G UJUOlDG UJ 1 1S B lBOU UJlBlSG B rlD 'U l lD 1 OOI fiJl f OO l1 lIJfiJ COMINT IN THE RUSSIAN NAVY WWI 1 GEOGRAPH I C NOTE ii 'j' 4 WHAT LANGUAGE PROBLEM T pattje IT 5 WHAT'S WRONG WITH AG-22 IATS 7 ABOUT THE NSA SIGINT SUMMARy 9 SOME PRINCIPLES OF COVER AND DECEPTION 10 CONVERSATION WITH A BOOKBREAKER 12 TRANS LATORS COMPEND I UM i o o o o o o o 12 t 14 A SOVIET VIEW OF N S A HYPNOSIS AND SELF-HYPNOSIS IN LANGUAGE LEARNING 'l' 'jMark WAVEGUIDE ANALYSIS A SIMPLE CIPHER STORy I ------------ i 'l'IIIS BgeUMEN'I' e9N'I'AINS e9BEWORB MA'f RIAb William P Meyer 19 'ilellll QIRN o N S NS - SSM HIli il 11 Bwe SQS BQ 116 1 'elll 1 Qeelllllllir U Netii_till II the QriIiB Declassified and Approved for Release by NSA on '10-'1 '1- 20'1 2 pursuant to E O '135 26 vl DR Case # 54778 DOCID 4019630 'fOP SECRE'f Published Monthly by PI Techniques and Standards for the Personnel of Operations VOL II I No 5 MAY 1976 PUBLISHER WILLIAM LUTWINIAK BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief Arthur J Salemme 56425 Co11ection ' If895Ss Cryptanalysis 1 If8025s Language Emery W Tetrault 52365 Machine Support o 1 1 33215 Mathematics o o Reed Dawson 39575 Special Research o Vera R Filby 71195 Traffic Analysis Frederic O Mason Jr 4l42s For individual subscriptions send name and organizational designator to CRYPTOLOG PI TOP SECRET P L 86-36 DOCID L 4019630 86-36 UNCLASSIFIED Translator's note The following article is a translation of On the Origins of Communications Intelligence in the Russian Navy by v Yankovich in the Soviet periodical ' Voenno-Istoricheskij Zhurnal Journal of Military History February 1961 pp 11411 In my search of open-source materials Yankovich's article was the only one that I' could find that describes the early development of the Soviet signal intelligence service fro' the point of view ofa participant The art cle does not contain any attribution as to the source of the information or any identification of the author except by name Because of the article's unique nature and its interest to CRYPTOLOG readers I have translated it in its entirety At the beginning of World War I not one of the combatant sides had a specially organized communications intelligence COMINT service radiorazvedka in its navy The first steps toward organizing a COMINT effort in the Russian Navy were to a large degree connected with the wreck of the German cruiser Magdeburg near Odensholm Island on 26 August 1914 Documents discovered on that ship revealed a system of enciphered radio communications that the enemy had been using at that time 1 It should be noted that the descriptions accompanying the charts in Morskoj Atlas Naval Atlas Vol 3 Part I Publishing House of the Main Staff of the Navy 1959 p 769 and in Istoriya Voenno-Morskogo Iskusstva History of the Naval Art Vol 3 Moscow Voenizdat 1953 p 120 are not completely accurate in illuminating the circumstances under which the documents were found on the German cruiser Magdeburg or about their contents Author's note After Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August the enemy fleet in the Baltic Sea limited itself for a prolonged period of time to demonstrations carried out by small forces and the patrol service in areas of possible Russian naval action In the early hours of 26 August the Russian patrol cruisers Pallada and Bogatyr' were standing at anchor in Baltijskij Port now Paldiski because of fog At 0130 hours the signal station on Odensholm now Osmussar Island reported by telephone to the Chief of the Signal Service in Revel now Tallin that a ship had run agrou d at a distance of two cable lengths from the lsland Then the signalmen reported that they could hear German being spoken and the operation of shipboard machinery and could also hear the anchors being veered and heavy o jects being thrown overboard When the fog llfted somewhat the signal station reported that a four-funneled cruiser had run aground and tha a torpedo boat was standing by it attemptlng the tow the cruiser by the stern Upon receiving the very first report in Revel concerning the accident that had befallen the G rman ship the Fleet Commander dispatched the FIrst Torpedo Boat Division and the cruisers Bo atyr' and Pallada to Odensholm Island The chlef of the fleet communications service set ou to sea from Revel on board the torpedo boat LeJten nt B rakov accompanied by the torpedo boat R yanYJ they were followed somewhat later by the cruisers Rossiya and Oleg and finally the Ryurik under the flag of the Fleet Commander The cruisers Bogatyr' and Pallada approached Odensholm in the fog and at approximately 1100 hours when the visibility had temporarily improved they spotted the German cruiser Magdeburg aground with a tow line from the large German torpedo boat the V-26 attached to its stern Our cruisers opened fire on them The MAY 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 1 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4019630 UNCLASSIFIED Magdeburg responded but its situation was hopeless and as was subsequently reported by captured German sailors the commander decided to blow up the cruiser The V-26 was ordered to approach the Magdeburg and take off the crew However it failed to throw out the mooring lines Taking advantage of the dense fog the torpedo boat left After it departed the forward magazines of the Magdeburg were exploded When visibility improved it became clear that the Germans had abandoned the cruiser The Lejtenant Burakov approached the Magdeburg The only people remaining on it were the commander and two sailors Approximately 50 crew members were found on the island and in a lifeboat They were taken prisoner A large number of bundles and suitcases containing personal articles belonging to the cruiser's crew members were transferred from the Magdeburg to the Lejtenant Burakov The articles included notebooks and diaries A signal book was found in one of the bundles The discovery of the signal book was reported by semaphore to the cruiser Ryurik which had also approached Odensholm at that time The fleet Chief of Staff together with several officers including myself -- at that time I was a staff flag officer -- set off from the Ryurik on board the destroyer Pogrannichnik to inspect the Magdeburg When inspecting the radio room I noticed under a desk a cardboard folder containing a piece of paper with penciled notations The notations might have been of interest so I took the folder with me That insignificant little piece of paper turned out to be a very valuable document Upon the Ryurik's return to the Revel roadstead the Chief of Staff ordered me as a person with a good knowledge of German to acquaint myself with the captured materials and to report the results to him After setting down to work I noticed that the authors of most of the diaries and notebooks dwelt especially on the events of 17 August On that day 17 August 1914 a brigade of Russian cruisers consisting of the Gromoboy the Admiral Makarov the Pallada and the Bayan under the command of Rear Admiral Kolomejtsev was on patrol on the meridian of the Pakerort now Pakkineem lighthouse At approximately 1500 hours our observers noticed smoke to the west of Takhkon now Takhkuna lighthouse The brigade started out in that direction and quickly spotted two German cruisers which were drawing closer to the Russian cruisers Flagship navigator Sakelari expressed the hypothesis that the enemy was intending to lure the brigade into a minefield Admiral Kolomejtsev agreed with his navigator and ordered the brigade to turn back to the east By comparing the entries I managed to ascertain that the cruisers'Augsburg and Magdeburg and three torpedo boats had the mission of convoying the minelayer Deutschland with 800 mines to the mouth of the Gul f of Finland The cruisers were proceeding ahead followed at a slight distance by the mine-layer and the torpedo boats As the Germans were already approaching the designated place for the laying of the minefield they saw that a brigade of Russian cruisers that was stronger in armament was coming toward them The German admiral on the Augsburg ordered the Deutschland to depart to the west at full speed He had decided to join battle with the Russian ships in order to attract them to his own ship to gain time and thus to save the minelayer The German cruisers could always disengage from combat because of their great advantage in speed And so when our brigade unexpectedly for the enemy avoided contact the tense situation for the Germans was replaced by one of elation The Deutschland was immediately returned and the German admiral reported to his command element concerning the satisfactory completion of the operation In view of their avoidance of combat in which it might have been possible to destroy the German cruisers or pursuing them in battle to overtake the very slow-moving Deutschland Rear Admiral Kolomejtsev and navigator Sakelari were removed from active duty But what weY'e the coordinates of the mine obstacle that had been laid by the Germans The answer to that question was obtained after a study of the piece of paper that I had taken from the radio room The initial designations that were customary for all radiograms were followed by text consisting of combinations of letters That prompted me to turn to the signal book The deciphered top secret enemy report stated that a minefield had been laid at such-and-such a time on 17 August and indicated its exact coordinates in our waters The Fleet Staff immediately reported this information to everyone with a need to know Our minesweepers checked the position of the minefield and subsequently that field was the first link in a large advance mine position that we gradually created across the Gulf of Finland During the war many enemy ships found a grave there Finding the connection between the German radiogram on the laying of the minefield and the signal book'had the most importint and farreaching consequences It made it possible for the Russian and Allied naval command elements to use the intercepted enemy radio transmission for intelligence purposes The COMINT service that we organized consisted first in receiving and deciphering the enemy's enciphered radiograms and second in providing bearings May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 2 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4019630 UNCLASSIFIED on operating German shipboard r dio se s as obtained by our s ore-based rad o stat ons _ A subsequent check of intercepteq German radiograms confirmed the fact that the enemy was enciphering his conversations by a combination of literal and digital characters in the signal book Participating in the exploitation of this material in addition to Flagship Radio Specialist I I Rengarten and myself were two other persons -- an additional officer and an enlisted-rank radiotelegraph operator -- who were assigned specifically for permanent work in COMINT It was assumed that the Germans might subsequently change their system of encipherment That question was carefully thought out at the Fleet Staff and the leet Commander jointly with the chief of the communications service decided to organize urgently a specialpurpose radio-interception priemnaya station in the western part of the southern shore of the Gulf nf Finland To achieve better monitoring of the waves the site chosen was in the woods far from populated areas All the buildings were hidden from outside view and the station's personnel were allowed no contact with the outside world The necessary supplies were delivered to the station at specified times by car from Revel The radio station was tasked with only the receipt of German radiograms on several radio recelvers An underground cable connected the radio station with the southern region administration of the signal service The station's personnel were carefully selected from the officers and the best radiotelegraph operators who knew German The work of the stations was kept in strict secrecy to prevent the enemy from learning of its existence Even in the Russian Navy only a few people knew about it The Germans used radio communications widely and soon our special-purpose radio station had 'accumulated extensive material on various aspects of life service and combat actions of the German Fleet COMINT helped to keep the command element of the Baltic Fleet well informed on the enemy and made it possible for the fleet within a short period of time to change over from the passive waiting for the German Fleet to appear in the Gulf of Finland to active operations in the southern part of the Baltic Sea After a short period of time the enemy assuming the possibility that his radiograms were being intercepted decided to make the cipher more complex For that purpose he began to make it a practice to take the text that had been enciphered- according to the signal book and then re-encipher it with the aid of re-encipherment tables pereshifrovochnye tablitsy The tables were reissued from time to time However that circumstance did not present much of a problem in deciphering the German radio- grams By that time the workers at the radio station had collected e tensive material on the basis of the deciphered radiograms They needed only a few hours to draw up the new re-encipherment chart Soon our divers found a second signal book at the bottom of the sea in the area where the Magdeburg had beer At Fleet General Headquarters the book was photocopied and copies were supplied to our Allies the British and the French The Naval Commission for Investigation and Utilization of the Experience Gained by the 1914-1918 War at Sea noted that our COMINT service had achieved great success for several months of the war It was interesting for me and the other naval specialists who participated in breaking the system by which the enemy enciphered his radiograms to follow the subsequent development of that case The biggest achievement was the ability to use the available materials to create the most commonly used parts of the new signal book after the Germans withdrew from use the old signal book which we had After receiving the signal book from us the British also organized a COMINT effort carrying out similar work in studying German radiograms The enemy made wide use of his radio communications His stations operated constantly Naval Staff Officer Captain 2nd Rank I I Rengarten suggested installing at our coastal radio stations the very simple radio direction finders that he had invented as early as 1912 Following successful testing the devices were installed at many coastal observation posts where there were radio stations It was possible to determine the enemy's whereabouts by receiving radio bearings at two points simultaneously The time came when the chief of the signal service began to bring to the Fleet Staff a map of the Baltic Sea on which various colors of ink were used to designate the routes taken by enemy ships Therefore it is not by accident that the Russian ships avoided the German minefields and remained undetected when setting up our own minefields near the German shores The command element of the Baltic Fleet made wide use of the COMINT information The following are a few examples The German Naval Staff established a course for their ships to follow when entering or leaving the Gulf of Danzig On 14 February 1915 ' two of our torpedo boats laid mines on that course The very next day COMINT reported that a German transport had been blown up We also learned the arrival time of a German cruiser at the port of Libau now Liepaya and its departure time A submarine was sent May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 3 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID UNCLASSIFIED to the entrance to the port As the German cruiser was leaving Libau it was sunk by that submarine Following the occupation of Courland West Latvia by the German troops the German Ground Forces Command which was rushing to seize Riga requested the Naval Staff to provide support from the sea COMINT revealed these conversations and established the date of the planned operation The Russian Fleet Commander decided to strengthen the naval forces in the Gulf of Riga by sending the battleship Slava On 31 July 1915 the Slava took the enemy completely by surprise by crossing over from the Gulf of Finland to the Gulf of Riga COMINT provided such good information about the enemy's plans that when the German fleet on the morning of 8 August approached Irbenskij Strait our torpedo boats and two gunboats were already waiting for them By 1000 hours the Slava also approached the strait The Germans' plan to break through into the Gulf of Riga was thwarted Early in November 1916 COMINT reported that the enemy was preparing an operation in the southern nart of the Gulf of Finland Information received permitted the hypothesis that firing on Baltijskij Port At approximately an hour after that eight German torpodo boats that were returning to the west came upon the minefield The flotilla moved along the minefield and then turned to the west again The torpedo boats began to blow up During the course of an hour five of the eight torpedo boats were sunk All told seven out of 11 of the newest torpedo boats were sunk Thus by making skillful use of COMINT information Russian sailors of the Baltic Fleet were throughout the war completely aware of the intentions of the enemy's naval forces UNCLASSIFIED - GEOGRAPHIC NOTE All the geogmphic names in the preceding article were researched by a geographic analyst in the NSA Geography and Map Library Room 2NO 5 That organization also provided the map showing the area discussed in the article and the following note Ed o TIC 7' GOTLAND --- KAYA E SS A a raid by torpedo boats on Baltijskij Port was eXpected The Fleet Staff felt that the Ge mans should know of the existence of an open passage in the southern part of the forward mine position The Fleet commander ordered the laying of mines immediately in that passage During the night of 10-11 November our radio stations intercepted fragments of conversations between enemy torpedo boats that had suffered a calamity Two of them had been blown up in the minefields that we had just laid Then everything became quiet After approximately an hour and a half the German torpedo boats began The wreck of the Magdeburg the location of the minefields and the movements of the Russian and German fleets in WWI naval battles in the Baltic Sea are shown in the Morskoj Atlas which is part of the collection of the NSA Geography and Map Library The reference collection also contains port plans Russian hydrographic charts with pictures of lighthouses Soviet Sailing Directions with Notices to Mariners Lists of Lights and Fog Signals and the Admiralty List of Radio Signals -- all of which contain a tremendous amount of detailed information Baltic placenames are a welter of different languages and variant spellings reflecting the checkered history of the region Since the U S government does not recognize the Soviet incorportation of Estonia Latvia and Lithuania the NIS Gazetteer adheres to the native spellings for Tallinn and Liepaja NSA standardized treatment is to transliterate the Cyrillic spellings as Tallin and Liepaya irrespective of the native spellings in Latin letters Until 1917 the Russian names of the Estonian and Latvian ports were Revel' and Libava Odensholm was the Swedish name of the Estonian island of Osmussaar Osmussar as transliterated from the Cyrillic spelling In 1914 Tahkona lighthouse on Dago Russian and Swedish name of island called Dagden in German was renamed Takhkuna a d the island' itself was renamed Hiiumaa Eston an spelling Khiuma in NSA spelling as transllterated from Cyrillic Courland is one of the former names of the province which became Kurzeme when Latvia received independence Continued on p 19 May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 4 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 40T9631J FOR OFFICIAb HSE QtlbY What language problem Chief architect Tower 01 Babel 3rd millenium B C On 18 September 1975 Lieutenant General Lew Allen Jr Director NSA Chief CSS spoke to the members of the Crypto-Linguistic Association CLA in the Friedman Auditorium and used that opportunity to emphasize the importance he attaches to the work of Agency translators In his remarks he mentioned the high esteem in which Agency translators are held not only by him but also by those who rely on our product The Director's interest in Agency language work is not new of course for we have the evidence of the value he placed on the previous year's Jenkins Report on the language problem at NSA Yet this high-level interest seems to have been -- pardon the expression -- lost in translation as it filters down through the levels of management Before the Jenkins Report there had been a number of studies of the language problem at NSA but I don't recall seeing any papers showing that a solution was foun Not m ch earlier than that report I partlclpated ln another in which I id some research and provided material to the late Dr Sydney Jaffe for his study In the fall of 1961 I did research on my own and wrote a report on the problems of retaining college re ruits in what was then Bl with the report gOlng to M3 through Dr Jaffe The bulk of that report was concerned with the hiring and retention of linguists Originally I myself was hired as a linguist became a bookbreaker and then went on to other forms of cryptanalysis and into management so I do have some personal experience on the language problem When I was hired it was because I could translate from what is still considered a rare language and this was when people were being released from their jobs because of cutbacks Now many years later the Agency continues to seek people with linguistic ability even when hiring has almost stopped This is certainly a strong indication that the Agency does have a real need for people who can translate well It also means to me that the Agency is not able to retain enough qualified linguists to' ao the necessary jobs for recruiters are constantly reminded to keep their eyes open for someone who is already able to translate a particular language or who can be easily trained to do so But why then do translators leave the work Perhaps the problem is not in our hiring practices or in our training but in the failure to recognize what the value of a good translator is In recent years I have been quite surprised to see so many of our most skilled translators leaving well before they had reached the mandatory retirement age The few I spoke to told me that there was just nothing they could do to overcome the feeling that what they were doing was regarded by those above them as of little value to the Agency The important work is being done by engineering and scientific personnel That there may be some truth in their statements can be seen in an examination of promotions to GGD-13 14 and 15 during the 1974 and 1975 calendar years The Agency's own statistics as can be seen from the following table point up the fact that anyone wanting to be promoted to the higher grade must get into a field such as Electronic Engineer Data Systems Analyst Cryptologist or Cryptologic Staff Officer May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 5 DOCID 4019630 paR OFFICIAl MSE oum P r 0 GGD-13 CY74 I CY7S m 0 t i o n s GGD-14 CY74 1 CY7S t 0 GGD-lS CY74 I CY7S L Total promot ions Including Special Res earch Analysts Electronic Engineers Data Systems Analysts Cryptologis ts Cryptologic Staff Officers Linguists 1 Parenthetically Special Research Analysts can scarcely find comfort from the relatively high figures for promotions to GGD-13 because that grade seems to be the end of the line for most SRAs including linguists posing as SRAs for promotion purposes But what about the linguists who do not want to pose as anything that they aren't but just want to continue working as and getting promoted as linguists Most of them find their niche one grade lower and reach the end of their' line at GGD-12 Only a token few move higher Why The career structure allows for linguistic jobs at higher levels but to my knowledge only one person with the label of linguist has a grade higher than GGD-lS and he was promoted over 10 years ago No it is not that the structure doesn't permit promotions within the linguistic field so the answer must lie elsewhere I see no other place to look for the answer than in the attitude of Agency management towards language work In too many cases managers of linguists have had no language experience of their own and tend to think that any job requiring the knowledge of a foreign language must be fairly simple And yet the Crypto-Linguistic Association has over the years held several symposia and given several presentations in the auditoriums at Fort Meade and FANX dealing with various problems encountered by the NSA linguist -- problems of language recognition transcription translation machine processing teaching testing etc Agency linguists have over the years written numerous articles for the NSA Technical JOUY'nal the NSA CY'ypto- logic Spectr um and CRYPTOLOG or its predecessors Keywor'd DY'agon Seeds QRL Command Have the managers attended the symposia Have they read the articles Are they reading this article Even as I write this I have been told of a senior manager who feels that translation is journeyman work which can be handled by highschool recruits after some training Somehow I have the feeling that all the words that have been spoken and written have made no impression that only linguists read articles about language and that no one else really cares I think it is safe to assume that the attitude expressed by that senior manager is more typical than not Lack of promotions is certainly evidence of this In the face of such obvious coolness toward their field only the most dedicated linguists will persist in the work The majority will seek jobs in other fields or will leave the Agency for positions in which their linguistic talents will receive the proper respect In either case the Agency will continue to have a language problem There are some ex-linguists in management jobs in NSA but few are in positions where they can continue to make use of their language skills and knowledge One such exception is the National Cryptologic School but only because it has a department whose mission is language teaching -- even in this instance however the Department Head is listed not as a linguist but as a Cryptologist Another exception I am aware of is P16 and the head of that element is a Cryptologic Linguist Again though since Pl6 is exclusively devoted to linguistic matters it could scarcely be headed by anyone other than a linguist There may be May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 6 FOR OFFICIAL MSE OMLY 86-36 DOCID 4019630 CONFIf ENTIAL other positions suCh as overseas but I think that the point stands I guess that what I am really trying to say is that there is not enough recognition given to linguists and for me recognition means promotions and important jobs More of those who are truly professional should be promoted without having to change jobs More linguists should have the managerial roles over elements where the mission is largely language-related Too many of the people who are now in such positions have little or no understanding of what it takes to be a translator -- or a voice interceptor or a transcriber or a teacher -- and they don't seem to care To say that they are unsympathetic to linguists is to put it mildly When linguists are appointed to jobs in the upper management levels they will be in a better position to ounteract the 'negative attitude held by too many of our current managers Then and only then will I believe that the language problem is on its way to being solved yGYG WHAT'S WRONG WITH AG-22 IATSt I Daniel Ro Conne I In the March issue 01 CRYPTOLOG we reprinted the article Musings About the AG-22 IATS by Cecil PhiIIips C03 which had originally appeared in C-LlNERS C Group Machine Processing information BuIIetin Vol 3 No 7 A ugustjSeptemberjOctober 1975 Mr Phillips' article prompt -ed the following reply by Daniel R Connell which appeared in the Winter 1976 Vol 3 No 8 issue of C LlNERS and is being reprinted here with the permission of its Editor David WiIIiams Ed 69NF I BENTIAb May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 7 CONFIBBN IAL - C7 11 '669 EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 WrNBbE YIlt 68 IIN'f EURIlAlmEb5 8 L DOCID 4019630 E-o 1 4 c P L 86-36 ONFIQBN'FIAIJ D oooooooooooooooooooooo o May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 8 CONFIQBN'FIAIJ IbitfiBLE VIA e6 lIJi'f elb d4 4EL 5 614LI DOCID 4019630 SECRET William Hunt SA DDF The following article was written by William Hunt when he was developing the SIGSUM It appea r ed in the Feb r ua r yMarch 1973 issue of the Agency publication KEYWORD Technical Exchange Bulletin now discontinued The SIGSUM has served NSA well during many crisis situations by b r inging current SIGINT items to the attention of senior U S officials in the United States and overseas in capsule form -- the function for which it was primarily designed Ed The NSA SIGINT Summary SIGSUM is a daily publication conceived and designed by the Assistant Director for Production to inform selected senior executives of the United States Government both military and civilian of the most significant world developments as seen in SIGINT Second-Party cryptologic collaborating countri s also receive the publication for their use as appropriate While this publication was conceived as early as 1964 it was not until the past two years that it was fully developed and its objective and utility fully appreciated as of today it is one of the most widely read documents at the CAT III level in the SIGINT-indoctrinated system While it is neither possible nor desirable to trace the growing pains of the Summary suffice it to say that it suffered the usual development of any document for which no clear-cut requirement existed NSA Production recognized the need for such a vehicle to alert selected senior U S executives to important items of interest in capsule form to eXplain the COMINT fact to interpret the communications activity and to report it in meaningful terms From the customer's point of view there was an understandable suspicion that this document would overstep the mythical line between reporting the SIGINT May 76 and evaluating it It can be readily seen that misunderstandings semantics and the efforts of well-intentioned people in NSA and customer organizations would cause problems until all parties understood the philosophy and responsibilities of each other's roles and missions and learned to appreciate and adhere to the basic principles of their respective missions All of these problems appear to be resolved and with the exception of an occasional human error no future major differences are anticipated between NSA and its customers regarding the Summary As previously stated the SIGINT Summary is a daily Production publication covering all SIGINT problems of NSA Production at the Category III level It is released at approximately 1700 local time each day by electrical means and is disseminated to ZI addressees on the NSA SIGINT electrical system It is also transmitted to selected overseas major military commanders NSA CSS field offices and specific cryptologic organizations Second-party cryptologic collabo- rating centers receive the electrical copy The hard copy of the SIGSUM is designed for the executive reader who does not require timely electrical receipt of SIGINT items It is available on his desk daily at the opening of business and contains the SIGINT available to NSA at approximately 1700 the previous day During crisis periods and or when an item is of sufficient importance to warrant distribution by lectrical means more frequently than daily an item is prepared and if ready for publication after 1700 hours is released as an advance item to the next daily SIGSUM Items appearing in the SIGSUM are never original items By this is meant that all analysis is performed by the Production organizations having total responsibility for a specific problem If and when a SIGINT report or item is developed by an analysis organization of Production it is serialized and distributed in accord-ance with established requirements and procedures Simultaneously an abbreviated item is prepared suitable for inclusion in the SIGSUM and forwarded to the SIGSUM panel for editing processing and distribution to recipients as explained above and in accordance with SIGSUM policy procedures In all instances the serial number of the complete report is cited in the SIGSUM to assist the customer who must have the complete details for evaluation or estimative purposes in acquiring the unabridged report The complete report on which the SIGSUM item is based normally reaches the recipient before or simultaneously with the SIGSUM item therefore those recipients who need the complete details will have them available Since the SIGSUM is designed for 'selected senior executive readers it is published six days per week Sunday through Friday This insures that readers working Monday through CRYPTOLOG Page 9 SBCRBT IflId BbE 0 If eO 'III f eI11tH14I b8 BilbY DOCID 4019630 SB6RET Saturday will have the relatively latest SIGINT available each working day For the convenience of the readers appropriate maps are included in the hard copy of the SIGSUM with notations and overlays showing the precise areas of activity as reported in the item On occasion photographs of military weapons or weapons systems are included primarily for the benefit of readers not familiar withese weapons Photographs of weapons and weapons systems include ship types sumbarines aircraft tanks radars missile systems artillery pieces etc On occasion photographs of personalities are also included SOME PRINCIPLES OF COVER AND DEC N Vera Filby's article How Do We Know It I S True in the February CRYPTOLOG is a most interesting one and should stir substantial comment and thought The article's publication is timely inasmuch as it appears coincident with a new twovolume work by an English journalist Anthony C Brown entitled Bodyguapd of Lies Harper Row 1975 Mr Brown has done a good job of recounting the uses and successes of Allied cover and deception C D operations in World In instances where foreign collaborating War II His story is set in a broad framework centers have responsibility for reporting on a that includes key personalities leading intertarget and or where unique SIGINT is available ests and many of the apparent motivations and to them such items as appropriate will be inrelationships which culminated in CaD operations cluded in the SIGSUM citing the foreign crypto- Understandably the book emphasizes the role of logic collaborating organization's serial number Great Britain starting with its title which and or appropriate caveat to inform the reader reflects a statement attributed to Prime Minister that such an item is not produced by a U S Winston Churchill in wartime he said truth is so vital that it must be attended by a bodycryptologic organization guard of lies The small coordinating body Senior military commanders overseas have which ran the British CaD effort reported expressed their interest in this document as directly to Churchill for reasons of both it provides them with an appreciation of the security and span of control level of military activity in other areas of the C D in general seems to have some principles world and assists their intelligence staffs in evaluating military activity in their own areas that are worthy of iterat on first and cer-tainly foremost is the principle of absolute Intelligence staffs worldwide have found the and unassailable secrecy Because commanders SIGSUM valuable because of the brevity of the articles and their suitability for general with their operations and intelligence people are often sensitive to being deceived it is briefing purposes frequently true that the slightest hint that feRf'f lI'I'ee8 deception is being practiced or even planned is sufficient to abrogate the CaD operation as well as to heighten suspicion in the future SOLUTION TO LAST MONTH'S Accordingly all actions taken to do things to NSA-CROSTIC and about caD must be done with utmost circumspection In that vein the symposium which Lambros Callimahos Ms Filby recommends should be pursued with The Rosetta Stone and all due regard to must-know need-to-know criIts Decipherment teria What Ms Filby xecommends as I read it is a symposium attended mainly by SIGINT people NSA Technical JOUPnal and some SIGINT users to look into the question Vol XVI No 1 Winter that the title of her article asks 1971 This leads to two more CaD principles I feel particularly qualified to give o if a caD operation works ideally -- or even this lecture because I was born in Egypt reasonably well -- we either do not know o Furthermore the Ptolemies were Greeks that we are being deceived or cannot prove Ptolemy V was five years old when he as or even hypothesize it and cended to the throne and I was four years old o CaD operations for the most part are not when I first set foot on the American shore limited to electrical communications alone so you can see the similarities but also involve one or more levels of forces and units In addition selected collateral is included when it enhances the SIGINT or assists the reader in understanding it In all instances where collateral is utilized it is so flagged in the item In hard copy collateral is printed in italics ------------------- IrteeeJ UNCLASS I FlED May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 10 SI3CRI3'f 1l1dlBbf 'vIA e811HI'f ElII lHg Qm ' L 86-36 DocrD 4019630 SI3EURRI3'f EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 The last principle that s ems worthy of mention is that of sUPprise It is one of the hallowed nine principles of war and harkens back in history immemoria l'iy It is inexorably bound up in the bu iness of CaD and is frequently that which C D operations seek to advance It might t5e of interest to recall that contemporary Soviet publications dealing with military trategy and tactics are rather liberally laced with detailed discussions of the element of surprise In several instances those discussions are detailed enough to make it clear'-that the Soviet have assigned significant itnportance to that particular aspect of mili ary operations As might be expected that' literature contains associated references t CaD less frequently but those references are not altogether absent either explicitly or inferentially In my view which is shared by some of my contemporaries Ms Filby's basic question How do we know it's true is of central compelling criticality in today's U S Allied intelligence community especially in the signals intelligence part of that community wh re there is sometimes a tendency to place 'increasing credence in and dependence upon limited decreasing signals sources Our understandable tendency to rely on what we have -- however tenuous it may be -- can be used against us and with dire consequences in time of war Our national defense strategy is increasingly dependent upon indications and warning I W intelligence There is nothing wrong in any way with that dependence provided we understand and can resolve the problem addressed in the Filby article I beThis leads to another principle CaD operalieve the problem is recognized and understood tions of various magnitudes and kinds happen in some quarters but not as widely as it not o ly in wartime but also in peacetime might be I believe that to deal realistically It is not an unreasonable assumption that they with the problem considerably more attention are being carried out right now is warranted I would start by establishing a A fifth principle of CaD is one which I single central coordinating group with demight nickname the ours theirs principle In fined authority to work across organizational essence it describes an existing condition boundaries The initial objective of that in which both or all adversaries practice group would be to assess the magnitude dimensome caD and both or all simultaneously atsions and impact of the problem If the tempt to fathom all other caD I mention this problem is found to be of sufficient size and aspect because it is that one condition that consequence the next step would be to organmost easily leads to self-deception By that I ize the attack on it A modest number of merely mean that it is important to keep additional man-hours may then be warranted straight who is doing what to whom when and for Some priorities may have to be changed to what reasons If one element of the organizaidentify and task those man-hours The first tion is supporting friendly CaD and another ele- product out of that effort probably should be ment is attempting to peer through an enemy's directed toward our own current reporting possible caD and there is no central coordina- to strengthen the value of I W intelligence tor the self-deception that can result will To the extent that this science now has an com ound the real deceptions Interorganizaepistemology it is inexact Our current undertional and intraorganizational work groups and standing is at best inconclusive in part symposiums can overcome some of the difficulbecause it is not yet organized In point of ties inherent in this potential problem but fa ct how do we know it is true they cannot take the place of a central author itative coordinating body IIV668 May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 11 SBEURRB'f IL tIJBbE VIA E8 lm'f ell fflfI L OlfLr 'fot SECRET UI 'lftitA CONVERSATION WITH A BOOKBREAKER SINCE RETIRED TRANSLATORS' COMPENDIUM The sample pages on the opposite page are reproduced from the NSA CSS publication Co ZZected APticZes on Tr ans l atir' 1973 compiled bYluuumu I hree-sentence u uummu Mrs foreword says it all P L 86-36 ' I L 8 6- 3 6 P L 86-36 The following articles which first appeared in QRL Keyword Spect1'UTl1 the NSA Technical Journal DJoagon Seeds and CIA Studies in Intelligence have been selected for their bearing on the subject of COMINT translation as seen through the eyes of practioners of the art Together they represent the experience of a generation of Agency linguists They are here reproduced in the hope that they will interest and stimulate another generation The publication contains more than 500 pages and is divided into seven sections plus a bibliography The section Training for Translation has articles by Doris Mille r I Emery Tetrault and The Translator Helps Himself has articles byl Marv Roberta I w n StewartH Buck Robert E 1NQ J 'man Wild and John D II-T Mu r p h ' - --- m P r e p a r - i- n g the Text for TrahsJat r I I 1 l pr06fems In Translation I Salemme n l lnrl Specific IA T I J I'- T d l'lll llItl ' 'u'TIUITlAwl'7c ' al i'ni '1'ia nrl' QT Ja c KI jLJr lu r lr ni -'TI 'j'T'h hle -i'1E' r' r' i tn 'g ' '7 j oI Ab l1tlttliH r ry G' tOr -1aricmGriggs lOOris Miller A J salemme IB l bafa Dudley Stu I I Donald LasleYi Norman Wild Machine Translation 1 J Salemme boris Miller Norman Wild About Translators and Translations A Miscellany I I Barbara Dudley I Translation and What to Do I I I IA I I The subjects covered in these articles are still current ones For example every week someone becomes newly agitated about the problems of transliteration or of machine translation but is unaware that the ground has often been covered before For that reason this reminder is being printed so that the new generation of linguists can be aware of the existence of this record of other linguists' efforts A few copies of the publication are still available If you would like a ucoPY'mucall IP16 x4998 R66m3W076 Reference copies are available in the Cryptologic Library Room 3W076 and in the NSA Technical Library I L- -------------------- EUR R T I I 'E E 8 1 EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 12 'fOP SECRBI' UMBRA DOCID 4019630 P L 86-36 CREATIVE TRANSLATOR j by LI ----I J f 1 d r gra Phesej wi th th ea l t o S rOubl everal a d e tr ------------- ------- Ilso wro l1l ra tio Y n9 t Ut 0 ---I I would have translated it Strike soonest without fail Time is of the essence Any delay will mean failure The first tr ' ion was not wrong It simply missed the point L 11g n oo l' 0 The example is an extreme altered to protect the guilty tendency of translators to smo original to impose order and 1 everything in unruffled govern destroy the vitality of the OJ it In so doing we do our c say nothing of insulting thei This article then is lation Unlike other disci' answer translation plunges ambiguity where there are right ones The choice of depends not on dictionari gence emotion and unders language which is first ably tied to feelings in and heavy with emotional means of information COl darkness And as any 1 I lap SEERfT th9ll 'A LEA NING FROM MISTAKES By Mary Roberta Irwin GS43 I I I May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 13 1'OP St eltE'f r TMBR EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 DOClD 4019630 UNCLASSIFIED Translator's note A recent Soviet book on SIGINT Radioehlektronnaya Razvedka Radio- electronic Intelligence V A Bartanesyan Mo cow Voenizdat 1975 is evidence of a Soviet effort to heighten awareness of the vulnerabilities of electronic emitters among aU those Ulho IJJOrk UJith them Two hundred fifty pages long and citing 70 titles -mostly u S British and German books and periodicals -- as sources the book outlines the organization and scope of the u s SIGINT effort and its technical capabilities It is in effect a SIGINT primer Chapter I is introductory and general sketching out the structure of u s SIGINT and its place in intelligence recounting some anecdotal WWII SIGINT history and swrrrrarizing its postwar development up to the present including the growph of SIGINT collection by satellites Chapter II discusses the exploitation of the various portions of the electromagnetic spectrwn and Chapter III treats antennas Chapter IV is devoted to signal search intercept and analysis equipment The fifth and final chapter is on direction finding The tabloid-style description of NSA given in Chapter I might aZmost seem to have been written tongue-in-cheek if the broad irony of certain assertions could be accepted as being truly intentional and not simply accidentaZ The folloUJing is a translation of that description The NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY NSA is one of the largest intelligence organs in the United States NSA occupies a special place in the general system of global espionage It informs the President and other high-ranking persons concerning the political and economic situation and the defense posture of many countries of the world including the allies of the United States The entire work of NSA is highly classified Only rarely does information of the doings of NSA appear in the bourgeois press Nevertheless from the fragmentary information that gets published some idea of the enormous scale of its spying ac- P L tivity can be formed NSA Headquarters is located at Fort Meade midway between Washington and Baltimore in a huge three-story bUilding that is second only to the Pentagon and State Department in size NSA is the chief SIGINT agency and has unlimited financial and technical capabilities NSA's long tentacles of radioelectronic espionage reach everywhere Created in 1952 by a presidential order of President Truman with the obscure explanation that it is charged with carrying out highly specialized functions involving the national security of the United States NSA has developed into an enormous SIGINT service Its annual budget is over a billion dollars and its staff of employees at the Headquarters alone is 14 000 Three or four thousand employees work abroad and about 20 000 service personnel who are formally subordinate to other intelligence organizations are in fact engaged in SIGINT work in behalf and under the control of NSA NSA conducts radioelectronic espionage from ground centers military bases piloted and pilotless aircraft naval surface vessels and SUbmarines and from satellites equipped with appropriate radioelectronic gear NSA uses universities and the research laboratories of various industrial corporations to find solutions to various technical problems and to build improved SIGINT collection apparatus The functioning of several major departments is known from the foreign press -- Operations Scientific Research Communications Security and others The largest is Operations which is engaged in processing the data collected and received from all SIGINT collection points deciphering it on the basis of engineering cryptanalysis and compiling operational reports The focus of attention of Operations is on deciphering the governmental and diplomatic codes and ciphers of various countries as well as the codes and ciphers used by the armed forces of those countries NSA Headquarters has a large electronic computer center supporting the computer operations of all the major departments of NSA May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 14 UNCLASSIFIED 86-36 DOqJ P 86 19630 UNCLASSIFIED 1 1 J I i ' In this article I won't be conjuring up images of Svengali or Dracula or discussing hypnosis as stage entertainment or as depicted in highly fictionalized TV plays Nor will I be discussing the deep stages of hypnosis as used for medical purposes such as in childbirth to replace a chemical anesthetic Instead I shall be discussing hypnosis and self-hypnosis as a language-learning tool for which a relatively light state of relaxation is sufficient Because relaxation is really what hypnosis is all about Sorry about that but hypnosis does not really involve mystic trances It won't bring you back to a previous incarnation force you to become unwillingly involved in crime and above all it won't cure anything -- except possibly insomnia Hypnosis is no more and no less than a heightened state of relaxation self-induced or induced with the aid of a hypnotist during which you are considerably more open to suggestion than when you are awake Why the quotes around awake did you ask Because it is a word that hypnotists use to differentiate between being hypnotized asleep and not being hypnotized awake o Actually however hypnosis is not sleep in the natural sense -- there is no loss of consciousness no trip to Never-Never Land no loss of contact with the hypnotist or the surroundings no sense of being in a trance The only thing you feel when hypnotized is relaxation Most people have become hypnotized in the sense that they have succumbed to a suggestion that slipped into their subconscious mind while their conscious guard was down If I start telling you about sucking on a lemon I'll bet it won't be long before your mouth starts reacting Or if I start yawning in a crowded room it won't be long before someone else starts yawning Sometimes though it doesn't take another person to get you going When was the last time that you decided to buy an item displayed at the supermarket checkout counter even though you didn't need it The point is that we are all subject to suggestion and autosuggestion Hypnosis which incidentally was named after the Greek god of sleep Hypnos simply formalizes that idea and is a way to make the character trait of suggestibility a positive rather than a negative feature But enough introduction Let's get into that language classroom Even though the student wants to be there or says that he wants to be there the language classroom is basically a hostile environment for him The student's motivation for learning may be affected by years of adverse condit o ing of which he is not even aware He is going to be faced with new behavioral problems He might be so introverted that he will feel embarrassed and even say I can't do it when asked to articulate the funny sounds of the foreign language He may lack confidence in his ability to memorize large numbers of foreign words or grammatical rules or when learning certain languages to figure out how the language works with little or no formal structure Finally and probably most important he is under stress and pressure that he could not have easily calculated Unfortunately almost' none of these problems will be taken into account within the language class proper Nowhere in the curricula is there a mention of classes in relaxation concentration motivation or mental conditioning And yet there ought to be such classes because it is just as easy to condition the mind as it is to condition the body May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 15 UNCLASSIFIED ---------- ' o - DOCID 4019630 UNCLASSIFIED So let's do something about itt Just about' every reasonably intelligent person can learn a foreign language as jU8t about every reasonably intelligent person can be hypnotized Many people who say they cannot learn a foreign language as many people who say they cannot be hypnotized are really saying not that they can't do it but that they won't do it No language teacher can make you learn those grammatical endings just as no hypnotist can make you relax You have to want something and you have to cooperate All right then do you really want to learn the language If so here are a hypnotist's suggestions to help you learn it quicker and better I five o o o o would like to focus on the following areas relaxation concentration confidence motivation mental conditioning I shall limit myself to the hypnotic methodology although much of what I will cover is common to all types of relaxation therapy relax when doing his language homework -memorizing words or learning grammatical rules and he can pay far better attention to what is going on in the classroom Instead of nerv usly worrying about his own performance he WIll be learning from the performance of everyone in the class not just himself Concent 'ation As I just mentioned the calm individual pays better attention to what is going on around him Because he can relax he can concentrate his attention better on the job at' hand The suggestions that the hypnotist can make in this area center on better concentra ion th ough relaxation getting a stronger ImpressIon from the material studied so that retention and recall are easier imp oved memory better organization of time and efforts with less procrastination accomplishment of the things the student wants to do and has to do The language student can apply these suggestions primarily in his classroom participation and homework study He will be able to tune out distractions at both times making his efforts more productive and pleasurable Confidence Here the hypnotist will work against any Relaxation adverse conditionint that may be present He This does not happen automatically but it will make suggestions designed to strengthen can be learned sometimes just by picking up t e student's confidence in his ability to praca book o the subject and following instructIce self-hypnosis in his ability to cope with tions Most often however the student needs any set of circumstances and in his ability some kind of instruction in relaxation With to absorb the complex material being studied hypnosis he will usually attend about eight And how will the language student apply sessions After the initial visit which I these suggestions He can apply them in every shall describe elsewhere in this article he area of language study but perhaps more than will attend as a member of a small group any other suggestions these will work on a Those remaining sessions will be more or less subconscious level to make the course more proidentical except that special problems may ductive for him A student is not always aware receive added emphasis The hypnotist will of adverse conditioning that may have taken hypnotize the group all at the same time and place previously He may think that he is not begin making his suggestions He will start particularly good at languages because of with suggestions of relaxation and will deal impressions made upon him as early as elementary with such as ideas as relaxing without slowing sch Ol He may feel that his in ellectu l cadown coping with stressful situations mainpacl y IS much lower than it actually is or taining composure under difficult conditions conSIder the language material more complex relaxing while alone or with others friends or than it actually is Through hypnosis and selfstrangers and conditioning intended to convinc hypnosis he can change that kind of negative the subject that he can relax under any conthinking he can recondition himself and ditions at will He will mention the benefits learn to appreciate his true capabilities While of such a capability emphasizing that tension humility is a fine characteristic we already steals energy The hypnotist will stress the have enough humble linguists and sometimes the need for restful sleep and suggest that the difference between the good linguist and the student will indeed sleep restfully and wake up great one is no more than the confidence to every morning feeling refreshed and eager to cross the line between translating something as get going on the new day swelling of the thyroid gland on the neck or The ways in which these suggestions can as goiter In other words the confidence to help the language student are far-reaching let go of the literal translation and to make He can relax in the classroom when it is his the translation read as well in English as it did in the original foreign language maybe turn to speak those strange-sounding words even better he can overcome the general nervousness and embarrassment he feels when he makes mistakes Al though it will almoit certainly follow that and be composed enough to correct them he can the relaxed concentrating confident student May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 16 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4019630 UNCLASSIFIED will be a better student the hypnotist will reinforce suggestions of motivation He will reinforce the ideas that relaxation saves energYJ reduces or eliminates tension and makes sleeping easier and more restful that better concentration strengthens the initial impression that the student receives from the study materiai improves retention and recall and motivates the student toward better-organized efforts and that the student will be confident of success Although it is probably the most elusive of animals motivation can be caught and tamed Nothing succeeds like success may be a cliche but that doesn't make it a false statement The more language a student learns the more he is likely to learn as he goes along What he often needs is an extra charge of steam at the beginning of his language course when he has serious doubts -- often bordering on panic -that he will ever be able to master this impossible language Those doubts can be eliminated and if we do that we go a long way toward reducing the high attrition rates that are usually associated with language training Mental Conditioning Unless the student learns to practice some form of mental conditioning on his own the whole purpose of hypnosis is defeated Posthypnotic suggestion by the hypnotist does not last forever Therefore the suggestions made by the hypnotist must eventually become suggestions reinforced through self-hypnosis by the student himself He will be told while hypnotized that he can bring about this same state of relaxation by himself usually once a day just before going to sleep at night During the day he will reinforce the suggestions by repeating keyword suggestions Relax Concentrate etc to himself These are designed to produce a conditioned response of calmness concentration confidence etc An important distinction here is that the student will not be hypnotized or enter any trance during the day Rather he will have conditioned himself to respond to the suggestions while awake that is posthypnotically How to Do It It all sounds so easy so why isn't everyone doing it Actually a great many people throughout the world are already involved in this or similar training but usually on an individual basis that is one person attempting to improve his performance in a given area Literally hundreds of thousands of Americans are currently involved in self-hypnosis meditation biofeedback transactional analysis or some form of relaxation therapy trying to do everything from easing the strain of a high-pressure -job to shaping up an entire baseball team So why shouldn't a language student try it too Let's say that he does try it with hypnotism He walks into the hypnotist's office What happens then The hypnotist has an initial private session with the student During that session he tests the student for suggestibility imagination and subject type all of which information tells the hypnotist what are the best methods he should use He also shows the student how hypnotism works but does not actually hypnotize him at this time Instead he uses various waking tests such as asking the subject to hold both arms straight out in front of him and then suggesting with appropriate words and appropriate vocal modulation that the right arm is very heavy and the left arm is very light Or he will stand behind the subject and tell him to think about falling back knowing that the hypnotist will break his fall if necessary Either with or without further suggestion by the hypnotist a suggestible subject will usually start swaying on his heels within a few seconds The hypnotist and the student then discuss any questions general or specific that the student might have about hypnotism and the particular problems he is having in language learning After the tests and the discussions the hypnotist uses an appropriate method to hypnotize the student using no more than a couple of minutes to do so In addition to implanting suggestions designed to improve the student's learning the hypnotist makes suggestions designed to produce greater depth of hypnosis during subsequent sessions and to condition the student for the group-induction method that will be used in future sessions The hypnotist also tests the student by implanting a posthypnotic suggestion This is done for two reasons to prove to the student that he was actually hypnotized the feeling of relaxation alone is sometimes not enough to convince persons that they- have been hypnotized and to give the hypnotist some idea of how quickly the student will respond to further hypnotic suggestions And that ends the first session Subsequent sessions by the group method involve a discussion concerning progress questions and answers and group hypnosis But in these group sessions use is made of the same suggestions on relaxation concentration etc which were outlined above It's that uncomplicated But let me make it clear that hypnosis is not a cure-all It is not a way of life or a religion but simply a way to take advantage of unused mental capabilities It can do a lot of things but it cannot cure anything and it cannot make you do anything unless you want to do it So if you really want to learn a language but are having problems speaking it or memorizing words or grammatical forms hypnotism is just one way of getting help Why no try it Just relax o ooooooooooooooooooo May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 17 UNCLASSIFIED ------------ ------_ -- _- DOCID 4019630 86 36 May 76 Page 18 P L 86 36 DOCID 4019630 CONFIDBNTIAL EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 A S LMPLE CIPHER STORY William P Meyer 1 CS12F Many years ago having read Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Gold Bug and articles on codes and ciphers nthe old Shadow magazine I thought it would ea simple matter to construct a cipher to eep private some love letters I had received uring my high school days I knew my wife-toe would not take kindly to my keeping them ven for sentimental reasons I thought I had it made by taking the alphaet and cutting it in half Since I knew what he message said I would find it a simple mater to substitute the correct letter in case of oubt The cipher was similar to this TAIONSHRULDM CBGVFPJYWKXZQ ZXKWYJPFVGBC QZXKWYJPFVGBC In other words I reversed the last thirteen etters and repeated them twice I immediately enciphered the letters keepng the same format and threw the originals way -------------------GEOGRAPH Ie NOTE Continued from p 4 in 1920 and then was renamed Liepaya after Soviet incorporation The back-and-forth naming and renaming of places in the Baltic area is not a unique situation Throughout the world placenames are constantly changing Old cities are given new names New cities are being created Countries whose names we remember from postage-stamp collecting years ago still exist but with different names So if in your work you encounter any difficulties with placenames of any vintage check with the NSA Geography and Map Library C525 extension 5725 or 5726 We're here to tell you where it's at -- IC5 Z5 ------------------ - UNCLASSIFIED CLA ANNUAL BANQUET Thursday 27 May 1976 Trojan Horse Restaurant Holiday Inn Silver Spring Speaker formerly ONI CIA now retired Elegant English F o r i n f o rm a t io n c a lwl Banquet Chairman 1L lx7222S f I I De arB ill BQXF Z KG G Clear Enciphered DE ART ILL Z C GW BV XX Two possible solutions x x x x Body of the letter x x x x x x x x Clear L 0 v e Virginia Enciphered Two possible solutions GW KQ KKFXKYKX L0 I E XF VC IIRAINIA VVWGVPVG Needless to say about three months later my wife presented me with the letters neatly deciphered She was wondering why I thought they were worth keeping Now the romantic thing for me to have done would have been to join the Foreign Legion but since I was patriotic I joined the Army I was sent to Fort Monmouth New Jersey attended the U S Army Signal Corps School and graduated as a Cryptological Technician MaS 805 It is true that in this day and age the romantic notion of keeping love letters either in the clear or enciphered is no longer the in thing But my advice born from personal experience and reinforced by practical experience is Always place the externals of your message internaUy ur thin the body of the message UNCLASSIFIED May 76 CRYPTOLOG I'age 19 CONFIBBN'I'IAL P L 86-36 DOCID 4019630 UNCLASSIFIED re precise and 40 more PERCE This issue marks the end of my year's appren-I it plays An article recently published in ticeship as the new boy I hope that during I CRYPTOLOG mentioned the problems the author had this year CRYPTOLOG has had at least a few had in locating a certain word in Russian dicinformative articles of interest to each of tionaries Then she said in her original manuits more than 2500 recipients During this script COB jumped off the page and suggested year I have actually heard a few comments another linguistic tack to take Since she had ranging from That last issue was the best one been writing about Russian all along I figured yet Art to That last issue was absolutely that I'd better ask her which COB she meant -_ nothing I -- the worst excuse for a magazine I've the abbreviation for oOBeTcludi Soviet or ever seen usually said about the same issue cOBepmeHHo completely top as in OOBI've enjoyed editing CRYPTOLOG even though I Cel peTHO top secret When I phoned her have to sniff an awful lot of rubber cement to she said Neither It's English C-O-B -get the copy into a form that satisfies everyI close of business ' My theory is that when one -- the author the editorial board the the word jumped off the page she might have casual prepublication nitpickers and ultithought she was reading English but I'll bet mately the intended reader The one thing I that it really registered subconsciously as a regret is that I don't have enough time to Russian abbreviation that sent her off on the sniff out ideas for articles and to help author right trail An article on psycholinguistics to develop them True I have developed the previous editrix's habit of butting into every Jane-Aaeisms technical conversation and asking Have you Everyone in my generation has a favorite thought of writing that up for CRYPTOLOG expression as used by Jane Ace on radio aeons All a person has to do is burp and I suggest ago With some it's He I s got all the earmuffs Hey an article on the incidence of gastritis of a hardened criminal With others it's among NSA-ers Usually however these ideas She's been galvanizing all over town One of come to naught I have a fairly long list my special treats as editor is to collect the of names of people who swore long ago that new generation's Jane-Aceisms True I get they would submit an article but haven't my plenty of them from my own kids such as in Promises promises list this day of age but I can always appreciate In the meantime as I read through the submore Some of them I edit out for example mitted articles and or edit them and or type in a serious article I changed tinge of pride them up and or paste them up into final copy to twinge of pride until it dawned on me and or illustrate them you just can't get good that that wouldn't do because a twinge is suphelp nowadays I often end up with lots of posed to make you say Ouch But others I scraps of paper allover my desk but also with leave in especially in letters to the editor scraps of ideas for what I think might be good I don't do that to be mean after all I do articles Who can write them though I correct the spelling and change the punctuation would hate to write them all myself signing in some letters It's just that a letter to them with noms de plume like Paul E Glott the editor should express the writer's exact I would also hate to throw the scraps away words So what if the writer accuses the just as a person who does a lot of home sewing editor of leading field personnel down a primhates to throwaway his best remnants the lib- rose path Why change it Why add a snippy bers have me so confused with his and her editor's note pointing out that people lead I'm never sure as an editor when I'm getting other people down the garden path but it right Maybe I can turn these scraps into people at least the ones I know usually take a crazy-quilt end-of-year report the primrose path of their own volition No whether I edit them out or leave them in Transli teration I just enjoy these almost-right expressions One article I'd like o get from an NSA-er I only wish that someone would write an article would deal with transliteration and the tricks about them maybe Jane-Aceisms at NSA I'd May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 20 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID UNCLASSIFIED give the author all my best examples including the one I heard in the cafeteria a few weeks ago Three guys playing cribbage One almost wins the game One of the others says Close but no car If anyone volunteers to write t he article I'll promise to find a picture to illustrate it -- an angel wearing black shoes And I'd ive him all the stores that former NSA-erl told me about his chief petty of 1cer 1nc uding the story about the time that all hands were supposed to show up for inspection One of the men he's always named Kozlowski in stories like this was wearing white socks with black shoes The petty officer said Kozlowski you will go BACK to your area You will REMOVE them white socks You will report ack here wearing BLACK socks with black shoes And in the HEREAFTER you will wear black socks with black shoes Geographical names I've always liked geographical names In fact I first got interested in Russian when during World War II days at Fort Lewis Washington I would have to stand several times a day either alone or with one or more other enlisted men and stare while otherwise engaged at a map of the USSR that was posted on the wall I guess that the official feeling was As long as they're going to be standing there anyway they might as well learn Rooski geography At any rate I find geographical names absorbing and always try to get them right in CRYPTOLOG articles Da Nang versus Danang was an easy one But the names in an artic e in this month's issue were particularly tough -- places that had had German Latvian or Estonian then Soviet names including names not recognized by the U S State Department renamed Soviet cities etc The problem represented by Libau-Libava-Liepaya is a common one in Eastern Europe I remember an emigre who had come from L'vov in the Soviet Ukraine but at one time Polish Lw6w or German Lemberg His grandfather insisted on calling the city Lemberg So did the grandson until one day there was a showdown in school The teacher said Pupil Ivanov will stand up He did so Pupil will come to front of room Did so Pupil will face class Did so And now -- pupil will say we're in L'vov that if an article on submarine warfare is illustrated with a pussycat staring at a goldfish bowl the only thing that people will comment on is the damned pussycat -- they won't even bother to read the article But another view is that the illustrations are supposed to lure people into reading articles that they would normally leave unread Or to jog their memory months later -- Yes I remember reading an article on submarine warfare in CRYPTOLOG -- or was it the Tech Journal -- it had a picture of a pussycat staring at a goldfish bowl Which opinion do you share More illustrations Fewer More articles on a certain subject Fewer Please make your feelings known to any one of the members of the Editorial Board so that we can take them into consideration in future issues Incidentally if you're in favor of more articles on a certain subject why don't you write one of them Ltiit1- to te t J to' To the Edito CRYPTOLOG I g e aily enjoye ----- laJttic te on Soviet M Qng in the Feb uaJty u we Bu t what dou that dJLawing at the end 06 the aJttic te eyJltu el'tt I I Editor's reply The drawing didn't come out too well when the Don't look for the definition What the master plates were reduced 20% in printing o the teacher told pupil Ivanov in L'V V formerly table carne out too dark It's supposed to be a Lemberg when doing the next NSA-Crostic Ii ttle old lady's desk She has removed her specBut look for a similar one Because it seems tacles and has put down her magnifying glass She that despite all the erudition that is crammed had been using the magnifying glass to che ck the into these once-every-three-months puzzles the cut-out Russian words in her dictionaries Visible only things that seem to register on the readers in the magnifying glass is the end of one word according to comments I hear are items such as ---HO Incidentally your last name isn't in the Wait till the nun signs Shelly Which brings phone book but 1' sin Webster's Arp vn i rp me to other frills -- the illustrations in your name isn't CRYPTOLOG Some people think that CRYPTOLOG should have no illustrations at all They feel UNCLASSIFIED NSA-Crostics and other frills I I May 76 CRYPTOLOG Page 21 UNCLASSIFIED P L PI-Apr 76-53-24583 86-36 DOCID 4019630 fOP SECREf ------- -- - - --- - r CJ IIIS BOCUMEN CONTAINS CODEWORD M rTERI This document is from the holdings of The National Security Archive Suite 701 Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street NW Washington D C 20037 Phone 202 994-7000 Fax 202 994-7005 nsarchiv@gwu edu