UNCLASSIFIED General Hyten Sir On 12 April 2016 you are scheduled to speak at the National Space Symposium Time allotted for speaking is 30 minutes with no Q A There will be approximately 600 personnel in the audience including senior military leaders industry executives and government representatives There will be a lapel microphone Multiple media outlets have been invited Uniform is service dress Introduction SLIDE 1 Multi-Domain Video The lines between the five warfighting domains are more blurred more than ever Space and cyberspace capabilities ensure no Soldier Sailor Marine or Airman fights alone But under no circumstance should anyone in this room take this for granted Our adversaries are actively working to isolate our sons and daughters on the battlefield They are actively working to take away our space and cyberspace advantages UNCLASSIFIED Page 1 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED Thank you so much for having me here today The National Space Symposium is always an incredible event but I really think they have out done themselves this year I brought that video today to highlight how seamless the integration of space and cyberspace capabilities have become in our everyday operations In the video you saw the speed at which capabilities from all five warfighting domains came together to create incredible precision effects on the battlefield Let me tell you that is not easy Our Airmen Soldiers Marines and Sailors make it look easy but it’s because they are unconceivably good at what they do When I was a young Lieutenant I was too busy geeking out with my other space buddies talking about sun-synchronous and highly elliptical orbits to even imagine this level of integration But today we do it every day on almost every mission and no one blinks an eye No one else in the world can conduct integrated multi-domain operations like we do UNCLASSIFIED Page 2 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED and space and cyberspace capabilities are critical in gaining this advantage for the US But hopefully the second portion highlighted how easily the multi-domain integration can be taken away by a determined adversary if we don’t properly defend our space and cyberspace capabilities That scenario is what keeps me up at night it’s what keeps me driving forward as the Commander of Air Force Space Command Without space and cyberspace how do we get that special ops team home How do we confirm the identity of the High Value Target How do we coordinate Close Air Support How do we drop precision munitions It all becomes much harder and I don’t ever want to see that come true Our Airmen Soldiers Sailors and Marines are counting on us to build a resilient space and cyberspace enterprise that will continue to deliver these critical capabilities in the face of our adversaries Threat Focused Enterprise SLIDE 2 UNCLASSIFIED Page 3 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED This is a picture of Pararescue Jumpers or PJs Their mission is to go into dangerous places to save the lives of wounded Soldiers Marines Sailors and Airmen and bring them back to safety Their motto is “That others may live ” Many times they are flying into a “hot” landing zone where their operational environment is defined by threats Their jobs their lives and the lives of the wounded depend on these PJs understanding the threats they are facing They adapt to the environment they are operating in and are able to complete their mission in the face of the enemy By the way space and cyberspace capabilities give them an edge in this battle But they train ruthlessly for this mission “that others may live ” The space domain is threatened by adversary capabilities too Of course I understand that our space operators do not face the same kind of threats as PJs but the threats to space capabilities are equally dangerous to our UNCLASSIFIED Page 4 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED Air Force’s core missions To protect our ability to conduct multi-domain operations we must change the way we operate in space Space operators must be as prepared to counter threats as these PJs are We can no longer Command and Control our forces and capabilities on timelines of days and weeks We can no longer build and operate expensive stove-piped systems We can no longer train satellite maintainers instead of satellite operators And we can no longer take 10-15 years to design build and launch new capabilities while our adversaries continue to innovate and adapt faster The threats in space are as real as the threats these PJs face and we can no longer conduct space operations as if these threats don’t exist Multi-Domain Operations Multi-Domain Airmen SLIDE 3 In the not so distant past this slide would have revolved around Capt Kristen Wolf the F-22 pilot I would have shown how space and cyberspace support flight operations UNCLASSIFIED Page 5 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED But the Air Force is evolving its culture and its understanding of how we gain and maintain our advantages on the battlefield Multi-domain operations are the future of the Air Force and multi-domain operations will become the norm for our Airmen I am the Commander of Air Force Space Command but I am not a Space guy or a Cyber guy I am an American Airmen that understands the battlefield effects produced from space and cyberspace No longer do we care about where battlefield effects come from because our Airmen understand the intertwined nature of all 5 warfighting domains Today space and cyberspace operations may suppress aerial threats by neutralizing adversary air defenses while air operations may strike ground based anti-satellite capabilities an ISIS ISIL media chief or a building housing state sponsored hackers Operations from any domain may be supporting or supported by other domain operations That is why multidomain operations are critical to our success on any UNCLASSIFIED Page 6 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED battlefield and we must protect and preserve our ability to conduct these multi-domain operations This year marks the 25th anniversary of Operation DESERT STORM It’s said that this was the first “Space enabled war” and our adversaries took notice of the overwhelming advantage that we had Precision strikes enabled by space effects shocked militaries around the world as the US swiftly decimated at the time the third largest modern army on the planet Since DESERT STORM our adversaries have developed new capabilities to take away our advantages in space and cyberspace in order to deny our multi-domain advantages So we must evolve as an Air Force and as a military to preserve our ability to deliver integrated multi-domain effects Organize Train Equip SLIDE 4 My job as the AFSPC Commander is to organize train and equip our forces and now that means that I have to UNCLASSIFIED Page 7 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED organize train and equip our Airmen to operate in the threatened operating environment they face So I’d like to walk through how we are building a resilient enterprise We will start with how we are organizing JICSpOC SLIDE 5 By now many of you have heard about the JICSpOC If you haven’t heard the name the Joint Interagency Combined Space Operations Center may sound like the JSpOC but I assure you it is not the JSpOC and the JSpOC is not going anywhere The JICSpOC is simply an experimentation environment that we are using to learn how to respond to threats as an enterprise We really only have one person assigned to the JICSpOC so for each experimentation period we bring in Subject Matter Experts from different organizations for a few weeks with the objective of testing and improving our ability to conduct battle management and command and control in the face of UNCLASSIFIED Page 8 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED adversary threats Each experimentation period is a building block to introduce increasingly complex threat scenarios coupled with live and simulated data to introduce realistic timelines that our teams have to react to We just wrapped up experimentation period #3 in the middle of March and will be pushing onto experimentation period #4 in May But we really did start from scratch In the first experimentation period we had to develop tools and methods to make sure everyone was on the same page Our most effective tool during the first experimentation period wasn’t a high speed 3D graphical interface and it wasn’t PowerPoint or Excel We went down to Home Depot and bought a hand full of white boards and had some really smart people huddled around them all talking about how to respond to threats It wasn’t pretty but it was the most effective tool we had At the start it was more about having the right people in the room together In the subsequent UNCLASSIFIED Page 9 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED experiments we’ve started learning what information we need and brought in programmers to prototype better tools but we certainly have challenges ahead It’s still pretty underwhelming for most people when they see it But just because our tools are still maturing doesn’t mean that the JICSpOC hasn’t been successful We have learned an incredible amount in the short time since we stood up the JICSpOC out at Schriever The first and most important lesson we have learned is how important it is to have the DoD and Intelligence Community working together and closely integrated I have great admiration and respect for Ms Betty Sapp the Director of the NRO and I am extremely proud of our partnership with the NRO But after seeing the results of our experimentation I am convinced that the DoD and IC’s relationship isn’t close enough to stay ahead of the threats we are facing The JICSpOC is showing us that the DoD and IC must have an unprecedented level of UNCLASSIFIED Page 10 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED unity of effort to succeed in a threatened environment Indications and Warnings identification and characterization of threats and situational awareness all require the fusion of data that comes from DoD and IC sensors And by the way that isn’t just the NRO it’s the whole IC Anything less creates blind-spots leaving our enterprise more vulnerable and may compromise our ability to deliver multi-domain effects on the battlefield The JICSpOC experimentation has been so successful that it is now informing new Concepts of Operations helping us re-envision our new infrastructure and ground architecture and defining mission-essential requirements and capabilities We still don’t know exactly what the JICSpOC will transform into in the end but for now we are happy with the progress we have made Organize Train Equip SLIDE 6 UNCLASSIFIED Page 11 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED Moving on let’s talk about the Space Mission Force our effort to train and build a resilient force Space Mission Force SLIDE 7 Our effort to transform training is called the Space Mission Force or SMF SMF is not a hard concept for the rest of the Airmen in the Air Force It is designed to make our space operator training and crew force resemble the rest of the Air Force Our old system was designed in direct opposition to how we train the rest of the Air Force by putting our capabilities in the hands of our youngest operators We use to put our newest operators usually our young Airmen and Lieutenants on a crew for a year and then sent them to the back shops for the rest of their tour The average age of our crews operating GPS was 23 years old Don’t get me wrong these young Airmen are incredible But it’s the wrong way of conducting operations especially in a threatened environment We told these young troops that it UNCLASSIFIED Page 12 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED was best if they spend as little time as possible doing operations and that it was better to be in a training or engineering back shop That’s a very simplified description but it’s basically true Do pilots or even cyber operators want to stop doing operations and go do back office work Do we only send our youngest least experienced pilots into the fight No operators in other career fields try to keep doing operations until they absolutely can’t any more Additionally we never trained our crews to operate in a threatened environment They were essentially satellite maintainers whose first steps in troubleshooting a satellite anomaly was to put the vehicle in safe mode and call an engineer In the face of growing threats we just can’t do operate this way any longer The cornerstone of the Space Mission Force is the creation of a twin crew force One crew force will be in the fight operating the mission while the other crew force is “in UNCLASSIFIED Page 13 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED garrison” conducting advanced training But to build this twin crew force we haven’t gained any additional manning So we had to blow up the traditional day staff and bring them back on crew Again this mirrors the way other parts of the Air Force execute their missions While this second crew force is “in garrison” they will be conducting high end advanced training that simulates threats so we can learn how to respond to them and continue to deliver effects The crews will switch every four months so our crews continue to gain experience through training and then apply that training in real world operations We are calling this Combatto-Dwell I am pleased to announce that we started this effort at the beginning of the year in the 50th Space Wing They are acting as our pathfinder program for SMF so we can see what works and what doesn’t work and then adapt our best practices to the mission sets of our other Space Wings So UNCLASSIFIED Page 14 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED far we have several positive indications that SMF implementation is moving in the right direction We are seeing the development of an evolving advanced training program that addresses tough questions of how to respond to different threats It has put the advanced skills of our space weapons officers to better use by expanding a debrief process that identifies problems hunts out root causes then develops solutions to those problems They are developing Tactics Techniques and Procedures that will make our systems more resilient and help continue to provide increased battlefield effects We have crew assessment events instead of just individual evaluations that help our crews respond to threats together And our crews have verified the lesson I talked about with the JICSpOC that a greater integration of intel and operations is essential to success in a threatened environment Of course we have challenges that we are working through as well Our trainers were not necessarily built to highlight a threatened UNCLASSIFIED Page 15 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED environment so our crews are not seeing realistic enough inputs yet We are working to standardize the quality of our advanced training and working through how we share lessons learned throughout the squadrons And we need to figure out how this change will affect our civilian and contractor force But overall I am very happy with the progress we have made in a short amount of time and know that SMF will develop better operators that are ready to respond to threats Organize Train Equip SLIDE 8 Finally let talk about how we are equipping our forces to be more resilient capabilities We call it the Space Enterprise Vision or SEV and it will change the way we acquire operate and think of space capabilities We are looking at how the entire space enterprise can work together to create resiliency and tightly coupled multi-domain effects Threat Focused Enterprise Vision SLIDE 9 UNCLASSIFIED Page 16 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED Today we find ourselves operating numerous disparate stovepiped capabilities Ten years ago this approach worked because we operated with near impunity in a benign environment We valued longevity and cost above factors like defensibility interoperability and data sharing We call this “Functional Availability ” When is my satellite’s life going to end That’s when I need to have the next one ready to launch That’s “Functional Availability ” In those days tracking objects in space was enough to predict future collisions and preserve our capabilities Those days are over we operate in a threatened environment but we are still delivering the same capabilities that are incapable or unprepared to respond to adversary threats We have to move away from this “Functional Availability” metric of fielding systems and move to a new metric we are calling “Resilience Capacity ” Resilience Capability will account for a capability’s ability to respond to UNCLASSIFIED Page 17 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED threats and continue to deliver effects This is a dramatic departure from where we are so it will change how we design develop acquire sustain and operate our space systems So when we stepped back and looked at how to create resilient capabilities we quickly understood that we couldn’t accomplish this resiliency capability by capability system by system It would take way too long to refresh every satellite and it would cost way too much We have to take an enterprise approach and focus on Warfighter Minimum Essential Requirements This enterprise approach is call the Space Enterprise Vision and its AFSPC’s vision for how our enterprise will ensure we continue to meet Warfighter Minimum Essential Requirements in the face of adversary threats Notice I didn’t say it was my vision I was the one that commissioned the study but it was our Airmen at UNCLASSIFIED Page 18 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED AFSPC with NRO experts that designed the Space Enterprise Vision First and foremost the Space Enterprise Vision revolves around our Resilience Capacity metric and our ability to stay ahead of adversary threats And as we discussed with the JICSpOC this starts with increased Indications and Warnings Intelligence and Space Situational Awareness The only way to properly respond to a threat is to see it characterize it and understand its intentions We must integrate more closely with the IC but we also have to increase our capacity in both personnel and capabilities Next we have to build layered multi-domain defenses capable of responding to a full spectrum of threats from reversible jamming to destructive kinetic weapons Just like in the other domains we are going to create force packaging concepts that couple multiple capabilities and create increased resilience UNCLASSIFIED Page 19 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED But to stay ahead of threats we also need increased refresh rates to ensure our capabilities can adapt and counter evolving threats This requires increased launch cycles that can put small medium and large payloads in every orbital regime at lower costs We like to call this the freight train to space And finally we have to be able to respond on operationally relevant timelines Today space operations take place over timelines of days and weeks But the threats we are facing operate in timelines of minutes and hours If we can’t respond on these same timelines all our other efforts are worthless Ultimately the Space Enterprise Vision is about creating an enterprise capable of operating and delivering effects in the face of adversary threats We must create an enterprise that is disruptive to any adversary trying to take away our UNCLASSIFIED Page 20 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED multi-domain advantage on the battlefield Let’s take a closer look at how we are going to build this enterprise Agile Acquisitions – New Space Fence SLIDE 10 To start we have to do a much better job of fielding capabilities that are resilient capable of operating in a threatened environment and most of all we have to do it on an operationally relevant timeline As it stands our operational enterprise is not changing fast enough to keep up with Combatant Commander’s needs or to stay ahead of the threats we are facing Our average Major Defense Acquisition Program takes 9 years to field 9 years isn’t going to cut it anymore Programs that take 9 years don’t allow us to generate the critical space effects we need when confronted by adversary threats So we have to change the way we do business We have to embrace innovation prototyping experimentation and pathfinder programs that test assumptions validate solutions and field ad-hoc UNCLASSIFIED Page 21 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED capabilities This approach will help evolve capabilities over time and allow us to learn and evolve with technology We can no looker look for the “Big Bang” delivery of capabilities because they are inevitably late provide less than we need and never adapt to threats We need to reduce system and programmatic complexity by using open standards relying on proven yet state of the art technology while minimizing new technology development An incremental approach like the IPhone will help provide this while keeping up with the pace of technology innovation What you are looking at here is a perfect example of this approach These pictures are of the new Space Fence Integration Test Bed ribbon cutting ceremony in Moorestown New Jersey on the 23rd of March this year This new capability is on schedule for operations in 2018 and will dramatically increase our ability to track space objects We are anticipating a 10 fold increase in our space catalog from UNCLASSIFIED Page 22 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED around 23 000 objects to between 100 000 and 200 000 objects But the unsung heroes of this story are the acquisitions professionals that have this program on time and on budget It started with critical Risk Reduction Studies that allowed us to work with contractors and users in the System Design Review to optimize the warfighter requirements and reduce the overall system cost But the key was a requirement that each contractor build prototypes in the Preliminary Design Review Phase This pushed each contractor to raise the bar and resulted in high- performing prototypes which also incorporated improvements to drive down system and operating costs By the time we awarded the contract to Lockheed Martin Mission Systems and Training we were using proven technology and had reduced risk so much that we were able to use a fixed-price contract The Integration Test Bed you see here is built with UNCLASSIFIED Page 23 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED production hardware and end-system software It will be used to run early checkouts of hardware and software and will support remote troubleshooting of the operational radar on Kwajalein Atoll during installation checkout and followon testing The power of early prototyping carved the path of success for the new Space Fence and will do so for the rest of our Future Space Enterprise The industry partners that embrace this model will help us thrive in the contested domains of space and cyberspace Enterprise Ground BMC2 SLIDE 11 And as we acquire new capabilities on an operationally relevant timeline we also need to be able to command and control them on operationally and tactically relevant timelines 20 years ago the ground architecture was an afterthought to the capabilities that were launched into space Unfortunately this mindset has left us with numerous stove-piped and proprietary ground systems that weren’t UNCLASSIFIED Page 24 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED designed to communicate with each other or be defended Now we know that the ground segment is one of the most important parts of our space enterprise and it is comprised of cyber capabilities that like all networks are vulnerable to attack We have to stop building stove-piped ground systems which force our space operators to fly alone in the face of threats We have to build a mission enterprise that allows for true battle management and command and control of our forces and capabilities across the whole enterprise in order to properly react to threats This means we need a common operating picture that shows blue gray and red forces And the COP must be fed with real time status of threats by integrating Space Situational Awareness Indications and Warning and intelligence Additionally we must enable the force packaging of our space capabilities to create multi-layered defenses and resilience Just like we force package air assets together F- UNCLASSIFIED Page 25 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED 15E Strike Eagles for strike capabilities F-22s for air to air engagements F-16CJs to suppress enemy air defenses AWACS for BMC2 and KC135s to get them to the target we will package multiple layers of space and non-space capabilities including offensive and defensive to defend against threats and deliver global space power projection to Combatant Commanders This force packaging of capabilities must be synchronized AWACS serve this function in the air domain Our future Enterprise Ground architecture must perform this battle management and command and control function for our space enterprise I want to point out that innovation will be essential in realizing our Enterprise Ground System because the founding principles that will guide its development are automation data sharing a robust backup capability and built in cyber security both active and passive Threat Focused Enterprise - Conclusion SLIDE 12 UNCLASSIFIED Page 26 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED So that is how we are organizing training and equipping a threat focused resilient enterprise able to deliver multidomain effects in the face of our adversaries But it all comes back to this picture We have to maintain a focus on our adversary’s threats in everything we do We have to experiment prototype and innovate We have to integrate with the IC and create a tightly coupled unity of effort We have to use advanced threat focused training to prepare our operations for a threatened environment We have to operate on tactically relevant timelines And we have to rapidly deliver capabilities that are a part of a resilient enterprise These are not separate efforts Everything we are doing is completely interconnected and integral to creating a truly resilient enterprise It’s an incredible amount of change for our Airmen but if we fail to build a resilient enterprise we will end up with the same constellations we have today and that simply keeps us on a path to the status quo mission UNCLASSIFIED Page 27 of 28 UNCLASSIFIED failure and the loss of precious blood and treasure Thank you for your time enjoy the rest of the Symposium UNCLASSIFIED Page 28 of 28