D09ID 'I 400rSj' f P L 86-3E f5l lDrnUU GBPiJ l l1J lD13lD lD13 lDlI W13GBPil 13 f WGBPil I1GBPilW l1JGBPiJUU0l1JGBPiJ b LflD V HANDLE VIA COMINT CHANNELS ONLY H R G d i rI N ioN j r '1 If J WHY CAN'T THEY DESIGN A GOOD S R TEST ooo Kathy Bjork1und o 7 NON-NAMES IN THE NEWS COOPERPERSON oooooooo oooo oooo ooo o j 8 APOLLO- SOYUZ BEHIND- THE- SCENES ACT IVITY o 9 LET'S GIVE LINGUI STS A BI GGER PIECE OF PIE oo o 13 WHAT 's I N A NAME o o o o o o o o o 1 5 o 16 GEOGRAPHIC NAMES LETTER TO THE EDITOR o o o o o o o o oooo ooooooooooooo oo 21 'fillS B6EURtJMeN'f EUR6NftINS EUR6BIW6ItB MATlltlAt 6' ellll 91 N1 J tfeNess NSA 'e8SM ooo KIll G98 He 1165 ealelW BteIawiI1 G Netileatie Is lte 9PfIia ' -Declassified and Approved for Release by NSA on '10-'1 '1- 20'1 2 pursuant to E O '135 26 vl DR Case # 54778 DOCID 4009781 'fOP SECRET Published Monthly by PI Techniques and Standards for the Personnel of Operations VOL III No 12 DECEMBER 1976 PUBLISHER WILLIAM LUTWINIAK BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief Arthur J Salemme 5642s Collection 1 If8955s Cryptanalysis o If8025s Language Emery W Tetrault 52365 Machine Support o 1 k3321S Mathematics o o o Reed Dawson 3957s Special Research Vera R Filby 7l19s Traffic Analysis Frederic O Mason Jr 4142s I Production M nager Harry Goff 4998s For individual subscriptions send name and organizational designator to CRYPTOLOG PI TOP SECRET P L 86-36 DOCID 40Q 9781 '1 c V P L 86 36 TOJPY SECKET UMBKA P L lESS December 76 CRYPTOLOG Pagel EO 1 4 c TOP SECRET lJM8R4i P L 86-36 86-36 DOCID 4009781 TOP SECRE UMBRA December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 2 TOP SECRET UflfllUtA EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 DOCID 4009781 TOP SECRET UMBRA December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 3 TOP S8CRET UMBRA EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 DOCID 4009781 'fOP SBCRB'f UMBRA December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 4 'fOP SBCRB'f UMBRA EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 DOCID 4009781 TOP SECRJ3T UMBRA December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 5 fOP SJ3CRJ3T UMBR EO 1 4 c F L 86-36 P L 86-36 UNCLASSIFIED UCh of our work in the intelligence community is of necessity denied current widespread reporting It thus may be months years or even decades before cryptanalysts at large learn of some of our most exciting efforts However a current operation is beginning on which we are fortunate to be able to report It is hoped that by sharing these first efforts we will enable Agency analysts to read between the lines of regular news reporting and infer our expected successes Q This juicy problem began a few years ago when Gino's restaurants began an advertising campaign stressing freedom of choice It is well known that this is a code phrase for many right-wing extremist organizations and the fact did not escape the attention of high-level management Wanting to get to the meat of the problem operatives began a careful surveillance of selected rest urants Then several months ago a crucIal observation was made -- Gino the Genie Magic Kits were being sold at most local units 'Upon purchase it was discovered that each kit contained a message decoder card see Fig 1 A little careful backgrounding quickly showed that Gino I s restaurants are owned by A G Foods of King of Prussia Penna The obvious connection with A G Crypto of Zurich was immediately made and the operation entered its second and more intensive phase At the risk of putting an agent in a pickle it was determined that someone must infi trate the organization After carefully laying the groundwork we were able to place an operative at the highest level of the organization See Fig 2 black rectangle to protect his identity We are now in the third phase of the proj ect - - analyzing data and awaiting further intelligence from our informant The meat and french-fried potatoes problem of understanding the intricate grill system has been turned over to a special team of PI cryptomathematicians oI THE GINO'S GENIE 0' l H wever t e major burden rests with our l ntrepId Inte loper -- to discover the bIg cheese behInd the entire scheme Barring some jam-up of data we hope to issue future reports on this topical' ' subject ' - -m-it6-- - ' LINE UP MESSAGE DECODER CARD 0 OOOuOuuUG uUOUUGUlJulJG UUUUUGUUULJG PLACE THE DECODER CARD OVER THE MAGIC MESSAGE AND INSTANTLV DECODE THE HIDDEN WOR DS OF THE GINO'S GENIE December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 6 UNCLASSIFIED 0 CARPET CLUB THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT IS A MEMBER IN GOOD STANDING AND DOES HEREBY PROMISE NEVER TO REVEAL THE SECRETS OF THE ANCIENT MYSTICAL MAGIC FEATS AS EXPLAINED BY THE GINO'S GENIE' DOCID 4009781 eONPIBBN IA WHY CAN'T THEY DES BII A 6000 B R TESTP Kathy Bjorklund 6655 everal recently published articles on the of the various tests tried to examine testing process for professionalization have prompted me to share my limited experience in that process in the Special Research SR field In my brief exposure to education and testing methods during my undergraduate days I learned that the stress must always be placed upon goals or purposes The goal must be defined ahead of time and once defined must be kept in mind firmly and constantly The principle is obvious if a person is studying plane geometry he should not be tested on his abilities in solid geometry or trigonometry If he is being taught certain theorems that apply to the circle he should be tested specifically on those theorems and not as they apply to the rectangle but to the circle The idea that the testing of an aspirant in a professional field at NSA should follow the same principle seems clear enough The aspirant should learn certain techniques in his field should learn how to apply them and should then be tested specifically on those abili ties Simple isn't it Not the rectangle but the circle Stick to the goal That is all very well for Academia where the simplistic can be achieved although it is often couched in such ethereal terms that one outside the hallowed halls could not recognize it as such But can it be achieved in the workaday intelligence world A glance through the appropriate chapter of the Personnel Management Manual Chapter 402 2 in case you want to read it yourself would have us believe that it can This is how it's done A panel of professionals in the field is selected They draw up the professionalization criteria requirements within the field with the approval of M3 Under this aegis falls any Professional Qualification Examination PQE which in the SR field has traditionally been a joint project carried out by a panel subcommittee and the appropriate staff from the National Cryptologic School It still looks easy doesn't it A sketchy review of the history of establishing the criteria for the SR field quickly demonstrates that this proved to be a ticklish job and that this field which is one of the major categories at NSA together with CA TA and Data Systems was the last to publish its standards -- in 1970 Then there followed a period of 2 years during which the only testing done was in the form of an interview of the aspirant by a group of professionals This was found to be too subjective Hence the era of the objective test dawned in June 1973 At that point the problem seems to have become clouded exponentially beyond belief For when objective methods began to be applied to a highly subjective field logic failed The des gners groups of aspirants for their knOWledge of the circle but found that the aspirants despite a careful CUlling that was done by evaluating the Professional Qualification Records PQRs were equipped to deal with the rectangle the square or even the parallelogram -- anything but the circle The next step was to try to break down the testing method further diluting it The aspirants would be given a chance to be tested on the general principles and the theorems in Part I and on the application of those principles in Part II This may be a solution in geometry but there is a good deal of controversy over whether or not this gauges the ability of a professional SRA For with the process thus subdivided the applicant no longer had to demonstrate his ability in an overall manner This too is a highly subjective area since in many parts of the Agency the SRA's job has been broken down into several parts whicn are not always handled by a single analyst Al though this is an outgrowth issue of the general testing problem it too merits consideration for there has been -- like it or not by choice or by chance -- a use of the SRA title as a coverall Many individuals hold the title and some even the certification but have never written a report or do not exactly fit the definition of an SRA which states that the primary duties of the SRA should include intelligence research and analysis and the preparation and presentation of written and or oral reports drawing in both cases from a thorough knowledge of user requirements page 1 paragraph B of certification criteria as published by M3 10 November 1972 The test was trying to gauge ability to do the job as defined What may have been overlooked was that many jobs did not conform to the definition Perhaps by attempting to serve the many the procedure failed to single out the few who were qualified Was this or should it be the goal If so is that goal being met Perhaps not Let's leave the world of circles and parallelograms and get back to the business at hand -- the SIGINT business A Special Research professional by anyone's standards -- and there are thousands -- should be ablp- to communicate in general and should be able to communicate an intelligence fact in particular -- that's what we're all about In order to do that however the professional must be able to recognize the fact as something that is useable no matter the vehicle or purpose The SRA should also have a background in a specific operational area and most important must have a clear idea of how that fact came to his desk in the first place If the SRA is to able to make a value judgment and he must indeed make them every day anything less is unacceptable Granted December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 7 eONPIBENTIAL WIBDE VIA ee llHt'f ellAlmELS elu Y DOCID 4009781 CONFIDENTIAl require a test Becau seofthe foibles of the overall professionalization systemithes nd -4 crepancies cannot be removed But the l st-' c named group is still being tested as itP wb 86-36 one foot at a time They are given a problem and are told to write a report to meet certain customer requirements The result of their work is graded twice -- once for the technical __ __ I Leaving aside accuracy and once for composition An aspirant can pass either part and not be required to the question of how much depth the professional has to have experience has taught many SRAs take it again Thus it is possible for someone to emphasize the technical portion of the exam in Production at least that a good TA background is a must Some would go so far as to pass it and fail the composition portion The say that the SRA and TA fields are almost synon- same individual having passed Part I -- the ymous An understanding of the collection and analysis -- could the next time write a great forwarding process is more tangentially related composition on summer camp experiences thus passing Part II and becoming voila an but if an SRA is ever asked to explain why a report is 72 hours old a fair explanation based SR professional The possibility that this can happen should be removed however remote its on this sort of background can give the reader a lot more faith in the SIGINT facts statistical chances EO 1 4 c Continued on t1 U2 86-36 this is a gray area somewhat defined 1 but a clear idea can be -0 NON-NAMES IN THE NEWS A udgeRules '-person' Is Non Grata This is the type of question that it seems the professionalization test should try to answer as a whole instead of as the sum of its parts No one who has ever been in the position literally of translating into English the flowery phrases of a would-be writer or trying to tell an outsider what the SIGINT-ese really says would agree that a good writer or a good technician can be found all rolled up in one SRA However the whole or complete SRA should have a foot in both worlds but should not be so overconcerned either with his prose style or with the technicalities that he forgets a basic principle his art is a disciplined one that requires him to comprehend fUlly the technical aspects of his job and then to communicate that knowledge to his readers in a clear unambiguous way The test given to an SRA must gauge his ability to carry out that dual job At present there is a multiple standard A few aspirants still qualify under the pre-1973 criteria which require no test subject to an oral interview are several others who if they fail must take the test and finally the majority who fall under the criteria that Ellen Donna Coopennan went to rouJ't the other day' in an effort to change her name to Cooperperson She lost ' A State Supreme Court justice ruled that if he granted this request it would have serious repercussions perhaps throughout tile entire country In a decision citing a battery of possible name changes Justice John F Scileppi in Suffolk County pointed out for example that if this request was granted someone named Jackson would change the name to Jaokchild A person called Manning would want the name to be Peopling ' A woman named Cannen would insist on being called Carperson The possibilities are virtually endless and increasi u Y inane wrote Justice Scileppi ''This woold truly'be in the realm of nonsense Name changes are usually routine Names are changed by the filing of petitions in either Civil Court or State Supreme Court Applicants must swear that they do not mean to de fraud anyone and that the change does not have any other illegal motive They must also include a birth certificate and a statement oi w 'y he request s being made Mrs Coopennan who lives in Babyloo L I and owns a feminist film company gave as her reason that she believes deeply in the feminist cause and that the name Cooperperson more properly reflects her sense of human equality than does the name Coopennan New York Times 17 October 1976 December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page CONFIQJS TI i L IIh'IQb VIA Q'lHl'f IIHINlObg QNbJPY DOCID 4009781 gt3CftE SPOICE t - ' - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PRO ECT BEHINO-THE-SCENES ACTIVITV The 6oUow-i n9 aJLti c1 e JteptUltted 6Jtom FIELV INFORMATION LETTER 9-76 S e Y J temb elL 1976 WIt6 wtUften by I 106VEfSMAC Ve 6e e Spe cial rtau t C6 Ce ltteJl J M 6 6Ue and M tMa jo-i 1tt NSA-VIA P L ailivilrj e Apollo-Soyuz Test Project ASTP -- or Soyuz-Apollo Test Flight SATF if your vantage point in July 1975 happened to be Moscow -- was probably the high water mark of detente However the flight was also remarkable in several other less publicized aspects First the fact that the joint mission was ever agreed to was in itself a contradiction to past Soviet policy The long history of Soviet reticence in discussing any details of their space programs with outsiders would have made such a joint project impossible under any other political climate Secondly the project's raison d'etre -- development of an international space rescue system -- became pointless even before the mission was flown Finally the much publicized aura of cooperation and mutual trust surrounding ASTP was clouded by NASA's uneasiness concerning the Soviets I candor and basic technical capabilities SeZection of u s The evolution of the ASTP mission profile was also unusual Initially it was proposed that the joint flight should involve either a Soviet Soyuz crew visit to our Skylab or an Apollo flight crew visit to a Soviet SaZyut space station The U S Skylab visit was impractical because by 1972 when the joint flight began to be seriously discussed that mission was too close to l unch and hardware modifications required for a joint mission would have imposed unacceptable delays on the program An Apollo visi ttoaSaz yutwa @1 9 4 S -c cussed and some Soviet techniciaJJPY' t en8 13 LOj6 fessed knowledge of a future SaZyut configuration that would feature multiple docking ports December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 9 SECRE and Soviet Hardware SPOKE 86-36 DOCID 4009781 SECRET SPOKE This tack in the negotiations terminated abruptly however before it got very serious We feel it was because the SaZyut variant of which these technicians had some knowledge was actually the military version such as the currently orbiting SaZyut-5 It is readily understandable that a U S crew visit to such a station would be unacceptable to the Soviets The civilian version of SaZyut carries only a single docking port and would have required a prohibitively extensive modification to accommodate another docked spaceship Thus because of constraints imposed oy 1me hardware and military sensi tivi ty it was agreed that the most practical mission to fly would be one involving only an Apollo and a Soyuz two or six complete Soyuz systems the Soviets were to commit to the program Soviet FuZZ-Dress ReheaPsaZ The two unmanned Kosmos flights were followed in December 1974 by the six-day Soyuz-16 flight a full-dress rehearsal for the joint flight scheduled seven months later Major Vladimir Dzhanibekov an eager and highly skilled cosmonaut trainee and the commander of the second backup crew assigned to ASTP there were four crews in all fully expected to make that flight For reasons unknown however the Soviets chose instead to send up the experienced crew of Colonel Anatolij Filipchenko commander of Soyuz-7 and Nikolaj Rukavishnikov test engineer of Soyuz-IO These two veteran cosSoviets' Motivation fop PaPticipation monauts had already been designated the first backup crew behind General-Major Aleksej Leonov It is no secret that the Soviets have been something less than fully candid on matters con- and Valerij Kubasov cerning their plans and progress in most areas Their rehearsal of the Soviet part of ASTP of manned' space fHght To deny years ot secrecy was nearly flawless but in deciding to bring and obfuscation in order to join openly with back some souvenirs from the flight -- hardware the United States in a joint manned mission was which was to have been jettisoned just prior undoubtedly the subject of many a heated debate to re-entry -- the Soyuz-16 crew made an almost within the Kremlin hierarchy The early era of fatal error The extra weight in the descent detente however provided fertile soil in which module offset the center of gravity to such an the seeds of ASTP could germinate What better extent that the spacecraft's re-entry control way to demonstrate Soviet goodwill than to open systems had difficulty coping with the problem the gates of Bajkonur to their U S counterparts Extreme buffeting was the result as the craft wobbled into the atmosphere prior to landing I submit though that the Soviets' motivatlon Because of this rookie-like stunt Filipchenko for participation in the proj ect was grounded on a and Rukavishnikov were visibly out of favor more basic and poli tically opportunistic obj ective with their Chief of Cosmonaut Training Laying aside the political motivations the General-Major Vladimir Shatalov during a overt objective behind the joint mission was the joint crew training session which followed development of a common space docking system to shortly afterwards in Houston enable future astronauts and cosmonauts to visit Should the Soyuz-16 spacecraft not have each other's spaceship_both as joint e'xperimenters checked out satisfactorily the Soviets had and if necessary emergency rescue teams yet another precursor ready to repeat the To develop and test systems for rendezvous mission It was never flown and Dzhanibekov's and docking of future manned spacecraft and stalast chance to fly an ASTP-related flight evaptions that would be suitable for use as a standard orated I international system -- that was the stated The final two Soyuz systems in the group of primary objective of the project Throughout six that had been built specifically for ASTP the ASTP preparations however the Soviets were the prime and backup craft that were each steadfastly refused to discuss any forthcoming flights where it might be possible to accommodate on their respective launch pads at Tyuratam on a docking by a U S spaceship Consequently the 15 July United States dropped its plans to carry the In contrast the United States had one common docking system aboard the Shuttle It was booster and one spacecraft available' for ASTP needless extra weight on a spacecraft already -- surplus hardware from the curtailed Apollo lunar ro ram near its maximum payload capacity Still the Soviet commitment to ensure the mission's success was impressive Fifteen months before the scheduled joint flight they began the first of two unmanned flights of Soyuz craft modified specifically for ASTP Although the flights appeared to encounter no problems i t was not until near the end of 1974 that the Soviets told their American counterparts at NASA that KOBmos-638 and 672 were indeed A TP precursors These were the first December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 10 SECREtF SPOlfE EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 DOCID 4009781 SECRET SPOKE L 4 c 86-36 Achieved and Future Goale ASTP successfully met all its stated objectives But what of the unstated ones The real Soviet objectives in ASTP were twofold I believe The first was technological which although important was definitely of December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 11 SECRE'f SPOKE DOCID 4009781 8ECRB'f SPORE lesser significance The prime Soviet motivation for their participation in ASTP was political The serious and embarrassing setbacks the Soviet Union had suffered during the late 1960s and early 1970s had destroyed their image as the world's leader in cosmonautics The Apollo program delivered the coup de grace ASTP was a cheap and spectacular way to return to parity with the United States At least the SoViets hoped the rest of the world would interpret it that way The moment the two craft touched on 17 July 1975 the Soviet Union was again technologically equal to the United States The Soviets played up the mission that way and we did little to dispel the impression GOOD S B TEST Continued from p 8 The reasons for addressing the testing problem are many but they can affect the work force as a whole and the truly professional SRA in particular First if the criteria were uniformly applied the certification of professionalization would be more meaningful to the individual Secondly it would let the manager know that the SRA professional working for him is not supposed to be a Shakespeare or a Newton but an analyst who is fully qualified to do his assigned job of SIGINT reporting Third it might weed out those who by chance The current Salyut-S space station crews willi or design are attempting to qualify in an undoubtedly set endurance records which will ' area in which they do not belong And that stand for at least a decade And what lies third point brings us to the fourth and final around the corner beyond Salyut The Soviets one it might make those responsible for the view manned space flight not only as a spectacu system more responsive to the actual job relar advertisement for their technological prowquirements thus creating new career fields ess but also as an integral facet of their for attracting those who aren't really SRAs overall military space systems development What but don't fit anywhere else role or roles do they envisage for the military The last point closes the circle by remindman in space What is he doing there now ing the designers of the professionalization sysThese are questions of signal importance to the tem as well as its current administrators that Uni ted States and ones which we must continue in order to test an individual it is necessary trying to answer to have a clearly defined goal In this inESE6RGBP'F SP8ICE stance the definition of that goal -- the definition of what an SRA really is -- should be SOLUTION TO LAST MONTH'S based on what an SRA actuallydoes Iiaving TEXTA WORD-SEEK byr 1 ----- IA7 54 the test consist of writing a report is a good start but let's not allow complacency to set in The present method can be improved Moreover the field itself can be refined for example by reconsidering which experience factors should be covered in the PQR SRAs from other parts of the Agency particularly those outside of Production might be able to describe the functions they perform thus widening the scope of the test or giving management sufficient cause to review the field title itself and narrow it Whatever the outcome if these matters are considered thoughtfully the actions that might ensue will surely improve the caliber of the SRA professional and the quality of the intelliI gence produced by the Agency EO 1 4 c J ' L OO' JO A few days before this issue of CRYPTOLOG was submi tted to the printer Ms Bjorklund informed the editor that the SR Panel in response to comments and recommendations that she and others had submitted to it had scheduled a special meeting in October At that meeting the SR Panel 1 canceled the examination that had been scheduled for November and 2 resolved to devise a new examination as quickly as possible and then reschedule it Ed gl JH T E681lFIBElJTIltb 668 668 - ---- --- - December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 12 SECRET Sft K W6J'IQbl JPYI A QllHl'F ILOdINEbS 8llbY P L 86-36 DOCID 4009781 i I P L 86-36 LET'S GIVE LINGUISTS A BIGGER PIECE OF THEr -- - P IE - _ _ I t the very heart of COMINT exploitation rests the matter of language -- or rather forei l1l lancruages since our tarl ets carry on theirl 1 I laff irs in their own languages I l' To do these things the Agency must have trained language personnel Training for many if not most Agency tasks is a fairly short-time effort The same does not hold for language tasks For problems on which I have worked in the past the desired recruit has an MA and has lived at least one L IG5 year in a foreign country in which the foreign language was the means of communication in a foreign socioeconomic culture But what does anMAimply For the commonly taught languages that means o 3 or 4 years of the language in high school for my generation it normally meant 4 years of Latin and 3 years of a modern language o 4 academic years in college and o one or two years of postgraduate language studies For the more exotic languages not normally taught in high schools the MA means collel e and nostcrraduate -studies December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 13 CONFIBEN'fIAL EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 DOCID 4009781 CONPIBEN'fIAL he has to master a lot about intelligence current affairs the military shipping trade etc that was not covered in literature and linguistics courses and that involves specialized vocabularies Unfortunately most of our recruits do not have an MA background in language on which to build Moreover many recruits have to be taught a new language for Agency targets and will therefore require years before becoming proficient A rule of thumb in A Group is that it takes some 3 years before a new hire is worthy of the entering pay and is carrying his or her weight Attaining the minimal level of professionalization -- as attested by NSA's language professionalization process -- takes about 3 years Attaining journeyman proficiency and this is as far as many language personnel ever progress usually takes about 8 years of varied on-the-job experience True language and target professionalism comes if ever some time after the tenth year And those who reach that level keep on improving with age and experience Language is a hard and demanding taskmaster and people who are really competent in language exploitation should be rewarded for their years of industrious application Unfortunately many a good person in language -- often before reaching journeyman status -- switches to lowlevel management or to other fields in which promotions seem to come more rapidly That switching could be eliminated i f status and pay were awarded for technical competence in language processing personnel n toto in assigned slots then 537 of our language personnel are not professionals What this boils down to is the fact that the 381 professionals should be distributed in GG-9 through GG-18 yes GG-18 since the career ladder for the 1200 field goes as high as GG-18 -- on paper that is Let's take a look at the NSA language field from the point of view of status and pay According to the December 1975 issue of The QuarterZy Management Review our authorized civilian work force strength was 7762 with 7066 on board the authorized civilian work force for language was 1007 with 918 assigned and the authorized strength for professionalized language personnel is 715 with only 381 of those billets filled by professionals the billets are not necessarily vacant -- they may be filled by individuals who are not yet professionalized In other words 12 9 percent of the authorized work force are language personel These statistics as language people well know are not valid -- some language personnel by choice or fiat went under cover as SRs when the language field became professionalized 5 years earlier than the SR field Professionalization level is at about the GG-9 level for new personnel of course we have GG-lls and GG-12s in language slots who reached those grades prior to the introduction of professionalism or through waivers or other methods Therefore since we have 715 authorized slots for professionalized language personnel but only 381 of them are filled by professionals we have 344 nonprofessionals in professional billets And since we have 918 language If the 381 professional linguists were properly promoted -- on the basis of strict criteria including a consideration of the quality and quantity of output technical versatility within a single language or adaptability to other languages -- we would see greater stability in the NSA language field for the following reasons o Linguists of all ages would stay in the language field instead of fleeing the The grade distribution for the approximately 13 percent of the work force in language billets should logically as an absolute minimum reflect the grade distribution of the Agency as a whole Let's chart that distribution and see what the fair distribution for langUage personnel should be Table 1 December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 14 CONPI 8EN'fIAL EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 CONFIOt1N'fIAL technical jobs for management or staff jobs in the hope of getting a promotion o Linguists who have made a career in language processing would not jump at the chance to retire at the earliest opportunity thus taking their hard-earned skills with them o The current shortfall of 334 professionalized language personnel could be eliminated fairly rapidly through in-house training and OJT plus recruitment of college hires with even better qualifications Of course once all 715 billets are filled with professionals then the question of promotions would come up again In that instance Table 1 would have to be revised as follows Table 2 WHAT'S IN A HEMM ' 11------------ R51 umorous papers have been written by people like Mark Twain who at least was paid for that sort of thing about alleged translations from language A into language B followed by another alleged translation rarely by the same alleged translator from the language-B version back into language A Usually the final version in language A will differ sometimes dramatically from the original utterance The same kind of problem can show up perhaps in its starkest form in the transliteration and subsequent retransliteration of personal names The problem is no easier if yet another transliteration that is a third version of the name is involved Thanks to the brain drain or melting pot syndrome this is probably the most typical case in the treatment of names in English scientific-technical text which has been translated into Russian and is then retranslated back into English Inherent in the matter of promotions is the problem of equity The data reveals that the number of language personnel working as language professionals in the higher grades is out of line to the detriment of language professionals and that a number of promotions are required to achieve job-field parity And since those jobs are language jobs the criteria for promotion should and mu t be based on language skills competence and performance -- and not primarily on managerial ability or happenstance personality traits or the application of quotas having nothing to do with language functions Quantity of output can easily be tabulated quality of output is a more difficult problem but is still amenable to solution The versatility factor variety of languages in which there is a demonstrated competency additional professionalization in other fields research abilities etc can also be reduced to numerical terms by a language committee or board which could be used to multiply the quantity quality numerical figure the QQN -- but that's the subject of anoth 't le 68 iFlBEIi'HAb At issue is an active area in applied mathematics known as the Monte Carlo method The method and its name stemmed from work performed largely on the atom bomb at Los Alamos during the 1940s The ranking Soviet expert on the Monte Carlo method I Sobol' wrote a book on the subject an English translation of which available in the NSA Technical Library was published by the University of Chicago Press in 1974 The first page of the translation in a rapid historical sketch awards the proper credits to the two American mathematicians S Ulam and J Neyman Neyman I thought it was Neumann Because one approach to the implementation of the Monte Carlo method at Los Alamos was developed I thought by S Ulam a native Pole and J von Neumann a native Hungarian But there was also indeed a prestigious American mathematician also of Central European origin named Jerzy Neyman whose area of expertise -statistics -- is highly relevant to the Monte Carlo method Was J Neyman J von Neumann or J Neyman -According to the Russian spelling it could have been either strangely German eu pronouncecl oy as in boy and ei pronounced like the y in my are both transliterated into Cyrillic as etf -- pronounced ay as in bay Continued on p 21 - December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 15 CO FIDBN'f1A1J P L 86-36 D DC I-D- - -4-00-9-181 UNCLASSIFIED en Cll GEOGRAPHIC NAMES -lffimmImmm Agency _ I ens Mapping Hydrographic Center o mtto o o o M ' ' eOgraPhiC t j' -- names are an important part of the information carried on maps and charts and they are used to identify towns lakes rivers and other geographical features in the same man- ner as personal names do for people Everything which is of some importance on the earth's surface has a name Names are a necessity in communication and the more distinctive a name is the more effective it is because a name should distinguish the feature to which it belongs from all other things Several names for the same feature or the same name for many features tends to erase the purpose of a name -- to identify The ideal situation would be to have each feature with its own distinctive name The larger and more varied the name users the more important it is to achieve some degree of commonality in the spelling of geographic names Within the U S government alone there are hundreds of people who have a daily need to use both domestic and foreign names World War II emphasized especially to the military that a geographic name should satisfy two very practical requirements It should be able to provide positive identification and its spelling should be as uniform as possible t j Jn 13 a 0 C J __ RepJUnted o in 6omwhat ablLi dged 6 om C N O 16 IN A - June VMAHC Wa6hington V C 20390 6of un 1973 Military operations are varied and involve the use of many different specialized maps and charts produced by numerous agencies Therefore particularly from a military standpoint the objective should be to provide as much standard usage as possible and to use policies that will lead to complete standardization The need to standardize has been compounded since World War II by the increase in the number of maps produced in foreign countries and the comparable increase in the quantity of foreign names used by cartographic agencies in the Federal Government Board on Geographia Names More than 80 years ago it was recognized that a good deal of confusion existed throughout the United States in the use of names in pUblications as well as on maps and charts Each publishing agency had' its own individual approach as to what names were used It was also quite apparent that without some guidance these agencies would not change their ways unless some standard names were provided and then that these agencies be compelled to use them December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 16 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4009781 UNCLASSIFIED President Benjamin Harrison agreeing that some improvement was needed established the original U S Board on Geographic Names in 1890 by Executive Order The order charged all Departments to refer unsettled name questions to the Board and to accept its decisions This was the formal beginning of the program in the United States to standardize geographic names on an official basis Historically the organization has changed with the times and the people Until 1943 when it was abolished as an independent agency and placed in the Department of the Interior this group had ruled on some 20 000 names in the United States but only 2 000 in foreign areas The need for foreign names increased tremendously during World War II and it quickly became apparent that we lacked the required information on names for much of the world outside of the United States In 1943 the Department of the Interior assembled a large staff and began the mass production of standard names to meet the war needs of the armed forces Millions of names were produced to satisfy the urgent needs of the times and were most useful to a wide range of people throughout the government This system of mass production however did not result in the required uniformity in foreign name usage and it because apparent as postwar foreign maps and charts became available that many of the war-produced names were already obsolete It therefore became necessary to start anew in many foreign areas and this task was given to the present Board on Geographic Names BGN which was created by legislative action in 1947 The Public Law states that the Secretary of the Interior conjointly with the Board on Geographic Names will provide for uniformity in geographic nomenclature throughout the Federal Government and that the Board shall formulate principles policies and procedures to be followed with reference to both domestic and foreign names and shall decide the standard name for official use The present membership of the BGN consists of representatives from 9 Departments and 3 federal agencies Members are appointed to twoyear terms by their respective Departments and are eligible for reappointment On the average they'serve 4 to 5 terms The present June 1973 member for the Navy Departmentisc J I IChiefjuUNavigational u Information Sei ' VIces DIVIsion Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center DMAHC with the author of this paper serving as deputy member The BGN normally accepts most foreign names in the form officially used in that country Features that are common to two or more countries require special treatment In these cases the local spelling is approved along with any name that is firmly entrenched in conventional usage The user must then make a choice where two forms are available but in the interest of standardization these dual forms are kept to a minimum Over the past 25 years the Board counts among its many accomplishments the development of a well-tested body of policies approval of over 3 500 000 standard names development of systems for converting other wri ting systems into Roman letter forms and the establishment of a solid base for international cooperation Treatment of Names in the Naval- Oceanographic Office The legislative act of 1947 which established the Board on Geographic Names made it obliga ' tory on all federal agencies to adhere to the Board's policies concerning geographic name usage The Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center has tried to comply with that obligation by editing all names on new r first editions of nautical charts and publications The purpose of this pro gram is to establish uniformity in the spelling of names not only within DMAHC but with other military users of foreign names throughout the government Even though the navigational chart itself is a highly specialized type it cannot stand by itself or make its own rules for the spelling of names It is only one of a variety of charts produced by U S government agencies All features that are common to these various products must be coordinated fully if they are to serve their purpose to the military wcal- SpeUings Users of nautical charts and publications have certainly recognized some of the changes that have taken place in the spelling of names used in our products issued since 1950 They have noticed that a point in France that had previously been called Bl-ack Point is now labeled Pointe Noire that the Norwegian cape that once was called North Cape is now Nordkapp that Cape Farewel-l- Greenland's southernmost tip has become Rap Farvel Genoa is Genova and Gulf of Naples is GoZfo di Napoli Local spellings are basically a movement from names that had been assigned English spellings by our early seafarers and explorers to the name now used officially in the area in which the feature occurs Policy requires that features that lie entirely within a single sovereign jurisdiction will be spelled as the local official sources spelLthem inCllidihgandiaEtitrc almarks This means that all features lying within Spain or any of her possessions will be named as Spanish official sources spell them This usage of local spellings is not unique to DMAHC but rather is the practice of all United States Government mapping and charting agencies and in fact followed by many nongovernment map makers Our participation in this program accomplishes two things 1 it ensures DMAHC's compliance with a basic policy of the Board on Geographic Names and 2 it contributes to overall uniform treatment of names within the Department of Defense December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 17 UNCLASSIFIED P L 86-36 DOCID 4009781 UNCLASSIFIED 7 JO WEST INDIES HISPANIOLA-SOUTH COAST Motquilo C Ca Mouoti ' 10' EAST PASSAGE CANAL DE L'EST _ - In many foreign names however the descriptive term is spelled in a way that is unfamiliar How many English reagers can see names such as Punta San Marcos Akra Letra MYs Navar in and Cap Dra and readily understand the type of feature to which these nam s apply All of them contain words Punta Akra Mys and Cap which have the English meaning of cape or point and standing alone have no obvious meaning to us In order to make these terms more meaningful a glossary is prepared and carried on our charts Aglossary in this case is a tabular listing of foreign descriptive terms used on that particular chart with their equivalent meanings in English Ea Cay Diamond Point Pointe DialMn' VACHE ISLAND ILE A VACHE EO'St Point Pointe de I'E Section of B O Chart 2654 Reduced showing former names in parentheses English Cape Bay Island Mountain Strait Gulf Lake Shoal Arabia Ra's Khawr Jazirat Jabal Bab Khalij Buhayrah Ruqq Japanese Hana Wan Shima San Kaikyo Gaiwan Ko Iwa Indonesian Tandjung Teluk Pulau Bukit Selat Teluk Danau Beting Spanish Cabo Bahfa Isla Monte Estrech Golfo Lago Bajo G ossar y of Eng ish geographic terms with their equivalen s in other languages The spelling of a foreign name as used-locally provides only one spelling for the user which in most cases is usable to people outside the area If standardization in the spelling of foreign geographic names is one of our major objectives for military use then one spelling is preferable to a choice of spellings This eliminates making a choice of one of the multiple forms available for a feature and delegates these variant spellinRs to a secondary position For example if Io Jima is the official form then the use of Iwo Jima Naka Iwa 8u phur Is and and Iwo Shima all of these have been used for this one island would be limited to parenthetical usage By using local spellings words and symbols new to the English language are introduced which require some explanation Diacritica Diacritical marks are COD n to many foreign names but are not required in the English language A diacritical mark often called an accent mark can be defined as a modifying mark near or through a letter which indicates a value different from an unmarked letter These marks form an integral part of a foreign name and are Mabic A Danish A Frenah German Persian G ossar y Practically all names for natural physical features include a descriptive part generic that tells what the feature is In English geographic names of course descriptive words are easily recognized -- Lake Erie Rocky Mountains and Hudson Bay In fact we have accepted and become accustomed to many foreign terms in some other names that are in common usage -Fuji Yarra Rio Grande and Loah Lomond These examples all contain foreign words Yarra Rio Loch and none of these cause us any difficul ty Mar ks A H H z IE 1 C I E E A A- Polish Spanish A Turkish 0 U Z Z I A Z c 'A ' E N N C oI ' I z 0 S A few examp es of diacntias some as normally oaaurnng in anguages with Roman alphabets and others as ocau t' 'ing in tpansliterations from non-Roman a lphabe ts Danish IE is a ligature December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 18 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4009781 UNCLASSIFIED necessary if the name is to be linguistically correct khus MUnahen istanbul K6lpos IrakUo and Mo ambique are examples of names using diacritics As stated earlier policy requires that we include these marks in the spelling of foreign names It is our duty therefore to reproduce local names with as much fidelity as is allowed by the equipment available to the printer Romanization The use of local forms in countries where the Romaru alphabet is used presents no problem for we ca n copy names directly from their maps and charts But what of areas where other than our Roman alphabet is used How do we copy from Japanese Russian or Greek sources Geographic names' from these non-Roman areas are of no use to us unless they can be written in our own familiar letters These languages that use other writing systems must be reduced to our writing system and procedures had to be approved for getting this done I i I I The Board on Geographic Names in standardizing the names for features in these parts of the world where non-Roman writing systems are used employs Romanization systems to produce consistent results By Romanization we mean any method of transferring names from one language to another in which each particular letter or graphic sign in the original language is consistently represented by one and the same letter of combination of letters in the second language There are upwards of 23 Romanization systems currently approved by the Board on Geographic Names Most of these systems approved by the Board have also been agreed to by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British official use English Arabia Bulgarian Hebrew Laotian B '--' o 1 1 D j A F J J I JJ R p S U c T T K L I' ' l u J 1 10 11 '0 Roman alphabet letters with aorresponding non-Roman symbols Conventional Names We have discussed in general terms how the bulk of our names are treated There is a group Lhat remains however that uses what we call conventional spellings A conventional name is one that enjoys widespread usage by readers of English and is commonly applied to a geographic feature Names for international features will carry BGN-approved conventional forms An international feature is one that is common to two or more sovereign nations or one that extends beyond a national jurisdiction Included in this category are international water bodies high seas and subordinate parts and passages which can be used by all ships without any national restriction The commonly accepted names Mediterranean Sea English Channel Sea of Japan and Mozambique Channel are preferable to anyone of the numerous local spellings available from countries bordering on these features Names for those physical features which coincide with or cross international boundaries also demand conventional usage Before the Danube River reaches the Black Sea it flows through or forms the boundary between several countries None of the local names available can be given preference and the English spelling is used -- Danube with a local spelling in parentheses if needed Likewise Caspian Sea Sahara and Pyrenees are also examples of physical features that form or cross international boundaries Conventional usage is also preferred for countries Suomi has no serious objection to our callingl her F1 -nlwy d nor does Enas or Italia for our usage of Greeae and Italy Nor do we really concern ourselves that the French call us Etats-Unis d'Amerique or that the Swedes call us F8renta Staterna The BGN has approved for most countrles both a long and short conventional spelling for country names -- Australia or Commonwealth of Australia and Norway or Kingdom of Norway With few practical exceptions the short forms Australia and Norway will be used on our products Where no short form exists as in the cases of Dominiaan Republia and Central African Republic then the long form must serve for all purposes Swrmary In review names currently used on nautical charts and publications are the result of specific policies and are treated according to the following rules o Names for geographic-features lying entirely under one sovereign jurisdiction will take the spelling used by the local authority -- Venezia Veniae Islas Canarias Canary Islands o All names for features in countries using the Roman alphabet will be accepted in the December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 19 UNCLASSIFIED DOClD 4009781 UNCLASSIFIED unaltered form including accent and diacritical marks -- benhavn Copenhagen Gdansk Danzig o Names for features in cour tries not using the Roman alphabet will be written in Roman letters through the use of an approved Romanization system o All descriptive terms used in a foreign language shall remain in that form and shall not be translated -- Cabo nof cape Bahia not bay Ostrov not island o Names for international features extensive geographic names oceans and their international parts and countries will be in the conventional English usage -- Sea of Very few international rules for the treatment of names have been approved and implemented Basically some countries and in many cases each agency wi thin a country have attempted to apply their own rules for the application of names outside their immediate area of interest The problem simply stated is to apply some policy whereby a chart maker in Washington and one'lil Os 10 wi 11 be ab 1e to arrive at a common name used to identify a specific geographic enti ty so that the navigator using either chart will have the same name for each feature and will not be confused by different spellings The Board on Geographic Names has always sought the advice and cooperation of foreign governments and of people living abroad who may have an interest in geographic names Many Japan Brahmaputra River Andes foreign governments have also established a o If names for undersea features that lie b - national names authority and others are in the yond te ritorial limits contain any descrlp- process of doing so Correspondence between tive part that part will be translated and these groups and the results of some of the spelled in the English form -- Ryofu SeaBoard's work has been influenced by these intermount not Ryofu Kaizan w Chapelle Bank governmental discussions For example the not Hauf-fond de w Chapelle first conference of the BGN with its British Note Dual names may be carried in cases counterpart the Permanent Committee on Geographic Names PCGN was held in 1947 at which where an additional spelling in agreement was sought and reached on a Romanizaparentheses would be helpful to tion system for the Russian language This the user proved to be the beginning of a fruitful series It is apparent however that complete stanof conferences which have resulted in a common dardization on our products will not be accomUnited States United Kingdom approach to the plished quickly It may in fact be a very slow treatment of geographic names for many areas process Numerous other international organizations There are good reasons for this lag It must have recognized and taken some action to reduce be remembered that geographic name usage is dythe discrepancies that exist in the spelling of namic ever-changing especially during the period names As long as 100 years ago the Interof world nationalism and nation-building New national Geographic Union became aware of this nations are born and the inhabitants want their problem and since that time many additional place names to reflect this changed status With technical and professional organizations have the realization of this situation coupled wlth expressed concern The interest expressed through the fact that a relatively small number of new some of these groups to the United Nations reand first editions of charts and publications are sulted in a proposed program for name standardiissued each year one can see the deterrents to zation A favorable response by UN members to immediate standardization Some charts do reflect the proposed program plus the work of some dedia reasonable amount of consistency because of a Icated scholars who realized the practical imporspecial effort all charts in the area havlng tance of such a program led to the first UN been processed at the same time or because they conference at Geneva in 1947 and the second at cover areas of political stability Progress is London in 1972 being made and hopefully our goal for standard pelling of names will be attained Fifty to sixty countries and 12 international organizations have sent representatives and International Standardization observers to the Conference The delegates As the globe gets figuratively smaller more most of whom exhibited a high degree of techniand more names that have had different spellings cal competence discussed at length the'many come into more common use There are thousands aspects in the treatment of names and expressed of names for geographic features throughout the a sincere interest in solving these problems world that are not always spelled the same way The purpose of this first international ConThe use of numerous languages dialects and ference was to place some emphasis on the probwriting systems results in many of these differlems common to all countries to understand ences although others are the result of a lack those problems unique to individual countries of uniform treatment at the national level Efto consider why there is disagreement and what fective communication calls for an effective can be done about it means of identifying places The lack of order in the spelling of names can be considered as a The accomplishments of this Conference incontributing factor to any problem that has decluded a common understanding of the problem veloped in worldwide communication awareness of the points of agreement the deDecember 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 20 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4009781 UNCLASSIFIED velopment of a spirit of cooperation and the formation of machinery to promote international cooperation Recommendations included the holding of regional meetings the convening of a second conference and the formation of a permanent group of experts to provide continuity and carryon the momentum achieved at Geneva It was also recognized at Geneva that before much progress can be made at the international level each country must first standardize its own names The establishment of a national names authority and the publication of its own names in official standard form are basic to national standardization Then assuming that the approved names would be spelled as used locally these official names would provide standard spellings for use by other countries using the same writing system and would establish an excellent base to proceed on to international standardization One of the international organizations in which DMAHC is an active participant is the International Hydrographia Bureau IHl ' The IHB with headquarters in Monaco is composed of member states representing hydrographic offices throughout the world Its purpose is to promote the navigational safety of the mariner Its member states have recognized and reaped the benefits of the standardization of information carried on charts and ublications The IHB has also recognized since its beginning in 1921 the advantages of a uniform treatment of names on these hydrographic products The recommendation was made in 1947 that aonsidera- tion be given to the adoption of a uniform poliay for the handling of names on nautiaal aharts and publiaations Members voted approval of a series of recommended procedures for the spelling of geographic names on charts and publications that covered both domestic and foreign coasts The gradual implementation of these procedures by the now 42 member states would contribute greatly to international standardization The continuing interest of the IHB bodes well for the program and the publication of any international charts could provide an excellent vehicle for a concentrated effort in that direction The interest and cooperation shown by the IHB and other scientific and technical groups is proof that a practical worldwide program exists and that there is a dedicated nucleus of people interested in a solution International interest has been generated as a result of the UN conferences and other work being done by the IHB and other organizations Greater interest and participation will quicken the solution to many problems and hasten the day when standard spellings may be used for many geographic names throughout the world Letter'to the Editor To the Editor CRYPTOLOG Well the inevitahl kYOU for your ed CRY Annoyed Thand out several nsi ty personal to has been pointe rint ed rem nder Ie letter s ' PTOLOG see rep us contnbUtimes in CR print anonymo ' but only e can eudOn belOW w se with a ps r is known tions o th ity of the wr r yoU may if the d n If yOU pre blisher Mr oj to the ed tor If to the PU e please 'fy yoUrse 'ther caS I iden But in e hat we can LutW n a fY yourself SO t t SO few we a do ident tter __ we ge i1 rint your le all of them Ed Ct iike to pnn ont a nymitY A th U st 1'iece on a sub ect 011 be con tn mony dr e o mous pLlbl i j slde e 'f the writer - $ canon 1 The writer 1hil ll -' requests 1t identify n' however muS t J h editor In a himself to t e r by a nying note 0 accompa Needless to personal call trivial com d sny personal t orbe cons1dere ' pla in t s w1 1 I no _ _ - J ectfu y Annoyed M HEM Continued from p 15 It took me some 15 minutes of research in the NSA Technical Library which good as it is probably is less adequate than that of the University of Chicago to prove to my satisfaction that He HMaH- YJlaM does indeed refer to the von Neumann-Ulam method For what it's worth the mathematias in the Sobol' translation is quite adequate -- it's only that the three translators were just less than adequate in their handling of such mundane matters of fact as the correct identification of a human being There's probably a moral somewhere in there I UNCLASSIFIED s s If you're looking for the Cumulative Index that has traditionally that is for the past two years appeared in the December issue don't you remember that the Index is being printed separately from now on The September 1976 issue of CRYPTOLOG p 2 included an order blank for ordering a copy of the 1974-1976 Cumulative Index In case you missed it here it is again TO PI CRYPTOLOG Please send Index to Name copy copies of the CRYPTOLOG Organi zation December 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 21 UNCLASSIFIED PI-Nov 76-53-24993 DOCID 4009781 MANDL VIA COMINT CHANNELS ONLY 'I'IIIS DOCl 1MEN'f CON'fhlNS CODEWORD M 'I'ERI 1 This document is from the holdings of The National Security Archive Suite 701 Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street NW Washington D C 20037 Phone 202 994-7000 Fax 202 994-7005 nsarchiv@gwu edu