I Is ER DIGITAL COMPUTER toraw-oism Is to provide a sed tu for the E 'OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH SVol Gurdon 19 No 3 ir aog persons ofne Information conpersons davolopnents Corning recent in W hoo dliltl 1- 44111111161 projects IIn Is IleItoal to goveirnaient agencies contractors and contributor TE LItrIbut • MATIEMATICAL SCIENCES DIVISION D Goldstein Editor July 1967 Margo S Chernauskas Associate Editor Laura A Repass Editorial Assistant CONTENTS OCT 16 1969 EDITORIAL POLICY NOTICES 1 Editorial 2 Contributions 3 Circulation ur'-T COMPUTING CENTERS J 1 U S Navy Ships Parts Control Center Navy Inventory Control Mechanicsburg Pennsylvania 2 University of Kentucky Computing Center Installation of the System 360 Lexington Kentucky 40506 2 2 COMPUTERS AND CENTERS OVERSEAS 1 Central Institute for Industrial Research Large Norwegian Computer System to United States Shipyard Oslo 3 Norway 2 The University of Glasgow Computing Department Developments Glasgow W 2 Scotland 3 Elliot-Automation Computers Ltd Multi-Access Mini-Mac System Borehamwood Herts England 4 G E C Computers Automation Ltd S-Five Computer London W 1 England 5 International Computers and Tabulators Limited I C T 1900 Control and Simulation Programming Putney SW15 England MISCELLANEOUS 1 Bell Telephone Laboratories Line Drawing Computer Console Murray Hill New Jersey 07971 2 University of Pennsylvania Humanities and Social Sciences Research Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 3 National Bureau of Standard s FOSDIC IV For Microfilmed Weather Data Washington D C 20234 4 Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area Computer Control of Jet Engine Testing Tinker AFB Okla 5 California Highway Patrol CHP's Autu-Statis On-Line With National Crime Information Center Sacramento California 6 City of Wichita Falls Computerized Traffic Control Wichita Falls Texas 7 State of Illinois Computerized Motor Vehicle Records Springfield Illinois 62706 8 Iowa Legislative Research Bureau State House Computerized Statute Retrieval System Des Moines Iowa 50319 9 Medical College of Virginia Computerized Medical Library Richmond Virginia 10 Cornell Aeronautical Laboratry Inc Computerized Auto Crash Simulation Buffalo New York 14221 11 National Bureau of Standards Computerized Industry Model Washington D C 20234 Approved by The Under Secretary of the Navy 25 September 1961 CLEARINGHousE 4 • for Federal Scientific Technical Inor alicon Springfield Va 22151 3 3 3 5 6 9 10 11 15 15 17 17 19 20 21 22 -- i Editorial Policy Notices EDITORIAL The Digital Computer Newsletter although a Departmecnt of the Navy publication is not restricted to the publication of Navy-originated material The Office of Naval Researvh welconmes contributions to the Newsletter fromt any suurve The Newsletter is subjected to vertain limitations it size which p revent publisting all tin' material received Contributed Itenis which are not printed arc kept on file and are m ade availabie to interested personnel within thv GJovernment DCN is published quarterly January April July and October Material iur specific issues most be received by the editor at least three months fit advance Your contributions will provide assistance in improving the contents of the publication thereby making it an even better medium for the exchange of information between government laboratories academic institutions and industry It is hoped that the readers will continue to participate in transmitting technical material and suggestions to the editor for future issues Material for specific issues must be received by the editor at least three months in advance It is often Impossilbk for the editor because of limited time and personnel to acknowledge individually all material received CIRCULATION It is to be noted thai the publication of information pertaining to commercial products The Newsletter iu distributed without iarge to interested military and government agencies to contractors for the Federal Govermient and to contributors of material for publication does not in any way imply Navy approval of those products nor does it mean that Navy VOTChes for the accuracy of the statements made by the various contributors The inforniation contained herein is to be considered Requests to receive the Newsletter regularly should be submitted to the editor Contractors of the Federal Government should reference applicable contracts in their requests only as being representative of the state-ofthe-art and not as the sole product or technique available All communications pertaining to the Newsletter should be addressed to GORDON D GOLDSTEIN Editor CONTRInmUTIONS The Office of Naval Research welcomes contributions to the Newsletter from any source monts i adanc Digital Con suterNewsletter Informationb Branch iy nems Office of Naval Research Washington D C 20360 brgeto nteestd mlitay ad gvermen agecis o onrac r fr the Fedral Gee Computing Centers Navy Inventory Control 1•' h S Nm Ship PI'qIII CIto 1II WI ano ordnance parts to ammunition and 1guided missiles needed to support today's inuodrn Navy and sophisticated weapons systems In addition the IBM computer is providing SPCC with much needed computer capacity and flexibility to meet data processing services requested by other commands located within the Naval Supply Depot Much of this is being done with little reprogramming since the IBM System 360 will be compatible via an emulator with one of the Centei s other computer systems-un I13M 7080 In December 1966 the United States Navy Ships Parts Control Center SPCC located in Mechanicsburg Pa added an IBM System 360 Model 65 to its $13 5 million computer installation This installation consists of two UNIVAC 4901s two Burroughs 283's two IBM 1401's three UNIVAC 1004's and one IBM System 360 Model 30 This computer is assisting SPCC in worldwide management of its 300 000 line items valued at over $3 billion and ranging from ships Installation of the System 360 'tl'urlllinIg C'ulr 1 11 1111%' ll l'Jl1l14 % AlligIfl h% 000 % K11#'n A storage unit two cathode ray display units and a high speed computing interface 2701 The data cell will allow up to 400 million characters of information to be quickly accessible to the computer The cathode ray display units permit rapid retrieval of pages of information on a TV type tube and the 2701 interface makes possible the linking together of the central systern with satellite computers over telephone lines The University of Kentucky has urdered an IBM System 360 Model 50 which is approximately two to three times as powerful as the present IBM 7040 The 360 will be located in the old post office area and will be installed when the space Is renovated Delivery and installation are dependent upon the speed of renovation The components of the first stage delivery will include the 360 processor and storage 265K four 2311 disk units five magnetic tape units a high speed card read-punch 1000 300 and two teleprocessing typewriter terminals The disk units will allow the application of new techniques in direct access storage methods and the teleprocessing terminals will permit experimentalion with the use of a computer from remote locations IBM plans to provide elaborate programming support which also will be delivered in stages Initial support will include a rather expanded FORTRAN IV compiler the new general purpose language called PL 1 an expanded linear programming package an extended general purpose system simulator and an improved PERT network analysis system Mid- or late1967 releases currently scheduled include a multiprogramming operating system a continuous system modeling program a generalized information system which will aid primarily in the administrative data processing function and an ALGOL compiler The IBM 7040 computer will remain at the University during stage I and will be removed at the beginning of stage I approximately 4 months after initial delivery The IBM 1410 computcr will remain until approximately the summer of 1968 Stage I1 equipment includes a second printer two additional disk units a data cell 2 I I Computers axid Centers Overseas Large Norwegian Computer System to United States Shipyard eptah I Iquiate Io Ind ýir mj HIt irtr The Autokon System Is now in operation on for the control of N C flame cutting machines a license basis at the General Dynamics Corporation Quincy Division Mass U S A The Systern was developed by the Central Institute for Industrial Research Norway in close cooperation with the Norwegian shipyards A S Akers rnek Verksted and A 'S Dergens Mekaniske Verksteder One of the main features of thu system is the Autokon Language designed to be used by ordinary shipyard personnel with no special knowledge of computers The possibilities of the System have already been clearly demonstrated at several European shipyards and have shown It economic efficirncy With its 1100 pages of documentation and 100 000 computer instructions this software system is believed to be the largest delivery of its kind ever made from Europe to the United States The Autokon System encompasses computeraided design of ships' hulls and their individual parts and has as its output paper tape for thi automatic production of engineering drawings 'Computing I epartment Developments Th I i'#m tr a• p I' g 11 2 S llnI The KDF 9 has now been considerably increased in size and is a multi-progranmming machine capable of working on four programmes at a time with 32K words of 48 bits and cure store 9 magnetic tape units a 4 million character disk line printers paper tape readers and punches card reader and punch and graph plotter The Department will also extend this in the not too distant future by attaching a PDP 8 Computer to which is multi-plexed 32 on-line Leletypes and a graphical display and light pen Scheduled for completion in the spring of 1967 was a multi-access computing project with the attachment of two on-line teletypes This project was extended to October 1967 to provide 15 such teletypes for undergraduate use and then when the PDP 8 arrives to provide a servLce throughout the University This project is known as the GOLD Glasgow On-Line Desk project Also developed were faster multiaccess farilities that permitted the paper-tapereader and light-pen operators' consoles to be located in distant departments Multi-Access Mini-Mac System Elhat-Aulinatimlt C vmpah'rm I d Blo rhri d IIp•hr Entghirtrd The Experimental Programming Unit of the University of Edinburgh is carrying out important research into multiaccess computer working This work which includes the development of a library of conversational statistical programs is financed by the Medical Research Council Elliott-Automation Computers Ltd are also engaged in an intensive research program in this field following a grant by the Advanced Computer Techniques Project of the Ministry of Technology Multi-access techniques are vitally irmportant since they enable computer facilities to be extended to a wider range of users and enable more efficient use to be made of both computing and programmers time Basically this is achieved by providing remote operating consoles for separate computer users who are able to use the computer simultaneously Each user can input information and instructions using his local teleprinter which can also display results and other messages Although in fact the various 3 ' users are sharing access to the computer to each individual user it appears that he has the cnt1rc ayi iaacu jiviniseii backing store for dynamic program over-laying and data atnriac th rcducllng tle ati u central core store required by each user When a program in being typed In at the rer'nnsole the Information IS fir'st placed in a butter store The user presses a key when the data or message has beeni typed and the message is read into the cenitral store within the space of a few milliseconds causing minimumi effect on the central processor The magnetic tapes in addition to their normial backing role are used within the multiaccess system for the dumping of users' discs as a protection against syatem failure The packed transfer units enable autonomous transfera it take place between discs or magnetic tapes and core store without using the central processor leaving tills to continue its computlutz unintel-rupted Ellott utciiWhilethe 'The Elliott 4100 multi-access system is designed to operate with a 4130 configruration sirmilar to that shown in Fig 1 see also DCN Oct 1966 computer is operating each users' area of nentral core store isfully protected from access by any other user To each inelividual user the 4130 looks like a 4120 system The buffer store is provided In the form of a magnetic disc unit The magnetic disc unit is similarly used to buffer output niess-iges destined for the multi-access consoles and to receive output for other slow peripherals Erratic demand on these peripherals is thus avoided and they are able to operate at full speed Hardware In addition to serving as an input buffer the remote user's disc store can also be used as a 1 Executive mode This mode isi reserved for the program scheduling executive mote Several features of the 4130 hardware are specially designed to facilitate multi-access work ig 'here are three modes of operation PRCSTORE Ppr toco Cotr Li Discr c DiscTape r l d coUnit e Tap Muii AcceiseConsole% F ig I Mini-MaIc Systurm -Multi-Access 4 411- 11mara' nrvemoerr vrin moci Protectadmode inthe2 protected Users request an area tinara' nrnovranm ara wite had tn and frnm the magnetic discs with only one user occupying the lng their run this area is protected from Interference by any other program 4130 with a large'r tore and hardware proteation it is possible to keep all users' core areas together in store of store when logging in to the system and dur- 3 Common mode The hardware of the 4130 enables the same program to be used simultaneoesly by a number of multi-access users without it being necessary for each user to have a copy of the program in his area of store The inclusion of these special hardware facilities have made it possible for ElliottAutomation to develop multi-accer c techniques on a relatively small computer Edinburgh System The system which is being developed by the Experimental Programming Unit at the University of Edinburgh is known as the 4100 Mini-Mac systern This is a simple multi-access system designed to operate with an NCR-Elliott 4120 cornputer with 24K store control typewriter paper tape input output lineprinter four disc handlers and four teletype channels to which four remote teleprinter consoles can be attached Three of these consoles will be available to remote users the fourth Is used for system logging and system evaluation purposes The main difference between this system Pnd the 4130 system previously described is that main computer store at any one time On the Closer Contact With conventional operating procedures the number of people who could be given direct access to the computer must be limited for practical reasons Using multi-access Lechniques however a far wider range of users can be brought into direct contact with the computer Experience has shown that this method of working is far more effective than the indirect passing of computer programs through system operators The user is brought into closer contact with the work being carried out a factor which can often change the character of the work involved For example in simulation the user is in more immediate contact with the simulated system and for this reason is likely to obtain a much better understanding of it Similar benefits apply to program development The scientist or engineer or other noncomputer specialist can devolop their own programs examining many possibilities making changes which appear necessary as a result of preliminary tests This is particularly important for students who tend to learn more readily when made immediately aware of mistakes as they are made S-Five Computer GI A C npulfr s an uLd 41lmati lid ILondhm W3 IEngland G E C Computers and Automation have announced the S-FIVE computer system to fill the middle position in the S-Range series The SRange now comprises models S-W'O Sr-FIVE And S-SEVEN see DCN April 1907 rangirig in price from £10 000 to about £250 000 S-FIVE is fully compatible with the larger S-SEVEN and is both data and input output compatible with S-TWO The G E C S-FIVE is especially designed for scientific general purpose and reAltime systems control applications requiring high speed multiple Input output interactions Thu• S-FIVE can simultaneously perform general purpose computing handle multiple realtime control functions and process a number of concurrent peripheral input output operations In common with the other S-Range cornputers S-FIVE makes extensive use of inte- I grated circuits in a third generation design and also shares the same range of peripheral devices S-FIVE software which was developed and tested on the S-SEVEN includes two operating monitors three levels of Fortran IV two assemblers and a set of utility and diagnostic programs Memory cycle time of the S-FIVE is 850 nanoseconlds which is reduced to 600 nanoseconds when overlapping of memory units occurs Memory size ranges from 4 096 words of 32 bits to 131072 words Like the larger S-SEVEN all of inemory is addressed directly or indirectly and can be altered in bytes half-words words or doublewords Up to eight input output processoru each with capacity for 32 1 0 channels can be provided with S-FIVE The computer is delivvered 5 I V IL - standard with eight input output channels and 16 panded -- a to as many as 256 registers Up to 224 priority interrupt levels are available In addition to computers and software packages the S-Range includes a full selection of peripheral equipment including Rapid Access Data Files low and high-speed magnetic tape drives keyboard CRT display units card equipment printers and paper tape inpitd niltpit drVices Off-the-shelf system interface units and a full line of analogue conversion instruments permit S-Range computers to be easily interfaced into larger systems of core A basic S-FIVE with 4 096 words storage and keyboard printer costs E40 000 ranging up to about £175 000 for a large system Special Features Maximum Number of Input output Devices Maximum Input Output Programming Systems ysbler G E C 8-FIVE SPECIFICATIONS Memory Capacity 524 288 bytes 4 096 to 131 072 words Memory Cycle Time 850 nanoseconds 600 nanoseconds Word Size 32 bits four 8-bit bytes plus parity Registers Major Instructions 16 - expandible to 256 93 Instruction Execution Speedst Microseconds Peripheral Equipment Overlapping InterleavIng Multiple Reglater Blocks Memory Protect Real-Time Clocks Input Output Processors Asynchronous Operation Monolithic Integrated Circuits 656 132 million bits per second FORTRAN IV AsoemMeta-Assembler Control Monitor Batch Monitor Library Keyboard printer paper tape reader and punch card readers and punches rapid access discs 7 and 9 channel magnetic tape systems 600 and 1 000 line-per-minute printers visual display units and communications interface equipment Load word 2 4 2 4 Add Multiply 9 5 15 4 Divide Cost of Typical Cosfical Configuration Delivery 224 Effective cycle time when overlapping occurs tSpeeds include indexing £100 000 1968 Maximum Number of External Priority Interrupts and Simulation Programming I C T 1900 Control Comp•krs and Tabulahws Limited InkmwjioiamW FPuge-y 5'WI5 England Two new programming languages are available to users of I C T 1900 Series computers The components of a model are called entitles and each entity is a member of a class of have been developed especially to aid in the simulation or control by computer of a wide range of applications in operational research They enable the programmer to express the structure of real-time control systems or that of a simulation model in the same way he would describe the real process A third language known as Mobula is being developed facilities for conveniently recording the states of the entities in sets A set is an ordered list of entities and normally represents a particular property common to all the entities in the set similar entities The new languages provide Known as C S L and Simon these languages A simulation language provides the programmer with an automatic time advancement system In both C S L and Simon time is 6 rI aavancea in aiscrete steps only to the times when changes in the model take place A random number generator is provided in each case together with facilities lor accumulating results in histograms and sampling from statistical distributions The C phase deals with the changes in the model which result from other changes Thus phase C is generally repeated until the mndel reaches a new steady state when no further changes are possible unless the time is advanced again 1900 Simon is an extension of the Simon written by P R Hills More generalized facilities for histograms and sampling and also a procedure to test the presence of an entity in a set have been added 1900 C S L 1900 C S L is an extension of the original version of C S L 1 developen Jointly by IBM United Kingdim Ltd and Esso Petroleum Co Ltd A C S L source program is first translated into an intermediate program in Fortran which is then compiled by the Fortran compiler in the usual way MOBULA In addition to the available 1900 versions of C S L and Simon T C T is developing Pn experlmental language for controL and simulation modelm This language Is referred to as Mobula MOdel BUilding L nguage M C S L has extensive facilities for manipulating sets where entities may be added or removed either singly or in groups and complex tests made on the membership of sets This will be an extension of Algol in the sense that it will use the Algol block structure and that Algol syntax will be a subset of Mobula A C S L program s generally divided into a series of activities where each activity is a series of actions which change the state of the model A scan through all the activities is made for every time increment but only those acti-'lties which satisfy the initial test are carrted out Time cells may be associated with entities and thn time advancement routine determines the ono with the least positive value and advances time by that amount Mobula extends the scope of Algol to include the concept of new nonquantitative variables known as members These may formpart of expressions and appear in assignment statements Members may be entities classes sets whose members are drawn from a specified class and queues of members Any queue may hold any member The extensions to C S L I include the facility of declaring sets as Boolean sets if no order is associated with the entities In addition the ordered sets are stored in a list structure Both these facilities decrease the time of execution of the object program and are far more economical on computer storage Mobula incorporates the facility for associating properties with each member of a class set or queue by means of a feature declaration These properties may be numerical or logical values or the name of some other member Sets can be dimensioned and classes can be declared to be the size of a previously defined class as in C S L 2 Various operators drawn from the algebra of sets are sets provided for manipulating mombers of classes and queues In addition to theme operators special function procedures f '• member manipulation are provided and the facilities of the Algol for loop are extended so that the range can cover the members of a class set or queue Multiple entry points can be defined which is useful for includirng post mortem routines block data segments data statements and blocked common as in Fortran have been introduced Mobula offers a range of statistical facilities including the declaration and manipulation of histograms the choice of pseudo-random number generators and various sampling routines 1900 SIMON Simon consists of a set of Algol procedures and the simulation model is programmed as an Algol block No specific automatic time advancement mechanism is offered in Mobula but labels and procedure names may be held in queues this facility combined with some 'private library' procedures enables the user to have the choice of either aa 'activity' time advancement similar to A Simon bloc' is written as three phases A B and C rhe A phase is the initialisation of the model The B phase consists of state changes which are a direct result of the advance of time 7 I that ol C S L or an 'event' time advancement similar to Simscript techniques and a special garbage collector The aim is to have two compilers one which conipiles in a 'trace and de-bug' mode and one for use with an error free program which will produce a faster running object program It is hoped later to produce a version which will enisure that a disc Is automatically used as a data overflow area when the core store is full A special input and output program packugo is being planned which will Include the facility fur graphical output and the Input of sample data An Implementation of Mobula would attempt to econoinise on storage by using litit-processhig 8 ine D rawing Ciomtputer C onsole N AI'o 11hWldi A Himleli mida econoicaiiiili 'otiHlvt thati displays line d ruwingm Ivttvrs UldJLout numbuis ill ans1wer to probl 'is subm01ittud to a computer has leiie de vilod lor usv ilt Blld TIepuh'pii Laburatorivs Till Ilimmolvs will be ill or n 'ai offices11t 1 and tied Into scient'ifii c or vilgievru' ' the LiiL -141aria g syst'm onf a higli- spvc c'iI'unilulL '1' Knowin am 'Glaivc' Fig 1 thlt v-ju'vlllnLvItjal iuui'C111d ipily H1 iii inpult I'd dat1a so ii as grap hH pluts1 lil i' 1 k'-atd c'ilcuit LkiiAk '1di conH isiN Ut a Vat bodk' ai drawings Theii coni ' lray iu1be dispflay plus 1 ti'letyjaWI'itl' I'Il tol poiiitimi 1 en'Iit''l'l I illit li'lutypmri'wi'' and p'ii gryijjliii'il iflL'ti'I' tlu l 4 it disl ayll-tijt llmwez' Pli'turt signals arii mturclt inl a dlist ilt't'I'i MLPAORIL5 I IRACII SILIECTOR WRiIL AMPLIFIERS ONE PER CHANNEL 11' patmi tvit'l to tll-' co'niJc 11ozolory and11 lranu' 4e per sucuiid at it rail of 30 4 illipillit-Iy aild Ii' olloily a re Icii lvVeLd by supplyling Inlo'mnatlnn lI'otv til l' im to tho consiole at a high hit rat ' 4 mi1l1ion bit s se i' theu z' 'v ' liajiliHat in11 tilt' lV d or SUrh '118o slt liardw d IC am14v VoL'L and c'haracad golt-'arat orta Addlitoially ourn niagmvtl' ditiv miemory will NVl'V''i up to 32 i'in-iolvUN C o01 CUMICie'd by onl1Y i i co a xial vub1 1 ii diIIIii Hpavi Pitub'Inis art Hicrilik byi u ilnl - ai mtiL'ilx of 11 i'tni' Is toi'oHd v'llt i 1 I i'I 114'1 10'lt 101 tiit 12- inii' 10 24 x 10'24 anor' iiv flai'rvl'uiL 'al dut cuiLmillanid ii' u o' ttj1Ic lwani Lu niuve one clr P 'ill lIII Al 4IWii Ori iii' '-1 LT TYPE I t Li I YI't WRiI EN4 'AN RIAli AMPLlIFIER ANDi I COAXIAL CABI OIL CANL DATA DISC MILMOR'l ONF OF A P0531BLE 16 d OUPLILATi i ON30LL5 ltlltlUlly I iiumanitcs and Social Sciences Research niversty oY f I'mn ih ilia PhIlluidpuil lin i ylnia 19104 series will include a description of changes computers are bringing about in the analysis of literary texts and a discussion of the problems in planning the new computer-oriented campus of the University of California at Irvine A Center for Computer-Oriented Research In the Humanities and Social Sciences has been established at the University of Pennsylvania Dr Bernard W Wishy a systems advisor fur International Business Machines Corporatiun and former Columbia University faculty member is director He assumed full-time duties as Center director on January 1 1967 Explaining the lecture series Dr Wishy has commented The use of computers xerography microphotography and other new devices is accelerating in moAt dibeiplines at a remarkable rate The Center will work in three areas Dr Wishy has explained In information and instruction it will publish periodic indexes of all known work In the humanities and social sciences using computers It will conduct special courses and seminars on campus for Pennsylvania faculty and students and it will provide research facilities for national and foreign fellows of the Center Increasingly also many academic persons ate involved in national and international projects concerned with the rationalized use of this new technology for the general convenience of their scholarly guilds These projects involve data banks information retrieval bibliography control and other automated or semiautomated systems It will provide an organization so that various models can be created to provide more extensive data processing services for scholars inthe hurmanities and the social sciences These services will include specialized systems analysts and programmers Pennsylvania's Computer Center this summer is planning to install a new computer of very great power the IBM System 360 Model 6'I Eventually it will be capable of placing many users simultaneously in touch with the central processing unit through such devices as console typewriters and small display screens located in faculty offices laboratories and Iibraries These changes are likely to affect fundamentally the organization of the scholarly community and its means of communication the standards of research and intellectual performance and the undergraduate and graduate curriculum The Center will be involved in research and publication Dr Wishy continued on broad general areas such as content analysis in which computers analyze texts and other media for their grammatical intellectual or symbolic meanings and patterns This could for example authenticate editions establish ow the predominant themes in literature and indebtedness of an author to another Now being planned is a course probably offered initially without credit in which Dr Wishy would examine some of the principal types of computer applications in the humanities and social sciences Without delving into programming the course for graduate students faculty members and selected undergraduates will describe resources available at Pennsylvania and elsewhere so that interested scholars can properly launch computer-oriented research projects We also hope to establish ilinks between computers and photographic files for storage and retrieval and to publish a series of volumes on the problems and uses of computers in individual disciplines We shall use the University's Computer Center computers for the foreseeable future he points out Underlining this intention he credits Dr Lee Beiison professor of history and Dr John F Lubin director of University Computing Activities and associate professor of industry with laying the groundwork for the Center The IBM Corporation has provided financial assistance for the Center This Center Dr Wishy claims will be the first in the world to take a national and international view of what are in fact common problems now being approached by individual scholars working in isolated areas They are in reality reinventing the wheel daily First project of the Center to see fruition is a series of lectures on The University and the New TechnologLy now being given monthly to invited Pennsylvania faculty members The In the area of bibliographic control for instance large-scale interdisciplinary efforts are already underway A scholar can get from 10 - ____________________ ____ __________ L _a 6 • --- -- en - A 4 L M •a J - D h I_ WIAOlc A LUV•ADi - htUI t1UL U or the results of work which has been cornpleted recently in his area This eliminates the fructration and wastod effort of duplicatior a 1IUI1LV U1 SUr bu calICSiUc fOUiWui byI U a me- rise of papers illustrating various computer applications The director omphasized that The Center's concerns are primarily scholarly not technological It has not been established to do things with machines Just for the sake of the technology involved The Center also will create and collaborate with other institutions in creating a national repository of outstanding and most-used computer programs These will be available through the normal channels between university computer centers The primary purpose of the Center he continued will be to present the University of Pennsylvania as a model and as an international training and information institution showing Regarding the need for the Center Dr Wishy points out that No one really knows the extent and quality of current American work in data processing for the humanities and social what can be done to advance the use of cornputers by students and teachers in the humanities and social sciences sciences Information filters through in bits and pieces from various agencies and publications but we have nothing approaching recent thick inventories of work in biology and medicine Periodically the Center will compile and publish a continuing index of computer work in the humanities and social sciences using cornputer prepared indexes and abstracts Most American university computing centers are still oriented predominantly toward scientific and administrative work The special needs of other scholars are dimly understocd and poorly aided because of this tradition Volumes on the work of computers in various applicable fields will be commissioned These wvill consist of essays describing the history and special problems of computer usage in Pennsylvania's new Center is dedicated to ending the frustrations of just such scholars FOSDIC IV For Microfilmed Weather Data National Bureau of Standards 111ashington D 21 274 An improved model of FOSDIC--Film Qptical Sensing Device for Input to Computers-has been completed by the National Bureau of Standards U S Department of Commerce for use with the computers of the National Weather Records Center at Asheville N C FOSDIC IV designed under the direction of Ervin C Palasky of the NBS Mcasurement Engineering Division reads data on past weather conditions from microfilms of punched cards from the Center's archives Fig 1 The machine performs logical operations on the data it reads and also selects certain data to be recorded on magnetic tape for later input to digital computers This will enable past weather conditions to be compared with more recently gathered data so that the Center can study long-range weather pat- terns and improve its present prediction services The first FOSDIC was produced by NBS for the Bureau of the Census to read marked documents in experimental and special data processing applications NBS later produced FOSDIC H to enable the Weather Bureau to duplicate microfilmed punched cards FOSDIC III for use in the 1960 Census and a partially transitorized version in ACCESS Automatic Computer Controlled Electronic Scanning SysTem for tije Office of 'mergency-Plannini t The newest model FOSDIC IV also is partially transistorized and in design is especially adapted for rapid scanning and selection of data Earlier versions of FOSDIC are described in FOSDIC III To Assist In 1960 Census NBS Tech News Bull 43 106-107 June 1959 1FOSDIC U Reads Microfilmed Punched Cards NBS Tech News Bull 41 72-74 May 1957 and FOSDIC-A Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computers NBS Tech News Bull 38 24-Z7 Feb 1954 t Direct Communication Between Man Computer ACCESS System Will Process Emergency Data NBS Tech News Bull 50 53-54 Apr 1966 11 EDIA OF BLANK SPACE MICROFILM EDGE OFC 40 MAUL INDEX CoL M CLBAIN FILM IMAGE OF PUN4CHED CARD SCAN NET FRAME INDEX Fi %7Vrte aao mcoimo uce ad are at red igh seed b FOSD C HE HV OmpuEr c cessory designe at NBS FORS SC'ssa film yrfrn thsiEcopih Oooau utr SCoNtemco uchmr wt ca isterN precisMN m NrkX SERC thINTE hebo RROwsiG iATING prt of theH hefaeIndExath PcOsSSi topscan 'tB oacoun oftecadad ine dictiOngh totedsreEoun A cigt UC o aa d niy ae r h o cads at ue torotakeim advanHaE ac esot i db pnched aONdterai m correompared tUEMN ard hchaeno rEa MOVEMENI Tperhi inute o 2 0 engmcofle of bts 0 000 tne rat readinglr m of mirofilm punhed 5 000 toth 2 00cads ful er cards per minut whe Finut In upato 8 000 e anamcoimorphichlenswihd eu cardssz h examnin ar few coum er y fator of 4a-to-iuvertial andc--oi cezosally compressid shat the Image oSD' thet regFOSDI an a st e-srtpeinput data cas d puntac markpuncthes apperoa- 6-m urs wherea itss prieeso couldonlyeecet aODC hý oau to b reordd ae tansated int the fim a uT-e fiom appearingicast arwbjsnmeing ap-rt able fosecric code r agnei so itap and pringimathelyam indcarpiturst the inh Th sbequenttobyeaarcomputer ose calmnindaex dimedctina rtheof80ermnt toninou comrldvuopena throug ao flowre Mreading I mAicStheiurea PUNCHE ad tof pnhdcrswihe tuceCrenus beah100-ofiotmeel th ateof itsper 2000000 inue cmpaed oftamicrofilm aholdf the imgesatof upttoen12 000 t he wethe r data00 of the a1 tTions Weathe rrpnhee-ds microfilm h ai c ess nn abtninedb isre Reordstac lnter are containe On400milltion tafe in aO C maTherciar ter ar phostogrphe with i n 2 00pr ul crdintean u t 800 aamrpicles hih edce crdsie12 I iiI II F'ig 2 -Microfilm on which weather data are recorded is read at high speed by FOSDIC IV an NBS-designed machine at the Weather Bureau's National Weather Record Center The image of each punched card on the microfilm positive has been so reduced vertically that the punches appear as squares onthe image making for maximum efficiency of utorage and retrieval The small spike beside each card linage is the frame index essential for precise registration of the scan with the image despite variations in card position This accuracy is obtained by reference to the top edge of the card for vertical registration and to column marks for horizontal registration as a card is normally viewed This is accomplished by moving the beam after each scan across the film to the left edge of the frame area and down until it reaches the index mark of the next card at the same height as the top edge of the card The vertical height of each card is then measured in a preliminary sweep to enable FOSDIC to take into account slight variations in size produced by the high-speed continuous flow filmer produced for the working copy On the working copy films the punched holes appear as transparent spots surrounded by the opaque background of the card stock Figure 3 shows microfilm being threaded onto film transport FLYING SPOT SCANNER The data contained on a microfilm frame are probed by projecting the image on the face of a cathode-ray tube CRT through the film The light transmitted by the microfilm image at successive positions of the luminous CRT spot is sensed by a photoelectric cell If the CRT scan is controlled to run down each column of Ihe microfilmed card it will produce as a signal a running measurement of the transmissivity of the microfilm along the scan when compared to a threshold in effect a series of digital data containedonthe card The scan may be contrived to examine only areas of interest by prvgramming the mution of the CRT beam The beam is movedacross the column index a column p r d Takunti itrea marks until it reaches a column programmed for examination and then downward from the top of the card which is the vertical reference for subsequent data location The film opacity is interrogated at each of the 12 possible punch positlons in the column and all punches on the card are stored as digital data in a real time memory Data selected for recording as a result of logical examination are passed on to another memory Scanning must be extremely accurate in order for the beam to pass through each punch 13 II Fig 3 - FOSDIC IV was designed at NBS to enable the Weather Bureau to retrieve archival weather data from microfilm The data obtainedare recorded on magnetic tape by the recorder at the left the other racks contain logic memory scan control and film advance circuitry Data selection and logicalmanipulation are determined by the wiring on the plugboard an 80-column register from which they are transferred to magnetic tape When the 80-column storage register is full the contents are passed serially through a converter for translation from 12-bit Hollerith to 6-bit-plus-parity binary or binary-codeddecimal whichever is compatible with the next computer operation Then the data are recorded on magnetic tape which runs only during such recortling operations DATA ACCEPTANCE The card columns scanned and the data selected frum them are determined by the wiring of FOSDIC's 2560-hole plugboard as is the logical treatment the data are subjected to The plugboard is removable so that FOSDIC can be programmed to read and treat the data for different programs or cards by merely inserting the proper plugboard ERROR PPRESSION During normal sensing the microfilm moves FOSDIC IV has a more extensive bank of logic elements than previous FOSDIC models allowing more editing shifting and compacting operations to be performed These logic operations are carried out by circuitry capable of making 240 AND or OR decisions during each card scan At this stage the data can he shifted constants entered and new data entered from reduction or combination of the original data as programmed by the plugboard continuously but can be stopped on operator command or when the logic identifies an invalid data combination incomplete data or cards hayIng certain preselected data combinations The card at which the operation stops is presented for the operator's inspection on a viewing screen and its data content is indicated by a bank of lights The operator can enter a correction if he wishes and then trigger the machine to resume operation 14 Computer Control of Jet Engine Testing r Olaha•m Ciy Am Mar 4aArm Tinu r fir r ad B Okkaow• The Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area OCAMA at Tinker Air Force Base is using the first fully automatic control system to test jet engines 'In short we put the engine through its paces and record its performance One year's testing involves more than four million recordIngs 160 000 plot points 80 000 calculations and 270 000 annotations The data processing problem has been monumental If this system adds Just 1 hour to the usable life of every Jet engine between overhauls it will save more than $6 million said Maj Gen Melvin F McNickle OCAMA Commander 'We test 81 percent of all Air Force engines here in direct support of the war in Vietnam and our global defense system Automated assistance can both increase our operating efficiency and increase flight safety Now however the control system does the job automatically recording data as the test progresses The control system operates the throttle trim control afterburner and similar physical elements of the engine it takes all required readings calculates and prints the results in Col F D Berry Jr Director of Maintenance said the need for a control system is isplicit in OCAMA's workload 'We are the primary overhaul point for jet engines used on B-52 bombers and KC-135 tankers OCAMA Is the only Air Force facility overhauling both pure jet and turbofan engines The annual workload includes 3 300 Pratt and Whitney J-57 J-75 and TF-33 engines and General Electric J-79's in all typed models and series both numerical and graphical form What's more Mr Hanes said all the data is available long after the test so that we can analyze summarize and interpret it to prolong the service life of engines and predict mechanical faults Manual recording evaluating and physical control in the test process has been subject to human error Electronic control has reduced this error potential The equipment monitors 40 sensing devices on the engine Every 3 6 seconds it checks eight critical values If it spots dangerous situations it will either output an operator message or shut down the engine automatically The control system also opens and closes a variety of switches as it starts operates and stops the engine At the end of each test a complete print out is available for future analysis and becomes part of the engine's historical file William H Richardson Chief of the Engine Engineering Branch described the system's characteristics Currently an IBM 1710 is controlling the testing in one of the eight test cells at Tinker AFB Alvin P Hanes Chief Industrial EngineerIng Division described the operation of a cell Testing is essentially an industrial process The engines are dismounted from aircraft throughout the world and shipped to Tinker AFB After overhaul and or repair we mount the engine In a test cell attach a variety of sensing devices and by using operator entry devices the control system starts the test Readings are made as the engine idles accelerates and runs at various throttle positions under both primary and emergency fuel control systems Because background data will be kept and can be processed extremely fast Mr Richardson said we expect to operate not only as a testing facility but also as a data source for in-service engineers As added bonus from a testing perspective however will be the standardization of both test procedureb and data recording CHP's Auto-Statis On-Line with National Crime Information Center Cadiloy ih tfighu'•q 11atolr S• wram ta j C i d irnae The opening phase of a nationwide computerized crime information system was set in motion in January 1967 through a linkup between computers in Washington D C and Sacramento climaxing a year's planning and activity by national committees led by Californians Announcement of the connection was made jointly in Sacramento by California Attorney General Thomas C 15 --------------------------------- Lynch and ralifnvnl Riahwm' Oa'- I sioner Harold W Sullivan and in Washington by the Federal Bureau of Investigation Ultimately the system is expected to provide close to 40 000 law enforcement officers in California with critical and rapid knowledge of wanted persons stolen goods and stolen vehicles But to start with operating through the California Highway Patrol's AUTO-STATIS System AUTOmatic STatewide Auto Theft Inquiry System only vehicle information is being exchanged on a test basis The Highway Patrol AUTO-STATIS System using an IBM 7740 communications control systern which furnishes peace officers everywhere in California with immediate information on stolen or wanted vehicles and stolen or lost license plates have been operating since the spring of 1965 It will be the western switching link for the nationwide system The computer in Washington operated by the FBI is to be called the National Crime Information Center NCIC and will be a nationwide index of law enforcemert information on crimes and criminals Ca '''' Xt a urax- Hiaway Patroi inspector v S LuethJe was chairman of the committee on stolen vehicles 0 J Hawkins Assistant Director of the California Deiati'tmeati 'f Justice was chairman of the committee on property and firearms and E V Comber of the San Francisco Police Department now of the California Department of Justice was chairman of the committee on wanted persons The IBM 7740 located at the Sacramento headquarters of the CHP has been assisting law enforcement agencies throughout a five-state area in recording and disseminating centrally stored information about stolen vehicles and stolen or lost license plates The system went into operation in April 1965 It contains more than 60 000 license and vehicle identification numbers Each day approximitily 13 000 inquiries are made by law enforcement agencies in Callfornia Nevada Arizona Washington and Oregon An IBM System 360 Model 30 is used to prepare a daily log of these inquiries and for statistical analysis of stolen and recovered vehicles California Department of Justice is file also The Joining the system with a computerized which will include persons wanted in a felorny whic wil peson iclud wated n afelny stolen or lost firearms and stolen or lost properties identifiable by a serial number This unit will be tied directly into AUTO-STATIS in California and the NCIC computers in Washingtion and for the present will complete the California end of a system that will initially include agencies in 12 states Ultimately the computerized information system will be expanded to encompass the entire United States When the initial system becomes fully operative local police officers anywhere in California will be able to make an immediate check on a suspicious car a suspicious person or property suspected as stolen and receive a response within a minute Inquiries made will be carried by the California Highway Patrol communications system to Inquiries are made into the AUTO-STATIS System from IBM 1050 data communications terminals or Teletype terminals located In law on law erminal enet inals cated enforcement agencies in major cities on the west coast The 1050 communicates directly with the IBM 7740 which in turn automatically routes messages t tmhe FBI's NCIC There are approximately 150 terminals connected to the 40 AUTO-STATIS and be automatically switched either to the California Department of Justice file or to the NCIC in Washington as may be required plates stolen property warrants and gun registrations filed at the NCIC By linking AUTO-STATIS with the NOIC a terminal in Los Angeles used for making inquiries about stolen vehicles now has access to the two IBM System 360 Model 40's at the FBI's Washington D C headquarters AUTO-STATIS continues to provide information about stolen automobiles In addition it now supplies information about stolen automobiles and license When stolen vehicle reports are received by local law enforcement agencie- in the fivestate area they are Immediately filed in the AUTO-STATIS System This is done by the reporting agencies which send the information to Sacramento on punched paper tape or on punched cards This information includes license number state of registration vehicle identification number year make body style color date reported stolen reporting authority and file number Also each report contains up to 48 characters which can be used to inform the police With the objective of improving the effectiveness if law enforcement through more efficient and rapid exchange of the critical information the system was designed to complement statewide and metropolitan systems Planning began in work sessions of the International Association of Chiefs of Police where three committees were established to work out procedures and policies to be followed in establishing NCIC All three committees were headed by Californ16 ji7 - officer making the inquiry whether the car was stolen in the commission of a crime if the driver ls believed to be armed and other pertinent information Similar reports formerly took from 24 to 48 hours to compile because of the slower meth- ods of communication between law enforcement jurisdiction# In the event of a breakdown of the AUTO STATIS System a duplicate system is standing by ready to take over operation Computerized Traffic Control City of' Wdichia FaXl W•hhia FalLf Taxw Wichita Falls has become a city of green lights At city hall in this growing community of 110 000 people a new computer is at work trying whenever possible to eliminate unnecessary automobLe stops Roy Wilshire city traffic engineer indicated that the new devices will have the ability to detect not only the number of cars but also their speed the lane they are in and the number of stops that thcy kiakc The computer an IBM 1800 data acquisition and control system is the first of its kind to be installed for traffic control Preliminary resuits said Jack Davis city manager show a significant improvement in the flow of cars in and out of the city during peak hours 'With the 1800 system said Mr Wilshire we have a control computer that is capable of immediately responding to the needs of traffic Presently the computer selects the best of 17 different traffic light timing sequences Eventually it will be programmed to develop an infinite number of patterns to meet the constantly The computer is operating traffic signals at 54 intersecticvs in a 47-squa 'e block area of downtown Wichita Falls Mr Davis said These signals are connected directly to the control computer by wire changing demands of trdfic Mr Wilshire said the IBM 1800 provides a central location where all traffic data car be studied and controlled 'We have learned more about our downtown traffic here in the past few weeks from the computer than during the past 15 years by observation he said The 1800 system absorbs information about the flow of traffic from 19 pressure-sensitive devices buried in the pavement at strategic 1ocations throughout the city As cars pass over these devices an electrical impulse is sent to the computer which can gather and analyze millions of bits of information each second The computer control system has the ability of turning itself on and off automatically It also can operate unattended durirg the day When not in use the city's former fixed-time system takes control In this way said Mr Davis the computer is informed of any traffic demands and can respond accordingly by changing traffic signals By early next year 32 additional sensing devices will be installed to increase the amount of data for the computer Mr Wilshire said plans are underway to use the 1800 for studying the traffic capacity of various streets to determine if they should be widened conducting downtown parking turnover studies and scheduling maintenance of traffic signals detectors and other equipment Computerized Motor Vehicle Records Stair ll1humi Sprinoigeld Illiu The state of Illinois has declared an all-out war on paperwork in an effort to win once and for all the state government's continuing battle to provide more service and better information at less cost 627 16 Paul Powell secretary of state said a powerful new ally-an IBM System 360 Model 50will be brought into the action 'When put into full operation it will help turn the tide in our favor dramatically and permanently 17 j Major activities of the Secretary of State's office which will be affected are driver and motor vehicle licensing and vehicle registration 'In the first case we will be equipped to handle our increasing daily workload much faster and more economically he said For instance state motor vehicle registration is growlag at a rate of more than 210 000 per year The system will handle increase with ease ' The versatile IBM system eventually will enable us to save the taxpayers millions of dollars through its ability to quickly and accurately process the 20 million documents that must be produced by this office each year Mr Powell said The Secretary of State listed a few of the computer's planned tasks Issuing and renewIng an average of 17 000 drivers licenses each day providing 11 000 abstracts of driver records to courts and insurance companies daily recording up to 5 000 traffic violations each day and from December to February renewal and transfer of 6 million vehicle licenses In additlion its speed and data storage capabilities will permit us to economically perform tasks that are neb•essary but impossible under current procedures The Secretary of State has mapped out a comprehensive 7-year plan aimed at getting the most out of the $5 million electronic system Secretary of State Powell pointed out that the fees the state receives for providing the driver histories--more than one million dollars a year-pay for the computer And this is a job that we just couldn't do without the system The objectives of this program include Working with the Department of Public he added Safety to establish a statewide communications network and information pool on all vehicledriver records Law enforcement officials municipalities and other agencies needing accurate and timely data from the Secretary of State's office will have fingertip access to information stored in the computer's files The second broad area Is concerned with law enforcement Mr Powell explained In cooperation with the Department of Public Safety we plan to build a statewide communications network Law enforcement offices and municipalities will be linked directly to the computer in Springfield by telephone lines and special Tele-processing terminals devices which resemble small television sets with attached typewriter keyboards Elimination of the 'Wheel Book the voluminous printed list of Illinois motor vehicle license numbers and owners This will result in a savings of $420 000 per year All or any part of the driver and vehicle information stored in the computer is thus placed at the fingertips of an official with a requirement for that data An operator need only e Construction of an electronic system that will enable the Secretary of State's office to keep pace with skyrocketing requirements to process storemillion and distribute information Illinois' 51 2 drivers and 5 million on vehicles-and 1 2 mtiswiton d riverstand5miiontehinclease t nd to do this without proportionate increases in costs key in a special code and a driver or vehicle li- cense number and the information is instantaneously called out of storage and displayed on the terminals's cathode ray tube According to Mr Powell the key to the plan is the System 360's ability to store vast amounts of data on-line or immediately accessible f or processing updating or inquiry Mr Powell gave two examples of where this instant information would be invaluable A police officer with an automobile under Stored in nine IBM 2314 magnetic disk data storage units will be information on all the state's licensed drivers and motor vehicles Mr Powell said In addition we will maintain elecironic records on 20 million motor vehicle titles 126 000 corporations that do business in Illinois 5 million catalog items for the Dlno1s State Library and aij inventory of 6 600 office supply items The main benefits of this direct access data storage are centered in two broad areas according to Mr Powell 18 surveillance can radio the license number of the vehicle in question to a district office An operator there keys the numbers and code into the system and reads the information back to the officer as it is displayed on the television'Ike tube The entire operation will take less t i 2 minutes Before stopping the automobile the police officer thus has at hand data on the driver's record and the vehicle's legal registration Because the computer's files will be continuously updated with information on vehicle-connected 1t '7 ý •1 • he w 1 M41ai'Iii '-l 16 the driver wanted This lnckaeaues the efflcioncy of each uolice officer and It gives him greater ability to deal with potentially dangerous situations Mr Powell said Similar information Isu't available now and even the most basic data on drivers takes an average of 42 minutes to retrieve and relay to the waiting officer Mr Powell's second example deals with elimination of the Wheel Book which often isn't This means mat from Dec 1 to July cities cannot match an automobile license with the car owner's address This delayed ldentification costs the cities of i1linoir millions of dollars in uncollected parking fine revenue The electronic system not only will save the $420 000 spent each year in publishing the Wheel Book it will solve the loss of revenue problem Each municipality can query the systern for the most current license information through the communications terminals Since the files will be updated every day there will be no time lag in matching a new lif ense num- ber to the vehicle's owner available in Its entirety until July Computerized Statute Ren-ieval System iouu Ligsiatiw R4search BJureau S•ateHoue Des Mointw Iowa 50319 In December the Iowa Legislative Research committee formyally announced details of an electronic statute retrieval system that will put the research power of a computer at the fingertips of the state's 61 senators and 124 representatives They sought sections containing the phase 'term of the court Mr Reyhons noted Sen John P Kibble Democrat from Emmetsburg chairman of the bipartisan Joint cornmitteo said Mr Reyhons said the new system will free researchers from laborious manual searching 'Out staff members will devote their time to more demanding tasks such as preparing and sharpening questions to be put to the System 360 Mr Reyhon said The appropriateness of the answers is directly related to the degree of accuracy and explicitness of the question The 2 988 pages of state laws and the 30 pages of the Iowa Constitution have been indexed and electronically stored in an IBM computer Any section pertinent to pending legislation now may be called out merely be coding in key words The computer searches the law and prints out at the rate of one typewritten page per second those sections dealing with the subject under consideration Rep C Raymond Fisher Republican from Grand Junction committee vice-chr irman said Any lawmaker considering a new bill or amendment may ask the Legislative Research Bureau questions The printed answers will be ready at the opening of the nelt day's session The System 360 takes just 10 minutes to handle a similar problem-and without the element of human errnr We have a 250-page index of words and phrases Mr Reyhons said From it we can locate those sections of the law and the constitution pertaining to the question at -hand The system requires no knowledge of computers but our researchers must be familiar with the law and with traditional search techniques For example he said a lawmaker asking for Iowa statutes concerning fences will receive overnight printed sections of the law containing the words 'fence enclosures and related termu Key item in the law retrieval system is an IBM System 360 Model 40 Gene Reyhons Bureau director said In addition to tremendcN ' time savings the new computer is completely accurate in its reporting for the Legislature if the system is used properly In March the State Budget and Financial Control committee headed by Sen George O'Malley Democrat from Des Moines allocated $50 000 to tailor Prof Horty's system to Iowa needs In November the System 360 was installed and Prof Horty's programs were stored in Its internal memory He said a research project 2 years ago supporting a study of Iowa courts took four researchers 40 man-days to read the entire code When the General Assembly convened January 9 any lawmaker committee agency or 19 I state university could have access to the work- checks for 6 000 persons on state payroll main- Ing system thin The computer is under the auspices of State Comptroller Marvin R Selden Jr He emphasized the Mudel 40 will be used for many tasks in addition to statute searching brtjbrd of 1 t i vvr licenses account for and pay 40 000 welfare recipients each month and perform scores of other data proepRting tpasks Right now we are implementing the state withholding tax accounting program We add more applications every year as we continue centralizing State of Iowa data processing activities Our centralized data processing services are used by 36 agencies of state government he said 'We do all state accounting prepare Computerized Medical Library Abt•lidrd collige l' nlgiia Runhm' id 1 V5ipliu The Medical College of Virginia announced it has begun using a computer to index its 80 000 library books and ultimately plans to put the index into the hands of the state's doctors headings designated by the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda Md to meet the needs of the medical profession 'I lie computer Is printing the new standard cards at a rate of about 10 lines a second according to B L Dixon systems analyst who directed the development of the complex program that instructs the computer An IBM 1410 computer is being used to produce library catalog cards and by reclassifying the same information into page form also to produce a publishable book catalog The cards have been specially die-cut to fit standard library catalog drawers and travel through the printer in streamers carried along on perforated tracks that are stripped off afterward The index cards which give the title subjects and call numbers of the books in the Tompkins-McCaw library emerge from the computer's high-speed printer attached edge to edge in streamers They can be produced at the rate of 40 a minute The first step in the recataloging of a volume begins at the library where Mrs Louise Bryson project supervisor for computer cataloging determines the information to be entered on each card appropriate coding and required cross- reference headings The book catalog-an abridged edition of the cards-comes from the computer ready to be copied and printed Long-range plans call for distributing this catalog to Virginia's 4 850 physiclans The library information is punched into cards at the computer center The punched card system simplifies updating or correcting single lines or entire entries The computer sequences the information and automatically orders printing of additional cards according to the coded variety of subject headings entered for each volume Computerizing of the library's catalog was undertaken as a pilot project by the college to test its feasibility We've made our initial runs and they've been successful said Richard A Pace director of systems and planning for the college We're scheduled to have the library's book holdings from 1940 to the present indexed by December of next year said Mrs June Leath Huntley library director then possibly extend It on a cooperative basis to other medical libraries in the state The computer also provides an abridged listing without cross-reference subject headings as the format for a publishable book catalog The first Index has been published and circulated to the staff of the Medical College of Virginia With the computerized index in their hands Virginia's doctors could be led directly to important sources of medical information within the state This book catalog simplifies the search for information by the staff outside the library Mrs Huntley said We decided to recatalog according to the latest standards and began work in May 1966 We hoped then we could simultaneously produce a card and book catalog and thus far the system has demonstrated it can The computer-aided recataloging of the Iibrary which Is still in the pilot project stage at the Medical College of Virginia is using subject 20 Computerized Auto Crash Simulation Ifliflal N' A computer simulation of an auto crash vii'tim during head-on collisions is proving a valu able and economical remearch tool iii evitatluatig new protective dovices Thei simulation developed by Cornell Aeruianuticnl Laboratory consists oif an li-degr evnii-frvcdum noiflioesr mantheinialoni model of un anthropomorphic dummy a belt-type restraining system contraceted surfaces lin the yehicle interior and a Vehicle or test sled cornpartoient The system resp onse is calculated lin the form of time histories of tbe forces accelorations velucities and displacements at various points lin the dynamic system A lttmehistory of the detailed energy distribution within the systemo is also calculated The two-dimensional simulation developed initially under' funding from thlt U S Mublic liealth Service and the Automobile Mvanufacturers Association and now behing sutpported by the Injury Control Program Public Health Service was recently comtparecd with crash experiments 'Tho resulta of sled tests su bstantially agreed with the results of thlt 'ompupter simulation A doummy rather than a hunman being i s used in flt'e sinmulationm so that such experimental cornparisons can be miade At present CAL is using the new technlique to evaluate the effects of lap and shoulder liarnesses tin a frontal impact Results thus far have led the scientists ito believe that computer simulation can serve as a valuable supplement to car crash experiments and sled tests both commonly used for restraint system evaluation Amiong advantages cited for' the computer simulation technique are economy and repeatability CAL reports that computer simulation canl produce data at a fraction Of tile Cost of an1 actual car crash or sled tests where equipmenvi and Interpretation of data run into thousands of dollars Repeatability of test conditions ain lIniportant fractor when analyzing variables Ini a system is extremely difficult to achieve In car crash experiments With a comiputer repe 'atability is nut probiemi CAL reports o '4 I2 vices The load- deflect ion relationship for increasing load Is represented by general polynonilal function of deflect ion and the velocity of defivction For decrreasing load the load-defleciun is represented by it parabolic function of defiection that is determined from specified ratios on conserved energy it total absorbed energy and residual deflection to maximium deflection Also under a contract with the Injury Control Program Public Health Service extensive i'-casurvinents - an anthropontiorphic dlummy were performed by CAL lin order to define comnpletely the physical properties of Individual segnientm Measurements covered length and weight of segments ats well as minter- oI-gravity posttiuns and moments-of- Inertia Equally extensive data were obtained onIbelt seat and target characte-ristics True targets weret energy absorbing objects simulating steering wheel and dashboard Impact areas for tile dummy's head chest and knees Since a graphic visualiZation of the simiulat ion is desired along with tabular output the scientists at CAL have a 7044 computer drive a graphical plotter as it processes the simulation The results are a sequence of drawings showing lthe positions of the dumimy lini'eation to time comnpartnment seat and targets during dect'leration at pro- selected timie Increments This ' pictorial' display actually enables the engineers to see thle effects of a specific restraint and compartmient configuration onl a body subjected to doeeleration forces during Impact To further extend the ''realism' of the siniulat loin time CAL sch'nti1sts have producedl ''computer generated'' movies The movies show the output of at high- resolut ion flying spot in thev sc'anner driven by the simulation privgram computer TIhe flying spot scamner traces lthe figure of lthe dunmmy car seat floor board resmtrait belts and Interior surface s of thle Vehicle' With a 0 002-Inchi dot of light As with the graphical plotter at new position is generated for every real-timie interval oft 0 001 second A single frame remote p ulse operation is emiployed for shooting the movie A l0min caniera is aligned lin front oft the scanner's cathode ray tube with the shiutter- opened ito expose a oingle frame' fur each display Although faster The heart of the mathematical modcl employed lin the simulation Is a general subroutine for calculatilng nonlinear load-deflvetion for each of thle major System forces Ierestraint belts contacted interior surfaces and car stopping do'r speeds are possiblv the flying spot scanner traces each figure lit 0 7 second 21 Since the scanner does not have an image retention capability each drawing or display is actually a sequencc of cloecly spaccd dots of ligh' On the photographic image the dots merge into solid-appearing lines While the present two-dimensional simulation is of a frontal collision only CAL scientists say that side colisiou sh ud rear collisions can also be simulated in the same way Threedimensionzl simulations involving angular or oblique vehicle impacts will ultimately be possible they say When the motion-picture film is projected at various speeds including real time researchers have a precise visualization of a dynamic computer simulation Computerized Industry Model AalwIa fl ulrq1u I s landi lds I 212731 It hinglag The tufted carpet industry has been simulated by a mathematical model developed by Gary C McKay and Jerome Yurow of the NBS Institute for Applied Technology U S Department of Commerce in cooperation with the Tufted Textiles Manufacturers Association and with the contract assistance of Management Sctence Atlanta The model has as variables the policies used by retailers wholesalers manufacturers and yarn suppliers to maintain inventories It enabler operational policies to be alterud by the experimenters and the consequent behavior of a typical business in the industry to be studied The model Fig 1 simulates the flow of goods in the industry operating the model with reduced inventories for example demonstrated that such a basis may be practicable for sectors of the industry Although the model simulates the tufted carpet industry its primary purpose was to demonstrate the usefulness of the technique for other industries as well Computer manipulation of mathematical models offers an effective way of simulating the operation of systems which can be described numerically The Institute's Technical Analysis Division uses such models in much of its work In the present case it sought to demonstrate how such a model can simulate an industry composed of consumer retailer wholesaler manufacturer and supplier of raw materials See Fig 2 MODEL OF AN INDUSTRY To set up 'he model of the tufted carpet industry the Bureau study group got information on details of industry operation by visiting plants and asking a series of questions at each The investigators decided to represent the industry by sectors the retailer serving the consumer a wholesaler in some cases a carpet tufting and finishing manufacturer and a yarn supplier The individual businesses in each of these sectors were found to maintain similar inventories and to use similar ordering and stocking policies The collective consumer sets the demand for the entire industry each unit of which attempts to maintain fixed inventory during all ups and downs of business SIMULATION Simulation--representing an action or object by other than its actual size materials or relationships- has'become increasingly useful to scientists It enables pilots to be trained without leaving the ground materials to be tested for response to exotic environments the jungle the moon or in a corrosive atmosphere and the handling and seaworthiness of ships to be determined while still on the drawing board RETAIL CARPETS WHOLESALE CARPETS MANUFACTURING CARPETING Tufted carpets are made by banks of needles which thrust loops of yarn through jute fabric MNOP -LIFTING AND CARPET Fl•ISHING MILLS TO CARPET MILLS XYZ ACRYLIC ASC WOOL YARN CO YARN CO k'ig 1 - Carpeting flows through various stages of manufacture and distribution fronm the wool and acrylic parn mills to the retailcr Not shown is tht- reverse flow of urders simulatd in an NBS rnodel of the industry which unables Vach mill and deatler to maintain its inventory 22 ° - RETAILER OfMILL A A CONSUMER _4 TUFTING MILL YARN MILL O MAEIL ' Fig 2 - Opt-ration of the tuftcd carpet industry is described by an NBS model in which groods being processed flow through various mills to retailers which sell the finished carp ting to consumers A rcvers flow of orders governed by the model maintains invvrntorivs in uc¢ih sector at the luvels actually found in the industry the back of which In then coated with adhesive anJ covered with layers forming the base of the carpet More than half of the industry's output is made as grelge gray or uncolored carpeting in several vidths which are kept in stock to be plece-dyed in any color needed A smaller proportion of the output is stockdyed -made from colored yarn A typical mill produces carpets by both methods in 2 or 3 widths 5 to 10 patterns formed by variation in pile density and thickness and 10 to 20 colors The tufting mill is treated in the model as producing four lines of carpeting grelge carpeting for inventory greige carpeting for special order stock-dyed carpeting for inventory and stockdyed carpeting for special order the real industry behaved under similar circumstances On finding the model to be stable for a fixed input-product demand-the study group subjected ii to five types of demand variation super-imposed on a static demand of 90 000 square yards per week These were a step input ramp growth steadily growing demand pulse input simulating first-of-the-week backlog cyclic input representing seasonal variations and random noise representing small normal fluctuations The model reacted to each demand variation by compensating for the change and then seeking to return to the static levelit demonstrated behavior like that of the industry it simulated OPERATION OF MODEL Finishing consists of attaching the backing dyeing the carpeting and forming carpets by shearing edging and rutting Finishing operations are sometimes performed under the same roof as the tufting but the finishing sector maintains its own workflow and inventory like a separate concern However the total tufting production of a tufting and finishing factory can typically be finished within the factory without creating a pileup of unfinished carpeting so the two areas were consolidated in the study The operation of a concern in any sector of the industry is greatly influenced by its inventory adjustment policy Too slow a response to changed demand could result in some items being overstocked and others out of stock while too rapid a response would result in a more stable inventory at greater production cost In the model each sector was started with an inventory sufficient for 2 weeks of normal operation and replenished by orders requiring 2 weeks for delivery The inventory levels of the model showed The most detailed sector of the model was the tufting and finishing mill the demands on which were regarded as being set by the consumer through the intermediacy of the retailer and wholesaler Labor was regarded as fixed in cost the changes effect of in labor practices with spedt to but abrupt the workweek wererespctuodebruptdchanges in the wodeloi wes a red t included in the model The mill was assumed to have fixed -roductive c'tpacity unrestricted by yarn supply transportation storage or finishing capacity some fluctuation and then stabilized at the starting level much as do the originals of the model Stability of levels of inventory unfilled orders machine-hours od nill operation and production in the tomodel #chn rein measured to evaluate the response changes desired inventory level and the effects of variations in policy Seven different polic es were tested stability was obtained with use of the 2-week practice and with special treatment for reordered carpeting and unfilled orders a -week policy VALIDATION OF MODEL The other policies tested were found to be patently unsatisfactory The model was validated by operating and adjusting it until it behaved in the same way that Also of interest to the industry are findings concerning the dependence of the inventory level 23 on variety of items stocked Specifically how much would the inventory for each item have to be increased to enable filling the same percentage of orders if the number of items offered is reduced Or with increased variety how much can the inventory per item be reduced The qualitative relationship is already well understood by industry models can add quantitative information these include expansion of manufacturing capacity consumer- industry interaction and merchandising and credit Future study of the millwholesaler-retailer relationship particularly in regard to ordering inventories and transportation should be useful to the industry Most important executives and administrators should see in the simulation model a tool that could be useful for other industries also Analysis of operation of the tufted carpet industry model suggests areas for further study 24