 20 milliseconds The head-per-track design of the random access file eliminates mechanical arm positioning card drops and all other mechanical accessing movements that have been responsible for the previous slowness of disk file access Updates inventory file increasing quantity on hand and reducing quantity on order Extends quantity received by standard cost Posts the receipt transaction to the accounting files Updates the management reporting files increasing total inventory value on hand and reducing total value on order Posts the receipt to the vendor's record in the accounts payable file In the on-line teller system demonstration the B300 was used as the central processor and the on-line disk file as storage for account records and programs Located some distance from the computer was the Burroughs on-line teller console where transactions were originated and where processed information was printed out 2 i Stock Order Deletion-Purchase or Production Payment Received From Customer in the customRecords payment received eruv recora in the accounts receivable file Posts the payment transaction to the general accounting files Updates the inventory file decreuing quantity on order and adjusting quantity available Applies standard cost to the order deletion quantity to give extended value of the order cancellation Updates the management reporting files decreasing total on order value by the value of the order cancelled and adjustIng the total value of the available stock Payment Made to Vendor Records payment made in the vendor's record in the accounts payable file Posts the payment transaction to the general accounting files Stock Receipt From Production Journal Entry Posting Updates the inventory file increasing quantity on hand and reducing quantity on order Extends the quantity received by standard cost Posts the receipt transaction to the accounting files Updates the management reporting files increasing total inventory value on hand and reducing total value on order Debits designated account and department credits designated account and department Stock Reservation Increases the quantity of stock reserved in the inventory file Updates the quantity of stock available in the inventory file Applies standard cost to the quantity reserved to give extended value of the reservation Updates the management reporting files increasing the total value reserved and adjusting the value of the available stock INVENTORY INQUIRIES Full stock status with price and location On hand qtuntity On order quantity Description Reserved quantity Price Available qu ntity Location Show record Stock Issue Updates inventory file reducing quantity on hand and quantity reserved Applies standard cost to issue quantity to give the extended value at cost Posts the inventory reduction transaction to the accounting files Updates the management reporting files reducing total inventory value on hand and reserved ACCOUNTING INQUIRIES Department expense totals Account balance Selected account balance for a given department Account description Stock Order-Purchase or Production MANAGEMENT INQUIRIES What is total value of inventory What is total open order balance What is total demand value What is total available inventory value Updates the inventory file increasing quantity on order and adjusting the quantity available Applies standard cost to the purchase or production quantity to give extended value of the order Updates the management reporting file@ increasing the total on order value by the value of the order commitment and adjusting the total value of the available stock REMOTE PRINTOUT REQUEST Print financial reports Print department expense reports for a designated department 3 Print Print Print Print Print inventory dollar value report customer statements accounts payable reference accounts receivable reference departmental expense reference Withdrawal attempt against uncollected funds with computer enforcement of hold Supervisory removal of hold and override withdrawal Detection of telier errors incorrect account number incorrect passbook balance incorrect passbook alignment Automatic spacing of passbook over centerfold Passbook mortgage payment ADDITIONAL ACCOUNTING TRANSACTIONS Add new accounts to accounting file Add new departments to accounting file Add new customer record to accounts receivable file inquire into customer record for name address credit rating balance or entire file AddInquire new vendor to accounts payable file for name record into vendor address terms balance or entire file A ON-LINE TELLER SYSTEM INQUIRIES AND TOTALS Request for abbreviated account status account balance available balance net deposits hold status and previous transaction information showing type date and teller Request for detailed account status abbreviated status information plus dividend loan amount unposted dividends and amounts held for local and out-oftown checks Monthly analysis balances account balance dividend loan amount four dividend dollar-month balances Teller totals from mechanical accumulations In the Teller Console and from computer accumulations ON-LINE TELLER SYSTEM TRANSACTIONS Cash deposit Withdrawal Deposit with automatic passbook updating of dividend Withdrawal with automatic passbook updating of dividend and previous no-book transaction Check deposit with automatic computer hold for uncollected funds B8506 Modular Data Proceusing System BEuw 's j ColwPotoi Dgdgit Micahjn 48232 The B8500 is a dynamically modular very large scale Information processing system which utilizes the latest technological advances in monolithic integrated circuitry and thin film memory to achieve extremely fast and versatile computing power systems has been extended and translated into the advanced design of the B8500 system see Figs 1-3 A typical small B8500 System might include 1 computer 3 memory and 1 input output module to service 2 disk files 13 tape units as well as other random access equipment and a console The data transfer rate for such a system would be approximately 71 5 x 10 characters per second The I O is capable of handling many more peripheral devices as shown by the 4e6 spare channels The system is intended for the user whose computational and communications needs are more complex and demanding than can be effectively solved by a conventional approach to electronic data processing or even by dispersed multi-computer Installatiops The unique modular system organization developed by Burroughs Corporation and proved in use by B5500 commercial see DCN January 1965 and D825 military data processing systems see DCN April 1904 has been extended to the very large scale B8500 This organization permits multiple computer and I O modules to share fully in the memory making effective multi-processing practical In the B8500 as Inherent in a system -which can accomplish this goal is the necessity for efficient multiprocessing time sharing and true modularity The practicality of these features thoroughly proved in scientific commercial and managemeat data processing applications by Burroughs D825 B5000 and B5500 information processing Ii - 4 a 49 19g WORDS L f QPTREUP I STORAG 11ODULES CONTROLLER STORE GO'tIOSCHAR SEC COMP 34XI fCMAft 79 SXI0oCIAR 3SraRE %42 lGxlOHAR SECC 7SlCNRSCI MEN -4 46 S SPAR 512 4566CHANNELS ____ C30041I03CIAR SEC 4 CONTROLLERS5 1S S425 9SKC MAGNETIC TAPE UNITS I' Figure I-Typical B8500 system DISK FILE S ELECTRONIC UNITS 40 STORAGE MODULES' CNRLE 147 454 WORDS 5655 855 056 i020 110@CHAR STORE SOulOCIA C 6 O WTH 650G650 r 3114hl CHA STORE GSICAR SEC 0 46 GRO1WTH -50 COMP 0 RANDOM ACCESS CON PJT9R EQUII 60 S55 1E 0 - 150 0 90 CHANNELS J ib 0 a119 I OPERATOR CHAR SEC 1024 IOCA E MM Figure z-Further expanded 38500 system MAGNETIC TAPE UNITS i 135500 MODULAR DATA PROCESSOR II M WORD 4 1014 MODMLES-g MEMORY UCON TIME I4 v CYCLE DVCSI PLMF NI LAL IWOM01W46 I 2 -- - - - - - - DE IE - -32 i MEGACYCLE i ____________ s purlourpur CENTRAL EXL ANWG X 06 air SIc CJ WaRCION91K WI6TUCTDU 48 EXCHAiNGE z l ol D825 MODULAR DATA PROCESSOR U 40W- WORD MEM RY MODULE$ CORE Do U TlgI W65025 4pl CYCLE PERIPHERAI FETCH rq 1 WORD DEVICES 2-----------16 ¶ 264 _M 3 IEGACYCills cio' ___ __________ ______ 2CENTRAL I O AEXCINANGE wxtoeaoisssmc ZrP4JTOT r 0 5 fO B8500 MODULAR DATA PROCESSOR DEVICES F I kMOyso WOOFITCHCOMMUNICATION 4 20 MEG INSTRUC S Ec 1 025 __ -2 CENTRAL ExOHANU 5 0 _______A__ XV'9 NptT ourpuT XNN VSSC 0 IeBITS SEC BEOPERATED PRIPI4RAI DENCEMAY Aml-LL MITN A SINGLE f Fiure -Modlar ataprocessors many as 16 memory modules and a combination of up to 16 computer and or I O modules can MODULAR SOFTWARE rate of 520 x 106 bits per second modify functions in order to advance to new modes of controlling and processing problems The seg-mentatton of a o--org-n•-zing it into R number of data and program objects which do not need to be in main memory at the same time-permits jobs to be run with much less memory than would normally be required This is particularly important In on-line real time applications where the sequence of jobs is constantly changing and where multi-programming is essential to achieve the greatest equipment utilization Licoal of applitctin or which the 1395000 can be used effectively are centralized management information processing' large time-sharing requirements real-time communications st ore and forward message processing centralized or decentralized scientific and enginearing communications and military command and control In order to handle these requirements effectively certain system capabilities are necessary These are MULTI-PROGRAMMING AND MULTI-PROCESSING FOR INCREASED THROUGHPUT System flexibility for growth and modification Real time response to external stimuli High system reliability with minimum module dowA time Dynamic responsiveness to human operators and users at dispersed locations Multi-programming in the B8500 is essential for making the most effective use of the system's high-speed processing capability Programs are run -when all necessary information has been assembled on the high-speed disk file but while any given program is waiting for additional input from disk other jobs can be activated Waiting time Is therefore not wasted time Multi-programming also occurs when programs are shared by more than one user program During periods of extensive compiling for instance two or more compile jobs might be multi-programmed at the same time from a single copy of the complier in main memory These capabilities are realized in the B8500 through the inter-relation of hardware software and organirational concepts embodied in these features Extensive executive program Modular software Multi-programming and multi-processing for increased throughput Capability for multiple simultaneous high speed input and output System expansion High system reliability and availability Extensive interrupt and external request capability Efficient use of storage Multi-processing occurs at many levels in the B8500 I O operations occur almost completely independently of the processor module and in parallel with processor module operations Multi-processing occurs in multiple processor installations so that two processor modules almost double the throughput of the system In addition its unique internal organization permits multi-processing within a single processor module and gives more efficient execution of single and multiple programs Memory processor operations can also occur independently of the other system operations The B8500'u instructions facilitate such operations as list searching EXTENSIVE EXECUTIVE PROGRAM The executive rrogram supervises the compilation of all programs to generate data and program objects in a format that permits the most efficient handling by the executive program Memory boundv and dynamic storage protection permit programs to be debugged while production programs are being executed CAPABILITY FOR MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS HIGH SPEED INPUT AND OUTPUT The executive program is written to handle the maximum B8500 system configuration 16 memory modules and 16 processor or input output modules This approach permits automatic self-regulation as configurations change and provides the basis for automatic scheduling around any malfunctioning module Up to 512 simplex peripheral channels may be buffered and controlled by a single input output module handling peripheral devices such 7 j EXTENSIVE INTERRUPT AND EXTERNAL REQUEST CAPABILITY as card readers magnetic tape units teletype equipment display devices and so on Additional devices can be handled Vfthe I O channels are multiplexed The I O module contains an independent processing capability which minimizes the amount of computer monitoring One of the primary functions of the I O module is to enter automatically into high speed disk files the low speed data coming from external peripheral devices The central processor thus services peripheral devices from the highspeed disk file thereby increasing the total efficiency of the system The B8500 has a comprehensive interrupt system utilizing condition and mak registers to control interrupt conditions An interrupt processor program determines what action is to be taken for each of the interrupt conditions External requests for service are specially encoded for fast recognition by the 1 0 module I O service programs communicate directly with peripheral equipment and begin the necessary response to the request If the request requires processing in the computer module an interrupt is passed on to the processor for the proper scheduling of the request for service dYSTEM EXPANSION The B8500 computing system was designed for easy expansion au needed Processor memory and I O modules can be added and begin operation immediately without interruption to the system All software Is written to utilize the equipment available at a given moment in any system configuration If more equipment is made available through expansion greater throughput Is realized EFFICIENT USE OF STORAGE The B8500 system utilizes a hierarchy of memories ranging from the 0 1 microsecond cycle thin film memory in the computer modules through the high speed disk file system to tape storage Throughput is maintained at a high level by balancing the flow of Information among these various memories The B8500 executive program manages this information flow so that data in available in high speed 0 5 microseconds main memory storage when required by the operational program The BS500 system might typically be furthsr expanded to include 3 computers 10 memcry and 2 input output modules which service 8 disk files 26 tape units as well as other random access and console equipment Fig 2 rhe data transfer rate for such a system would be 584 x 103 characters per second with 907 1 0 still available Any combination of 111 0 modules or computer modules and 6 more memory modules could still be added to achieve a maximum configuration Look-ahead logic transfers data and instructions from 0 5 microsecond memory to 0 1 microsecond memory for execution The 0 5 microsecond main memory communicates with the next level in the hierarchy namely the fast disk file system which has an average transfer time of 5 microseconds per word In general the executive routine collects programs and data in the disk file before initiating their execution As much data as is needed at any one time is then brought Into the 0 5 microsecond main memory by the executive program HIGH SYSTEM RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY The highly advanced circuit and memory techniques in conjunction with the unique interconnection network in the B8500 computing system provide extremely high availability and reliability The interuonnectlon network permits the various functional modules to communicate simultaneously without restriction This network is distributed among the units it services and exists as part of the functional module The system therefore adjusts to any change In its configuration Thus if there are at least two modules of the same type in the system the system will remain operative even though one module is not available Throughput will continue but at a proportionally reduced rate HARDWARE CHARACTERISTICS The flexibility inherent in the modular organization of the B8500 enables Burroughs to offer a system tailored to meet specific computational requirements The growth potential of a minimal B8500 results in an increase in productivity by a factor of at least ten This balanced growth is accomplished with no changea to existing programs or operating procedures The economical expansion achieved provides 8 I greater throughput and lower cost per unit of computation Advanced system and hardware techniques are implemented in the B8500 The unique concept of modular system design provides an inherent ability to extend the useful life of the equipment due to the flexibility of application through reconfiguration of the system by modules and the modest cost to modify system modules to incorporate proven technological developments as the need arises The B8500 is fabricated with integrated circuits The circuits themselves are Integrated versions of the discrete circuit which has been the Burroughs standard in the past The integrated version of the circuit retains its high speed characteristics plus the inherent greater reliability of an interconnected monolithic array The system maintenance and reliability is greatly enhanced Thin film memory is used for the main computer store The thin film memories have been field-proven since their introduction by Burroughs and have the unique advantage of extremely high-speed performance along with high reliability B8501 Computer Module The B8501 computer module is the latest and most powerful of the Burroughs family of modular systems It represents the most recent state of the art techniques in system circuit and memory design The computer module in employing multiprocessing and look-ahead techniques to greatly increase processing speeds remains consistent with the fundamental design principles of previous Burroughs computers In this regard the computer has retained such features as An arithmetic stack for automatic call-up of operands A variable syllable instruction format and a 48-bit operand Independent computer I O and memory modules The incorporation of a local scratch pad memory To this traditional and proven procedure of program execution the concept of multiprocessing has been judiciously applied effectively eliminating many of the time-consuming procedureo of data and instruction fetches stores address modifications etc Paramount among these features are the followiniI Insti action Look-Ahead-A fast-access 35 nanoseconds buffer area in local memory Associative Indexin - Permits any memory word to be used as an index word rapidly and completely automatically Stack Extension-Permits the arithmetic stack to be pushed down in local memory to a depth of 16 words without recourse to main memory storage B85 10 Input Output Module The input output module provides the necessary interface control and buffering between the peripheral equipments and the memory and computer modules Up to 512 simplex peripheral channels may be buffered and controlled by a single I O module I O module functions include Independent and intorlacing channel operations Storing or fetching to or from main memory Accumulating a word in a variety of byte sizes Testing for word count and character coding Modifying the main memory address field Sequencing descriptors for extended i O operations The combination of descriptor word flexiility and a rapid channel servicing cycle have made the L O an outstanding channel of the D8500 system It is important for the descriptors to control the flow of data into and out of the system minimizing the amount of computer monitoring In this respect the 1 0 is semi-autonomous Thus data is neither slowed down for lack el I O response nor is the computer hampered by a continuing need to supervise every detail of each of the many 1 O transactions B8505 Memory Module The B8505 Memory Module is a 16 384 word memroy 52 bits per word with a full cycle time of 500 nanoseconds Words can be stored or fetched in four-word groups so that the maximum data rate possible for a single memory module is 416 x 106 bits second The speed of main memory J3 the result of Burroughs continuing development and progress I in the field of thin film memories The basic thin film stack and electronic circuits have beaT -_-T- i In 'ho flRO flavAlonmental Comouter System a B8500 predecessor Evcry phase of the memory fabrication from the film deposition prVuig e to ql etronlic ctrcuit design is performed at the Defense Space and Special Systems Group facilities of Burroughs Corporation systems prohibits the use of an operating systern whosefunctions are inextricably interwoven in a monolithic block of code The B8500 operating system is therefore designed so that an independent module of code and its relation to other modules is well defined so a function can be changed easily without affecting other functions In addition to the raw speed capabilities of the memory a seiection of powerful logic operations havebeen installed inthe memory modlile The total software package is composed of a collection of small segments or modules At any given time in the execution of the program only the active segments need to be in memory large contiguous areas are not required Therefore programs can be run with varying amounts of memory The B8500 system permits expansion up to 16 of these modules for a total of 262 144 words each of which is randomly and directly addressable Program segments operate independently of their location in memory so that during the course of a job program segments may be executed from several different places in memory This movement of program segments in memory requires no modification of the segments This flexibility in the utilization of memory is especially important with on-line systems where there are many concurrent users B8500 Disk File System The average access time of the disk filb is 20 milliseconds The transfer rate is 10 4 million bits per second Two important design features of the dioK file system have made such speeds possible A head-per-track organization eliminating the need for mechartically positioned head assemblies A paralleled read write operation which accesses eight tracks simultaneously Executive Scheduling Programs The principal function of the ESP is to allocate dynamically equipment modules such as processors memory Lnd I O channels to a constantly changing set of jobs This achieves a high degree of utilization of the total system Sharing equipment modules among many programs is generally called multiprogramming The ESP goes a step further by multiprogram rming a set of jobs that consist of both user re ests and operating system i mctions All of the operating systems including the compilers are written in extended ALGOL The advantages of using ALGOL are speed of writing program ease in making modifications provision of good documentation and reduced programming time all of which contribute to concise source programs The disk file storage modules that are utilized ir the B8500 disk file system are mecharkically identical to the highly successful cornmerciat disk storage unit used in the Burroughs B5500 and B200 B300 series computers Up to 50 storage modules may be included with each B8500 system for a total of 60 million 52-bit words of storage The disk file is very important to meet economically the total system requirements because of the speed and ease with which data and programs may be made available to main memory Without the disk system main memory would have to be prohibitively large Memory protection and an extensive file system are also included in the operating system This filing system provides reference to files and file items by name rather than absolute location or storage medium SOFTWARE CHARACTERISTICS The B8500 Operating System consistas of an Executive Scheduling Program ESP service programs such as I O procedure and compliers for ALGOL FORTRAN and COBOL Modularity makes the basic software design and construction much easier but more important is its flexibility for changing to new modes of controlling and processing computing requests The dynamic and diverse environment of on-line Compilers The B8500 Fxtended ALGOL compiler uses the compiling technique known as recursive descent syntactic analysis This technique proven 10 •i in the BE500 ALGOL compiler compiles quickly ---n eI -n ma--olfetm object code B8500 extended ALGOL implements virtually all op raflnnj of ALGOL 60 and provides eltenst ons for 1 0 rArtfal word op-Te erete1ns string manipulation and diagtostics EXTENDED ALGOL can be called in FORTRAN iaakli Itu-acmr o inciuce any assemble language coding The B8500 C enmpfter 50COO en• r peen tmplements D O D COBOL 61 Extended All the additional features in B5500 COBOL are also included in B8500 COBOL In addition data segmentation and the ability to compile program segment' independently are also included The character operations in the B8500 are well suited for working with character fields as requirecd in COBOL The B8500 FORTRAN IV compiler implements the A S A FORTRAN IV language The compiling is done in one pass using conventional precedence scan techniques The hardware stack in the B8500 makes this type of analysis very fast Library programs written in Automatic Drafting with Expandable Stored Prograsn Control aaor 4 FJ IflIfl4W1113 IA bdo IDivý%iun oj C ut-ller-Rampnr Dern Park New York 1172' A numerically controlled drafting machine that automatically translates complex mathematical formulae within minutes into precise detailed engineering drawings is now being manufactured in a joint program between the Universal Drafting Machine Corporation Cleveland Ohio and Cutler-Hammer's AlL Division Deer Park New York This increasing scope of applications has resulted in tremendous demands on the drafting machine control system in the direction of Increased versatility and faster operation Eccnomy of computer time in the preparation of input data for in automatic drafting machine is becoming a significant item in the cost Justifications for the drafting machine and its control system The automatic drafting machine called ORTHOMAT together with the numerical control system called DECAMATIC Expandable Stored Program ESP Control is the newest equipment in the field of numerically controlled engineering drafting systems The availability of this new system has expanded on the versatility of all other automatic drafting machines without sacrificing line quality or accuracy The overall numerically controlled drafting system has a built-in Expandable Stored Program Control designed to provide versatility of operations because of its ability to store a wide vai'-ety of operating programs and subroutines This automatically controlled drafting systern produces detailed graphical presentations within minutes or hours Prior to the develop ment of a numerically controlled automatic drafting system engineers had to plot designs and layouts manually this took days weeks and even months before making a final decision on design suitability An error in the initial design criteria meant that the entire design process had to be repeated The DECMATIC-ESP Control system translates all of the built-in commands into a continuous flow of orders to the ORTHOMAT which automatically responds with an accuracy and speed never realized before by any other means HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS An operator can now sit at a typewriter keyboard and directly request engineering details from a large library of stored programs in the memory of the ORTHOMAT drafting machine The same keyboard permits the operator to change programs revise operating subroutines and insert additional commands into the control memory Punchedpaper tape punched cards or high-speed magnetic tape can be used to supply input data to the system The application of numerically controlled engineering drafting machines has been expanding rapidly since their first application in the aerospace field in 1962 The use of these machines has extended to the automotive industry architectural and civil aid marine engineering fields and is becoming an essential element in a wide variety of computer-aided design applications With its high-speed capability of accurately reproducing engineering data and designs in a wide variety of applications the use of the automatic drafting machine Is already a raust in the highly competitive aerospace and automotive fields Flexibility of operation is further enhanced by the ability of the DECAWATIC's ESP Control 11 to accommodate almost any input format As aw•icationa for the drafting machine expand ith user experience the stored program can be flexibly updated to keep pace with the new applications permits the drawing of a part that is a mirror image of the part defined in the control information The computational capability of the control provides a facility for figure rotation by trigonometric means The Expanded Stored Program controls prnvide linear interpolation based on line endpoints circular interpolation based on the coordinates of the center of a circle and its radius and end points parabolic interpolation based on end points and mid point and supply feedrate control to the drafting machine based on line length and direction with automatic acceleration and deceleration of the pen carriage Automatic generation of dashed lines automatic generation of center lines and variable axis scaling are some of the standard features available with this control Its mirror-image capability permits both halves of a symmetrical part to be drawn from a definition of one half alone or While the primary purpose of the DECAMATIC- ESP Control system is the control of the ORTHOMAT drafting machine stylus it also provides an output to the typewriter paper tape punch or magnetic tape The flexibility of the stored program control permits the drafting machine to be used as a digitizer without any duplication of equipment For this use the machine is provided with optical accessories that let the operator control the position of the ORTHOMAT carriage so that the line being digitized is centered in a precision reticle The following illustrations Figs 1-3 are examples of automatic drafting Figure I -Cornputerizsd automatic drafting produced this drawing of a computer check study 12 Figure Z Computerized automatic drafting produced this drawing of a twin hull for Boeing AA i0 4• Figure 3-Computerized automatic drafting produced this drawing of a lunar scan for Boeing for the Lunar Scar Program 370-PM CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION To fill the low-volume occasional requirements for a digitizer a direct-viewing telescope iets u is used Ffunition For high-volume d igitzing operations a high resolution closed circuit television s stern provides the operator with an enlarged viwv of the line being digitized centered in the reticle displayed at a convenient angle on an operating console Boated at this console the operator has precise vernier control of the position of the television vidicon tube mounted on the ORTHOMAT carriage The operation it made faster and easier by an automatic incrementing facility that duplicates the previous increment An operator can digitize up to 40 or more points per minute for extended periods of time without eye strain or fatigue DEC AMATIC-ESP Control produces tapes cornpleto with machine tool feed-rate numbers machine tool preparatory and miscellaneous codes cutter iahntolotolapbyrangtectroffsets and verifies the machine tool cotrol tape by drawing the cutter path When the drafting machine it equipped with accessory equipment for digitizing cormplete control of the tape preparation for many machine tools is provided by the DECAMATICESP Control System DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF MARK 11 UDM ORTHOMAT In 1962 the Universal Drafting Machine Corporation UDM Cleveland Ohio introduced the N C-controlled ORTHOMAT drafting machine to provide fast accurate large scale drafting from punched tape The N C systems used were essentially modified machine-tool control units and the superiority of the concept of a drafting machine working with standard N C HIGH-SPEED CONTROLS With its high-speed operation and powerful computational ability Cutler-Hammer's new 14 DECAMATIC EXPANDABLE STORED PROGRAM CONTROL SPECIPICAIIONS CONTROL OPERATIONS cOREMEMORY INPUTDEVICES INPUTFrORMATS STANDARD 400612-biltword Meal ASH33 Telia itChoractlrs permecand ofedarartapre ieedar Nljaha tonWrim Woadaddress STDOS iary-codedar cma OPTIONAL 32 7N 32-bitwends Mhdt tetTapeHeader cardreads Parrched TabmueintialI AStraCillt binary incfeerenrl Absolute BUILT-IN PROGRAMSidrealnWaai OPERtATINS MOODES Linearli Alphnueric nearProgrem requiring FREDI Is Crrompct rratrryi meinlirrumor dclc AFTloitearing ALADDIN DRAFTING MACMINI OFURATIONS THEISE RASIO CAPABILITI ES TNREEOPERATING MIEII I 2 3 I 3 STANDARD Contirnaoua pethtdraftinge Palln-taoinuft plottins OpticaiOQIquOrnertli Dligia IIn5WlttaWiilaryF Automatic MbY tape card etic lInput keyboard Sittlstoratic byTyperiltar 2 sibbatiu iMianutoalbyic OPTIONAL Any 2 all4 to AXIDS Any2 of 3 NUMBER OFLINELAR DyyairibaioInterpotationi OSPINFE CURVES Dylinoaror circuiarintarpoiation MATNEMATICALLY Saleciabie spacirne DAUNLINES CENTER LINES Salactabie orvariabia spacinrg MIRROR IMAGE Either oistor both tram 1000-1000O and 1 000 SCALING 4 digitsselectabia to 0 001 In srp ttesto ll slinitleanitdigit eaeohantsindeoparidertt Anynhere on the table nof labia zero offset ZEROOFPSET Inohs M9 99111 ranme Sequence numborsearch PROVIDED Turret inder CONTROLS SPEED C PRINTOUTS ANDINDICATORS Emnergerrcy stop Optionalstop Codato rogram slop End ctf-tayle slay andrewind Automratically variablr 0 400inchespa rmilnute 'controlsytm oputes autorralicoptimumr andda wvithautomatic contirolat acculelratiori cotaration-A manualwonarridvariable tlram 0 100%is provided VIApetrel displar ViaIppouritaor Drintout Comantrrrd readout C ommand Position readout Pas ition prrintout numberreadout identificationOtcauseof stoppage Sequenca Automatic tomslp spO optionalstop parity error etc Via panelIndicatorlight Top parityarror DIGITIZING OPIRATIONS OUT-UTDEVCKIC OUTPUT FORMATS OUTPUT CODED OPTIONAL STANDARD ModelASR33 types or parcohs Ha-sied tape ptc leleftypacrlter per second 11 charactertl parsecoudi tapeat t0 characters taeo encoder Magneotic Cardpunch Tpd copy puncheda lapel Wad addresslar ch S-lent1 9 nor dscimal Sinary cuded Incremental Absolute Linear Paint ploltirr siogly or consecutively 12vertaiabls 2 aorspurnchrng EOP TAPECOMMANDS MISCELLANEOUS stop Mogiurat MODE OPERATING INTERPOL ATION DIGITIZING CAPABRILITY COMPUTED OUTPUTS Updirect d glailnin Cottercentrin'ioe axsi 2 variableems I conrtatnt starting or lrtter codes Specialideohtifcatcnr codot Auxiliarymachinetool commend ¶uitolttc'ay addsI count foreachdigi flaud o0nin Firedrata enteredas inchesper minuteand autostaticalty convoerted to MAGIC3 conmputed FIRN control systems was recognized and accepted increments at a controlled rate plus the auxil Although the original ORTHOMATS were 4 a 40 I ' awi nn The identical table and servosystemn is N C machines the basic concept off the ORTH1MAT was designed to keep step with technological advances in general purpose computers used for the dr ftivn macfhina the digitizing machine or the combination draftijg digitizing machine Thus either of the former can be readily converted to the latter at any time For the past three years UDM and CutlerHammer's AlL Division Deer Park New York have been investigating and developing a mature drafting digitizing machine with true computer control This Joint development has resulted in the manufacture of the Mark HIUDM ORTHOMAT with a DECAMATIC EXPANDABLE STORED PROGRAM ESP Control system A variety of drawing and digitizing heads and stylii are interchangeable to provide maximum ability to handle a w1ile range of assignments Buy only what is needed now with assurance that there are add-on capabilities as requirements change or increase The new system provides all the benefits of the N C system plus the long-awaited benefits of computer used much greater adaptability versatility and lower cost than N C machines The ORTHOMAT table heads and servomechadical system remain unchanged The DECAMATIC-ESP Control portion of the new system accepts an almost infinite combination of inputs codes and formats and provides the benefits inherent in a computer's stored memory It is expandable-readily and inexpensively modified and enlarged by the addition of hardware and software In short the new system provides greater speed and versatility than any N C operated system costs less has lower operating costs yet retains the same accuracy and reliability The Table The ORTHOMAT table is avalla Ae with standard drawing area sizes from 4 x 4 to 6 x 20 feet exclusive of parking area The table combines unusually lightweight with extremely high precision and rigidity It is of a prestressed design which assures an extremely flat working surface The carefully engineered design provides an excellent combination of precision long life and light weight All work is done with the table horizontal for optimum servo performance Vacuum Chuck The drawing surface of the table is a vacuum chuck with a continuous anodized aluminum surface A set of flexible vacuum masks is furnished for isolating a portion of the chucking surface to allow holding small sheets Vacuum supply is by a pump system in a movable cabinet usually located under the table The ORTHOMAT built by Universal Drafting Machine portion of the system consists of two elements 1 the drafting machine and its servomechanical system and 2 the drafting digitizing heads and related equipment The DECAMATIC ESP built by the ALL Division of Cutler-Hammer has the third element the Expandable Stored Program Control ESP An optional feature is reverse float which in useful for positioning large sheets on the chucking surface-particularly heavy metal loft plates Also available as an option Is valving for applying vacuum to selected portions of the chuck surface rather than using the vacuum masks Locating and positioning of drawing media and metal loft plates is simplified by hie use of locating stops offered as an accessory UDM ORTHOMAT MARK II MECHANICAL AND SERVOMECHANICAL SYSTEM The ORTHOMAT portion of the Mark II ORTHOMAT Drafting Digitizing Machines constate of two elements 1 the drafting machine and its servomechanical system and 2 the drafting digitizing heads and related equipment Media ORTHOMATs building-block design concept offers maximum versatility at minimum cost The ORTHOMAT allows a broad selection of drawing media Its vacuum system holds any media from thinnest paper to heavy metal loft plates Among the media widely used on the ORTHOMAT are It can be integrated to any control systern which can supply X and Y pulses in 1-mil 16 °I tracing paper vellum frosted Mylar scribe-coat Mylar steel loft plates alummnum iot piaies made manually The stylit are spring-loaded in the turret so #Aatthey may follow any minute -i '-' ' '6 in- dexable turret is also available with an optical locator similar to that described above Carriages and Bervomechanical System Rotary Scribngj Head An accessory the rotary scribing head consists of a 6-position indexable turret carrying six separate rotating styli for making wide lines on scribe-coat Mylar as for electronic printed circuit masters An extremely accurate anodized-aluminum beam is mounted on each longitudinal edge of the ORTHOMAT table Each beam has integral way surfaces precision machined and hard coated The X carriages move along these beams and support the traveling Y beam Ball-bearing rollers preloaded for extreme accuracy support the carriages Mounted on the traveling beam is the Y carriage complete with its servo drive unit This carriage has a faceplate area to which are fastened the various drafting digitizing heads All three carriages are driven by electrically synchronized servodrive motors fed by the servosystem in the computer control Stylit Cauillary Pens Capillary pens can be used with colored ink for line widths from 0 008 to 0 040 inch available with either steel or longwearing jewel nib i Ball Point Pens Available in a selection of colors ball point pens provide a line 0 005 or 0 006 inch wide depending upon the media The carriage servo-drive motors engage one edge of a wide precision rack mounted on each beam Precise closed-loop feedback is provided by a system which compares the actual position attained with the position ordered and makes any necessary adjustment This ib accomplished by UDM patented Digiducers-measuring transducers completely independent on the servo-drive motors-which measure ACTUAL position not command pulses or ordered posttion to 0 001 inch Feedback accuracy Is cornpletely divorced from any inaccuracy in the servo-drive motors Furthermore wear in the drive racks will not affect feedback accuracy because the drive-motor pinions and the Digiducer pinions engage separate positions of the wide racks Diamond Scribe Stylii Extremely long wearing diamond stylii provide lines 0 003 to 0 007-inch wide cn materials such as Scribecoat Mylar and metal Special stylil are available for wider lines Rotary Scribe Stylti Power-driven by the Rotary-Scribing Head t ese stylil have a concave center so that a terminal with a land can be made by bringing the stylus down to the work and withdrawing it without carriage movement Rotary stylli are made to order for any required line width from 0 020 to 0 170 inch Digitizing Heads The Telescopic Viewer The Telescopic Viewer used consists of a microscope system which focuses the image of a portion of the drawing onto a reticle pattern magnifies the combined image and projects it to a remote viewing telescope mounted at one end of the Y beam The Telescopic Viewer is mounted on the Y-beam carriage and can be accurately positioned over the drawing Any point on the drawing can be found by observation through the telescope eyepiece which is located conveniently for the operator working along side the table A remote control panel which can be positioned anywhere along the edge of the table provides the operator with X-Y movement controls so that he can locate the reticle accurately Drawing Heads Single Stylus Holder The single stylus holder isistiadard equipment Changeover from one stylus to another is made by manually lifting the one out and putting the other in place in the stylus-holding head An optional Optical locater mounts on the Single Stylus Holder A telescopic magnifier arrangement it is useful for aligning a drawing and locating starting reference points Indexable Hex Turret An optional ORTHOMAT drawing head is an indexable turret which can hold six different styltli These may be any of the drawing or scribing stylii described below Only one stylus is in operation at any given time selection can be programmed or Closed Circuit TV Camera For volume requirements a machine equipped specifically for digitizing is necessary since sophisticated 17 i i techniques are involved The telescopic viewer described previously in inadequate and inconvenient for continuous use Production ORTHO4AT •itL• u • V wquivl 4 with L special UDM-deslgned closed circuit TV camera to pick up the reticle image of the optical ayst a -td preseast It on a TV monitor screen With this system the operator sits before a low-silhouette console with the TV monitor and manual controls conveniently located before him The TV screen constantly displays a magnified image of the work area and inding reticle 0o that the operator can conveniently monitor the operations for long periods without fatigue He does not need to observe through an eyepiece as with the Telescopic Viewer or to stand and move alongside the table as the carriage and reticle travel over the drawing The operator is provided with very sensitive rapid and precise positioning controls For high-speed traversing an omni-dlrectional joystick is used This provides rough positioning of the TV head anywhere on the table at speeds up to 400 inches per minute Two large diameter hand wheels one for each table axis are then rotated for fine positive positioning over the desired point The combination of TV viewing rapid manual positioning controls and high-speed tape punchout provides exceptional working speeds and accuracy with minimum operatsr fatigue sconsole also has controls nsetontolsof auxiliary The operator's and easy manual manual insertion for rapid function codes on the tape control of the tape leader and all of the necessary system controls With the ORTHOMAT Mark 11 digitizing machine complete two-axis N C machine-tool control tapes can be prepared in one step without further processing The operator can even instruct the DECAMATIC ESP Control to output the feedrate commands for the machine control system along with the coordinate data Either Magic $ or a computed feedrate number may be used depending on the requirements of the machine-tool N C control unit Automatic Line Follower Where volume warrants an automatin e following head can be added which results in very fast digitizing yet with all of the manual control required In this system the TV camera head and an automatic optical line follower head are used in combination both heads simultaneously viewing the same point on the drawing Operation can be carried out manually with the TV arrangement or automatically where the lines on the drawing permit 1 In use the operator finds and records the start point using the TV monitor and manual controls He then manually locates the first point aiong the line to oe digitized Alter set- U ting the system to automatic mode the line follower head moves automatically along the selected line without further operator effort The line follower and DECAMATIC ESP Control work together to output points along the line automatically at a speed and point density best suited to the radius of curvature according to tolerances preselected by the operator Line following is fully automatic and continues wherever the line leads without further attention The output enjoys full ORTHOMAT accuracy at all times In certain ambiguous situations the ESP requires that the operator take over manual control For example if the line follower comes to very close parallel lines or intersecting lines the computer recognizes that a choice exists it stops the head and waits for operator direction The same thing occurs at sudden sharp corners During the manual portion of the operation the DECAMATIC continues to select point spacing automatically If however the line follower comes to a small break in the line it will actually look ahead for continuation but without outputting data If it finds the line again the line follower automatically resumes outputting and continues as if the line had been unbroken If it has reached the end of a line it will also search ahead to see if the line continues After bearching a preselected disfinding continuatance will 1 4 theninch stopwithout and wait for aoperator tien It e g direction This equipment combination provides maximum output rate and accuracy with minimum c inches per mi inoperator effort peed to 100 10 003 inch are comnute and accuracies to adactical pletely Engineering Design Features Every ORTHOMAT incorporates many significant engineering dealgn features which contribute to its accuracy speed precise control long life low maintenance and operator safety and convenience The design assures you of a rugged long-lived trouble-free extremely precise machine which provides the best combination of mechanical electromechanical electronic and computer design features ACCU ac 1 ORTHOMAT MARK II machines with DECAMATIC ESP control provide standard j held until the machine is ready for it Then the required command is transferred instantane- accuracy over the entire table surface of 0 005 inch Repeatability is within -0 002 inch For -t IU I U UUC 1u1 6 V A mation Is available In advance the machine need not decelerate and accelerate normally uad- o rabrupt changer of dir-iction arr ca •cdg for The design provides finished work in minimum elapsed time a vastly more important consideration than even the high stylus speed also available with an optional overall accuracy of i0 010 inch and repeatability of 0 003 2 Patented Digiducers provide detection of actual carriage position to within 0 001 inch for control feedback and for position readouts Low Maintenance Cost 3 The DECAMATIC ESP Control reads and issues commands in pulses of 0 001 inch value but accumulates any 0 0001 inch bits to eliminate cumulative errors 1 Comprehensive maintenance training course for ijervice personnel r Test Panel on control system for fast ea y testing trouble-shooting and repair 4 No overshoot or undershoot 5 Prestressed design of aluminum table assures stable flat working surface 3 Modular circuit boards speed troubleshooting and replacement 6 Vibration isolators built into table legs 4 Motors synchros transducers and other mechanical components are easily replaced 7 Machined and hard-coated ultra precision carriage ways are integral with rigid beams 5 Fan cooling of ESP enclosure protects components 8 Precision preloaded ball bearings In carriage rollors 6 Permavent dry film lubrication on racks 9 Servo-drive pinions are permanently lubricated for long life 7 Complete Maintenance Manual with circult explanations and trouble-shooting guides Operator Safety and Convenience 10 Dlgiducer pinions are anti-backlash design 11 Custom precision racks are specially made to unusually exacting UDM specifications and are permanently lubricated for long life 1 Electrical transmission system is enclosed within special plastic conduit and is located underneath the beams so that the operator is protected from electrical shock 12 Both ends of Y-beam driven by electrically synchronized high-torque servo motors 2 Low noise level-the ORTHOMAT is an office machine 13 Dead zone compensation is provided to prevent errors due to changes of direction 14 Solid state ESP circuitry assures long life and reliability DECAMATIC EXPANDABLE STORED PROGRAM CONTROL SYSTEM 15 Temperature control of ESP enclosure by blower fans protects transistors and other circuit components and assures accurate Lunctioning The DECAMATIC subsystem portion of the overall Mark 11 UDM ORTHOMAT system is an Expandable Stored Program Control ESP realtime process control computer which operates at a speed compatible with the needs of the ORTHOMAT's servomechanical system and mSped Buffer storage and servo design o minimize elapsed time per Job co i Drafting time is determined by two elements stylus-movement speed and reading speed of the ESP control system Stylus speed of the ORTHOMAT is 0-400 ipm The tape reader feedsa block or several blocks of commands into the ESP memory where the information is Prior to this development of the real-time proceea control the servomechanical system was driven by the capability of the then existing numerical control systems which did not take advantage of the ORTHOMAT's built-in speeds 19 whlchprovides the 0 001-inchpositioning pulses servo drive and feedback correction signals and signals for operation oi the GRTfi0 viAT heads stylii and so on The principal advantage of the DECAMATIC-ESP Control lies in its ability to fit designers' needs simply by adding stored routines The DECAMATIC-ESP has internal memory storage capacity and is addressed through a teletypewriter keyboard or other input readers and up-dating of the programs stored in the core memory the DECAMATIC-ESP is sup01-64 w ' a 1 C1 ý SR 23T t- ' er With an operating speed of 10 characters per second it can either print hard copy or produce pjunched paper control tapes A high-speed paper tape reader with a capability of 300 characters per second is used as the normal input device for control of the drafting machine Its high-speed capability lets the drafting machine work at its maximum speed for normal operation An optional magnetic tape reader and transport system is available with a speed of 900 characters per second for those applications requiring this capability The DECAMATIC-ESP Control system canbe programmed tu decode any standard magnetic code format and is IBM compatible As an optional Input device for application in overall systems using punched cards for data transmission a punched card reader with a capability of handling 100 cards per minute can be provided DRAFTING WITH ESP CONTROLS For drafting a tape reader is added to the basic DECAMATIC-ESP Control system The system provides manual selection of usual control functions by means of the teletypewriter keyboard such as mirror image of each axis selection of any two of three axes for drafting manual pen down and pen up and so forth All basic software necessary for standard drafting operations are provided with the system Ineluded in the system are routines to accomplish the following TAPE INPUT Accept punched paper tape input coded in standard EIA code word address format BCD absolute or incremental position data While the normal input is in the form of the standard 1-inch 8-track punched paper tape using a word address format and binary-coded decimal information the versatility of the DECAMATIC-ESP lets it handle input data in tab sequential format and to accept straight binary input data By a simple programming change the DECAMATIC-ESP Control decodes ASCII input information Perform linear circular and parabolic interpolation Automatic optimum or selected maximum feedrate with automatic acceleration and deceleration up to 400 ipm INCREMENTAL AND ABSOLUTE COMMANDS While most continuous-rath contouring control systems operate only on an incremental basis the DECAMATIC-ESP operates on either incremental or absolute position data A built-in capability provides linear circular or parabolic interpolation Automatic generation of dash and center lines of variable length a Separate 4-digit scaling of each axis between 0 001X and 100 OX in steps of the least significant digit Figure rotationbytrigonometric methods MEMORY THREE OPERATING MODES High-speed and reliable operation of Mark H1ORTHOMAT system are assured with the use of a directly addressable core memory to store its instructional programs and operating parameters The core memory of the DECAMATICESP controller has a capacity of 4096 12-bit words and Is expandable to a capacity of 32 788 12-bit words Under ESP Control the drafting machine is provided with three basic operating capabilities continuous path drafting point-to-point plotting and digitizing with auxiliary optical equipment Three basic operating modes are available fully automatic by tape or card input and so on semiautomatic by typewriter keyboard entry or panel controls and manual by jog pushbuttons MAN AND MACHINE MULTIAXIS CAPABILITY To enable the operator to keyboard-control the drafting machine and to simplify the revision The standard DECAMATIC-ESP has been designed to accept multiaxis input information 20 U i and draw in any two of the axes selected by 1nnt1n1 ai m Th• ability to plot or draw the information contained in any reference emergency atop optional atop end of program stop end of tape stop and rewind and sequence number search INDEPENDENT AXIS SCALING Drawft espead In always conxrolled to the optimum for minimum drawing time and best A wide-range facility has been incorporated into thescaling DECAMATIC-ESP Each line quality The control automatically varies carriage speed with automatic control of acceleration and deceleration to machine the optimum speed as computed The drafting and control axis can be scaled independently over a range selectable from 100 0 to 0 001 in steps of the least four significant digits While the conven- are capable of operating up to 400 Inches per minute Line lengtho in the case o straight mine Line lengthint cas e ig tional wired control system provides a few selected scales the wide scaling range of the var- the case of curved lines are the two parameters that determine the drawing speed A man- two of six input axes is available It required lines and Increment length and curvature in table stored program control provides almost Mal speed override is provided on the unlimited capability in this desirable feature permits the operator to limit the speed when working on drafting media that cannot be ured at maximum carriage speeds NEW AND FAST ALPHANUMERIC PROGRAM Alphanumeric characters can be drawn scaled large or small to suit the drawing in any direction on the paper or other media Both tape controlled lettering and keyboard lettertin can be used Requiring only a minimum memory FRED I a fast and compact alphanumeric program was developed specifically for this application Optionally by a software change the control has been designed to accept and decode the alphanumeric input from the APT letter•ng deck and the ALADDIN program AUTOMATIC DASH AND CENTER LINES The control system will generate dashed lines with selectable spacing and line lengths and selectable or variable center lines It has a complete mirror image capability capable of reversing the input information in either or both axes Anel that DATA DISPLAYS Several supplementary outputs in addition to the drafting machine control signals are available to facilitate operation and to diagnose system or programming errors A position printout in both X and Y are provided in typed form by the typewriter In addition the typewriter prints an automatic identification of the cause of stoppage for example program stop optional stop input data parity error and so forth As an option high visibility in-line readout displays can be provided on the panel Both command and position readout in each axis are available The input block sequence number can be provided as a panel display similar to the command and position readouts as described above This option is of particular value in machine tool control tape verification and in digitizing operations DIGITIZING WITH DECAMATIC-ESP ZERO OFFSET CAPABILITY A full range zero offset capability Is available in the stored program control oae that lets the zero be set not only anywhere on the table but to any point off the table within the control range of 999 999 inches CONTROL FUNCTIONS All the conventional control functions for drafting machine operation are provided turret index pen stylus up down automatIc return to The versatility of the DECAMATIC-ESP enables the drafting machine to be used as a high-precision digitizer Limited only by table size the digitizing capability provides a control resolution of 0 001 inch The drafting machine can be provided with two alternate optical accessories to convert It for digitizing operations For low-volume digitizing a direct viewing telescope is mounted on the machine The digitized output of the line is output by the Teletypewriter as either typed hard copy or punched paper tape or both Ten characters per vecond can be typed or punched by this machine Positioning of the object line in the telescope reticle to done by jog pushbuttons FR1ED I A NEW When the volume of dimitizina work Insb stantial an indirect viewer made up of a closed circuit television system enhinces accuracy and mtnimizes operator fatigue The object line is magnified and displayed on a large television tube mowited in an operator's console Seated at this console the operator sees the Image of the line superimposed on a f ixed reticle A manually operated positioning control moves the carriage or perfect centering of the image on the reticle Convenient panel-mounted controls permit the operator to select automatic incrementing one axis so that he uses his vernier control only on the other The system also controls Increments in the dependent axis by providing a linear extrapolation from the last two dlgiti ed points to minimize the amount of correction necessary by the operator with his vernier control Up to 40 points per minute can be accurately' digitized using this method The availability of an optional high-speed tape punch with a capability of 110 chixacters per second Is recommended for the high-volume digitizing system to ensure that the punching speed does not limit the operation Outputs to encode maignetic tape or to operate a card punch are available as optional equipment FRED I is a fast and comi act aichanumeric program especially developed for u e In the DECAMATIC-ESP FRED I is novel in several respects First its name It is the current fashion in today'sa world to coin an acronym for4 computer programs administrative routines and new products PERT Program Evaluition Review Technique LEM Lunar Excursion Module APT ADAPT CLTAPE FORTRAN and a host of others come quickly to mind Sdientific advances on the other hand are usually associated with the name of their discoverer or originator Einstein's theory Planck's constant Poisson's ratio Newton's laws and many others memorialize the person who first clearly stated or revealed the scientific law or principie that bears his name FRED I while not as earth-shaking a revelation as Newton's expoosition of the laws of motion or Einstein's theory of relativity in name at least bridges the gap between past and present Like the popular acronyms it rolls easily off the tongue Like the second set of examples above it is named for its developer Fred C Hallden an AIL Engineer whose specialties include the developmlent of control systems FRED I is novel in another more important respect Its compactness The laws of presentday economics demand maximum capability at minimum cost Theme inexorable demands require that a maximum alphanumeric capability be programmed and stored in a minimum memory th us making available additional capabilities without increasing the memory size Mr Hailden developed FRED I to provide an alphanumeric capability that Includes all letters numbers and standard symbols in an easy-toread conventional form using minimum memory The wide-range scaling capability of the DECAMATIC-ESP control can enlarge and reduce the alphanumeric characters When enlarged as in the title information on a drawing aesthetic considerations ruled out by alphanumeric program that generattes deformaed letters and numbers Flattopped A's 1 square-cornered S's deformed 17's 11 and so on while not too objectionable In small sizes radically offend the senses when enlarged Fred I draws eonventional Gothic characters and pleasing Arabic numerals capable of being greatly enlarged or reduced without losing their good looks ALPHANUMERIC PROGRAM PRODUCES CONTROL TAPES FOR MACHINE TOOLS The stored program control ran produce tapes with the same format and coding choices available as standard or optional inputs that is word address or tab sequential BCD or binary absolute or incremental EZA or ASCII The computational ability of the controller is adequate for the computation of machine tool feedrates Inputs in inches per minute are converted to MAGIC 3 or computed FEN Any auxiliary machine tool command codes g ms s t or other functions can be added to the output tape A sequence number code that automatically adds one count for each digitized point can be generated Combining these capabilttes produces complete control tapes for many numerically controlled machine tools and minimizes the need for large-scale generalpurpose computer time in preparing control tapes for most other machine tools 22 4 L-304 Mfliterizc Computer Liuoa Indust GOuda•a and Contol Syzau Dkimi woodiand HuL LaijLimu _1u The first in a series oi microelectrouic general purpose militarized computers designated the L-300 and L-3000 series was unveiled by Litton Industries Data Systems Division September 15-17 In Washington one anuiaer Uhwough The unique capabilities and applications of the Litton computer In a military systems environment was demonstrated then at the Air Force Association's 1965 Aerospace Nlevelopment Briefings at the Sheraton Park Hotel turized power supplies developed by the Litton Systems Division roladmr•MrUMa A10d 7t input output channels The computer's compactness Is amade possible by unique multi-layer boards and interconnecting techniques and a series of minla- Scharifenberger said the L-304 is the first computer built and operating to offer such reduced packaging and multiple capability The initial computer in the series the L-304 which was presented at the AFA Briefing is the only computer of its weight and size that offers militarized real time data processleg with multiple program and multiple computer capability according to George T Scharffenberger Litton senior vice president and head of ita Systems Group While organized as a general purpose computer the L-304 includes special features that make it effective in real time ccmmand and control and intelligence data processing These features include special instructions multiple program capability with automatic pri- The L-304 with 4096 32-bit words of merecry resembles a pair of cigar boxes in sice It weighs 27 pounds and is contained in 0 3 cubic feet including power supplies Through added drawers memory is expandable to 32 000 32bit words and with the addition of a memory allocator it can be increased to 262 000 32-bit word ority control system--allowing and an extensive flexible input output forand communication with up to 84 I O devices Memory also is expandable through a multiple computer configuration with up to eight computers sharhig memory and connecting with He said prices for the L-304 are below what might be expected for a computer of this capability-even for those not fully militarized Efficient design and unusual prouctton techniques provide extensive capability at minimum cost and manximum reliability according to Scharffenberger RCA Vriable Instruwot Computer Ra i Corpoeration of Aweim Diftns El wlrmoi Products BUri go Massae uuN The RCA Aerospace Systems Division at Burlington Massachusetts is under contract to the Air Force to construct a model of the RCA Variable Instruction Computer VIC This VIC will embody a new variable instruction concept in which the machine algorithms are not fixed but may be varied by altering the bit content of the control words By providing a versatile set of arithmetic and logical functions in the arith metic and shift unit a virtually unlimited set of machine orders can be ixecuted This provides an exceptional degree of flexibility which can be a great advantage in complex applications and provides a basis for real-time on-line reliability through automatic alterwative modes of operation The VIC model being constructed is a 36-bit parallel machine with two 4096 word 3-microsecond main memory modules and two 256-word 0 6-microsecond high-speed memory modules Multiple programs can be handled siniultaneously to achieve an average order rate of 300 000 uperations per second with a peak of 1 000 000 operations per second Four parallel input output channels are being provided The VIC will operate on one's and two's complement sign and magnitude and hexadecimal numbers 23 I S ii' i • - '• - 2 1'- -- --- - - _ UNIVAC 490 Modular Reel Time Systems UNIVAC DMion Sper Reed Covpmra t o 4ViUew iw ise ZVWrev Xn Trne 1 5 thr e g• nel pirpose computerm designed for orderly growth and expansion of real-time data processing were amnnunced by the Sperry Rand Corporation's UNIVAC Division Known asuthe UNIVAC 490 Modular RealTime Systems the new series coneists of t highly expansible computers of various capabilIties the low-cost medium scale UNIVAC 491 the intermediate UNIVAC 492 and the large scale UNIVAC 494 a super-speed real-time system that is six to ten times faster than the present UNIVAC 490 Real-Time Computer The new compatible series is available in a wide range of systems configurations that allow users to increase power qpeed and storage capacity gradually to meet the changing real-time and batch processing needs of a business Larga-t and most powerful of the 490 Modular Series in the super-speed UNIVAC 494 a large scale system operating as fast as 375 nanoseconds billicnthe of a second The 494's standard 12 input output channels can be increased in groups of four to a maximum of 24 providing the input output capabUity to meet the In a real-time data processing system informatlon is transmitted to a central computer from many activities of a business This infor-at'on is processed and the results are obtained In time to influence the activities being monitored or controlled In announcing the new series Crn - J Knorr Vice President Marketing of the U' •• 'AC D Processing Division said ' he inherent power and flexibility of the UNIVAC Modular Series tailors these systems to grow with the increased real-time demands of many usei a in business and industry This growth can be applied when needed and In the appropriate increments required Ultimately this means greater data processing throughout par dollar by offering the customer only the amount of processing power he can efficiently use Monthly zental prices range from $8 200 for the basic U i•VAC 491 to $14 000 for the UNIVAC 494 Purchase prices are $328 000 for the 491 to $b88 OOU for the larg -scale 494 Deliveries ol the first UNIVAC 491 and 492 Real-Time Syste ms began in the fourth quarter of 1965 and ftrt deliveries of the large-scale 494 are scheduled for the first quarter of 1966 processing requirements of many of the largest businsses Multipla piuceauiag enables the 494 tM handie vast quantities of converging data concurrently in real-time batch processing and scientific applications A comprehensive software library will be available for the UNIVAC 490 Modular RealTime Systems Hardware compatibility is a feature of the 491 and 492 software compatibility will be provided throughout the new series UNIVAC 491 AND 4U2 REAL-TIME SYSTI'MS The UNIVAC 491 and 492 Real-Time Systems are medium saale data processing systems In a new series of modular real-ttW4 computing systems They are e'C • 0 serve in many types of businesi I izfv and scientific purposes includUA - • as financial insurance production • 1 iny i agecontrol branch plant control anrs ec ment control application The new series is a powerful successor to the UNIVAC 490 Real-Time Computer introduced by Sperry Rand UNIVAC in 1962 as the world's first commercial real-time data processing system Central Processors UNIVAC 491 Processor Technical Specifications Memory cycle time per 30-bit word 4 8 microsecond 16 384 word standard memory expandable in increments of 16 384 word modules up to 32 768 and then increased in 8192 words to a maximum of 65 536 words 8 input output channels which can be increased by six to a maximum of 14 memory lockout reserves 1024 word increments for concurrent programs uses a repertoire of 62 basic instructions that produce over 25 000 programming operations Basic units of the 490 Modular Series are the UNIVAC 491 and 492 Real-Time Systems These models are available in a wide choice of expandable internal memory capacities input output channels and mass storage systems that provide the flexibility to adjust the systems to fill higher or lower volume requirements Both the UNIVAC 491 and 492 can handle extremely large quantities of data concurrently in realtime and batch processing modes 24 -• Data Communications Terminal Complements the Communications Module Terminal ih e -a- in communications capabilities at low cost consects broadband stations by leased Telpsk line dial circuit at 20•0 blt nocond lea ed voice circuit at 2400 bits second leased broadband circuit at 40 000 bits second or higher UNIVAC 492 Processor Technical Specifications Memory cycle time per 30-bit word 4 8 microseond 16 65-i word sviamr4 Lmauuxr expandable in increments of 16 384 word modules up to 32 768 and then increased In 8192 words to a maximum of 65 636 worda 14 input output channels memory lockout reserves 1024 word increments for concurrent programp uses a repertoire of 62 basic instructions thAt produce over 25 000 programming operations 800 900 Cards Per Minute Reader 300 Cards Per Minute Punch 700 922 Lines Per Minute Printer Paper Tape Subsystem Externally Specified Index E S I is available in both the 491 and 492 S I provides a unique address for incoming data UNIVAC 1004 Card Processor UNIVAC 1004 in a versatile data processing unit which reads 80 or 90 column punched cards and prints hard copy The UNIVAC 1004 can be used online with all UNIVAC 490 series systems It also functions off-line as a satellite providing extensive computing under plugboard control and communiclions through its own capabilities Peripheral Subsystems Owom Access Storage FH 881 Manetic Drui 86 4ZZ words per drum of 3 1i2 100 alphanuneric characters per drum up to 8 units per computer channel 17 milliseconds average ac- ess time word addressable UNIVAC 494 REAL-TIME SYSTEM Modular Fastrand Mass Storage-10 813 440 alphanumeric characters per unit up to 16 units per computer channel 67 5 milliseconds average access time sector addressable The UNIVAC 494 is a very large capacity high-speed real-time data processing system in a new series of modular real-time computers It processes several real-time programs concurrently with multiple batch processing applications The UNVIAC 494 has an effective memory cycle time of 750 nanoseconds or 375 nanoseconds overlapped or less than threequarters of a microsecond per 30-bit computer word Fatrand IA Mass Stor -64 880 640 alphanumeric characters'per nt up to 8 units per computer channel 92 milliseconds average access time sector addressable Fastrand UI Mass Storage-129 761 280 a-1 phanumeric characters per unit up to 8 units per computer channel 92 milliseconds average access time sector addressable M netic Tapes Uniservo VI C-8500 24 000 and 34 00 characters second transfer rates 200 556 and 800 6-bit characters Inch recording densities 42 7 inches second tape speed up to 16 Uniservo VIC units per cornputer channel connected through a channel synchronizer Uniservo VIII C-24 000 66 700 and 96 000 characters second transfer rates 200 556 and 800 6-bit characters inch recording densities 120 inches second tape speed up to 16 Unlservo VIII C units per computer channel connected through a channel synchronizer Central Processor UNIVAC 494 Processor Technical Spectfications 750 nanosecond memory cycle time 5719inaioseconds overlapped 16 384 standard memory expandable in a 16 384 word increment to 32 768 and then in 32 768 word modales to a maximum of 131 072 words 12 Input output channels which canbe increased in groups of four to a maximum of 24 14 index registers Externally Specified Index provides a unique address for incoming data decimal arithmetic double precision floating point arithmetic memory lockout reserves 64-word segments for concurrent programs employs 99 instructions which can be combined with contents of Instruction word to expand to a flexible repertoire of almost unlimited pi ugramming functions Communications Terminal Module Controller CTM functions as a link between the processor and the communications terminal modules includes up to 64 CTM positions available in the following transfer rate capabilities Up to 300 bits per second Low speed Medium speed 300 to 1600 B P S 1600 to 4800 B P S High speed Peripheral Subsystems All peripheral subsystems used with 491 and 492 are availabie for 494 Additionally available for 494 is 25 k _____ 432 drum consingle computer channel through trol unit 4 25 millisecond average access time word addressable Mass Memory FH 432 Magnetic Drum2652 14wordj per drum or 1 310 720 characters per drum 786 432 words per three drum 0i i 0CI 2 Wat Lwbsrwina Inc Thsbw M mhwm an extended calculator in the manual mode the LOCI-2 is capable of performing additions subtractions multiplications division and exponentlation as well as taking logarithms and extracting roots All these basic functions are completed in approximately 80 milliseconds faster than many general purpose computers For programmed operation in the automatic mode the LOCI-2 has a powerful and flexible repertoire of commands with which iterated procedures are easily and compactly coded In particular there are commands for making decisions and for constructing loops in a program It is very simple for example to program a Taylor series No equipment is needed to punch a program upon a card merely push a pencil through the pre-scored positions Orders have already been received I Wang Laboratories Inc now is offering several LOCI LOgarithmic Computing Instrumeats These are the first In a family of com pact electronic computers which can be used on desk top@ or tables for off-line or on-line applications The LOCI-I is a keyboard controlled elecironic computing instrument capable of performing all of the operations found in ordinary calculators but In addition can easly raise a number to any integer or fractional power or take its root which can be any integer or fractional power With the unique principle of generating logarithms digitally the computer functions with enormous flexibility and unparalleled power reducing the steps needed for many types of complex calculations several varieties of on-line applications These are for controlling process variables in a feed-back loop converting encoder readings to position coordinates and automatically reducing nuclear scaler readings to mention a few representative examples The instruments are available to provide outputs for conventional peripheral equipment such as the Teletype Model 33 combined output writer tapereader and tape punch In addition multiple inputs can be multiplexed into the LOCI so that it is possible to take the outputs of several digital voltmeters and convert the readings to engineering units For example with merely a single keystroke it is possible to square a number take the reciprocal of the square take its square root or the reciprocal of the square root as normal operations functions of the computer Exponential and logarithmic operations are accomplished with equal ease Very briefly LOCI-1 has a logarithmic register which accumulates the algebraic sums of the logarithms of numbers much as an ordinary accumulator stores the results of additions and subtractions The logarithms are automatically generated when the appropriate function keys are pressed Anti-log oi a number in the logarithmic register is also obtained with a single keystroke command Many problems are too tedious to attempt on P desk calculator but too small to Justify the expensive effort of using a large general purpose computer By swtiching back and forth between the manual ahd automatic modes the LOCI-2 combines the versatility of a calculator with the powers of a computer The LOCI-2 opens up this entire class of problems for quantiative analysis at your desk without requiring the frustrations of time requests priority requests key-punch delay and a queue at the large general purpose computer Answers of 6 to 10 digit precision are instantly available at electronic speeds on the clearly legible in-line display Although it ts simple to operate the LOCI- 1 is more flexible than a slide-rule and more accurate than most mathematical and engineering tables The LOM -2 is an advanced model In the LOCI family 4 desk-top computers In addition to having all I the features of the LOCI- 1 it has a static card reader for programmed operataon and extra storage registers Operated as All LOCI instruments are carefully constructured from completely solid-state components 26 ii I 0 o4 AP_ assuring the moat reliable and long-term per- u r formance They are brulv comnan in size for personal desk-top op atloa-beeig only 17 wide x 16 deep xll- 4 high The LOCI-1 Is priced at only $2750 00 while the price of the LOCI-2 starts at $4750 00 Delivery of either type of instrument has been running ibout two months 2-m0 T 20o oP - A - uI 7 1 15 AP 2 LOCI APPLICATIONS 200 - W2 V'Y Is W Wa 50 Due to its unique features the LOCI is the only desk-top computer capable of performing many types of complex computations Consider some of the examples below Runway Visual Rane u2 - GXU 0 7 Vehicle Performance solve for U Reduced from r-LP r- 2 1 N 3 10 •1 - 0 375 I #A 2 solve for V W 08487 Pi 14 5 0o s 3 1851 Gear Center Calculation Solve for X and Y given A El G H P° 14 51' 2 2315 E A' B 1 W 8 O' E2 - H' r Quality Control Failure Rate Coefficient In In iml - In In ln T - inT -' 4 X 'PA - 1 'YB Y Microwave X Calculation Thermocouple Calibration 5 1 z Structural Analysis Solve for C 1 and Cg2 given Pi Pg T and incremental values of Wi LIBRARY OF PROGRAMS T3 SUPPLIED FREE WITH LOCI-2 The standard LOCI programs are all 0 45 W CK P 1 very easy to operate generally the user only needs to push one key after entering a 6 variable 2000 VY7 27 Statistical Programs General Mathematical Programs Variance - Standard deviation SIN- COS Leart Square Fit v bx c any x TANJ Least Square Fit y bx c fixed x interval ARCTAN ' SINH COBH Least Square Fit for exponential decay y Ae B fixed x interval SINH-1 COBH' T - test for significance Bessel Functions NI in r X I - Stirling's appruxima- ax x 'a io ga for any values of a and x tion to N for large N Mean Solution of transcendental equation Moving average Solution of cubic equation Root-mean-square x XX £rr X 2 r d t 3 a 2X2 anx ao 0 Other Programs angu atio Resonant Zrequency 2 oX Dkx e I _ ___ - Triangulation dtTraverse ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ 28 __ __ _ ___ ___ ___ ____ ______ ___ ___ - I I Ij I B Computing Centers New Computer Center Uniersd of Caoolni• Iri4 In fl Cafifon a Under a joint research agreement with the International Business Machines Corp the new Irvine campus of the University of Callfonia will become a unique computer laboratory are in the same position as the banks were a decade ago If they had not computerized their handling of paper halt the work force would now be employed as bank clerks The only alternatives to computers for universities would be to limit enrollments and to limit the access to knowledge These alternatives are unacceptable to American society today Dr Aldrich stated University and IBM experts are Joining forces to make UC Irvine a computerized model for American institutions of higher education which today are struggling with twin crises of knowledge and enrollment explosions Although many universities now have access to computers IBM officials said the UCI installation is the first in the nation to be devoted to extensive computerization of all aspects of a university campus Chancellor Daniel G Aldrich Jr announced the signing of the agreement at the 1500-student campus 40 miles south of Los Angeles The UC Irvine project will tie in with nation-wide programs by scientists educators and information system firms such as IBM to bring the current explosion in knowledge under the powerful control of electronic computers These program envisage the day when the total knowledge contained in libraries will instantly be available anywhere through electronic systems Symptomatic of the higher education crisis UC Irvine is scheduled for rapid growth at a rate of about 1 000 additional students a year to an ultimate enrollment of 27 500 Itls destined by 1990 to become one of the glant campuses of the nation in the heart of a new population center Much ill-informed criticism has been directed toward the 'inhuman' aspects of cornputers but the same criticisms would have applied when the printed book was first introduced several centuries ago Dr Aldrich said The UC Irvine project also will be the first major plan to apply recently announced IBM computer research to systems of programmed instruction on the university level Professors in the various divisions and schools at UCI will assist in the project by helping to develop automated lessons which will help students to assume responsibility for individual learning at their own pace Those who work with the computer now believe it will have a greater impact on education than the book It is evident that universities must quickly resort to these electronic aids if students and professors are to keep from literally being buried by the 'inhuman' mass of technical and scientific information which is being developed today he said 'With the assistance of computers and other teaching technology Dr Aldrich said we can free the professor of some of the essential but routine inculcation of basic information and save the student from deadly 'canned' lectures The rapid increase in numbers of qualifled students applying to universities and colleges across the nation also has presented higlur education with a crisis in administration the chancellor said These objectives also fit in with our plans to bring professors and students together more frequently in small groups for intellectual interchange and inspiration of the sort The mass of paper work involved in registration alone is staggering Universities 29 The administration meanwhile will be able to keep track of and evaluate each atudent's from time of entrance to final graduprogress budwat for future buildinca trke inwa nt order and catalog books for the library and tabulate and Issue personnel paychecks-all by which cannot be pined from books or cornputers or any device he said allow facility willSt' computer UCI The initial atin - J at their own pace in programmed instrucion Seated at typewriter-like cated at various places on campus IncludingA Wh library elasaroome laboratories and rmot console dormitories the future student will be able to engage via computer memory banks in richly programmed lessons Advancing at his own pace he will be able to stop at any time and start again where he left off by entering his personal lesson code number develop imaginative now uses I - computers in conjunction with televisiop language laboratories and other new eskironic and mechanical instruments in their instruction and research Irvine's faculty is being enco'uraed to As the currently installed 1410-1440-1448 computer facility moves from primarily experimental to more general applied use on campus plans call for Installation of more powerful computers designed to accommodate as many as several hundred students simultaneously Chancellor Aldrich noted that the computer facility is only a part of UC Irvine's overall commitment to the exploration and exploitation of information and communications sciences ranging from basic research on brain functions in the biological sciences to sophisticated engineering and administrative systems Professors will be able to use the facility by remote console for developing complex classroom problems for direct access to library materials or for solving weighty research problems Students and professors at Irvine-perhaps as nowhere else in the nation-will have the advantages of the most advrt d education retechnologies Dr search and administrati Aldrich said 6000 Series Computers for AEC ConUro Data Corporation Minneapdi s Minnsoda 55440 The Lawrence Radiation laboratory has one of the largest automatic data processing cozw uter capabilities in the world with a total computer investment including the above orders of approximately $49 million The U S Atomic Energy Commission has approved orders for the following Control Data 8000 Series computer systems for the Lawrence Radiation Laboratories at Berkeley and Livermore Calif which are operated for the AEC by the University of California It was the same office of the AEC that ordered the first Control Data 6600 in July 1962 The AEC has traditionally obtained the fastest and most advanced computer systems available in order to handle their massive computational and data processing requirements a A 6600 system for the Berkeley facility b A 6800 system for the Livermore facility c A 6800 system for the Livermore facility The Control Data 6800 will be delivered to the Livermore facility in the last quarter of 1967 At that time Livermore's present 6600 computer which was installed in September 1904 will be exchanged for the 6800 The Control Data 6600 and 6800 computer systems have problem-solving power far beyond any manufacturers' present or announced design For example the 6800 with an execution speed of 12 000 000 instructions per second exceeds by a factor of four the speed of the 6f0a which to presently the fastest and most powerful computer installed in the These computer systems will be used to increase the capacity of existing large-scale systems for performance of complex scientiffc studies relating to basic nuclear research for peacetime and weapons development pro- world grams 3O u 79 IBM Computer Time Sharhng System for NIH I N44iMW lnlil4Vs of Iuul iu The Neti-m- -a 1ho•tut of 16alth--9 MJor Health Service it not only conducts research hub of medical research in the United Stateshas taken its first step toward placing the power of the computer at the fingertips of Its 3500 sielntists against disease but also provides research grants to approved institutions and facilities across the country Nic t's time-sharing system will be the International Business Machines Corporation announced in August 1965 that it has recalved a contract for the first of a planned three-phase installation of a time-sharing cornputer system on the 48-building 350-acre NIH campus hee first used by an organization devoted solely to medical research Under the $1 8 million contract announced IBM will install a medium-scale System 360 Model 40 in January 1960 The system's auxiliary equipment will include direct access storage devices capable of housing some 87 million numbers and of pinpointing informations in 85 milliseconds Time-sharing which makes the power of a large computer available virtually simultaneously to many individuals will enable the NIHl computer to serve scientists in many of these buildings where multi-million dollar medical research Is being conducted Terminals in various buildings will be connected to the computer through communications lines The plan calls for a Model 65 as a secondstep replacement in August 1960 This will ultimately be expanded to an IBM System 360 Model 67 time-sharing system First of the remote terminals tying the Institutes into the system will be installed late next year Scientists will employ these typewriter-like terminals to converse directly with the Model 67 Because of the computer's great speed each scientist will have the impression that he ti using it alone Answers will be printed visually displayed on TV-like screens or recorded on punched cards Concerning the contract award NIH Director Dr James A Shannon said The computer is bringing medical research to a new era of discovery Ingenious mathematical models can project theories into the future Data analysis can find clues to medical problems of the past that have been too big and complex to solve in any other way Plans are proceeding at NIH to establish a new Division of Computer Research and Technology so that we can use this tool most effectively In addition to time-sharing the Institutes will be able to use the IBM System 360 in applications ranging from accounting and research to an Important role in information retrieval Operations at NIH encompass a federation of nine independent research institutes four service divisions and a 500-bed hospital One of three operating bureaus of the U S Public IBM Time-Sharing Computer Complex Crotpukawon Cmkr Mauacwdu Inmttu of Technolog CaGsbMk Mauss•huseu 02139 In August 1965 the plan to Install a $6million IBM System 360 time-sharing computer complex at the M I T Computation Center to serve M I T and 51 other cooperating colleges and universities in New England was announced Jointly by IBM and M I T the diverseand expanding computationalneeds of students faculty and staff drawn from virtually all research and educationalactivities of M I T The computer complex will also be available to the 51 other New England colleges which now have access to the Computation Center The time-sharing IBM System $60 Model 87 to be installed in February 1967 will meet The new computer designed specifically for time-sharing will be capable of serving 31 __ __ A 4 I simultan•mslv more than 200 omole workina sophistcated remote console-and the more with different programs from remotely located powerful machine in the Computation Center terminals The present IBM 7094 installation only allows SO people to use the Center's cornputer at the same time from remote terminals while the new System 360 computer complex is expected to be approximately 15 times more powerful Time-sharing was pioneered at the Computation Center 7 years ago and has been pushed forwmrd at M I T under the continuing leadership of Professor Fernando J Corbato Deputy Director of the Computation Center 'and his colleagues Time-sharing basically is a technique which allows a computer to switch from one problem to another so rapidly that to each person it appears as if he alone is using the computer to design solutions to engineering problems With the aid of graphical and visual display devices students and staff can complete actual visual designs of complex engineering work directly in the classroom Typical problems might be design of a super highway interchange or a large steel structure The current time-shari tg method used with the IBM 7094 at the Computation Center allows up to 30 users--located at remote typewriter consoles and connected to the central machine by telephone lines-to use the 7094 simultaneously As a practical matter since all remote terminals will not be used at any one time more than 120 terminals already have been installed throughout the M I T campus and elsewhere in the Cambridge area so that the coinputer's capabilities are accessible am demands may require The terminals are connected both to the Computation Center IBM 7094 and to another IBM 7094 at M I T ' Project MAC for multiple access computer where advanced research on time-sharing itself is being cartied forward DCN July 1964j Since the IBM System 30 will be capable of handling more than 200 simultaneous users the Center's effectiveness to the academic coinmunity will be correspondingly increased The impact of such an Increase with the System 360 can be seen by examining the ways in which several M I T courses are already being taught using the time-shared 7094 in the Computation Center Students in numerous courses in several departments have access to the central computer through remotely located consoles and regularly carry out course assignments using the machine In the Civil Engineering Department for example a special classroom has been astabliihed containing an IBM 1620 computer connected to the 7094 in the Computation Center Classes being held in this room utilize both the 1620 computer-which plays the role of a II I I In the Department of Electrical Engineering alone approximately one-third of the Institute' undergraduate students received basic instructioms in the use of electronic computers last year in three courses utilizing the 7094 in the Computation Center This Indicates that students consider instruction in computation of great importance Although this instruction is elective substantially all M I T students elect it at some point in the 4-year curriculum The Computation Center is also playing a vital role In a wide variety of M I T 's research programs Studies of cosmic rays of genetic phenomena of the crystal structure of matter of the design of ships of nuclear physics of systems of Industrial management and of the political and social behavior of man-to mention only a few-are all using the Computation Center The installation of the System 360 will greatly increase the computing plwer available to these instructional and research projects and will enable the computer to become a more effective tool of the research worker the professor and the student The goals of the M I T Computation Center always have been to advance the state of the art of computer science to foster the use of computer techniques in all areas and to provide a computing service to M I T students and faculty as well as to members of the participating colleges and universities Although the original IBM 704 installed at the Center in 1957 did sptisfy what were then the needs of n'any users the growing demands for machine time soon resulted in an average delay of a day or more in obtaining solutions An early attempt at solution was the batch processing technique in which users would submit problems-in the form of decks of punched cards-to the Center The Center staff would coLlect the problems in batches transfer them to magnetic tape and feed them through the computer as rapidly as possible But even batch processing did not reduce the delay significantly as demand continued to grow What's more it meant that the Computation Center had a virtual monopoly on access to the computer 4 in an euort to keep pace with the increasIng computational load and to eliminate the menopoly of access time-sharing was developed This put the user In direct and personal contact with the computer The original 704 was replaced by an IBM 709 in 1960 Later the 709 was replaced by the larger and faster 7090 which M I T upgraded last year to the preseeat 7094 mode 24 hoers a day It will process batch Jobs during the frce time available between calls from remote termin ls or computing At11acvxpected that the Systew 360 will be capable of handling virtually simultaneously several times the number of problems that the 7094 does now The IBM System 360 for the Computation Center will consist of two central processing unite and two memory units each with access times as short as 150 to 200 nanoseconds a Despite upgrading the center with consist- ently more powerful computing equipment the nanosecond to a billionth of a second Support- demand for computational service expanded more rapidly It is estimated that computational needs at M I T and the New England colleges and universities served by the Center ing this equipment will be IBM 2314 direct access storage facilities each of which can store up to 207 million characters a character is 8 data bits of information The 2314 can trans- have doubled just about every 2 years fer information to the central processing unit The 7094 computer at the Computation Center presently operates as a time- sharing system for only a part of each day The new System 360 will operate in the time-sharing at a rate of 312 thousand characters a second High speed magnetic tape wilts printers IBM display terminals and other peripheral devices also will be included in the new System 360 time-sharing computer complex CDC 3200 McDonnell Aircirai St LouW 66 fMwouri The McDonnell Automation Center a division of McDonnell Aircraft Corporation in August installed the area's first Control Data Corporation digital computer hybrid software now being Jointly developed by Control Data and the McDonnell Automation Center will further Increase the efficiency of the hybrid operation The computer a Control Data Model 3200 will be the new digital part of McDonnell's hybrid computing facility-a vast complex of analog and digitalcomputers which allows the Automation Center to achievc the unique benefits of each machine-type for particular applications Man-in-the-loop simulation of the Gemini missions is one use of the hybrid complex The astronauts and McDonnell engineers have used the hybrid simulator to test control concepts and procedures used in the space flights The computer system simulates the operation of the control systems and the on-board computer The simulator utilizing live instrumentation produces electronically the visual displays and Instrumentation responses the spacecraft will encounter in flight-from lift-off through orbit and rendezvous to re-entry The McDonnell 3200 system has 32 758 words of core storage and two disk packs which extend the mass storage by 1 000 000 words This Control Data computer with 24-bit fixedpoint and 48-bit floati- -point word length and 1 25 microsecond cycle time provides greater speed and precision for the hybrid operation The Control Data 3200-analog hybrid system will be used in the design and development of all McDonnell aircraft and spacecraft In addition to McDonnell work the hybrid system including the Control Data 3200 is available to Automation Center clients The iracreased storage capacity allows larger and more complex problems to be solved The increased speed and precision aUows more accurate computations by permitting shorter sample time and allows larger problems by permitting more calculations per given sample interval Although accelerating requirements of the Gemini program will require extensive use of the 3200 for some time multi-programming-a technique made possible by the machine's greater flexibility-will soon permit other Automation Center and commercial Jobs to be processed New software and arithmetic hardware available on the computer permits more rapid programming of hybridstudies Specialpurpoee 33 even whie 6e vu uLci i L t - 41i simulation This feature of the machine is expected to be In operation by 1 January 4966 ianln and1 business as well as to other McDonnell divisions The Center is one of the largest data processing service organizations int•ho rnuntry Drawing on a quarter century of experience in the automation field 850 employees utilize over $22 million worth of equipment to serve clients from coast to coast The Automr 'tion Center provides the complots range of management consulting systems design programming and data processing and OMNIrAB Made More Useful for the Solentst National BurMu of Standards WIV gm D C 20234 Expansion and improvement of the OMNITAB gereral purpose computer program see DCN January 1964 which now includes almost 100 subroutines has made it an even more useful scientific tool than when first announced in 1963 1 New features developed by Joseph Hilsenrat i and his associates of the NBS Institute for Basic Standards U S Dspartment of Comnmerce make it possible to write shorter programs to incorporate text material along with tabular results in such a way as to produce a finished report and to utilize any of the fundawjental physical constants or atomic masses in a calculation by use of the appropriate OMLWITAB wor in the program Z molecujar weight of any molecule from the empirical formula CTOF which converts a column of temperatures fiom degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit and FTOC which converts Fahrenheit to Celsius Other single-sentence operators compute the translational partition function for a given atomic weight and list of temperatures and the lectronic partition function at a given temperature for a set of energy levels or for a set of temperatures at a fixed energy level For convenience the current best values for the fundamental physical constants and atomic masses of the elements have been incorporated in the program so that by use of the appropriate OI4TAB word the proper number will be used A typical one-sentence command employing this feature would be OMNITAB is an NBS-developed computer program thaL permits scientists and others who are unfamiliar with programming to communicate with a 7094 computer using simply written sentence commands The program can be used for the calculation of tables of functions for solutions of nonlinear equations for curve fitting and for statistical andnumerical analysis of tabular data Because of the ease with which certain experimental data may be directly adapted to the OMNITAB input for processing the OMNITAB program is gaining wide acceptance in both university and governmental laboratories MULTII-LY COLUMN 2 BY PLANCK STORE IN COLUMN 4 Thus all users obtain the current accepted values for the constants More accurate values can be substituted in the program as they become available New commands which permit format flexibility now make it possible to produce a finished report on OMNITrAB Text material may be Incorporated interchangeably with computed results the command NOTE and certain synonyms enable the program to differentiate between OMNITAB instructions and bibliographic or editorial comment Some of the new commands which have been added to the program and which make it possible to write even more concise programs thUni bfore are MOLWT which computes the The inclusion of a complete set of instructions for matrix operations has greatly expanded the range of problems which OMNITAB handles Furthermore these instructions contribute brevity by providing in addition to compact matrix operators such as INVERT others which can IOMNITA1 A second generation general purpose computer program NBS Tech News Bull Jan 1963 ror further details see A general-purpose interpretive programforthe calculation oftables oy functions and statistical and n rical me an er operate on entire rectangular arrays of numbers at a time For example the following instructions are all that are needed to evaluate the 22 expressions in Fjg I arla Or Messina Philip J Walsh and Robert J Herbold NBS Handbook 101 1965 to be published 34 S - -- - • I 2as 2 2b b2 3 4 21 a2 20• - 28b 2C Ja2 1 5€2 C 5 -2 4d 2 4d2 4ad 6 7 -a 2e f 5a2 202 502 -US 2c 2b2 Uc2 -4bc 5 2d b 9 -2b 4@ 2b 2 2 -d 2 2 4 a2 f2 2 4be -2bf 2 10 -b 2g h b 11 -2b 4L b2 412 - 41A 12 2 1 5c2 242 5f 13 -2c 4g 32 2g2 -h 2 - 2c - 2b- bh - of 4S2 2h 2 - 4cg - 4ch 2 14 -2c 1 5c 15 2f 4d 2 4 2 f 2 - 8de 16 2h 2d 2 2g2 h 2 - 4dW 17 -4d 6j W 2 9J 2 - 12dJ 18 -2d 2d 19 2f f 20 4a - 2f 44e2 2 2 2 21 2h 4 2 f 2 22 -f 262 S2 4g 4ef 2 2h 2 -_ eg - 2fh Figure 1 ARAISE B IN ROW I COL 21 R-101 C10 TO A IN 1 1 START STORING IN 1 21 Matrix B 10 X 101 is formed by duplicating a row of numerical vplues for a b j 100 times The ARAISE instruction raises every element in B to the power of the corresponding element in A results are stored over old B Next the product is taken of eleven columns column 20 contains the coefficient of each term results are stored in column 20 Finally the terms belonging to the same expression are added together on the basis of an identification number in column 19 expression number and answer are stored in columns 32 and 33 respectively PRODUCTS OF COLS 20 THROUGH 30 STORE IN COL 20 COALSCE ON THE FIRST COL THE MATRIX IN 1 19 R l0l C-2 STORE IN 1 32 In this example matrix A 10 ×101 contains the exponents of the ten variables a b J for each term of each expression Missing variables of course have zero exponents so that the row in A representing the term -4 ad from expression 5 is written The OMNITAB operating procedure the complete list of commands and a discussion of the variety of problems for which OMNITAB 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 can be used are available in a user's manural soon to be published as 101 An • NBS Handbook S one time in a 32K about 32 000 storage locations Consequently the subroutines a b mach-aue n sad in a eomatibl EvItem O0- cluded as a subroutine In the program the print-out of this abridged version may be called for by use of the word MA TAL Similarly the OMN1TAB instruction not can be called for by use of the word COMMANDS As additional instructions are added to supplement the manual and keep it up to date they may be called ior by use of the word WATSNU The repertoire of OMNlITABoperations and subroutines exceeds that which can be stored at crating under the ISYS monitor 3 Under this system which was designed at the University of MaryL R Conmputer Science Center frequently used parts of the program are always In the core and less used portions are read into the core au needed from system tape 3 1nternational Business Machines Corporation System monitor 4 Honeywell 200 Computer to NRL Naval Remwc LAa to Washvsinn D C 20390 The U S Naval Research Laboratory has acquired a medium-size computer that will help it keep track of the $60 million It spends annually on basic and applied research in electronica physics chemistry metallurgy and underwater sound records It will control the journal holding renewal and check-in procedures as well as the cataloging and loaning of more than 50 030 hard-bound volumes and 1400 periodicals used by our research staff-and will notify library users when a book or periodical is overdue A Honeywell 200 business computer-able to perform 500 000 operations a second-will be devoting about 70 percent of its time to fivancial management cost reporting and inventery and production control It will also handle the payroll and personnel records for NRL's 3500-man staff Donovan indicated that the H-200's speed and capacity will enable it to grow with NRL's continuously expanding work load and to handle other new applications such as automatic budget reporting and ext apolation The H-200 valued at approximately $215 000 includes a central processor with 8192 characters of main memory 3 magnetic tape drives able to transfer 20 000 characters of informe tion a second a high-speed printer and a card reader punch unit Another Interesting pkoject for the cornputer according to John P Donovan NRL comptroller will be direct support of NRL's research activities by maintaining library Computing Faclty Oak Rudgt Nahimoal Laboaw ory Oak Ridgs Tongu• s•7 931 The Mathematics Division of the Oak Rldge National Laboratory operates and maintains a computing facility which until September 1965 operated with a CDC 1604-A computer using 14 CDC 606 magnetic tape drives a CDC 160-A computer using three 606 magnetic tape drives Other equipment included two 1612 printers a 405 reader a 415 punch and two Calcomp 580 plotter systems print In fact the processor allows full speed or one printer and a card to tape or tape to card it also allows full speed on two printers An 80-percept full speed capacity is obtained with two printers plus card to tape or tape to card The above acility had been complctely saturated w'th work since July 1965 it was turning more than 400 jobs per day so in September 1965 an IBM System 360 Model 2060 was rented on a temporary basis This was done to relieve in part the CDC 1604-A This system willhave The 1604-A uses the COOP monitor the 160-A uses a peripheral processor developed here with capabilities for simultaneous readand 36 S I lour IBM 2311 disks five magnetic tape drkves On February 1966 the tPM a pand Mdl20 Model 2050 central processor will be replaced by the Model 2075 and 128K of bulk memory will be added among its responaibillties that of miaking the computers accessible to as wide a variety of people in the Luo trwat- v f- endl a FORTRAN 63 compiler wus written for use in the IBM System 360 T 4s permits the of programs n the CDC 160 1-A exchageability mstem 30O IBM System M60 For use with the latter computer a simple problem oriented' language for ute on remote facilities was designed A compiler has been written for it The computingfacility operates on a closed shop basis but programming is open to all members of the Laboratory Because of the open shop policy the Mathematics Division has Among problems of interest to the Laboratory are sp ce shielding SNAP problems reactor deveiopment isotope separation nuclear safety programs and desalination of water two IBM 2402's and one 2403 two 1403-NI printers and one 2540 card read-punch The 2 50 27•I amst ti memory Educadonma Computer Center Sacr'wwo Rgio wl EduwaJowl Ddia Proe ing Cen dr 6011 Folom Botliwind Sacvammto Ca fifon a The first data processing center in the United States devoted specifically and cornpletely to education was opened in Sacramento during July California educators and government officials took part in the dedication ceremonies held at the Sacramento Regional Educational Data Processing Center The Ventura regional center will also op6rate a Honeywell 200 which includes a console central processor with 16 384 characters of memory 'our magnetic tape drives a high speed printer and card reader Through a communications system the Ventura center and ultimately the other locations will have direct access to the larger computer in the Sacramento facilities 'rhe Sacramento center located in off ices of the county superintendent of schools 6011 Folsom Blvd is one of the largest of 12 such centers that ultimately will operate in the state providing computer services to hundreds of school districts A master processing schedule already has been prepared for the coming year for the Ventura regional center and for vocational education with computer time scheduled for all participating districts Through the Sacramento regional center complete pupil personnel services will be offered in the fall to 44 school districts in 16 Northern California counties Included in the services package which will cost participating schools $2 50 a year per pupil will be student scheduling attendance reports grade reporting and test scoring Vocational education will be the use of the computer by junior college students enrolled in a special advanced computer class The students will work at the Sacramento center on programming use of machine languages and actual operation of the H-200 A Honeywell 200 vomputer system has been installed and will be used until December when a Honeywell 2200 computer will become operational The H-2200 will handle all student scheduling for the Ventura County Regional Educational Data Processing Center which also will begin operations in the coming semester The junior college course and a beginning computer class at the high school level will be run on a test basis during the coming year to determine the feasibility of expanding computer course offerings to the secondary school level Both the Sacramento and Ventura County centers are working par'ly under development grants from the California State Department of Education and its Research and Development Center in Educational Data Processing The Sacramento center's H-O00 system includes a central processor with 65 536 characters of memory a console six magnetic tape driveL two 650-line-per-minute printers a card reader punch and random access drum storage that can hold up to 2 6 million characters Scheduled to begin operation a year from now are regional centers in Los Angeles County 37 4 Orange County also serving Riverside County The Ventura regional center which eery- - -Santa Clara County also serving San Mateo and Monterey Counties e_ _ slan Luts C1lano and Ventura Counties will handle records of some 100 000 students and payroll operations for 8000 teaehnrs and school personnel during the coming year I also will use the computer Tentatively scheduled for centers iater are San Diego San Mateo-Ban Francisco Sonoma San Bernardino and Contra Costa A second center also is planned for Los Angeles packages developed in Sacramento through the cooperation of the State Department of Education and Honeywell EDP With the opening of the new centers pertions of the area now covered by the Sacramento regional center will be reassigned State education officials who have been studying the feasibility of regional cooperation in data processing have cited several advan- tages of such a program These include city now handles The center in the capitol counties ranging in size from Calaveras which has a population of just over 10 000 to Santa Clara and Sacramento both with populations over one-half million e Expenses reduced by furnishing and operating one regional center consisting of a number of school districts rather than furnishing and operating separate installations for each district Other counties served are Colusa El Dorado Placer Butte Butter Solano Yolo Stanislaus Tulare Yuba Fresno Nevada and Ban Joaquin e Experience developments and improvemeats that take place at the regional center can be applied to a large number of schools not just one or a few Nearly all work handled by the regional center the first year for districts in these 16 counties will be for high schools with a few elementary schools contracting for attendance accounting and test scoring Services offered this year will cover more than 100 000 students The current computing system is capable of handling services for 300 000 students a A high degree of central staff competency is more likely to be realized In a regional systern than in a local district system e There is a greater uniformity of procedures and products in a regional venture than can be found among separate district systems The initial year also will find the center handling complete payroll operations for 4500 teachers and school personnel in Sacramento and Placer Counties e Various districts cooperating in a regional system can contribute valuable suggestions to the total effort because of the large number of schools participating and because of the differences existing in the districts Beckman 420 Installaton UVnwsrnt of SoutA n Cahforma Los Angeles Californi 90007 Beckman Instruments Inc has given an $80 000 odel 420 digital computer to the Cornmunicatio Systems Laboratory at the University of Sout rn California'sSchool of Engineering Installation of the computer was completed duringAugust in USC's Olin Hall of Engineering The new Beckman 420 computer will be used in a similar but more efficient coding and decoding process The 420 is a fixed point binary simple address computer which handles real-time data continuouslyand efficiently A powerful command The new computer will be used initially in a project aimed at developing a more efficient television system-a system which would transmit pictures over long distances with little power list together with a flexible indirect addressing capability including cyclic indirect address and a flexible stem of interrupts allows the computer to perform complex routines at high speed If a more efficient television system can be developed it will have great commercial and military value The project is partially under Air Force Support and directed by Dr William K Pratt assistant professor of Electrical Engineering Digital codes are used to transmit pictures from such far away places as Mars or the Moon A computer is used to translate these series of received impulses into an actual picture The Mariner IV program used this type of system 38 j I GE 635 Coinnuta % TRW Sy -us Sufch Chfomda Raoudm TRW Systems has completed an agreement with the General Electric Companyfor the leasIng of a large GE computer system Frederick W Hoses TRW Vice President - Operations announced in August 1965 mission and trajectory computer programs of any company in the industry The company's computation work includes the analvais of data from ballistic missile tests spacecraft performance and experiment data and design criteria for complex electronic aeronautical astronautical and mechanical systems and subsystems The system which includes two GE series 635 computers and peripheral equipment will double TRW Systems' present data-handling capacity It will also permit the company to consolidate its scientific and business data proceasing into a single facility Resultant cost savings for TRW will ultimately total more than $2 million per year GE expects to have its equipment installed by July 1966 and in operation at full capacity by December 1966 TRW Systems' scientific computation and data reduction center CDRC is under the direction of Dr Eldred C Nelson The business data management is directed by Mr W Stewart Hotchkiss TRW Systems' equipment now consists of two IBM 7094-Mod I1 an RCA 501 and two RCA 301 computers an analog computing facility analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion equipment and an on-line computing center designed to be operated by design engineers rather than computer programmers The GE system will replace the IBM and RCA equipment The selection of the GE system was the culmination of a 9-month TRW task group study of the company's expanding computer requirements for the next few years A thorough survey was made of major computing systems now available or expected to be available within the next 2 years TRW systems is an operating group of TRW Inc a widely diversified manufacturer ofproducts in the aerospace electronic and automotive fields TRW Systems has been prime contractor since inception of the United States Space Program for a large number of satellite and space probe projects including several spacecraft in the Pioneer series the Explorer series the Nuclear Detection Satellites Vein the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 000 and a family of environmental test satellites The company is currently developing and mmnufacturing the rocket engines which will land the Apollo astronauts on the moon as well as a Within the past year TRW Systems has won a number of contracts which will significantly increase the company's computation workload This workload includes scientific engineeringfunctions and business data handlIng The two model 635 computers initially will have a disc storage capacity of 200 million characters a main core memory capacity of 131 000 words a high speed drum capacity of I tape units 2 seven-track million words nine-track tape 14 units 4 high-speed printers 2 card readers and I card punch unit wide array of electronic and mechanical systems for the United States military and civilian space agencies and for other industrial companies It has been responsible for the past decade for overall systems engineering and technical direction of the U S Air Force Ballistic Missile Program Headquarters for TRW Systems is in Redondo Beach California Other TRW Systems facilities are located in San Bernardino and San Juan Capistrano California Houston Texas Cape Kennedy Florida Huntsville Alabama and Washington D C Provision has been made for directly tying in remote terminals to the 635 system That is off-site laboratories and business operations may have control stations from which they can place data and instructions over telephone lines directly into the storage and mereory units and control subsequent operations of the computers TRW's computing centers now operate on P three-shift basis and produce the equivalent of more than a million and a half lines of printing a day Over the past 10 years TRW Systems has accumulated probably the largest library of Forinerly TRW Space Technology Laboratories - STL 39 L I I S US J L a w ra' CommotationNztavd andWeapowu Analyua l mboratory STRETCH direct user access computing and time sharing Primarily emphasized in this program is the study of the effects A number of additional language facilities on scientific manpower have been made available to STRETCH users at NWL These included SIMTRAN which is a version of SIMSCRIPT prepared by IBM for productivity and overall problem solving time created by direct Immediate and conveniOnt access to a powerful computer by individual scientists pared at NWL for use In the preparation and maintenance of flow charts The latter is modsled after the system of the same name prepared by IBM for the 7070 computer means of console terminals which include sophisticated graphical capability The terminals used in the Naval Weapons Laboratory study include two IBM type 2250 buffered display systems STRETCH and AUTOCHART a program pre- and programmers particularly by The STRETCH continues to be the major facility of the Laboratory with an average utilization of 120 to 140 productive hours per week Additional studies in this general area have also been made over the past several months using an IBM 1050 System with both the IBM Mohansic Laboratories Time Sharing Monitor System and the commercially available QUIKTRAN System NORC A FORTRAN compiler NORCTRAN has been completed and is in use on the NORC A sort generator has been included as part of this system POLARIS COMPUTER SYSTEMS A POLARIS Target Card Computer System Mark 148 PTCCS was installed in the Laboratory during July 1965 The PTCCS was developed for installation in the earlier POLARIS submarines which require missile presettings in punched card form and which originally carried a large file of punched target data cards The Laboratory also has a POLARIS Digital Gooballistic Computer DGBC of the type used for fire control in later POLARIS submarines At the Naval Weapons Laboratory the DGBC and the PTCCS are employed for development of computer programs for POLARIS shipboard use The NORC completed its tenth year of operation In June 1965 and continues to be used approximately 40 hours per week No signiftcant engineering problems have developed with the NORC in spite of its age DIRECT ACCESS COMPUTING An IBM System 360 Model 40 with a 131K Memory the universal instruction set and other appropriate speclal features was installed in August 1965 for support of Naval Weapons Laboratory research and development efforts in 40 L mL I Computers and Centers Overseas 4 The Foundation for Management Training Graduae Sehoo of Busnss Adainistvaoia Goteborg C Sween The Graduate School of Business Adminismration is currently pursuing the following research projects hand traffic in Gothenburg The model can also be used to find better rules for traffic control during the peak hours of the day 9 EDB-simulatlon of planning processes in the tegtiie Industry The different models cover three levels from the spinning mill to the clothing factory One of the objectives is to connect these intra-flrm models to each other in order to get an inter-firm model a Development ofa model for budget slmulation in a complex organization • Development of validation methods for simulation models • Construction of systems for information handling and information retrieval in decision intensive organizations Development of a planning model for integrated order production within the heavy mechanic industry The objective is to find better planning rules by simulating several different strategies a Development of methods for representation of ill-structured problems This research has a very clear connection with the work for construction of programming languages for handling such problems s Development of a simulation model to study the effect of the change from left to right University of London Imnitute of Computer Scime 44 Gordon Square London W C Ensiand An ICT Atlas I computer has been in operation at the Institute since May 1964 Details of the installation are readers Output may be on line printer two Anelex printers paper tape three tape punches or punched cards one card punch mora e Main Store Magnetic 4a1e On-line data links Three on-line GEC data links to colleges of the University are already in use A highspeed on-line link television cable it installed to Imperial College London University and will be used in addition to normal computing service work for experiments in adaptive control work The computer is now fully loaded on a 24- 14 Ampex tape unita connected of which 8 can be in simultaneous use hour day 5-day week schedule and 7-day working will be Introduced by the end of 1965 Input and output During the 12 weeks commencing 31 May 1965 975 hours of computing time were available 30 720 Jobs were done and the computer carried out 520 x 109 instructions Cores Magnetic drums Fixed Store Subsidiary working store 32 768 98 304 8 192 1 024 words words words words Words are 48 bits or 8 characters of 6 bits 5- 7- or 8-channel paper tape four tape readers or 80-column punched cards two card 41 F7 H M Nautical Almanac Office fHerammrux Cagle Hailskam Swx England ephemerides for astronomy and epace research and for the preparation of almanacs and tables for navigation and surveying secondly for the analysis of astronomical observations and for theoretical research in celestial mechanics and astrophysics and thirdly for other work for the Hydrographer of the Navy for example for Decca-lattice charts In addition time on the computer will be made available to the University of Sussex and possibly also to other establishments under the control of the Science Research Councli An ICT 1909 computer system see DCN April 1965 will be installed in H M Nautical Almanac Office England in March 1966 The system will comprise a central processor with 16 384 words of core storage and a cycle time of 6 mlcroseconds together with four magnetictape unita a line printer 1350 lines per mrinute a card reader card punch two paper tape readers and punches and a graph plotter The computer will have three principal fields at use firstly for the computation of Technical Centre SUpretne Headquartfrs Allied Powers V'hs Hague Nitherlands Europe A CDC 3600 has been Installed at SHAPE Technical Centre STC The Hague Netherlands The 3600 which replaces an IBM 704 operates under the Drum Scope system The model In- transmission 2 Mc Peripheral equipment includea six tape units 200 556 800 bpi max 120 kc card reader 1200 cpm card punch 250 cpm two printers 1000 lpm each CRT dis- stalled at STC has a core storage of 64K words with 48 data bite and 3 parity bits each Auxiliary storage of 1 000 000 words is provided by two magnetic drums average access 17 ms play There are two data channels Access to the drums and tape units can be effected through either channel The STC installation ts thefirst 3600 system in Europe to be equipped with drums Bauser Computing Department The Univewsiy of Sydney Sydney Nmw South Wales A•sralia 1 line printer 4 magnetic tape units was 3 L monitor typewriter The current expanded configuration of the English Electric KDF 9 see DON January 1965 in the Basser Computing Department School of Physics University of Sydney is as follows There is a plotter on order and interconnection of the KDF 9 with the laboratory's older machine SILLIAC a copy of the ILLIAC I with four magnetic tapes attached is almost complete 16K core memory was 8K 2 readers was 1 1 punch 42 t _____________________ ________ ________ L 1 Miscellaneous Unattended Tramnmission of High Speed Data BtU Tihphone System New York New York Bell System Data-Phone service now en- the transmission traffic which their telephone ables business machines transmitting at speeds up to 2000 bits per second about 2700 words per minute to converse with one another without any human intermediary Operating in conjunction with Bell System 801-type Automatic Calling Units the 201A Data-Phone data set now is compatible with computer-to-computer transmission as well as with machines that transmit punched paper tape magnetic tape and card media service must handle during regular hours The typical equipment configuration would consist of an automatic calling unit and a data set at the headquarters location and a data set at each branch along with the business machines The telephone numbers of the locations to be polled would be stored in the comnputer system At a pre-determined time the computer would begin to feed the numbers in sequence to the automatic calling unit The calls -would then be placed automatically to the location being polled With this new feature of the 201A DataPhone data set organizations with several branch offices will be able to poll these offices automatically over the regular telephone switched network for sales production and other information By making such polls in off-hours they will be able to take advantage of lower evening telephone rates and also reduce The transmitting unih at the branch would then be activated and would start sending data to the central office This data would have been loaded into the transmitter sometime earlier perhaps at closing time Computer Programmed Telemetry Eystem System Divsion Beckman lnstruenti Inc Fulleon California INTRODUCTrO•n bi-directional I O channels which are processed on a priority basis These eight channels are divided into four standard channels with a word transfer time of 9 6 microseconds and four high-speed channels with a word transfer rate of 3 2 microseconds Each channel can accept data from a maximum of 16 input output devices i -e Beckman Model 420 Digital Computer 1- a t-een incorporated into the Beckman Model 842 Telemetry System as a processor controllvi The 3nclusion of a medium-sized digital computer mtto a telemetry ground station has brought to this system the intrinsic flexibility required in procfing many different and widely dive gent formats This innovation has proved tr vie both effective and economical Detailed analysis of the data on first pass is not required by most telemetry ground stations Therefore the function of the computer is to perform sync strategy editing merging of multiple input data compression decommutation display of data engineering unit conversion and gapped computer formatting of the data for wording on a magnetic tape unit The Model 420 Computer contains a core memory with a capacity of 4096 to 32 768 18-bit computer words There are eight 43 I Detailed analyzing of the data may be made on a second pass operation by the Model 420 computer d the incuming ' Lid b ber of FM discriminators the instruction list is used to sequence the FM channels to be digitized so tha ks couwratatiora pattern can be generated via program control The data will HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING be commutated and decommutated by the list word A Beckman Model 8420 Telemetry System consists of a Model 420 Computer plus whatever subsystems peripheral is required to handleorthe input a nd equipment output needs PROGRAM ORGANIZATION telemetry Processing Programs for the Model 8420 are generated with the use of a special telemetry oriented compiler FORGE Standard input subsystems include these needed for PCM PAM PDM FM and range-time sigials A Simulator Subsystem is also available for checkout and test The compiler aids the operator in writing a specific operational program by printing out a series of questions on the system typewriter The answers to these questions entered on the same typewriter consist of information required to complete the program i e bit or pulse rate 1 B or MSB format channels per frame processing required per channel and output format Output subsystems consist of digital tape transports digital displays digital-to-analog converters for driving strip-chart recorders or oscillographs and tape printers or card punches The programming of all these elements is a balance of hardware and software To conserve computer time and memory program events that take place more frequently than once a telemetry frame are built into the peripheral hardware Thus all bit slip correction and primary synchronization is performed in the Telemetry Subsystems SORTING PCM DATA A simplified example will illustrate the flexibility and high throughput capacity of such a system The basic objective is an on-line sort of PCM data recorded on an analog magnetic tape The sort is to be performed at an input word rate of 25 600 eight-bit words per second The data is to be sorted into eight output buffer areas each buffer area connected to a digital magnetic tape for recording in a gapped format This frees the computer to handle the control of data on input frame synchronization processing routines and output formatting The input control of data is accomplished by a unique device called a List Control Thin device has its own I 0 instruction list that gives the computer the ability to edit channels oa input sort or decommutate data on input by specifying different areas of the core memory for each channel and specify incoming word length PCM or commutation pattern FM While the data is being sorted other functions to be performed are tape search data editing inhibit certain words quick-look data compression inhibit output if within highlow limits and merging of time and fixed data The overall flow of data is shown in Fig 1 The sorting of data on input by I O control relieves the computer processor program from having to perform a decommutation routine before operating on the data Since telemetry data is by nature cyclic then the Instruction List can be iterative with a branch instruction to loop the list The bit remains in synchronism with the Incoming data on a word-for-word basis That portion of the list instruction word which defines the specific buffer where the data word will be placed is called Externally Specifled Buffer ESB A maximum of 512 buffer locations may be specified These buffer localions are in addition to the standard 4 buffer locations per channel The system required to perform these functions would consist of a Model 420 Coinputer a PCM Bit and Frame Synchronizer a Time Code Translator a DAC and Display Subsystem eight digital tape transports and one analog tape transport it is assumec that both the PCM data and the time data are on a single tape Figure 2 illustrates the sort operation The PCM main frame contains 25 000 words and cycles once each second Within the frame are 50 minor frames of 512 words each repeatling once each 20 milliseconds The ESB address list is synchronized with the incoming 44 X i FiedDta 0420 Computer E C% Data - • 'Timt5 Analog Tape _1 I i J M SearcTh 3 I Tape Edit2 Sr 4 6 Quick LookI Compress Meriie TimeI 7 Merge Fixed DataI Capped Computer Format Figure 1 -Overall data flow telemetry minor frames As each PCM word is transferred from the PCM synchronizer suosystem into the computer memory an associated ESB address is extracted from the list and used to specify a set of buffer control words A through H The actual destination of the data word Is the current address in the control-word set that has been specified time word derived from the serial time record on the analog tape can be programmed to represent the first word in the output record or the last The quick-look fuuction involves the stripping of one channel of data and presenting it to the system operator in decimal format In addition up to eight other channels may be stripped out for conversion to an analog voltage for driving strip-chart recorders As each output buffer area is filled the output tape associated with that particular buffer area is started For simplicity of organization each output tape record contains a multiple of words contained in the minor frames and is started at the conclusion of a minor frame Each of the buffer arras may be of any desired size independent of the other areas The computer also checks on the minor frame sync once per franme to determine if the PCM subsystem is still synchronized If and when sync is loot a flag is inserted in the header of all records and the record itself is filled out with all zeros This guarantees that all of the records on the output tapes are of the same length whether or not they contain usable data A similar procedure is used to determine and flag main-frame sync The inputting of PCM data and outputting of data to the digital tape recorders is through normal I O channels The outputting of the ESB address is through a high-speed direct memory access channel Together these three functions consume 57 2 percent of the memory time on average This leaves 42 8 percent of the time for the additional functions of edit tinme merge quick-look output sync maintenance and data compression Three types of data compression may be programmed In one case the system flags data that exceeds the preset high-low limits In the second case only the date that exceeds the limits is recorded In the third case the high-low limits al e adjusted or reset at fixed intervals with only the data falling outside the limits being recorded The effect is to pQc e the frequency of the recording with the stability of the signal There Is only an occasional record when tho data wcrds are varying slowly with more frequent recording during transient periods OTHER PROCESSING FUNCTIONS The time-merge function consists of placing a time word with each output record The 45 r - I A I t rn Ily Npo fw• lfrfer Comrol words Memo A 0 C VCM T • Output Suitor Art 90R Addr L JI D elLt MAAJ Fkgure Z-On-line sort SYSTEM LOADING ANALYSIS-TIMING List Output One list word containing ESB address is associated with every PCM input word Each list word through DMA takes 3 2 microseconds Required capacity PCM Input The PCM inputword rate to 25 600words per second Each word takes 9 6 microseconds Tae percent of available time used for PCM input is 3 2 x 10-6 sec word x 25 600 words sec 9 6 x 10 -6 sec word x 25 600 words sec 0 24486 sec sec 24 5 0 08102 sec sec 8 2 percent Time Input Magnetic Tape Output d two computer One complete time word 52 000 words are entered every minor frame or once per 20 milliseconds This is 100 words per second Required capacity The total output rate is approximately char sec or 26 000 words per second since there are two characters per word Re quired capacity 9 6 9 6 x 10 6 sec word x 26 000 words sec 0 2496 sec sec 225 percent 10-6 sec word x 100 words sec 00 00096 sec sec 0 1 percent 46 S Quick-Look Output check When the data falls outside limits it In the worst case one digital display and eight DAC are updated every 20 milliseconds This is a word rate of 450 words sec Re- takes 183 6 microseconds to reestablish limits and prepare data for output A reasonable average time is 83 microseconds per-channelI per-frame For two channels per frame the quired capacity required capacity is 9 6 x 10 6 sec word x 450 words sec 0 004325 sec see -0 4 percent 166 x 10-6 sec frame 20 x Processor Operations Performed once every 20 milliseconds - Time Processor This routine causes a set of time words to be ente ed and checks against preset stop time Required capacity worst case 0 00319 sec see 0 0083 sec sec • 0 8 percent capacity 402 4 x 10 6 sec frame 10 3 see frame 20 i 0 a sec frame 0 3 percent - Sync Maintenance This routine determines if the minor frame and major frame are still in sync Required capacity 0 02012 see see i 2 0 percent Summary of Timing Analysis 390 4 x 10-6 sec frame The total loading is tabulated below 20 x 10-3 see frame Operation 0 01952 see sec • 2 0 percent PCM Input Time Input List Output Tape Output Q L Output Time Processor Sync Maintenance Output Control List Update Data Compression Quick-Look Processor Output Control This routine starts the output tapes if required during a minor frame interrupt routine Worst case is starting two outputs per frame Requires capacity 80 x 10 6 sec frame 20 x 10'3 sec frame 0 004 sec sec see frame Quick-Look Processor Every minor frame it is possible to process one channel for digital display binary-to-BCD and eight channels for the DAC outputs Required 63 8 x 10-1 see frame 20 x 0 0 4 percent Percent Time 24 5 0 1 8 2 25 0 0 4 0 3 2 0 0 4 5 5 0 8 2 0 TOTAL List Update The list contents ESB address vary from minor frame to minor frame due to subcommutation In this problem the average number of EBB addresses that must be updated is limited to 50 per minor frame Required capacity 69 2 percent This leaves 30 percent of the processing time available for other on-line functions SYSTEM LOADING ANALYSIS-MEMORY 1091 2 x 10 6 sec frame Output Buffers 20 x 10 3 sec frame Each output tape requires a double buffer area so that data can be unloaded from one area while being loaded into the other area The average buffer length is 400 words 800 tape 0 05456 see sec -- 5 5 percent Data Compression In most tests the data characters Required memory being checked against limits falls within the limits This requires 72 0 microseconds per 8 tapes x 2 x 400 words 6400 words 47 List Program- The list is twice the length of a minor frame Required Memory It is estimated that the program plus associated registers are contained in 1000 words of memory 4 U • - 2 x 512 1024 words Summary of Memory Requirements List Update Operation Output Buffers Oupt B 00 List List Update Program The Memory required to update the list is 84 words frame updated x 50 frames Required memory 114 x 50 5700 words Memory Required 6 400 1 024 5 700 1 000 TOTAL 14 124 GE 635 Systems for Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc General Electric New York 22 New York Bell Telephone Laboratories Incorporated has leased three advanced time-sharing computer systems valued at more than $23 Million from General Electric's Computer Department This is made possible by the G-E computer's real-time multi-programming capabilities The computers are advanced GE-635 systems modified to handle the time-sharing operations at the three Bell Laboratories locations at Holmdel Murray Hill and Whippany N J They contain a combined total of almost four million characters in core memory Time-sharing computers allow many users to work simultaneously with the system because they can switch rapidly from problem to problem Thus engineers and scientists would be able to use the G-E computers on complex computation problems without programming them on cards and tape and waiting in line for answers Several hundred users can get on line to computers of this type depending on the size of the problems and the types of terminals used The computers can be linked together so that users at any location can gain access to the G-E computer at another site by employing a technique known as multiprocessing In addition users can reach the G-E cornputers from remote locations such as offices or homes by use of teletype and telephone lines Shipment of the advanced GE-635 systems to Bell Laboratories will begin in early 1986 High Speed Hybrid Circuits Departmet of Computer Science University of Illinois Urbana Illinois The Circuit Research Group has investigated the use of mixed digital-analog circuits in pattern processing In the so-called PARAMATRIX system a line drawing is electrically rotated magnified and repositioned such deftciences as gaps and blurs being automatically corrected The set of circuits used accepts signals from -10 v to 10 v and includes current amplifiers precision rO my and voltage amplifiers precision 0 33 percent 20 my working from DC to 10 MC The incoming information is taken from a slide and the end result is displayed on a matrix of lights 48 IITRAN Program l1T Computaion Cmt'n C wago Jilino 60616 A new educational and scientific computer language designed specifically for student use was described in August at a SHARE meeting of computer users Written under the auspices of Illinois Institute of Technology the new systern of simplifying mathematical and logical statements in English for use with computers has been dubbed ' TRAN a combination of the university's initials and '1ran for translator feasible the routine use of advanced cornputers by undergraduates and even secondary school students Dr Peter G Lykos director of the liT Computation Center has stated that with 3ITRAN the cost of undergraduate use of the Center's computer facilities is now approximately that of student use of a library that is using IITRAN a student can have enough time on lIT's IBM 7040 computer to handle a typical student problem for less than the cost of circulating a book from the public library As described by William S Worley Jr a staff member of the lIT Computation Center and chief developer of UiTRAN the new language enables computers to process relatively simple problems in quantity much faster than the older computer languages which were designed primarily for use in advanced scientific r - rch or for commercial or industrial purposes The effectiveness of the new language together with the improved efficiency of large advanced computers makes IITRAN like other computer languages is essentially a means of translating a few complex statements in English into an equivalent set of very many simple instructions which are comprehensible to a computer IITRAN can be used by students with no background in computer programming after about 1 hour of instruction Industrial Test of'Computer Assisted Instruction IBM Wi'hi Plaim New York 10601 The first test of its kind using the computer as an aid to the industrial training of employees at locations thousands of miles apart was initiated in June 1965 by International Business Machines Corporation quickens we are increasing our educational activities and continually exploring new instructional techniques to enable our customer engineers to meet the service requirements of our advanced computer systems The pilot study has potential as a highly effective supplement to conventional classroom methods and laboratory work at our education centers We hope this experiment will help us to individualize instruction and reduce the amount of time a customer engineer needs to spend at a central training location However computer assisted instruction certainly isn't intended to replace all centralized education for customer engineers The pilot study conducted by the company's Field Engineering Division is designed to test the feasibility of using a computer and remote terminals to help train IBM customer engineers who service IBM's information handling systems The experiment in which student terminals at IBM offices in Philadelphia Los Angeles San Francisco and Washington D C are connected to a central computer at Poughkaepsie N Y will help to determine the effectiveness of computer assisted instruction as a method of teaching complex technical subject matter in an actual field environment IBM's Field Engineering Division designed the experiment which employs an IBM 1440 data processing system to store and present instructional material prepared by divisional training specialists IBM 1050 data communications systems serve as the links between the students and the computer Course material is entered into the system through the typewriter-like keyboards of the 1050 terminals Mr 0 M Scott IBM vice president and president of IBM's Field Engineering Division said As the pace of technological advancement 49 I linked to the computer by telephone lines The value of computer controlled graphic display d i e- t-- ---- u 6 also being explored in the study at IBM's San Francisco and Washington D C offices said permit it to make numerous decisions based upon each student's background and progress in we course Thus for a given course there are numerous possible paths After storage in the computer's direct access disk files the course material can be presented to the student through the same or another 1050 terminal At present twelve 1050 terminals can communicate with the 1440 cornputer at the same time The maximum number of terminals however is still be be determined course be sent on to the next question sent ahead to a later section of the course given remedial or enrichment material directed to a textbook or to reference material or directed to consult with an instructor or counselor on a specific topic - - k -l Students can at a given point in the The student is kept informed at every step along the way of the accuracy o1 his response The k udent may also be permitted considerable freedom of choice For example at various points during the course he may ask to see a glossary of terms request help skip an area by demonstrating proficiency or even express his satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the course by typing his comments on the terminal The author of the course can obtain from the computer a complete record of each student's responses as well as the student's personal comments at any time This information provides feedback to the course author so that he can identify points of error or ambiguity in the course and make the appropriate corrections Should guidance be required voice communication between students and an instructor 1ocated at the central computer or another terminal is handled by means of telephone subsets The course material is presented in printed form on the same terminals which the students use for responses The computer in Poughkeepsie analyzes these responses checks their accuracy and retains and stores student performance data The pace and content of instruction is set by the individual student in accordance with his grasp of the material and speed of response to questions The group of IBM customer engineers experimenting with computer assisted instruction courses for the balance of 1965 will attempt to maintain a reasonable schedule of instruction while on call at their respective offices This wilU enable a test of the effectiveness of the system amid normal job pressures The terminal in addition to its educational function also serves as the instrument for course construction and revision Courses are written for computer assisted instruction in a fairly simple language known as Coursewriter which requires no computer programming experience Thus the author of a course need undergo no extensive training and furthermore need not be located near the central computer Coursewriter was originally developed by IBM's Instructional Systems Development Department and has been made available to educators interested in experimenting with computer assisted instruction COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION Computer assisted instruction is a relatively new educational technique presently undergoing investigation In IBM's Field Engineering Division each customer engineer working at a student terminal is questioned and responded to individually by the centrally located computer The speed and memory capacity of the computer enables it to accommodate many students in various stages of many courses simultaneously This pormits each student to proceed at his own rate so that the slower student does not become lost or retard others The faster student is not bored by material below his level of capability The ability to revise courses quickly and from remote terminals makes this instructional technique extremely well suited for courses in rapidly changing areas of technology where the time expense and trouble of reprinting and redistributing more conventional course materials would be prohibitive The Field Engineering Division experiment will be conducted under the direction of H S Loong manager of Instructional Devices at the division's Advanced Maintenance Development facility in Poughkeepsie N Y ' The logical capabilities of the central computer Mr Long IBM'S FIELD ENGINEERING DIVISION The Field Engineering Division has responsibility for installing and maintaining IBM information-handling systems and equipment 0 L Thus when a new product successfully cornpletes all manufacturing tests and is de- and provide customer reaction to certain technical situations At the same time plans are - T -- throughout the United States are responsible for machine installation and maintenance These men who arc mcmberc of IBM's Ficid Engineering Division are selected for a unique blend of aptitude technical background and personal characteristirs They have grown with the industry through three generations of technology- electro- mechanical electronic and solid state-and have consistently provided highest quality service for IBM machines ranging from the vertical sorter to the modern data processing system A- ttt - A At - was _6-4- 41 in the customer's office Customer engineers in the field gather experience on prototype models n•nt alcd within IBM Thcy chclc power space and other environmental factors This experience is fed back to development engineering and used as input for decisions on design characteristics size specifications power requirements and other related factors When the machine is installed at a customer location and during subsequent visits detailed records are kept of time spent on each unit on component performance on system diagnosis and other pertinent sub categories These records are forwarded to 1 of 10 IBM data processing centers throughout the United States There the information is edited and forwarded to a central computer which compiles the data into a meaningful form Reports generated from this data are analyzed to determine overall machine performance as well as trouble encountered on specific units This analysis together with personal contacts with customer engineers assures rapid correction of items which may not have been included during development or testing This process is a continuous one throughout the life of the product Early in their career customer engineers undergo a 14-week initial training period which enables them to maintain a basic complement of machines As they develop experience and the need arises they receive advance trainIng courses varying in length from a few days for a simple machine or feature to 5 months for a large system Some complex system configurations may require that a group of men undergo a 2-year training program which equips them to service that specific system In addition to a functional knowledge of the machine the training of these men may inelude the use of diagnostic programs programming systems test equipment process simulators and experience on the final test line Thus as the initial machines are being delivered experienced customer engineers are prepared to accept this additional responsibility To assist customer engineers in the most rapid and efficient diagnosis of a machine failure the division has established technical information centers at strategic geographic locations Technical specialists reference material and the latest service techniques are a phone call away from most customer engineers Field seminars plant forums and specialist training programs combine with the latest in diagnostic and maintenance techniques to assure maximum life and usage of every product To assure quality at all levels of a product's development the Field Engineering Division offers its field experience through service planning representatives located at each manufacturing plant Early in a product's life the service planning representatives provide information which influences reliable design performance objectives component feasibility cost estimates Advances in the Algebraic Theory of Machines Krohn-Rhodes Researc Insltitute Washington D 20013 and Berkeley California 94702 Within the Krohn AhodesResearch Institute study to advance the algebraic theory of machines the institute has developed a new method for generating Boolean Functions 1 A fixed simple non-abelian group machine M is used and any Boolean function B can be realized by M with the aid of a storage sequence depending on M and B This means A group machine is a finite state machine such that 1 Lvery input permutes the states and Z the collection of permutations of the states given by all input sequences is a group The adjectives slimple non-abelian refer to the group defined by the machine 51 refinement procedure continued The process that one finite state machine can be used to PN-et - fuc-e - - - - 1 6nflfl -- n-- __l I h -- _ operation with only a storage unit need for each Boolean function This could lead to significant non-isomorphic or an isomorphism is found The program required 20 seconds to find an computer components twelve with the direct product of the cyclic groups of orders three and four ow feetiques tit t he optimization of design of itomorphicim off tho cyclic group off order The details of this method will soon appear in Realizing Complex Boolean Functions with Simple Non-Abelian Groups by W D Maurer Kenneth Krohn and John Rhodes The method is an outgrowth of A Property of Finite Simple Non-Abelian Groups by W D Maurer and John L Rhodes Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 16 3 June 1965 pp 552-554 3 A state-input model has been developed for multienzrme biochemical systems in which the algebraic theory of machines is of great use The model essentially regards substrates as states 2nd coenzymes as inputs and will be described in a forthcoming paper by R Langer John Rhodes et al The model poses very interesting and difficult computing problems The problems are similaw' to those solvable by the methods of Maurer described above and essentially reduce to the problem of finding the maximal subgroups of a semigroup of about 2 5'0 elements a problem which is clearly Impossible without the use of very puwerful mathematical techniques to simplify the necessary computations 2 Dr W D Maurer has written a system in MAD at Project MAC for performing computations of the theory of finite groups and semigroups Typical programs written using his system give ways to determine ideals of a semigroup from its Cayley table or from a representation by functions acting on a set of states A particularly interesting program is described in Computer Determination of Semigroup Isomorphism by W D Maurer An algoritun in MAD with certain subroutines in FAP is given to determine when two semigroups given by Cayley multiplication tables are isomorphic Both Cayley tables and scratch space for another of the same size must fit simultaneously into core Some pushdown storage is also used 4 Complexity of Finite Semigroups by Kenneth Krohn and John Rhodes will soon appear In Algebraic Theory of Machtnes I soon to appear in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society these authors showed thac every finite state machine can be decomposed sequentially into simple group machines a nd combinatorial machines i e machines which can be built sequentially from copies of a three state machine with the following stateinput table The basic idea of the algorithm is to construct a sequence of increasingly fine partitions on the semigroups checking at each state to see if they still correspond If at any state they fall to correspond they are judged non-isomorphic and the program stops If they are isomorphic the algorithm yields an isomorphism between them Table Basic Inputs I States The first partition on each semigroup is given by regarding as equivalent any two elements which have the same index and period The index of an element is thi smallest power of it which is equal to some higher power and the period is the number of distinct powers of the element which occur beyond and including this smallest repeated power Each subsequent partition is obtained from the preceding by regarding as equivalent all elements which are equivalent in the preceding and remain equivalent in the preceding under multiplication on the right or left by any element of the semigroup 11 this process terminates and corresponding classes remain with more than one element a pair of individual elements in corresponding classes are arbitrarily assigned to corresponding one-elemeylt classes and the 1ab b a In the sequential construction of a finite state machine from group machines and combinatorlal machines it may be necessary to alternate group machines and combinatorial machines several times This paper shows that finite state machines exist for which arbitraril many alternations are necessary and a method is given for determining the minimal number necessary the complexity of the machine in terms of the associated semigroups An explicit but possibly quite complicated method for sequentially decomposing a finite state machine into group and combinatorial machines is given 5 In Algebraic Theory of Machines II by W D Maure Kenneth Krohn and John 52 Rhodes soon to appear a method is given to -i-'h-' 6 In Complexity of Grammars by Group ftlteby b7chndcea-d E Shamir a statistical method using the Mangus transform is developed to decide whether a given -cntcncc belong to a languagc The acntence is expanded in terms of commutator subgroups of a free group It is then judged to be in the language if for some preassigned n its first n coordinates in the commutator expansion agree with those of some sentence in the language A further check is then performed by using a certain finite state machine associated with the language This may be able to provide a practicable preliminary check on computer programs T--'-nt 1dteC -4- group machine to a decomposition using the simple groups arising as factors in some composition series of the group of the machine The reductions are of three kinds 1 discarding unused states or inputs of one or more of the machines In the decomposition 2 discarding unused machines 3 changing the wires connecting the machines in the decomposition The third reduction is equivalent with the algebraic operation of conjugating in the associited semigroup by an element which fixes the starting state of each machine of the decomposition IBM 360 Computer AlentdIh I'ublishing Cgompa Des Alom •j 3 Iowa Meredith Publishing Company has enlisted a computer the first of its kind installed In the printing industry to help in its continuing battle to meet ever narrowing production and distribution deadlines The first of two such computers ordered by Meredith was put into operation in September at Meredith Printing the company's manufacturing divisitn Each press run for the 12 million magazines Meredith Printing produces each month must be meticulously scheduled so that the completion of each edition dovetails with binding shipping and mailing requirement he said There is just not enough lead time to accomplish this task satisfactorily using manual methods Fred Bohen board chairman and the company's chief executive officer said the computer IBM's new System 360 Model 30 would be applied to one of the publishing industry's most complicated problems-integration of production and distribution requirements for mass distribution magazines Gregg said the plant had experimented on several occasions by giving two men all the time they required to draw up an optimum labor and equipment schedule for a given issue after It already had gone to press ' n every case it required 3 to 4 weeks to prepare he added and while considerable savings would have been effected that kind of time is just not available Better Homes Gardens for example has a coast-to-coast circulation of 6 750 000 he said A single issue may have as many as 70 regional editions each of which may be divided into two slightly different publications one for home delivery and one for newsstand sale with 140 different products resulting He estimated that the system when fully operational will be able to schedule labor and equipment for an entire issue in a matter of minutes In addition to the time saved and the greater efficiency generally this will give us an added margin for last minute advertising and editorial changes he said The problem is assuring that each edition arrives at its proper destination-whether it's a newsstand in Seattle or a home in Miamion the same day and that it arrives with the right regional advertising and the right regional editorial material printed in the issue received Bohen said a second System 360 Model 30 is scheduled for installation at Meredith later this year This machine is slated to take over and expand applications now being handled on three 1401 systems at the company's Locust Street building John Gregg general manager for the cornpany's Moredith Printing Division said proper distribution of the magazines has its roots in the earliest production processes The biggest use of this second system will be in the area of subscription fulfillmerit for the more than eight mtllion copies of Better Homes Gardens and Successful 53 F Farming mainline which Meredith vublishes each month '- Bohen said System applications will include billing subscription analysis and total of six oneratlni divisions Mawazine Publishing responsible for Better Homes Gardens and Successful Farming and preparation of Audit Bureau of Circulation Meredith Printing contract printers of reports magazines and catalogs both located in Des In addition the Model 30 will handle the company's normal financial Jobs-payroll accounts receivable and payable inventory and cmnts reeivableiand n paChicago management reporting Moines Meyedith Press consumer book division New York and Des Moines Meredith Educational Division New York and Replogle Globes Inc Chicago and Meredith Broadcasting four AM radio two Meredith Publishing Co parent organization with headquarters in Des Moines has a FM radio and four television stations With headquarters in Omaha Direet Communication Between Man and Computer Nutiowd B 4reau ef frandtrds 1Va hingtoi D C 20274 ACCESS a data-'processing system developed by the NBS Institute for Applied Technology U S Department of Commerce represents an advance in communication between man and computers This system will receive and process data from local and remote sources and can present its output in a form immediately intelligible to the human operator reading of census documents 1 The supervisory function of ACCESS was derived from the AMOS IV Automatic Meteorological Observation Station SystemZ developed by NBS and the Weather Bureau for storing and processing weather data from remote stations ACCESS is intended to control not only the FOSDIC scanner but also the communications facilities displays pen plotters and multiple tape units serving the system Although the processor is a relatively slow computer it is useful because of its varied operations such as table lookup and memory intertransfer These make it adaptable for code conversion verification diting reorganizing screening control of input-output devices and preparation of output messages ACCESS so-called for Automatic Computer Controlled Electronic Scanning System was developed for use by the Office of Emergency Planning to help provide rapid access to digital and pictorial data The ready availability of these data will aid the OEP in evaluating situations during a national emergency ACCESS accepts input information directly from microfilm records of hand-marked documents and digital information either from other machines or directly from its keyboard It has been used in experimental work at the Bureau to accept such graphical material as specially prepared maps and charts It will store the information perform a variety of operations on it and present outputs either in digital form for use by other machines or in a form requirIng no further translation for man The system includes an X-Y plotter which prepares such output displays as maps charts and diagrams ACCESS is a single-address serial binary system containing in its addressable memory over 25 000 words each of 13 binary bits and 1 parity bit used for a quick check of the accuracy of transfer and recall A double-length word can be used if longer ones are desl ed The ACCESS System Four different types of memory are used in ACCESS Transistorized registers each containing one or two words give fast access to a small amount of data during arithmetic and other operations a core memory gives ACCESS is primarily a data-gathering and data-preparation system accepting marked documents which it scans by means of an advanced version of FOSDIC The subsystem Film Qptical gensing Device for input to Comipters was initially developed jointly by NBS and the Bureau of the Census for machine IFOSDIC II reads microfilmed punched cards NBS Tech News Bull 41 72-74 May 1957 and FOSDIC III to assist in 1960 census NBS 2 Tech News Bull 43 106-107 June 1959 The AMOS IV computer for a prototype automatic weather station NBS Tech News Bull 45 13-15 January 1961 54 find the direction of the line One of the two peripheral points then becomes the central point and the procese its repeaied W emeiuuuu the line In the computer memory At Junctions the search follows the rightmost path return-I Ing to its starting paint for closed shapee 7 Le search reverses when it comes to the end oZ a line in the field so that such a live is sensed as a collapsed contour line-foliowing techniques was used in ACESSThe OPERTIONOF OPERTIONOF ACESSthe NES experimentation to read closed contours maps county weather The seen such as areand part of integral heThe FOSDIC scanner is an Altoug orginllydeboundaries stateon outlines data are teACCESS system Atogorinlydstored on magnetic tapes as Xsad Y coordinates signod to detect the presence of marks onoftelnsadcubpruednataeon' census furms at specified positions it is used of the oclloesadcopeorodue prant a s traconra by ACCESS tredpcoilmtlaason an X- Y digital plotter Symbols and map binary information and to read selectively contours on micrnfilm frames were produced specified areas on the film Inuage The Bureau onalreXYpterisuhoiinshta in its predelivery experimentation extendedonalreXYpterimuhosinshta complete map was assembled from microfilmed ACCESS's reading ability to microfilms of portions of it map tracings on coordinate paper It matched the n %p symbols against those of a blank NBS is still experimenting with aspects and master map previously entered in the memory variations of the lHne-following program to assemble frames of county miaps into Lhe Bureau scientists are studying r'ecognition of state map ihe zrilddie andjunctions of lines and directing search into uniried lino branches They are Tracing the lines on a map Is accomplished 6 1so looking into the effects of varying such by a line-following program which searches for operational parameters an the level of recoga point on a line and when it finds one analyzes nition threshold type of instructions and the eight surrounding points on a fine grid to chaacteristics of the search area fast access to about 1000 words of Information a magnetic drum memory stores up to 24 000 words and finally lour magnetic tape units store large volumes of information to which extremely fast accees is inot req uired Five otal characters composed ol to binary bits re used to address words in the drum core and register memories ADP Resource Sherift O epfkme M anavm of Nf avy The Department of the 'Navy within Its progr im to foster and facilitate the systematic exploitation of ADPE and associated scientific techniques has established procedures for or Navy participation in the Government-wide ADP Resources Sharing Exchange Program Activities in need of ADP Resources are to exhaust sharing possibilities with other contiguous or proximate Government or Governmont Owned Contractor-Operator GOCO sc tivities Kid are encouraged to avail themselves of the services of Sharing Exchanges where such exist prior to Initiating proposals for new or Additional ADPE - POLaCly Negotiations iirrangements and aigreemients for sharing are the responsibilities of the participating activities and In addition to economic aspects ahould consider proximity deadlines commiunications transportatlon security Comnmnand pre-emption prerogatives and staffinug The pract ice of offering available ADPE time cad related services is accordance with the applicability provisions is to be folloed as a means of Increasing ADPE utilization needs Sharing in to be considered a principal means for performing essential ADP work where adequate ADP Resources are not on board a given activitF Sharing arrangements may be made on either a reimbursable or ncnrsinbursable baste Until a uniform rate structure for Government-wide application becomes available 55 the cost of reimbursable services will be a - -•--C dlA1 4 - PROCEDURES 'My 16i ws UV Li Sharing Exchanges are to concerned In determining cost consideration should be given to such factors as operator and super iacry salaric• overhead coat of supplies maintenance machine rental and depreciation 1 Maintain current records of aU available Guvernment GOCO and commercial available on a contract basis ADP Resources within their respective geographical areas 2 Publish a consolidated Hsting of such available ADP Resources quarterly and as significant changes occur Nonexistence of a formally established Sharing Exchange in a particular area does not absolve or exempt local management from its responsibility to assure that it has exhausted all possibilities of Sharing in its own immediate geographical environs prior to initiating proposals for new or additional ADPE Regional offices for the sharing exchange are located in Washington D C National Bureau of Standards Boston New York City Philadelphia Atlanta Chicago Kansas City Dallas Denver San Francisco and Seattle John Sealy Hospital Computdmzed 11o4pitul Car Gahlron Terxas Streamlining patient care and reducing hospital paperwork both with the use of a comnputer Is the object of a joint project announced in August 1965 by the University of TexasMedical Branch and International Business Machiners Corporation System 360 which ultimately will be connected to a total of 60 remote terminals There are two parts to a hospital or medical information system The first is the computer complex itself-remote terminals communications lines direct-access memory devices and the central processing unit The second is the formidable series of instructions-the program-which runs this complex D J Bobbitt general director of Texas University's hospitals explained that a hospital information system is designed to achieve greater efficiency and provide better patient care in both large and small hospitals As part of the project doctors and nurses at the Yolm Sealy Hospital here will use an IBM data processing system to order drugs schedule operating room time and plan patient's diets Dr T 0 Blocker Jr executive director and dean of the University of Texas Medical School with which the John Sealy Hospital is associated said Considerable progress is being made toward a hospital information system in which vital information is provided by a compute not by a flood of paper forms and reports With such a system the computer for the first time will be able to link a hospital's nursing stations clinical laboratories pharmacy blood bank admitting office medical records unit business office and other departments Key jobs performed by this system-ordering drugs performing laboratory analyses and reporting laboratory results-were demonstrated by IBM at the August American Hospital Association's annual meeting in San Francisco Communications terminals at the AHA demonstration were linked to an IBM 1410 computer used by the John Scaly Hospital in Galveston more than 1600 miles away With this network the computer will be able to help admit patients find beds for them order drugs schedule X-rays schedule and report results of lab tests and plan special diets It also will schedule the use of the operating room and other test and therapeutic facilities and furnish doctors with up-to-the minute records showing the treatment given and the progress made by their patients The University of Texas Medical Branch already is using several such terminals linked to its 1410 for developmental and educational purposes The Medical Branch has announced that It plans to replace the 1410 computer late next year with IBM's most advanced computer Hospital information is transmitted over communications lines linking remote terminals to the computer An IBM 1092 data entry 56 I U I routines interchangeable plastic overlays so that the symbols on the keys can be changed depending on -hethcr a drug Is ordered or X-rays are To order druga the nurse selects the scheduled 'Medication Orders keymat and places it over the keys Working from the doctor's order sheet she enters the prescription By pressing seven keys she tells the computer who the patient is what drug Is prescribed the dosage frequency duration when it's to begin and how it's to be administered The memory capacity and communications ability of the System 360 which the Texas University hospitals plan to install makes possible a continuous flow of requests and information within the hospital each of which can be monitored recorded routed and sped to various locations by the system The system decodes the order and back In English on a printer so that the can recheck her order If the order is she flashes it to the computer Or she it HOSPITAL Rx - HOW IT'S DONE WITH A COMPUTER types it nurse correct changes The computer posts it on the patient's pruflle-a listing of all medical activities concerning the patient If the drug has to be filled by the pharmacy the computer transmite the prescription-complete with labelto a printer there If the drug is stocked at the nursing station the computer keeps inventory records Before the computer was brought into the process of administering drugs 12 steps were needed to accomplish this simple routine procedure The doctor wrote his prescription The nurse transcribed it to a requisition-with a carbon for her records She then posted the order on her medication card The requisition went to the pharmacy The pharmacist filled the order costed the requisition typed a label and sent the drug back to the nursing station The nurse took out a medication ticket administered the drug and recorded it in her notes on the patient's record A half hour before the drug is to be administered the computer reminds the nurse by printing out a medication schedule containing all the details If the nurse fails to respond to the computer it will repeat the reminder every 15 minutes Another safeguard in the system is that it virtually eliminates the possibility of overdoses Stored in the computer's memory are sade limits of drugs for patients of different ages and weights If the prescription exceeds these limits the computer will question it Efficiency studies on this and other hospital routines conducted at one hospital showed that 40 percent of a nurse's time was spent in clerical work Here is how drugs are ordered using a computer The nursing station is linked to the computer through a remote terminal IBM 1092 equipped with pushbuttons whose symbols can be changed Finally when the nurse verifies to the computer that the drug has beenadministered charges are automatically posted to the patient's account Overseas Flight Planning Nrw York N'w York Trans World Airlines plus and tests two million flights a week across the Atlantic to assure maximum schedule dependability and the smoothest ride for passengero 2 100 000 times a week by computer an IBM 1620 preparatory to dispatching Its Boeing 707 StarStream jets on 210 weekly transatlantic flights Applying the advances of computerization to flight planning TWA flies the Atlantic The computer's job is to plot the fastest fairest-weather route in advakice of each flight 57 11 I departure It flies the Atlantic 10 000 times in the process passengers that their flight to Paris will take 6 hours and 27 minutes for the 3738-milc flight and 6 hours and 27 minutes later Paris Orly airport should be in view TWA in August 1965 also applied computerized flight planning to its nonstop polar operattons between the West Coast U S A and Europe the fVrst in airline history Here's how it works The computer is continually informed by TWA's Meteorological Winds Analysis Group of present and forecast weather across North America the North Atlantic and Europe Dispatchers feed into the computer operational data such as aircraft weight fuel capacity payload and Air Traffic Control instructions After analyzing all its data through as many as 10 000 eleetionic trials across the Atlantic the computer determines the optimum weather track for a specific scheduled flight avoids turbulent areas and prints a detailed flight plan The computer analyzes every mile of weather radio aids alr traffic control proceduree aircraft performance uayload and a host of other factors Several minutts later it prints a detailed flight plan which assures the speediest trip in the greatest comr fort for passengers Computerized flight planning comes as an assist to safety too because it provides dispatchers and flight crews unprecedented accuracy of expected aircraft performance and flight progress much added information and swift revision of flight plan for altkrnate routings says J E Frankum TWA vice presidenttransportation It shows how much fuel shouLd be on board it indicates route and altitudes leg by leg rate of fuel consumption flight time and distance between radio check points and temperatures aloft It even tells the crew how many ground and air reiies they will have flown the weight of their aircraft the amount of fuel and the time upon arrival at destination-all this before take-off Computerization of flight planning comes as another major application of electronic data processing to improve customer service in many areas said James W Smith TWA vice president-data services TWA has instituted computerization to provide instantaneous passenger reservations service improve its worldwide inventory control provide high-speed United States and international communications monitor aircraft performance in flight and improve maintenance and inspection capability Take TWA's nightly Flight 800 New York to Paris Although it is 3738 miles over the ground and sea the flight plan on a given night may tell the captain that his air miles miles flown through moving air will be only 3421 and that 93 600 pounds of fuel will be required Should it route him over Gander Newfoundland one of about 15 check points along the way the following typical data is provided for Gander TWA commiasioned Ats computer flight planning center at New York's Kennedy Airport in June 1965 after more than a year of development and testing by TWA's Transportation Division and Data Services department Eastbound tranratlantic flight planning for east coast departures is performed by TWA's dispatc•ners at- New York and Mid-West non-stop departures by dispatchers at Kansas City Westbound flights from Europe are handled by the airline's dispatchers at Shannon airport Ireland Interrogation by TWA's stations in Europe computation in New York and teletype return of a completely detailed plan to Shannou as well as gateway terminals anywhere in Europe-all within minutes-marked another first inbringing the continents closer together Ground Miles N Y to Gander Air Miles N Y to Gander Altitude Wind Speed • 'ind Direction Outside Air Temperature Wind Component Air Speed Ground Speed Fuel Time N Y to Gander feet mph degrees degrees F mph mph mph lb Note all miles indicated are statute miles Flight 800's flight plan probably won't take him on the straightest route to Paris it's too long in terms of flight time A pioneer in pressure pattern navigation TWA will plan its flights far off the shortest great-circle course if necessary to take advantage of TWA is the only transatlantic airline with in-house capability for computerized flight planning How good Is it The captain taxiing on the ground in New York can announce to his 58 I-I 1 123 993 33 000 93 220 - 51 90 554 644 73 300 1 52 letstrean 8 which are high altitude tail winds with velocities up to a much as 150 miles an •uu C uivviiy cuming die 'oiher way avoidance of the je stream can reduce flying time This is known as Minimum Time Track Ili 5 ht pi•lwimig Information more swifty than ever before It also facilitates speedy change in flight when aesiree i lor some reason a route change is requested the pilot radios TWA flight dispatch and within a few minutes a revises tiight plan is received In his cock- The flight plan is fed into Doppler an airborne system for over-ocean navigation electronic which is more precise than the human nvgato Twhc pismoreeprecise thanhe hun naviato pineerd TW Dpple wichto gives the crew continuotis position readings as opposed to the hand method with sextant that takes as long as 15 minutes to get a fix Pilots hail the computerized flight plan says Mr Frankum It gives them more pit Dispatchers recognize the computt as an aid to accuracy in their profession a tool examine many variations and at the same ti ene cariationa he note timie end tedious hand calculations he noted And to the air traveler it means further assurance of the fastest safest most cornfortable routing possible-and a new measure of schedule dependability 59