I r rc I iTA i r nSuA 11 T 1 D The purpose ofthsnwlte itereleae uM Interessei periein 04 liolf iflisl e - t ' L L Ifiillll i ltil i UitrIIitI'i • bllbiBl • MATMEMATICAL SCIENCES DIVISION OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARMh Vol 20 No 2 wit ' Gordon D Goldstein Editor I aura A Repass Editorial Assistant Barbara J Walker Editorial Assistant CONTENTS D D 0 I April 1968 - 9a OCT 16 19694Plm 1 Editorial 2 3 B Contributions Circulation 1 I COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSORS NORTH AMERICA 1 General Electric GE-405 and GE-400 Time Sharing Systems New York N Y 10022 2 Standard Computer Corporation IC-6000 Computing System Los Angeles California 90015 2 3 COMPUTWO CENTERS V1 1 University of Chicago Computation Center CHAOS-Chicago Asynchronous Operations Scheduler Chicago Illinois 60637 2 University of Kentucky HASP Operating System Lexington Kentucky 40506 9 11 COMPUTERB AND CENTERS OVERSEAS 1 d-mac Ltd Cartographic Digittser for Computer Glasgow SW 2 Scotland 2 Ferranti Ltd Ferranti BOAC Information Display System London England 3 International Computers and Tabulators Limited New ICT 1900 Series Computers London SW15 England 13 14 14 MISCELLANEOUS 1 American Federation of Information Processing Societies Smithsonian Institution Preparing History of Computers New York N Y 10017 2 Diocese of Brooklyn Catholic Schools Computer Aided Instruction Brooklyn New York 11201 3 Brown University Three Dimensional Computer Created Pictures Providence Rhode Island 02912 4 Florida State University Accredited Computer Aided Course Tallahassee Florida 5 National Bureau of Standards A Program Package for Computer-Assisted Text Editing and Data Retrieval Washington D C 20234 6 National Science Foundation Computer Typesetters To 'Learn Math Washington D C 20550 7 Ohio State Highway Patrol State-Wide Police Information Network Columbus Ohio 43205 8 State of Pennsylvania General Assembly Data Processing Center Computerized Law Status Harrisburg Pennsylvania 9 University of Southern California Computer Aided Instruction of German Los Angeles Calif 90007 10 System Development Corporation JOVIAL J3 Standard Programming Language Santa Monica California 90406 11 Teletype Corporation Teletype Inktronic Page Printer Skokie Illinois 60076 12 Wayne State University Computer Applications and Expansion Plans Detroit Michigan 48202 17 17 21 21 22 24 25 26 27 27 28 30 Approved by The Under Secretary of the Navy 25 September 1961 NAVW P-645 Th- adixict u • -thaT Ru prudu M by ti 5 E22o11 US FIA NI G HS0i U C L R for ýeder il Scientific K lochnical Inforni ition Sprlnygfiuld Va 22151 pl3r' i bwu approvd Editorial Policy Notices EDITORIAL Although the Digital Computer Newsletter is a Department of the Navy publication it is not restricted to the publication of Navyoriginated material The publication of information pertaining T c a ccelved to commercial products does not in any way imply Navy approval of those products nor does it mean that the Navy vouches for the accuracy of the statements made by the various contributors The Information contained herein is to be considered only as being representative of the state-of-the-art and not as the sole product or technique available CONTRIl tU 'IONS • The T OfficeeRof Naval Research welcomes wlarly contributions to the Newsletter from any source It is through these contributions that the value of the Newsletter is enhanced as a medium of exchange between government labnraturies academic institutions and Industry A limitation on size prevents the publishing of all material received Contributed items which are not published are kept on file and are made available to interested personnel within the government t -1 It Is regretted that because of limited time and personnel it is often impossible for the editor to acknowledge Individually all material received It ' s hoped however that the readera will continue to submit technical material and suggestions to the editor for future issues Material for specific issues must be reby the editor at least three months in avneo of the h month ot offIse advance issue CIRCULATION The Newsletter is published quarterly January April July and October and is distributed without charge to interested military and government agencies to contractors for the Federal Government and to contributors of material for publication Requests to receive the Newsletter regushould be submitted to the editor Contractors of the Federal Government should reference applicable contracts In their requests All communications pertaining to the Newsletter should be addressed to GORDON D GOLDSTEIN Editor Digital Computer Newsletter Informatlons Systems Branch Office of Naval Research Washington D C 20360 Computers and Data Processors North America GE 405 and GE 400 Time Sharing Systems Gene•ral Ekatrl c - N V'ok N Y The GE-405 latest and smallest-membeir of the GE-400 family of medium-scale com- 10022 Availability of the GE-405 is 4 months with first deliveries scheduled for February puters was announced by the General Electric Information Systems Marketing Operation 1968 GE-400 SERIES OF MEDIUM-SCALE COMPUTERS The GE-405 affords exceptional growth potential by permitting users to build their computer installations as their workloads increase As the user feels a need for more memory and or faster processor speeds he may move upward to one of the other larger members of the GE-400 series If his needs include timesharing he may move into GE's newly-announced GE-420 time-sharing system Specifications Common to GE-405 GE-4_15 -4• 'and GE-435 Computers Electronics Decimal Alphanumeric Character Word Length Programs produced for any of the GE-400's are fully operational on larger systems in the family A user may utilize original GE-405 programs as he later grows into the GE-415 the GE-425 and finally the GE-435 with extended memory which ranges all the way to 131 000 words 524 000 characters This elimmnates the need for costly time-consuming reprogramming problems when moving into a larger system and permits the user to amortize his software development costs over a much longer period of time Characters per Word Memory Type Data Manipulation and Arithmetic Instruction Format Addressing Internal Data Storage Number of Instructions Basic Total Single- and Double-Address Addresses per Instruction Number of Fixed Index Words Maximum Number of I O Channels Language processors available for the GE405 include COBOL FORTRAN IV Sort Merge Generator and Macro Assembly Language These powerful language processors are efficiently utilized with the GE-400's Basic Operating System Solid State 6 bits 24 bits and parity 4 Coincident Current Core Decimal or Binary 24 Bits Binary 15 Bits Binary Decimal BCD or Binary 70 200 1 or 2 6 12 Features Common to All Four Computer Systems Application programs available for the GE405 include the Scientific Inventory Management and Control System SIMCON Critical Path Method CPM Resource Allocation Linear Programming Math Pac mathematical and scientific programs and a Generalized Payroll program Multiple Read Write Compute Any Word Indexing Indirect Addressing Scatter Read Gather Write Relocatable Accumulator With a memory capacity of 8 000 words 32 000 characters and an access speed of two microseconds the GE-405 leases for approximately $5 120 a month and sells for about $196 420 Program Packages for All Four Computer Seystes FORTRAN COBOL Compiler 2 SIMCON DAPS Macro Assembly Compiler c •O oy c • Double Precision Floating Point Report Program Generator acter in the GE-425 The largest member of the series the GE-435 has a memory of 680 nanoseconds per character the newest and smaltest member of the series the GE-405 2 microseconds per character Ta Last April it was announced that the core memory capacity of the GE-425 and GE-435 computers was increased from a maximum of 32 000 words to 131 000 words 524 000 characters in increments of 16 000 words Sort Merge Gcncrator Operating System Input Output System Simultaneous Media Conversion Service Routines General Electric's family of GE-400 computers now includes four systems the GE-405 GE-415 GE-425 and GE-435 Designed by one When a program is developed for the lowercapacity processor of any one of these computers it maybe used on any system With a higher of the world's largest users of computer Sys- capacity Thus progranmming investment may tems the four are compatible in programming peripherals and hardware They handle busi css data processing scientific engineering computations and data communications assignments with equal facility be charged against future growth as well as today's needs Recently a Direct Access Programming System DAPS was announced for the GE-400's It brought to users a medium scale computers the ability to handle multiprogramming remote operation and long-distance communications It provided many of the advanced capabilities usually found in larger-scale systems The GE-400 systems have benefited from GE's intinate understanding of users' needs in operating economy ability to expand promptly to keep pace with growing work loads and the desirability of amortizing programming costs over as long a period of time as possible Another new application system for the GE-400's was also announced recently Scientific Inventory Management and Control SIMCON provides the user with a means to automate inventory management and control and was drawn from the inventory control experience of some 100 different General Electric product businesses covering a wide range of sizes and complexity The new system enables many businesses to justify the cost of a computer installation solely on the basis of inventory savings and the resulting improvements in profits Users of GE-400 systems represent a cross section of business industry and government Built for case of upgrading and expansion the GE-400's have been improved periodically in speeds of operation and memory capacity in line with the latest advances in computing technology Development of new softwarte and systems packages continues constantly For example memory speeds-the time it takes to obtain data from the computer's meneory-have been improved from 2 3 to 1 5 microseconds per character in the GE-415 and from 1 28 microseconds to 975 nanoseconds per char- A new Extended Operating System for Magnetic Tape EOS MT has been announced and already has helped one large national bank to increase its GE-415 throughput by 25 percent IC-6000 Computing System Sh ttl o lana C I ngu I t c 'd erOnpolalmnP 'tilt of'rijn 01W S 1 The seemingly inevitable need for costly reprogramming each time new hardware was developed DESIGN APPROACH From the beginning of their work in 1965 the designers and architects of the IC-6000 felt that the true potential of data processing could not be realized until several problems were solved These problems were 2 The serious shortcomings of the new software which sometimes accompanied the new hardware 3 3 The wasteful writing-off of proven and useful software systems just as they become truly productive structions before it can be executed by the com puter The machine language of a particular computer is the collection of all permissible •uhzt a•or'ucsiuna ii can understand and exe- cute The number meaning and format of these machine-language instructions varies greatly tifr une make ur model computer to the next For example one computer system may nave a machine language expressed in terms of 48 binary digits bits whereas another may be expressed as a variable number of 8-bit characters Furthermore one cornputer model may require only one instruction to tell it to take two numbers from memory add them together and put the result back into memory On the other hand it might require three sequential instructions to perform the same computation on a different computer Simply stated they set out to find a way to cut the spectre of obsolescence down to size or at least to soften or delay is inrripnding impact The IC-6000 is their solution It provides 1 A machine-language-independent data processor having the capability to duplicate the instruction repertoire of virtually any other computer 2 A data processor in which the machine language repertoires of a number of computers may ba stored at various times to allow the execution of programs written for several different and incompatible computers systemr One of the most important qualities of a is its ability to particular machine language control communications between the various functional stations memory registers arithmetic units input output devices and so on Generally speaking in present day computer systems the relationships among the functional stations are frozen by the design and wiring of the system Since the machine language format of a particular computer is generally predicated upon the logic and wiring of the system such fixed relationships mean that a particular computer can execute only one machine language in an economical manner and cannot utilize the full potential of each functional station 3 A data processor with capability to inelude new and improved machine instructions which may be used in addition to or in place of regular machine instructions without the need for changes in the equipment 4 A data processor system with capabillties such that it can be optimized for all types of problems 5 An upward and downward compatible series of data processors capable of varlableperformance by tailoring system configurations to particular throughput requirements As new and improved computing hardware is developed it is imperative to use a new and improved format for the machine- language instructions in order to take advantage of the improved features of the new generation equipmerit Thus the newer generation computing equipment will siot understand and will not be able to execute directly programs written for the older generation computers The user of older generation computers often finds it desirable to trade the older equipment for a newer model to benefit from the improved speed and computing techniques built into the newer equipment In doing so however he often finds it costly and time consuming to rewrite his proven and useful program3 so that they will run on the newer generation computer A related problem is faced by users of large scale computer installations who have a number of computer systems These computer systems frequently have different machine-language repertoires which are not compatible with each other In other words a program written for one computer system of the user will not perform on another computer system of the same user 6 A data processor c -iable of executing higher level language statem- nts without their first being translated into machine language 7 A programmable man-machine interface offering an Improved operating environmerit and facilitating easy on-line program debugging analysis and diagnostics THE RESTRICTIONS OF PRE-IC-6000 DATA PROCESSING The significance of the IC-6000 is best viewed in the light of the restrictive and provincial nature of present-day computer hardware design The following three paragraphs of review make this clear Before a problem can be solved on a computer a program consisting of a series of computational procedures must be written This program must eventually be translated either by a programmer or the computer itself into a sequence of steps called machine-language in4 I -3 A NEW CONCEPT IN COMPUTER DESIGN gine takes the place of much of the wiring and control logic in a conventional system The IC-6000 may be described as a computerwithin-a-computer This novel concept elim' nates the permanent bind between the various functional stations heretofore experienced in conventional computers due to the fixed wiring and logic of the system In the IC-6000 all functional stations communicate with each other through the inner computer Thiu allows each functional station to behave in its most natural and economical fashion The inner computer having its own control memories control units and registers can be set up to emulate the instruction repertoire and program capacity of virtually any new or prior art computer This multilingual capability implemented by a unique process called the MINIFLOW Emulation System allows the IC-6000 Wouse existing program 11braries without reprogramming or modification Pruii tii th the machine being emulated are stored in the main memory When the program is to be run the Inner computer fctchc a- n Instruction from thA main memory and performs the necessary ir dexing and indirect addressing operations by means of a MINIFLOW hardware sequence The instruction is decoded and a MINIFLOW emulation routine in the control memory is entered which directs the inner computer through all the steps necessary to execute this particular instruction The next instruction is then fetched from main memory and the entire process is repeated until the program is completed or terminated Thus the inner computer acts as an interpreter directing the IC-6000 system to respond just as though it were the computer it is intended to model In keeping with the cumiputer-within-acomputer concept the IC-6000 should be viewed as divided into two parts-the external functional stations and the inner computer The external functional stations consist of the main memory arithmetic units and registers Input output channels input output devices and the console They perform the functions of similar devices on the computers being emulated The inner computer consisting of the scheduler wired-in-sequence control memories translators mini-instruction registers and decoders indicators and display registers and mini en- BRIEF SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION In this section one configuration of the IC-6000 system is described to acquaint the reader with the various functional stations Detailed descriptions of each functional unit follow in the next two sections Then the MINIFLOW emulation process as it is handled by the Inner computer is described showing how the functional stations work together to execute a program written for some other computer A A N E T I E T A P E A P E N T N 1 0 - Typi a i C Fig 1 syste I NNER0 AtiNNE uCHfi Typical IC-6000 system configuration 5 T Arith etic Umt M in Memory I I Reglswer I I 11 0 Ck nnII 1 1 0 Chn 2 SMINI m mNDICATORS 1 CONTROL DISPLAYI RESISTERS Con ol Fig 2 - Major components of the imcnr computer A typical configuration of the IC-6000 as it is used to emulate a well known second generation data processing machine consists of the inner computer with associated registers and control memory and also external functional stations such as main memory high speed registers an arithmetic and logical unit operator's console and two input output channels computer being emulated Typical assignments are Accumulator AC 38 bits MultiplierQuotient MQ 36 bits Index Registers XRI through XR7 15 bits each Instruction Center IC 15 bits and so on One channel typically controls a card reader console typewriter avd up to 10 magnetic tape units The other channel typically handles up to 10 tape units Arithmetic and logical functions such as fixed- or floating-point addition multiplication logical AND OR and masking operations are performed in the arithmetic unit This unit is called the main engine and is also used by the Inner computer for internal operations Figures I and 2 show a typical IC-6000 configuration as outlined above and the major components of the inner computer Artihmetic Unit Operator's Console and Display Unit EXTERNAL FUNCTIONAL STATIONS Main Memory The Main Memory functions as the core storage of the computer being emulated It is used to store data and instructions which are in the form of a program in the machine language of the computer being emulated The main memory typically contains 32 768 words consisting of 36 bits plus one parity bit Registers The registers are high speed storage elements available to the operator and programmer on the same basis as those in the computer being emulated The inner computer assigns certain functions to certain of the registers as re quired to duplicate those available on the The operator's console simulates all the console functions of the computer being emulated The console contains the keys switches and lamps necessary for manual and semiautomatic control and the visual checking of information in the system Power to the system may be controlled from the console All memory and register locations can be displayed An execute entry function permits execution of console-keyed instructions without disturbing main memory Address stop control provides several optional stop modes Input Output Channels The input output channels control the quantity and destination of all data transmitted between the inner computer and the peripheral units The channels may be considered small specialized data processors since they perform 6A their functions independently of the inner cornouter and indenendentlv of Parh nthar direct address operations Another sequence mnv ho arad •n oinIan • ia--n i - and to fetch the operand or operands required by the instruction being emulated Additional sequences may them ho usAd to asky certein regleters by storing in predetermined control nterrupt orol temory soring thenin p memory locations when anInterrupt or hang condition occurs in the MINIFLOW emulation process them at schedulerand later time sewillrestore pass control The to aone of these scedulerdin pontro tooe of tesese quences depending upon the type of request which has been honored From there the sequence is stepped from one state to another lthough not necessarily in a sequential manner control Steps may withinone a sequence may be be skipped passed from sequence to another Peripheral Units The peripheral units may consist of magnetic tape units random access devices card readrspuncespriners typwr'ersand readers typewriters the like punches These areprinters fully compatibie with and cormparable devices on the computer beinxg emulated For example the card reader or typewriter formats where they aiffer from those of the computer being emulated are converted within the inner computer to a compatible format by means of a combination of hardware and software echniuesand ware techniques INNER COMPUTER Control Memory Translators The function of the translators is to decode the instruction being emulated and determine by means of an entry table in control memory the starting address of the MINIFLOW emulation routine necessary to complete the emulation and to set certain general control elements in order to pass on specific information about instruction characteristics to the MINIFLOW routine The control memory conta ns 1 024 words consisting of 36 data bits and one parity bit The control memory is used primarily to store MINIFLOW emulation routines to store data and constants used by the MINIFLOW emulation system and the hardware while executing MMFLOW instructions and as a buffer area for data transmitted between main memory and the input output channels Control memory and the main memory are independent and fully overlapped with the control memory functioning significantly faster than the main memory Mini-Instruction Register and Decoders The inner computer has its own highly specialized hardware-oriented machine language which is specifically designed for interpretive work This is the language in which MINIFLOW emulation routines are writton An individual instruction in this internal language is 18 bita long and is called a mini-instruction When a MINIFLOW routine is being executed miniinstructions are brought from control memory to the mini-instruction register from whence the bit configuration is sent to the mini-instruction decoders The decoders determine the operation s to be performed and send the appropriate control signals throughout the system Scheduler Since certain processes in the external functional stations may be taking place simultaneously it is necessary for the inner computer to take action promptly when some device needs attention This function is performed by the scheduler which receives requests for action from the input output channels the operator's console and from circuitry which indicates that a program in main memory is In progress The scheduler passes control to certain entry points in the wired-in-sequence depending on the type and priority of the request honored Mini Engine The mini engine is similar in construction to the main engine arithmetic unit except that no shifting operations and hence multiply divide and floating-point operations are performed The mini engine controls shifting in the main engine and contains its own registers Wired-In-Sequence The wired-in-sequence contains certain wired sub-routines or sequences consisting of multiple program steps For example the purpose of one particular sequence may be to fetch from main memory the instruction to be emulated decode it and perform indexing and in- Indicators and Display Registers The indicators and display registers are sets of flip-flops and high speed storage 7 elements which are used to store hardware and M1aiiLUW emulation program status the occurrence of certain events within the system and so on The registers in this category inelude the display register general indicators and secondary indicators Most of the bits in these rcgisters may be individially set or reset or both by mini-instructions and many are connected to lamps on the operator's console THE MIN1FLOW EMULATION PROCESS For each instruction in the program of the machine being emulated stored in main memory the inner computer executes a routine or group of routines which are made up of sequences of mini-steps or mini-instructions Similarly for each input output operation and each console function to be performed the innor computer executes still another set of routines Most of these routines are stored in the inner computer's control memory but for the sake of speed some of those which are used most frequently are stored or implemented into a portion of the logic called the wired-in sequence The entire collection of routines present in the inner computer at any one time is called a MINIFLOW emulation system It is the MINIFLOW emulation system which tells the inner computer how to interpret the machine language instructions of any particular computer It follows that in order to emulate a different computer one has only to change the MINIFLOW system which for the most part consists of a program resident in control memory Specifically here's how it works In a typical sequence of operations the scheduler passes control to the wired-in-sequence hard emulation which In turn passes control to miniinstruction execution soft emulation When mini-instruction execution is completed control is returned to the scheduler When a program request is honored by the scheduler control is passed to a certain phase of the wired-in-sequence At this time an instruction from main memory is brought to the main engine The address of the next instruction to be emulated is kept in the instruction counter register The operation code portion of the instruction is sent to the translators which generate an address pointing to a word in the control memory entry table This wordthe starting address of the MINIFLOW routine needed to complete the emulation-is sent from control memory to the mini engine The ad- dress portion of the instruction is then modilied I1 necessary by the index registers and indirect addressing Another phase of the wired-in-sequence is then entered where the operands it any are brought irom main memory or the registers to the main engine A MINIFLOW emulation program is then executed i tarting at the control memory address speclfled by the word just loaded into the mini engine When the M1NIFLOW program is finished an exit is generated which returns control to the scheduler The process is repeated again when the scheduler honors another program request The above explanation is somewhat oversimplified but should give the reader a general understanding of the way the inner computer interprets an instruction It should be noted that not all instructions require the same wired-insequence operations and a few instructions require no soft emulation In addition operations such as input output and console functions which are not directly connected with the emulation of a specific instruction use a different portion of the wired- in-sequence and a different set of MINIFLOW emulation routines but the process is somewhat the same as that described above SYSTEM ADVANTAGES The most significant advantage offered by the IC-6000 is its ability to assume the identify of another system at a much lower cost The IC-6000 can directly execute programs written for large scale systems with no conversion or reprogramming It can run programs directly from cards or tapes used by the machine it emulates It can use IBSYS FORTRAN COBOL or machine language with no modiflcations whatsoever And it can do these things at a very low throughput cost This means the user can conserve his investment in existing programs He does not have to scrap his program library when he decides to convert to third-generation equipment He does not have to reprogram at considerable cost He does not have to emulate his old system on the new at reduced efficiency and degraded performance The IC-6000 offers a better less expensive alternative The advantages of the IC-6000 emanate from its basic design concepts The reason is simple from the very beginning it was designed to use existing software efficiently I I Computing Centers CIHAOS C••icago Asynchronous Operations Scheduler 0 1 mrl• a ''gb' • b u Ili r1 77 CHAOS is the resident program in the IB 7040 computer which is auxiliary to the IBM 7094 the main execution machine for the University of Chicago Computation Center Its main functions are high speed input output task scheduling for both the 7094 and 7040 and the is the interval between job submission and com pletion and upon this interval rests the effectivoness of a progranwer's work day It is a long strtnding practice at the Computation Conter to favor debugging runs when the programmer is on the premises This frequently results provision of utilities Of general interest are the tasl-file concept which greatly simplifies scheduling the scheduler which cooperates with the operators in task scheduling and the dynamic disk storage allocation scheme which contributes both to general efficiency and ease of recovery in the event of system failure in larger turnaround times for production runs CHAOS cootainn a scheduling module which can be easily altered or replaced see Suheduler below 3 Ease of Recovery A third criterion was ease of recovery in the event of operator or system error Without adequate recovery proccdure hours of processing could be lost see Checkpoint and Recovery below For the present discussion it is sufficient to know that attached to the 7040 are card readers card punches printers disk storage a direct connection to the 7094 and tapes switchable between the 7040 and 7094 under program control Also attached to the 7040 are direct connections with the MANIAC III computer at the Institute for Computer Research and the 1401 computer iv Billings Hospital An understanding of CHAOS must Include an awareness of five practical criteria underlying its design 4 Operator Control A fourth criterion was that the operator can in any instance override a scheduling decision made by the system Under CHAOS the operator exerts control over the system by typing commands on an input output typewriter In addition to being able to alter the status of task-files the operator can set system parameters such as the time of day and attach or detach I O devices 5 Provision of Utility Functions It was 1 Maximum Throughput The foremost of these was that the unit record equipment be worked to the limit in getting 7094 Jobs through the system This aim has been successfully accomplished and the card reader punches and printers all run at full speed At present approximately 500 jobs per day pass through the system with turnaround time rarely exceeding 1 hour and often less than 15 minutes felt that only rarely would the 7040 be monopolized by its primary functions the generation scheduling and processing of 7094 Input output and would be able to perform utility functions as well Thus CHAOS contains a utility monitor which provides facilities for card reproducing with editing card listing tape listing card to tape operations with updating assembly and loading of systems programs Utility functions are given lowest priority 2 Schedulability A second decision was that CHAOS should have complete flexibility in scheduling the processing of input and output files and not be bound to a first in first out schedule This decision devolves from a consideration of operator ease and turnaround time-particularly the lattLr Turnaround time Designing CHAOS according to the above criteria involved s'veral operational models each containing refinements over its predecessors Considerable difficulty was encountered in realizing the througliput potential of the hardware and at the same itme providing scheduling and adequate recovery procedures The CHicago Asynchrono' Operation Scheduler CHAOS wasdesigned ay d d- eloped at the University of Chicago Computation Center by Paul Kouinakl Vincent lNruskal Edw trd Kubaltis Clemens C J Roothaan Michael Williams and William S Worley Jr 9 1 sOuiiIe Correct timing is achieved by clocks maintained by the supervisor and by traps Aqk-PT- V- A task-file is a file of data in disk storage upon which P tnqk is to be or has been pcrformed How task-files are created and processed will be clearer after following a typical 7094 job through the system Aftcr a tsk-f-ile is uccutied it remains in the system usually for several hours until the space it occupies on the disk is needed This permits the operators to request reprocessing of task-files e g in the event of ahardware failure 1 The job deck enters the system through the 7040 card reader and is transcribed to the disk thus becoming a 7094 input task-file When the schedaler or the operator is ready to send the job to the 7094 the task-file is copied to the 7094 input tape attached to the 7040 At the completion of the current 7094 job tapes are automatically switched and the job is run When completed tapes are switched again I1 A task-file normally passes through four stages 1 being built 2 ready 3 in progress and 4 done A task-file being built will automatically pass to the ready stage unless the task requires physical setupi- in which case the task-file enters 'waiting for setup status A task-file in ready status moves to the in progress state as an automatic function of the Scheduler for a task-file in waitinrg for setup status the provision of setup Information for the operator is scheduled by the Scheduler but the task-file does not enter the in progress stage until the setup instructions are acknowledged by the operator 2 The packed outp'tt tape is copied to the disk thus becoming the 7094 packed output task-file When the scheduler is ready a portion of the file is brought into a 7040 buffer and unpacking begins Data to be printed are sent brack to I' e disk as a print task-file and data to be punched are sent as a punch task-file 3 When the scheduler or operator is ready to print the output the print task-file is fed to a printer a line at a time The scheduler has two complementary local objectives the first is to provide reasonable service to as many users as possible rather than optimal service to a few the second objective is to push as many tasks through the systern as possible in a given interval As the work load changes from light or moderate to heavy the scheduler's concern gradually shifts from the first objective to the second Thus as the work load becomes heavier shorter tasks are given preference As the work load lightens the service accorted to shorter tasks is somewhat degraded in order to give reasonable servico to both short and long tasks 4 Similar treatment is accorded the punch task-file Normally the generation of several taskfiles and the processing of existing task-files proceeds simultaneously This is accomplished by passing control back and forth between a central supervisor routine and several peripheral subroutines each charged with either the creation or the processing of a given task-file In relation to a given subroutine it is the supervisor's responsibility to cause entry at precisely the right time and to avoid both premature entry which would retard the activities of the other subroutines and late entry which would retard the task of the given sub- The scheduler does not for the most part distinguish between setup and non-setup tasks in pursuing the objectives described above Normal scheduling i e according to the scheduling algorithm is bypased for any tasks the operator selects for early processing and for those tasks where the user has indicated his 'For example at a given time two task-files for the two card readers may be under construction while seven task-files are being fed to the three printers and four punch hoppers The example can be expanded to include the sending of input to or receiving of output from In addition to thenormal releasing of task-files from waiting for setup status the operator the 7094 activities of the utility monitor and so forth tFor example tape mounting can effect a variety of other status changes For example he can cause a task tobe repeated by restoring the task-file to ready status or special printer forms special cards and so on specified by job deck control cards SClIEDULER Setup is and this he can cause a task-file to be put in held for operator status Task-filesinthelatterstatus information is sent to the operator at the proper time are not scheduled and cannot be processed until moved to ready status by the operator 10 I twillinaness to nav ni n •' mhimt hioh rate Both are pushed through the system as I11 DISK STORAGE ALLOCATION Four checkpoint files occupy fixed locations in disk storage The remainder of the disk is for task-files and the Utility Munitor This space is allocated dynamically as new tqsk•files are written over task-files already dropped from the system Task-files may be of arbitrary length being spread over an arbitrary number of tracks Each track containing about 450 words includes information identifying the task-file along with the addresses of the immediately preceding and succeeding tracks if any occupied by the task-file This chaining together of tracks facilitates backward and forward r loae spacing ektmtak To reduce seek time tracks are allocated for a given task-file from bottonr to top from the available tracks within a cylinder Should a task-file exceed the space available within its cylinder the file continues on the lowest available track of the next available cylinder All tracks for a given task-file are confined to one disk module thus insuring that it can be processed entirely even though the other module should be inoperative Maps showing disk storage allocation are contained in core tables When one of these tables becomes full they are revised so that references to a number of the oldest already processed task-files are dropped and the tracks k - availhble for receiving new task-files The aenera effect of the disk allocation scheme upon seek time can be estimated by observing the movement of the disk arms During a peak activity period most of the arm movements are confined to a band of approximately 2 inches New task-files are being created on the inmost cylinder of the band and existing taskfiles being read lie towards the periphery Two or three times a minute a longer seek li made for writing a checkpoint file As time passes the band of arm movements gradually shifts towards the center Under lighter workloads the band is correspondingly narrowed IV CHECKPOINT AND RECOVERY To provide partial defense against disasters resulting from operator or hardware indiscretions checkpoint files containing system status information are maintained in four fixed ain h edfrwiigacekon disk locations Each time there is a changeiei in status inforthe core tables containing system mation the need for writing a checkpoint file is registered and a checkpoint file will be automatically written on one of the four fixed locations the choice of which for successive checkpoints being determined cyclically The checkpointing subroutine however has low priority with the effect that checkpoint files are written only about three to four times a minute In the event of system failure recovery is effected by reloading CHAOS from tape CHAOS restores to core the most recently written checkpoint tables and scans them for tasks in progress Any such tasks are recommended and the system continues hopefully sustaining little injury HASP Operating System have' •ily K ' euIk I xinglo Kentucky 4605h The University of Kentucky is currently running much of its 360 closed shop on a new system called HASP Houston Automatic Spooling and Priority Systeiii lines could be placed on the disk per minute Therefore writing the output on a disk is approximately 12 times as fast as writing the same Informlation on a printer In order to demonstrate the difference between HASP and previtus systems some of the devices on the S 360 and how the previous systems used them must be described One outstanding problem occurs when this is done All the user's output is now on the 2311 The output must be read from the 2311 and printid It would seem that in doing this all the time gained by putting it on the 2311 in the first place would be lost however the S 360 has another feature which prevents this loss The S 360 can do Input Output operations such as reading information from a 2311 at the same time It is performing computations The printer on the S 360 can print 900 lines a minute or approximately one line every 67 milliseconds If the information to be printed were placed on a dircct access device such as the 2311 rather than the printer then 10 800 I Two programs could be placed in the 360 r a ' l LAIC claixJV LAIIIV ' Jha In HASP when the user wants to print a WijiwaACt I lines from disks and prints them HASP and a user's program which does computations The two programs would run as follows OIV CA U LI LIaIJ 10 ULUUCLILl 16V I LU IMIU 2311V there is only a wait of 5 milliseconds 20 percent of the available time is being used which Is a considerable improvement HASP would issue a command to the S 360 to start reading 12 lines from disk this may take a millisecond then while it is waiting for the S 360 to read these 12 lines about 65 milliseconds the user's program can be processing data When the S 360 has read the 12 lines HASP will instruct the S 360 to start printing the 12 lines and while it is waiting for the lines to be printed about 780 milliseconds the user's program can be processing again Therefore about 778 milliseconds out of every 780 are made available to the user's pivgram while the 12 lines are being printed The time used in actually printing is hardly noticeable The above explanation of how HASP saves time was over simplified but should give some idea of the time saved Another thing which makes HASP fast is that it also uses the above process for reading and punching cards What kind of jobs will run best under HASP Short programs and compilation which do little computation and a lot of printing Jobs which do large amounts of computation and little printing will not be improved by HASP however while such a job is running HASP can be printIng the output from another job If HASP can print a line while computations are being performed why couldn't the user's program be printing The user's program can and in most cases if the program is written in FORTRAN does For most user's programs and the compiler however the computations done between printing each line are considerably less than 65 milliseconds maybe only I or 2 milliseconds Therefore the user will print a line do a millisecond of computation and then want to print another line but the next line cannot be printed until the previous line has been printed So the user's program must wait 64 milliseconds while the line is being printed In other words about 98 percent of the time available to do computation is not used The efficiency of HASP will be increased shortly with the addition of another printer With the extra printer HASP can be printing output from two jobs simultaneously Also in the near future UK will be getting a faster direct access device With this device HASP will increase its speed from 1200 lines a minute to 5000 lines a minute The figures used in this article are not accurate since several factors have been ignored Therefore they are only used to indicate how the HASP system saves time rather than how much time is saved 12 - I Computers and Centers Overseas Cartographic Digitiser for Computer I n t I lasgowu 8 11' 2 Sopthin An electronic device the d-mac Cartographic Digitiser Type CF has been developed as an aid to reducing vast amounts of dataobtained over many years of field survey and cartographic work-to a form suitable for cornputer processing It is manufactured by d-mac Limited Queen Elizabeth Avenue Glasgow Scotland Providing a rapid means of digitising selected information contained In maps charts drawings and photographs the Digitiser becomes a key unit in the growing employment of computers for the analysis of problems relating to conservation of natural resources and food production what is contained within them The Carto- graphic Digitiser has three main input modes to handle this information In operation the Cartographic DLgitiser has three main modes for input line where X and Y coordinates are passed continuously to the output unit while a line is followed smoothly for example when digitising coastlines or contours or defining areas position where one coordinate set is entered when the Pencil is pointed at a particular spot such as the pooltion of a town and manual where an electric typewriter fixed address and other facilities are used to enter alphanumeric information such as the names of towns or population densities The volume of digital information required to define a boundary line is so great that it Is advantageous to record it on magnetic tape which has a high-packing density The first two units have been supplied to the Canadian Department of Forestry and Rural Development for the reduction of map records needed to assist in the generation of a computer data bank By means of this all relevant information will be immediately available as basic material for government decision-making on land utilisation Punched cards or tape are ideal for recording positional information and alphanumeric information pertaining to particular areas such as soil density or population The cards are particularly suitable for easy filing and sorting Pictorial data are placed or projected on to the Digitiser's Reading Table using a Reading Pencil the operator traces outlines or selects individual points to be digitised an automatic sensing device beneath the reading surface follows the Pencil accurately and position signals are passed to the Electronics Console where they are displayed and converted into a suitable form for feeding the output unit An electric typewriter gives the digital information in tabulated form for presentation or checking Controls have been engineered to allow the simplest possible operation Mode functions and the output media are selected by push buttons and the unit incorporates both audible and visual warnings to ensure that it is operated correctly The Cartographic Digitiser derives from the d-mac Pencil Follower Trace Analyser which is currently used in the major universitier and the scientific and industrial research establishments of 20 countries A Cartographic Digitiser has been supplied to the Experimental Cartography Unit at Oxford England sponsored by the Natural Environment Research Council of Britain where it is being used as a compilation reader for a system of automatic map production in conjunction with a computer Because of the complexity of cartographic data the new digitiser has been designed with a large range f input modes and outputs Maps %ndcharts are divided into areas contained witi n coastlines contours or other When analysing with a computer boundriee it is necessary to define these boundaries and Another has been ordered by the technical advisers to the Royal Dutch Shell Group Installed in their office in The Hague it wil be 13 _d used for digitising a variety of graphic information such as well logs contour maps sels - uluu and ioad diagrams of well pumps Aerospace research Analysis of engine vibration records telemetry recordincrA fr•nm satellites kinetheodoilte and high-speed films Although the Digitiser was specifically designed for cartographic applications it can also be used in numerous other fields of research These include Enio Medicine Analysis of electrocardiogramA X-ray films blood flows microbiological assays and polygraphs Environmental Research Analysis of hyenaReerhAalssfhy drological and meteorological data Engiieering Ship design piping layouts road design and quantity surveying Scientific applications such as particle track analysis in nuclear physics IFerranti BOAC Information Display System l ondn England The automation Systems Division of Ferranti Ltd have dplivered and commissioned the first of BOAC's 30 Argus Computer Information Display Systems ordered for use with the airline's complex of 3 IBM System 360 65 Central Processors recently installed at London Airport The £ 33-1 2 million project known as Boadicea will meet all BOAC's computer needs consisting initially of aircraft seat booking inventory control and accounting until the late 1970's The first installation will be used to train seat reservations clerks and other operating staff A second training system will be cornmissioned by Ferranti Ltd at BOAC's Park Avenue New York premises towards the end of this year The other 28 systems which employ over 800 Display Sets will be delivered during 1968 A unique method is used by the Company to produce writing on the Display Set screens The displayed letters and numbers are selected by the Argus microminiature computer and the used to control also on the characters formation ofisthe actual programme the computer screen Dsply EachInfomaton System consists Display Sytemconssts Each Information of a large number of electronic typewriter keyboards from which interrogating messages are sent to the Central Processor over specially adapted telephone lines The reply Is written automatically on the screen of a Ferranti C R T Display Set Ferranti Information Display Systems will eventually be introduced in some 50 BOAC and Associated Company's offices throughout Europe and North America New ICT 1900 Series Computers lijfrimaliujal N pnt•pitir and rabubilo Lirnidil l1 ndon •W15 Engknlmd Following the policy of continually enhancing the I C T 1900 Series of computers I C T announces new processors suitable for both cornmercial and scientific applications--the 1901A the 190•A the 1903A the 1904A and the 1906A All these new systems which incorporate the latest integrated circuit technology offer features increasing the flexibility with which they may be used and which were previously associated with larger and more expensive computer systems software already developed for the 1900 Series is available it includes compilers for all the standard languages operating systems and applications packages providing standard methods of coping with problems common to all sections of industry such as payroll production control stock control critical path planning financial forecasting engineering calculations and so on These new processors as with all the 1900 Series permit modular growth in step with customers' growing data processing requirements All these new systems are full members of the 1900 Series and therefore fully compatible with each other and existing members of the Series They are capable of using the range of 1 C T 1900 peripheral devices The extensive I C T believes that it has caught the rising tide of advance in integrated circuit technology at just the right moment The circuitry employed in these new processors TTL Transistor Transistor Logic supersedes earlier 14 I wLi Lvu osaibihiies __ In of integrated circuits rather than copying the logical arrangements of conventional compo -entcircutr • In much the same way that the 1901--of which I C T have already sold more than 400represented a breakthrough in the market for small and medium sized organisations the 1901A brings direct access computing within the range of these users A simple 1901A system will market for less than £35 000 whilst a viable 1901A direct access system based on a new I C T twin-disc wiUl be available for less than £ 50 000 New computer users will be able to start with direct access computing which will make it easier for them to build up to larger real-time systems based on direct access The advantages of direct access systems are 1 it is easier to convert commercial systems to automatic processing 2 new data can be processed as it arises 3 a number of files can be marked at one time without having to arrange the files in a special sequence and 4 information can be read direct from any position in a file i'rices range upwards from Z300 000 TI e I C T operating system George 3 which copes with the throughput of batch processing and multi-programming work will be used on the 1904A The 1904A complements the existing E and F processors which are maintained in their present form in the Series 1906A The 1906A which will have more than twice the power of Atlas is the most powerful computer fully committed for production by a British manufacturer It offers a unique combination of advanced hardware technology and I C T 's unmatched experience in the development and use of large-scale operating systems Prices will range from £0 5 to £ 1 5 million and deliveries will commence at the end of 1969 Orders for some 40 machines for universities research centres Government departments and large commercial and industrial organisations are anticipated In addition the 1906A forms an integral part of the I C T 's giant machine proposals to the Government exploiting fully the growth opportunities within a completely compatible range A further contribution to the low price of the 1901A direct access system Is a new peripheral device-the I C T twin-disc Additional savings in the 1901A have been achieved by connecting the basic peripherals--disc card rcder anai line printer-uirectly to the central processor Standard interface peripherals may of course also be attached to the 1901A The 1906A incorporates a number of features new to the 1900 Series New circuit technology is used to give exceptional computing power The high speeds of fully integrated circuits based on Emitter Coupled Logic ECL are exploited fully by a new method of matched inter-connections developed by I C T based on multi-layer platters This coupled with the provision of a fast interleaved core store and an instruction overlap facility makes possible processing speeds in the order of 1 million instructions a second 1902A AND 1903A With the 1902A and 1903A systems I C T is providing advanced computing facilities at a much lower cost than was previously possible The 1902A with configurations costing in the range £ 80 000 to £ 200 000 offers in its larger configurations multiprogramming facilities which enable four programs to be carried out simultaneously thereby making optimum use of all parts of the system and greatly increasIng the throughput of work The 1903A costing from £ 130 000 to £ 400 000 is suitable for use at the centre of large scale real-time data processing networks Both the 1902A and the 1903A use advanced operating systems including facilities to handle conversational computing on nine remote consoles Another new feature is that of paging originally pioneered on the I C T Atlas it is offered as an option Paging is a method of organising the storage of information to make mure flexible use of core store and a fast drum store and to give greater flexibility of programming Among other things this will make it easier to put large scale multi-access systems into operation To the commercial user the 1906A offers speed improved cost-effectiveness and the ability to handle large quantities of data It will transfer information between the central processor and the peripheral units at rates o 5 million characters a second Thus it will be able to handle large numbers of peripherals including very fast devices such as a new drum operating at 1 5 million characters per second For 1904A The 1904A is an extremely powerful computer and offers full multi-access facilities and multi-programming of up to 16 programs 15 I the scientific user the high calculation speeds will be important and these can be further en- duces the programming burden on its customers is unmatched mathematical units All multi-access users will benefit from the availability of paging and of a full range of communications cquipmcnt enabling the 1906A to handle large numbers of The compatibility'of the 1906A will also make it easier to build computer networks Other 1900's Ahelriy innealled may be linked in hierarchical networks so that only the most communications links complex problems are passed up to the 1906A It is significant that the 1906A will be a fully compatible member of the 1900 Series Over 900 of these computers have already been sold with some 500 already in use in industry commerce research and Government around the world Programs developed by these users and the full range of I C T 's software will work on the 1906A In addition special programs fully exploiting the 190BA's power will be provided I C T 's experience in producing standard computer programs the software which re- DELIVERIES Two 1901A's are fully operational now at I C T 'it Stevenage-laboratories and the first 1903A was recently installed at I C T 's Putney computer centre Deliveries depending on the configuration chosen will be in the region of 9 months for the 1901A 2A 3A and 2 years for the 1904A the first deliveries of the 1901A will be made early in August this year J1 I 1 7 Miscellaneous Smithsonian Institution Preparing History of Computers cawrica Fedred in JInforinati I'romising SXwirlies New Fork N Y' 10017 The Smithsonian Institution in Washington D C is embarking on a long-term research project leading to the first complete history of computers An initial grant to support the project during the next two years has been made by the American Federation of Information Processing Societies AFIPS representing over 40 000 computer professionals in the United States oral interviews with the key contributors to the early development of computers All recordings as well as written photographic and other materials collected and developed will be retained in the Museum of History and Technology in the public domain The collection phase will take about 5 years with an ultimate objective of developing a publishable history of computing Dr Multhauf added that the use of calculating machines predating the electronic computer would be included in the research project The Museum has hkd a substantial effort underway in the history of calculating and computIng machines Dr Multhauf said but we can now accelerate and expand our research in this area with the financial assistance of AFIPS Dr Bruce Gilchrist President of AFIPS said in making the announcement In its brief 21 years of existence the electronic digital computer has come to be called one of the most important inventions in man's history-but the history of the computer itself is becoming obscured and lost because of the incredibly rapid rate of technological change in the indus try The computer history project in the hands of the Smithsonian Institution will assure that the lull story of the origins and development of the computer will be objectively recorded and told A five-man Advisory Committee has been named to assist in the conduct of the research Committee members are Mr Isaac Auerbach Auerbach Corporation Philadelphia Pennsylvania Dr Cuthbert Hurd Computer Usage Coinpany Inc Palo Alto Calif Mr R A Winnacker Department of Defense Washington D C Dr Walter F Cannon Museum of History and Technology Smithsonian Institution Washington D C Dr Bernard S Finn Museum of History and Technology Smithsonian Institution Washingtun D C Overall supervision of the research project will be provided by Dr Robert P Multhauf Director of the Smithsonian s Museum of History and Technology and by the President of AFIPS Dr Uta C Merzbach Curator of Mathematical Instruments at the Museum will be the Principal Investigator in direct charge of the research activities One of the vital elements in the research Dr Multhauf stated will be the collection of Computer Aided Instruction More we of Br lyn Calhiplu W$rloind tih oklhn New 'k The computer educational television and the telephone have been teamed up in a unique experiment to provide individual instruction to 70 parochial school teachers in Brooklyn and Queens 11201 choice quiz and hear an evaluation of their answers After the test the teachers request more information about subjects covered in that evening's lecture through their telephones To reply the computer has been programmed to select the appropriate recorded message and illustrate it with a related TV picture flashed on the teacher's television screen One night a week the teachers turn on their classroom TV sets to watch a half-hour lecture Then they call in to a remote computer and use their push-button phones to take a multiple17 A 4 answer was correct or incorrect If incorrect the computer automatically selects an additional voice message telling the teacher where to find more information on that topic during the review period that follows The series of video-taped lectures entitled The World of Computers is part of an educational experiment being conducted by the Catholic Schools of the Diocese of Brooklyn with the technical assistance of International Business Machines Corporation After the last question the computer's program provides a list of suggested makeup topics based on the teacher's incorrect responses Brother Austin David FSC the Diocese's data processing consultant said the purpose of the 8-week telecourse is to learn more about the practicality of using a computer with television as a means of pro riding individualized instruction The teacher can elect either to review the 'subjects suggested by the computer or choose other topics of interest from a course outline Each topic has a code number and the teacher selects the subject matter by entering this number through the keyboard of the push-button telephone An IBM System 360 located at IBM's Mohansic Laboratory in Yorktown Heights N Y is linked by telephone lines to special equipment in the Diocese's educational TV studios at Bishop Ford High School in Brooklyn In response to each request the computer is programmed to pick an appropriate prerecorded voice message For teachers who use the combined audio video epanded lecture the computer also automatically selects one or more pictures stored in a slide projector at the educational TV studio These pictures are transmitted over one of the Diocese's channels and appear on the classroom TV screen The video-lectures are beamed into Diocesan schools over one of four educational TV channels operated by the Diocese These are 2 500-megacycle channels licensed for instructional purposes only and cannot be received on home television sets without special receiving equipment Four teachers at a time can coknmunlicate with the IBM System 360 Model 40 Three of them receive only voice messages while the fourth gets both voice messages and TV pictures during the review period During the computer-assisted part of each lesson Roman Catholic nuns brothers and lay teachers in nine schools use standard pushbutton telephones to e Take a test on what they have seen and heard during the lecture Using their push-button telephones teachers can interrupt any message from the computer They also can ask for a repeat of the whole message or part of it or move on to a new topic of their own choosing e Find out how they scored on the test and how to review any points that were missed Ask for recorded voice explanations which review and expand the topics covered in the lecture If a teacher enters a wrong number and then realizes her mistake the entry can be cancelled and corrected Invalid entries are automatically detected by the computer which responds with a special error message Request recorded explanations illustrated by still pictures on their classroom TV sets Teachers have 20 minutes to explore topics of their own choice Then they take a second test similar to the first to determine what progress they have made Here is how the experimental system works After viewing the lecture the teachers place a phone call to the computer at a preassigned time The computer is programmed to present each teacher with a series of prerecorded multiple choice questions based on the iecture content and drawn from messages stored in its experimental audio-response unit After the experiment is over the progress of teachers working with the computer will be compared with that of control groups who simply watched the lectures or took pencil and paper tests To answer a question the teacher presses one of thn 12 buttons on a push-button telephone After each response the computer announces over a speaker-telephone whether the teacher's The Diocese and IBM also hope to learn more about the learning process by studying the search patterns used by teachers in requesting expanded lecture material 18 USING THE SYSTEM The expanded lecture contains many seleciunts which can be uned by me teachers in dii- Teachers participating in the educational television experiment being conducted by the Catholic Schools of the Dioccec of Brooklyn communicate with an IBM System 360 Model 40 through standard 12-key push-button telephones A plastic template which fits over the push button telephone keys identifies special runetions such as repeat message and cancel message giving the teacher added flexibility in working through the expanded lecture ferent ways It can be used for review purposes by teachers who request more information about the Luplus 'eciommeuded by the compuier The expanded lecture also can be used for obtaining more information about topics of interest to the participating teachers The computer starts off in this manner Welcome to the 'World of Computers ' Thiu series is being brought to you by the Catholic Schools of the Diocese of Brooklyn in dooperatljn with International Business Machines Corporation The present program deals with the material covered in the fourth telecast entitled 'Tha Magic Numbers 0 and 1 ' Voice messages from the computer are provided through the telephone by an experimental voice-response unit This unit contains pre-recorded voice messages which can be selected by the computer in answering a user's request Before we begin please be sure that your content outline for this lecture is easily accesesible for quick reference If you have a particular topic already selected from your outline you may enter its number at this time Otherwise key in 106 In the experiment each teacher watches a half-hour TV lecture about computers After each lecture teachers dial up the computer and key in their identificatio k number The computer replies as follows In this part of the lesson you will be asked to answer some questions For each question choose the one answer you think best Key in the digit corresponding to your answer If you don't know the answer guess The message for Selection 106 lists several general areas which the teacher may explore and a code number for each general area When one of these codes is entered by pressing telephone push-buttons a more detailed topic index with additional codes is heard The teacher melects one of these codes to listen to an expanded treatment of any specific topic As indicated in the opening message the teacher can also choose a selection from the list in the course outline and select this topic directly Next comes a series of 15 to 20 multiplechoice questions about the evening's lecture For example Credit for the invention of the binary number system as we know it today is given to 1 2 3 4 Suppose the teacher decides to review selection 147 which was recommended by the computer because she missed the question about binary numbers by keying in 147 the teacher Pascal Babbage Leibnitz Babylonians hears the message If the teacher knows the right answer Leibnitz and keys in number 3 she hears Gottfried von Leibnitz is credited as the inventor of the binary number system Leibnitz was a mathematician who lived 1646 toGerman 1716 Actually many people had from been Your answer is correct But if she keys in another answer the computer responds using the binary number system for many years but no effort had been made to present the ideas of the binary number system in a systematic manner It was Leibnitz who achieved this Your answer is incorrect Information about this topic may be found in selection 147 However the mathematicians of his era were not too impressed with the binary number system and it was not until the adveqt of the digital computer that the ideas and thoughts of Leibnitz on this topic were appreciated When the test is over the computer summarizes the selection numbers which correspond to incorrect answers The following is a list of the selections you may wish to consult in the expanded lecture For a discussion of the binary number 147 the life of Leibnitz system select 146 19 -- i -- --- -- _ To see how the binary number system is related to the modern electronic digital cornputer select 126 One group of teachers participating in the experiment receives a combined audio video expanded lecture These teachers see a picture of Leibnitz or the television screen while listening to the message The The picture pictures comes comestrorfrom aa slide slide stored sutordional in a random access projector in the educational television studio A special control unit in the studio receives a signal over telephone lines from the computer and causes the projector to select the slide and project it into a TV camera The picture is then transmitted over one of the 2 500-megacycle educational channels operated by the Diocese Most of the expanded lecture selections like the one above conclude by giving codes for one or more related topics from which the teacher can choose if interested For example if the teacher decides to investigate the relationship between binary numbers and the modern computer and keys in 126 she hears this passage Binary numbers consist of only ones and zeroes It is easy to see that these two states correspond to the on-off situation that occurs in electrical circuits Thus the flow or pulse of electric current could be interpreted as a binary one and the lack of a pulse as a binary zero The modern electronic digital computer contains thousands of automatic electrical switches that are used to transmit our binary numbers Since they can be either on or off they can be used to correspond to a binary one or zero The electrical activation of these switches permits information to be transferred within the computer and to be processed according to instructions This concept of the on-off circult as related to the binary numbers allows the cornputer to count and compute If an electric pulse goes through a circuit a count of one is registered These pulses occur at the rate of millions per second For a discussion of the binary number system enter 146 To see how this concept of the binary number is related to the various input devices of the computer enter 127 ' The television picture reinforcing this passage shows a pair of simple electrical circuitsone awitehed on and the other off and indicates how these conditions correspond to the binary one and zero Teachers participating in this phase of the telecoarse have 20 minutes to select expanded lecture subjects At the end of this portion the computer terminates the lesson as follows You have completed the time alloted to you for this phase At this point the teacher takes a re-test similar to the first one to see what progress oret sheihas made Tis tie howee she has made This time however the computer states the correct answers to any missed questions Finally after the re-test comes the concluding message You have completed the lesson for this week Please hang up your telephone and call again at your next scheduled time Thank you THE SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL TV IMAGE BUFFER To demonstrate that a single television channel can provide different still pictures to many viewers at the same time a special device that captures and holds single images has been installed on one of the classroom TV sets used in an educational experiment conducted by the Diocese of Brooklyn with the aid of International Business Machines Corporation The experimental unit called a keyed buffer by IBM engineers records each new picture received from the TV station and retains it on the screen even after the station stops broadcasting it Anyone watching the channel on an ordinary television receiver would see the picture only for an instant as it flashed on the screen But at Mater Christi High School one of nine Diocesan schools involved in the experiment a viewer watching the buffered receiver sees the picture appear and remain steady on the screen The reason is that this standard TV receiver is connected not directly to an antenna but to the keyed buffer Once the buffer has recorded a new picture transmitted from the educational TV station of the Diocese it is continuously displayed on the TV screen until another picture is transmitted from the station and recorded by the keyed buffer 20 ____ ___ According to Roger C Greenhalgh manager of education programs for IBM's Advanced Systems Development Division keyd buffers working on the same princlule could cnable an educational television station to provide customized material to many viewers at dlfferent locations at the same time over the same educational TV channel Still pictures transmitted by the station could be coded or addressed to a particular TV set Mr Grccnha gh ald The buffev' a• uelated with that TV receiver could be adjusted to record only pictures addressed to It Pictures addressed to other TV sets would not be recorded Three Dimensional Computer Created Pictures PI'IoT' Pl h IhJ h n' f 12'112 for a modern refinery dor t run into one another It may be possible to do the same Jobat a great saving in time and money-by giving the data in architectural plans to a computer and then inspecting the three -dimensional results on the screen A computer here is creating pictures as simple as a cube and as complex as a refinery pipeline that can be seen in three dimensions The computer an IBM System 360 at Brown University can produce a pair of images differing slightly in perspective side by side on a television-like screen By looking at the screen through a special viewer a person sees the two images merged into one with the added dirnenslon of depth The experimental 3D project at Brown has been undertaken by Charles M Strauss a graduate student and Dr Amdries van Dam assistant professor of applied mathematics who Is this doctorate work In the Division supervising of Applied Mathematics The images geometric models stored in the computer's memory can actually be manipulated on the screen--enlarged reduced moved up or down or rotated Mr Strauss created a program a set of special instructions for the university's System 360 Model 50 which enables the computer to display information on the 12- by 12-Inch screen of an IBM 2250 display unit In addition a person can alter the pictures generated by the computer by moving a lightsensitive device called a light pen across the screen Straight lines and points can be drawn and erased with the light pen without altering other parts of the picture Dr Walter Freiberger professor of appofesrown andeirgeor of Brown'ssThe director pliedplied mathematics and coma of use the computing center says that puter to create three-dlmensional pictures has great potential for industry Because the results are to be three-dimensional the program must in effect construct two pictures of each object one for each eye special a stereoscope two to merge into one the uses mirrors andviewer prisms called are pron e d aydfer im s to sl slightly different images that are produced Manipulating the pictures on the screenmaking them bigger or smaller rotating them or moving them up or down-is accomplished by pressing various keys on the lisplay unit The window through whikh the objects displayed on the screen appear to be viewed can be moved by the viewer in order to zoom in for a closeup of a part of an object The petroleum industry for instance might be able to end the laborious process of building an actual model of each refinery it plans to construct he says Right now scale models are constructed to check that the thousands of pipelines required Accredited Computer Aided Course Floerid Slair Unierifty Tallahtwuee Fhloridla Conducted under a US Office of Education grant the experimental course was designed by FSU to examine student reaction to it and to measure its effectiveness against the lecture method A computer at Florida State University as part oi a rigidly controlled experiment has begun teaching introductory physics to a class of 30 freshman students This is believed to be the first accredited college course being taught fully by computer 21 The i1urse is part of a research program It is the logic flow that directs the instruc- started at FSU in 1963 with the formation of its tion-juniping students that r re progressing quickly providing hinta or remedial work when necessary and generally keeping the students from outwitting the machine CnmpiitPr-AaRiqted instruction CAI Center here According to Dr Duncan Hansen director of the Center our purpose is to examine the c nmputer's potential to help teachers teach in the midst of the growing population-andknowledge explosions FSUY new computer is an IBM 1500 in- There are 29 basic lessons in the computerbased physics course About 50 percent of the course the material will reference be presented by the and computer rest from material structLonal system Engineered into it is the seemingly contradictory capability to teach students separately in a group audio-visual aids to which the computer directs its stucdents The computer also issues homework assignments The 1500 Is specially des' gned for educational use It has three major elements At the same time the computer is teaching it is compiling records of student progress these records will be checked r-egularly by CAI Center staff members a A computer or central processor that directs its operations There are no regularly scheduled classes for the experimental course Students in the pilot group who are volunteers from the conventional physics class have 9 hours a day of computer time available to them Interchangeable electronic files which hold the 'textbook for the course and instructions for the computer and A serios of TV-like terminals equipped with typewriter keyboards and electronic light pens which constitute the learning stations Final grades will be based on mid-term and final examinations the same tests given to students in the regular basic physics classes this term The YSU system has eight terminals on which the computer projects instructions information questions and reacts so rapidly to the answers that each student appears to be conversing privately with It Twenty-four additional terminals will be installed by the end of the quarter The automated course will not bs repeated next quarter Dr Hansen and his staff will evaluate the course material and students' reaction and make any necessary revisions before offering it again The content of the ex perimental CAI physics course is the same as that being taught to more than 500 other FSU freshmen in regular classroom lentures The difference is that the computerized version is rigidly structured put into machine language-called programming and all conceivable alternatives even wrong answers are incorporated into the logic flow The final result of the FSU project will be a research report to the Office of Education Dr Hansen thinks it may also produce a selfcontained fully automated basic physics course which could be made available to colleges and universities where there are too few students to form a class or a shortage of physics teachers A Program Pa-'kage for Computer-Assisted Text Editing and Data Retrieval Nattion d al B ' tau ao 'tanodetll II'a hingimi P C 2023-1 A major problem in the extension of cornputer techniques to the processing of scientific manuscripts either for editing and automat c typesetting or for storage and retrieval is the limited number of characters on the ordinary computer printer card punch and typewriter The problem is not insurmountable and has been met with varying success handle text with scientific notations such as subscripts superscripts Greek letters mathematical and logic symbols and diacritical marks present in some languages It is not economical nor even necessary for computer printers to provide authors with the nearly 1 000 symbols available to printers who specialize in scientific publications A computer line-printer component with 240 distinct characters and having provision for Recent developments in hardware and programming should soon provide a capability to 22 _ - eu iAiiy w oe irst release of Edpac contains FOR- copewithall but the most specialized situations IRAN program listings and descriptions of five programs JUSTIFY SCRAMBLE SEARCH BLOCKSEA t tw and SUBSTITUT E Rarly in 19AO8 the Office of Standard reference Data will have access to such a cormputer This line-printer will have 240 distinct characters will be able to provide half-line These may he used Independently or in sequence Any editing system which permits the de- spacing for subscripts and superscripts and will be able to print several characters in the same position e g imposed over 0 gives 0 letion or addition of substantial segments of text must have some provision for rearranging the words into lines of specified length JUSTIFY is a text formatting program which provides this facility with or without justified righthand margins It can center lines of text indent and perform other features useful in preparing camera ready copy however the program doos not hyphenate words at the end of a line When line justification is called for the extra spaces are placed first after each period in the line and then between the words starting from the left in one line and from the right in the next Because simplicity of use is an important factor in the design of these programs the rules are kept as conventional as possible For example the start of a paragraph is ordinarily signaled by leaving at least one blank space at the beginning of the line just as a typist might indent when starting a new paragraph or by inserting a blank card which is equivalent to leaving a blank line when paragraphs are not indented fiComputers can accomplish easily and efficiently a variety of tasks encountered in editing printing and revising data compilations They can modify or refine text delete unwanted inforrmation or instructions select abridge or rearrange lines or blocks of data or text format the final printed pages and finally build a table of contents aril an index A number of text editing programs for these purposes now exist and others are being developed t Not only can editing problems be solved but they can be solved in such a way Rs to produce simultaneously a general-purpose data retrieval system of consIderable power and flexibility A suitably designed editing program serves still another important purpose-that of providing a simple means of coping with different data formats Such a program makes the transformation of data or text files from one format to another a trivial task and thereby reduces the necessity to force heterogeneous files into rigid formats SCRAMBLE provides for the substitution of any single character for any other It is equivalent to a simple substitution cipher It is used in the transformation of variables in the conversion of one precedence symbol to another and in character tr-nsformations in linguistics research A package of utility programs for computerassisted editing Edpac with the above-mentioned characteristics and objectives is being developed by the Office of Standard Reference Data in collaboration with some of its associated data centers at NBS The first computer programs of this series will be described in a forthcoming NBS publication tt The program called SUBSTITUTE is a more versatile and correspondingly more corplex program It has a provision for replacing any character string by any other character string regardless of where it occurs in the text Among the diverse jobs this program can do are the following 1 Convert text punched on cards in BCD Text 90 by J C Sekora International Business Machine Corp Dept D78 Poughkeepsie N Y June 10 1965 tFORMAT a text processing program by format all capital letters to upper and lower case such as initial capitalization of the start of each sentence and authors' names and ini- G M Berns IBM Washington Scientific Center 11141 Georgia Ave Wheaton Md 20902 tials July 1967 Computer-assisted text preparation by J Hilsenrath and K Waibel Technical Report 2 Replace any arbitrary set of symbols by corresponding instructions for a phototypeset- TR-67-47 Computer Science Center University of Maryland College Park Md 20742 July 1967 ting machine 3 Recognize typesetting instructions in a text and either delete them or replace them tlEdpac Utility programs for computerassisted editing copy-production and data retrieval by C G Mes sdna and J Hilsenrath with other codes 23 I X U 4 Anglicize test written by Americans such as a paragraph a page a full bibliographic citation or an a bsetct On a SUC essful match the entire block is printed or punched 5 Replace journal abbreviations by their fIve letter CODEN designations or vice versa or by the full title Art important feature of both searching programs is the ability to handle fragments such as prefixes or suffixes or even fragments in the interior of words Ordinarily the scanning is anchored to the beginning of the word For example asking for the word thermo would produce line with thermodynamics Thermodynamics thermochemistry and Thermochemistry If the prngram is et to the unanchored mode it will locate the word Aerotherm lynamics as well In this search mode- imbedding a blank A at the end of a string restricts the search to endings or suffixes Thus when asked to locate FLEX A the program will find CEI LUFLEX but not FLEXIBLE Set to locate all lines containing both of the strings ACEL and LEXA this program would locate all words beginning with CEL and ending with LEX such as CELLS and COMPLEX 6 Match citation numbers in the body of a paper with an indexed list of references 7 Insert complex mathematical expressions when they occur frequently in a text thereby avoiding needless retyping and subsequent proofreading 8 Insert typesetting instructions in place of code words for special symbols not available on the input device 9 Screen and correct automatically inconsistent use of abbreviations or symbols SEARCH and BLOCKSEARCH are useful for data retrieval The first program searches a card image of a single line of text for the presence of any or all of a group of words or strings or fragmentsiiit prints out the line or punches out a card when such items are located The Edpac programs have been written in FORTRAN with considerable care to avoid any machine-cdependent instructioni so as to permit the direit use with the various computers utilized by the NBS data centers The programs run without modification on the IBM 7094 the CDC 3600 the UNIVAC 1107 and 1108 and the IBM 360 30 BLOCKSEARCH is able to scan an entire block of lines making it generally more useful in data retrieval This searr made not on a single line but on a suitably uelineated block Computer Typesetters to Learn Math Nalional riSenc Fuundutio Computers can already set type for ordinary books where the sentences run smoothly on one line from one side of the page to the other however math text stumps them ciably reduce the time necessary ýco i-t type for scientific journals It shculd • Jc Ye•mplfy production of a machine-reae' t •'0 ' u 4 the contents of the journals s A indexes and selections of si I W material could easily be made Although any fifth-grader can write a fraction or put an exponent on a number computer typesetters still have to learn to place figures in raised or lowered positions or to center the numerator over the deiominator The American Matherna • d Society is devoting 14 months to designi V oddebugging the necessary computer program and typesetting equipment including a Photon disc-an opaque wheel perforated with mathematical signs and symbols through which a computer-guided beam of light passes to print the desired symbol on a light-sensitive photo-offset plate Part of the time will go for testing the new system on 150 pages of difficult mathematical text The American Mathematical Society Prayidence Rhode Island is now tackling this problem one of the most challenging in the development of computer typesetting with the aid of a $152 000 grant from the National Science Foundation The Foundation hopes that the project will make possible increased speed and efficiency in supplying scientific information to scientists Gordon L Walker executive director of the Society is the principal investigator for the project A good system to instruct the computer how to handle complicated text should appre24 - I i -• Sinic-'Wu 7 • ° 4 Foiic¢ information Network Ohio Stale Bighwa Patrnl Columbui Ohio 41205 A potent new weapon that fires instant accurate information soon will be used by State and local police in Ohio to track down criminals The new weapon is a cotaputfr-base police information system and state-wide electronic conaimunications network In a split second it will retrieve from a central file information on such things as stolen cars stolen property and certain wanted persons and guns used in connection with crimes The system called LEADS for Law Enforcement Automated Data Systtm will be in use early in 1968 by State 1 rhwoy Patrol and local sheriff and police departments Colonel Robert M Chigrayaonte superint pndent Ohio State Highway Patrol said Use ot computers in this manner on a state andteational level probably represents the greatest advance in police information and communications since the radio Typewriter-like terminals to be installed In law enforcement agency communications centers throughout the State will provide direct access to computers in Columbus IBM System 360s containing three separate files of information 1 Registrtion numbers and related data on the more than 5-million Ohio licensed vehicles within the State Acting as a switching center the IBM computer will enable persons using the terminals to communicate with any one or all of the 155 terminals in the system The value of having correct information available quickly can be measured in terms of human lives increased traffic -safety and dollars said Colonel Chiaramonte For example he explained that a policeman will be able to find out before he approaches a vehicle if it has been involved in a serious crime such as a bank robbery or if it is stolen To obtain the information he will radio the car's license plate number to a dispatcher in his communications center The dispatcher will enter the number through a terminal Within seconds the computer will answer and the dispatcher can radio the response back to the policeman Thus the policeman's chances of being unprepared when he approaches a car driven by an armed or dangerous person are greatly reduced Checking on revoked or suspended operator's license also will be accomplished using the terminals to access data in the central computer file 2 Basic operator's license information on the 6-million or more drivers licensed by the State of Ohio including current records of any arrests convictions or traffic violation points compiled About 50 000 operator licenses are suepended or revoked in Ohio annually said Colonel Chiaramonte ' early one-half are due to accumulation of traffic violation points 3 A file of information on such things as stolen vehih s and parts missing license plates and vehicles driven by persons with suspended or revoked operator's licenses Greater apprehension of these people who represent a hazard to other motorists can resuit in increased traffic safety on our city streets and highways Colonel Chiaramonte said This type of information said Colonel Chiaramonte has always been available however the system brings it together for the first time so that it can be put to effective use The Bureau of Motor Vehicles expects to have full information of this nature on computer file for every licensed driver by October 1968 Access to the files will be restricted to authorized law enforcement personnel who require the information to carry out their duties The three computers to be used for Lle O are operated In Columbus by the State Denv ment of Financc They include an already stalled IBM System 360 Model 30 and a Model 40 A second Model 40 is expected to be installed shortly The terminals also will provide communications between law enforcement agencies 25 The files of information will be contained on four hIRM 2391 danta ra11 ervIn w mph onanhla of holding 400-million characters of information and two IBM 2311 disk utorage drives An increase in recoveries of only 1 per- k 0A f fhI 1- Mfl-- k 1 fln year Explaining the use of the National Crime Information Center in Washington Colonel Chiaramonte said Initially Ohio stolen property fles will be stored in the IBM computer there Information includes the brand name of the property and its serial number LEADS will enable Ohio to tie-in to the National Crime Information Center in Washington D C run by the Federal Bureau of Investigation The files stored there by the FBI on an IBM computer include current information on stolen property wanted persons guns and stolen vehicles in all states The information is available to all law enforcement agencies in the country In developing LEADS Colonel Chiaramonte said 170 Ohio sheriffs and police departments participated in a survey to determine their needs for such a system In addition 26 police chiefs and 25 sheriffs representing various sizes of law enforcement agencies in the State were interviewed LEADS also will provide a link to the Law Enforcement Telecommunications System This nationwide system enables police units in each of the 48 continental states to exchange information rapidly and aid each other in the apprehension of criminals A study was also made of other computerized systems in use throughout the country for law enforcement Colonel Chiaramonte pointed out that while the State Highway Patrol will administer LEADS it will be guided by a policy committee representing the Ohio police and sheriff depart ments Colonel Chiaramonte noted that small law enforcement agencies in Ohio counties which do not include or are not near a terminalequipped communications center will be able to form county communication centers In the sparsely populated rural areas of the State two or three counties may share a joint communications center Commenting on the value of LEADS Colonel Chiaramonte noted that it will enable police to disseminate information rapidly on the 27 400 vehicles stolen each year in Ohio It now takes three days or more just to notify all state units of a theft Larger cities in Ohio that may develop police information systems will be able to tie-in to LEADS Colonel Chiaramonte noted that 10 percent of all stolen vehicles go unrecovered representing an annual loss of $2 1-million In this manner every radio equipped car in the State could have access to computer files within seconds Computerized Law Status Stai or Peennsylvania Geiral f k mbly D ata ProAessiag eter Harrisburg Penivyhiwnia When a Pennsylvania legislator in the State Capitol Building here wants to know the current status of a proposed law he '11 be able to ask a computer and get his information in seconds printed form These up-to-date reports could be used to replace a printed document now issued to state lawmakers once a week In the State Capitol Building two kinds of An IBM System 360 containing detailed data about all bills before the General Assembly began serving senators representatives and their aides in October 1967 Information produced by the computer also will be available to members of the press communications devices will be linked to the System 360 They are IBM 2260 display units which show information on a cathode ray tube and IBM 1053 communications terminals which type out the information on a modified electric typewriter The most important benefit of the new system will be the availability of up-to-date information says Regis D Steighner executive director of the General Assembly's new Data Processing Center Daily reports on pending legislation will be available from the computer at a number of locations in the State Capitol Building either as text flashed on a television-like screen or in 26 dl z-ck oi o• ••i The t d it± - n pending leC-ilation has been to publish what is called a 'short title'-a record of bill status and histary By the end of a busy week this 'shurL title' is likely to be out of date The computer will have the facts stored in its memory updated daily We plan to have a irean report available before the General Assembly convenes each morning The ABM System 360 a powerful Model 40 is located in the General Assembly Data Processing Center in the State Capitol Building Computer Aided Instruction of German V ifrulry JSouthfr Ctdl ormit• How computers are teaching German to college students in a successful experiment that may become nationwide has been described by Dr Harold von Hofe chairman of the German department at the University of Southern Callfornia For more than 3 years teaching material written in German by the USC professor has been used at the IBM Computer Research Center at Yorktown Heights N Y in a telephonic link with students at the State University of New York at Stony Brook This is the first computer-assisted instruction program in a foreign language dealing with understanding speaking reading and writing Students work at typewriter consoles and talk with the computer whenever they have trouble The computer points out errors and suggests ways of correcting them without making the corrections itself Because each student may work at his own pace and must work each exercise correctly before he can go on to the next unit the only difference between good and poor students is the amount of time spent Dr von Hofe said The computer can do drill work with students better than a human being the USC professor said It does not become impatient or nervous The learning of German Irnvolves repetitious drill and incessant practice of structural patterns Whereas the burden of drilling students and supervising pattern practice has fallen upon the language teacher lip to now we are on the threshold of removing that burden from the teacher Teachers will be freed from oral work and will have more time to deal with the culture of the language area they represent Language teaching will become morm humanistic and have a broader cultural orientation if properly planned than heretofore Computers are capable of performing sophisticated teaching if we instruct them to do so in a sophisticated manner von Hofe predicted In an age of standardization the computer can serve as a tool of individualized tutorial instruction because each student works by himself with the computer In no educational institution does a teacher have the time to spend hours every day as a computer does with each of 20 or 30 students in a class The computer is a boon to the slow learner as well as the rapid one Jovial WJ3 Standard Programming Language be'vehprlino'n C qvialion Santatll C lrl 'l o 'llal U04 0h command and control systems Adoption of the language does not mean existing systems must be reprogrammed to meet the JOVIAL standard an Air Force spokesman pointed out Adoption of JOVIAL J3 as the Standard Programming Language for Air Force comniand and control applications has been announced by the Air Force's Directorate of Command Control and Communications In adopting JOVIAL J3 the Air Force also established standard specifications for the development of compilers and established a means of updating the language and specitications to incorporate future developments in JOVIAL a machine-independent generalpurpose programming language developed by System Development Corporation SDC will be used as a standard only for new Air Force 27 The manual includes specifications for requiremepts for design test performance and qualification of JOVIAL J3 compilers programming languages that may be used in command and control applications Details of the programming language standard was recently published in Air Force Manual 100-24 According to the manual JOVIAL J3 answers the pressing need for a common standard of communications among the users of many different computers JOVIAL developed by SDC in 1958 for use by the Air Force in the SAGE Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense system and Ether large-scale command control systems is an acronym standing for Jules Own Version of the International Algebraic Language The language is also used by other branches of the armed services and has had numerous civilian applications as well As a common programming language JOVIAL serves both as a means of communicating information processing methods between people and as a means of realizing a stated process on a number of different computer i Teletype Inktronic Page Printer iel€ype C'orportrion Skokie IMlinni ¢ 0076 The machine prints any number of alphanumeric characters up to 64 depending upon the code used It is available for use with either the five-level Baudot code or the United States of America Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII The Inktronic page printer that forms characters from electronically controlled jets of ink at speeds of 120 characters per second 1 200 words per minute or less was unveiled in November 1967 The receive-only printer which will be available in limited quantities in mid-1968 is part of a complete line of high speed data communications equipment Printing on the unit is done by a stream of highly charged ink particles that are deflected electrostatically to trace out desired characters in much the same way that a beam of electrons traces patterns on an oscilloscope tube For each character a jet of Ink is drawn out of a nozzle when a suitable voltage is applied to its corresponding calving electrode See Figs 1 and 2 Changing voltages applied to the vertical and horizontal deflection electrodes de- According to Teletype Corporation officials an Inktronic RSR keyboard send-receive set will be available toward the end of 1968 Plans call for including tape processing capabilities in the future as well as increased speeds for complete utilization of voice grade channels flect the ink jet to trace out the desired character The initial Inktronic Printer will be capable of printing 80 characters in a line Printing is done on ordinary teletypewriter paper an Important cost-saving feature in view of the unit's extremely high operating speed Major applications include use for computer print-out for computer input or interrogation when the machine is furnished with a keyboard as a monitor for high-speed tape-to-tape systems such as those employing Teletype Telespeed equipment available in operating speed of '750 1050 1200 words per minute and as terminal gear for communicating over voice grade channels Information necessary to guide the ink jet beams through their character tracing patterns is stored in a transformer core memory systern Using this system it is possible to interchange character fonts in a few minutes The printer has few moving parts practically eliminating the need for mechanical maintenance The ink used is easier to load than a typewriter ribbon and costs no more Since the printing process involves no mechanical impact the machine is virtually noiseless A key operating advantage of the Inktronic is its unrestricted message format The basic speed is such that each character is printed as it is received Unlike most high-speed printers which must store received characters until a full line is available for simultaneous print-out the machine utilizes L•o buffer storage It is able to intermingle short and long printed lines without the use of fill characters Teletype officials describe development of Inktronic equipment as a dramatic step toward helping to solve data communications problems caused by the information explosion Information generated by business and government has been expanding at a phenomenal rate creating an urgent need for increasingly faster 28 L- '- - -i- •i-1 % VIM • Fig I - The new Teletype Corporationi Inktronic page pr'inter forms characters from electronically controlled jets of ink at speeds up to• 120 charLACtars per second I 200 words per minute Oe o OO• • • products range from conventional page printers to complex transmissionk units Application is I • •• • 7 • • ••• • found in such diverse fields as industry medi1 2 T3 5•••ene ne eeyeCroato transportation government education ntol ci 6 0ig and the military 5 9 o 9 • • 2 I Details on the new Inktronlic page printer Vare contained In an Information shoot available from Teletype Corporation Dept SP 67 5553 Touhy Avenue Skokie Illinois 60076 •• • • 2 • •• • •• • • • • • • The fmlctronic page printer provides printed INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER DOTS CHARACTER-FORiMING DOT MATRIX page copy from sequentil or parallel binaryDC signals Printing is accomplished a character at a time by a unique electrostatic process that permits operation up to 1200 words-per- inute a 0 Fig 2 - A close examination character printed on the new Teletype Corporation Inktronic page This is 12mechanical times the speed of the widely used page printers 100 wpm printer shows that each character is sorieo mde u ofa ofdot o nk E lectronics associated with the printer are contained in a cleanly styled modern cabinet The printer with its associated paper supply and optional paper winder Is located on top of communications machines This fact Is particularly significant in view of predictions that the the cabinet Modular construction of the elsectransmission of pure data will surpass that of trical and mechanical assemblies facilitate years voice messages within the next 10CHARCTERDOTSDOT ATRi maintenance The electronics have been designed for easy maintenance In the field by perTeletype Corporation which is a Bell Syssonnel with limited skill and without the need ten unit is today the largest single company sinl Pitngi copihehrce sophisticated equipfor oscilloscopes or other dedicated exclusively to the manufacture of data mect im communications equipment Its broad line of ata b aunq eecrotaicprces-ha 29 FEATURES AFF E Speed Code Printer Puwu Rutiul ti d IiNG APPLICATION Bit timer for operation at 1050 wpfla prUvlVdesUeC patibility with 1050 wpm tape-to-tape systems Other timers can be furnished up to a maximum speed of 1200 wpm ptelephone o s At 1200 wpm 8-level ASCII 10 0 unit code 1200 band 5-level 7 0 unit code 840 band Friction feed platen sprocket feed platen to be available Maximum line of print 72 or 80 characters customer option Horizontal spacing 10 characters per inch Vertical spacing 6 lines per inch Up to 64 alphanumerics can be printed Standard 8-1 2 inch wide for 8 amperes Signal Line Floor Space With proper data set can trLansmit over regular lines Optional coupler for EIA Standard RS-232B Interface The electronics have been designed on a modular basis to provide reduced maintenance time by proving for rapid plug-in replacement of parts A further advantage Is that a variety of applications may be satisfied using a small inventory of modular assemblies to provide for variations The number of adjustments has been held to a minimum Extensive use of integrated circuits keeps size weight and cost to a minimum teletypewriter paper 4-1 2 inch to 5 inch diameter roll Ink Supply '4 Interface Information S USAGE Paper APP''-111iaclry 033 • 115 V 60 Ha Set is fused A pint of Ink will print approximately 200 rolls of paper printing 80 character lines CONSIDERATIONS Paper Roll Replacementi A standard 400-foot roll of paper will last for up to 5 hours 1050 wpm when printing 80 character lines Multiple copies The Inktronic Printer produces a single copy this copy may be readily reproduced in any desired quantity using ordinary office copiers Cabinet and cover combination measures 18 inches wide by 27 inches deep with an overall height of 47 inches The unitweighs 380 pounds Computer Applications and Expansion Plans IWayne' State lUnierity Delhoil AlMhigan 4 Y202 Laboratory animals that spent their entire lives breathing polluted air showed few effects traceable to pollution states a soon-to-be issued report prepared by Wayne State Univesitv The report compiled and evaluated on an Dr Smith explains that during the experiment continuous checks were made of the amount of pollution being inhaled by two test colonies of animals consisting of rats guinea pigs and rabbits IBM computer will be submitted to the U S Public Health Service It is based on a recently concluded 5-year study by the University under the direction of Dr Ralph Smith professor occupational and environmental health in WSU's School of Medicine Eight automatic instruments continuously monitored the air measuring it for the content of nitrogen dioxide nitric oxide sulfur dioxide oxidant carbon monoxide carbon dioxide hydrocarbons and aerosol The measured results were then processed through the Univer- The study was performed under the terms of a contract with the Public Health Service sity's IBM 7074 computer for evaluation and reporting 30 I '--Z One nf tho a 'nanm to air pumped in from a duct above a heavily traveled street The other group breathed only air purified by activated ehareoal and passed through filters to remove all particles Animals born and aised in the laboratory were examined at the time of their natural death Dr Smith concludes that the study did not support the contention that breathing polluted air at the levels measured is harmful to health though extrapolation of such findings to humans must obviously be made with caution One of the few indications of any changes due to air pollution was a small increase ir the white blood cell count of the exposed groups a condition that does not imply deterloration in health Dr Smith explained that the body normally attacks foreign materials in this case those inhaled with white blood cells This would explain the higher count of white blood cells in the rodents he said -wiu he asaisiance ox the University'S cornputer center Computers in use at the center include an IBM 7074 and a more powerful IBM System 300 Model 50 Dr Hoffman explained that the instruments measuring air pollutants during the 5-year study produced a running punched paper tape This was transported to the computer center converted to magnetic tape and computer proceased At the end of each day the computer produced a print-out of the day's measurement showing the peaks and valleys of air pollution hour by hour Dr Hoffman explained that a more sophisfor soptased Dr Homantexplain ticated computer complex scheduled for installation beginning in November would facilitate even more ambitious use by students and faculty A total of 50 Tele -processing terminals some equipped with keyboards and printing units and others equipped with keyboards and TV-like screens soon will be installed to enable students and faculty to use a computer for university-related work from remote locations across the campus He stated the experiment was not conducted on humans but noted that the body of man has a more sophisticated respiratory and filtering system than that of rodents The terminals will make it possible to key a problem directly into the computer from the building for example and have the answer flashed back in the form of a print-out Dr Walter Hoffman director of WSU's computing and data processing center said that tengineering daend Iwoputghav itwould have been impossitl le to gather analyze tion obtained in the 5i-year study without cornputer assistance Dr Hoffman said 'The fully implemented system will enable students to handle more complex study and research programs to better prepare them for their fields of specialty The recently concluded study is one of a number of research academic and other educational programs being conducted at the school 31 U