WGBPDUV0Wu b lBl JlEVU GBPD B WlB L10WU Ul150WUl15 Ul'l W15GBPj 15l' WGBPj W I1 iJCJ 1 4 c P L 86-36 P L 86-36 PARTNERS IN THE EXCITING FUTURE OF SIGINT ooooHoward E Rosenblum o oo 1 CLASSIFICATION CURNER WHO SAID o o o 1- 3 j-l-U L I l I l u lI L LL L L lu l' ' o IDon 1 Snow WHICH NUMBERING SYSTEM SHOULD WE USE Jess Asken ooooo J 12 CLASSIFICATION A BIGGER PICTURE ooo o J l i i i o o o o o o 13 Kl - seA FIELD MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATIONoooo PERILS OF A STATE DEPARTMENT INTERPRETER g D w LDIE ANALYZATION' OF' DATA j ooooooo o 15 ioo o o o o o o 17 I 6 LETTER TO THE EDITOR ooooooo oo o oo o oo o o o o 21 'fillS BeUtIMBN'f eON'fAINS eOBBWORB MA'fERIAI -- ClMlIillellll QIIl SA c JIlc JSS NSlo c JSSM 1M l Iwem t ' om 888 6811852 eategoi 2 Declassified and Approved for Release by NSA on '10-'1 2- 20'1 2 pursuant to E O '135 26 vl DR Case # 54778 -DOCID 4009803 OP 8J3 RE Published Monthly by PI Techniques and Standards for the Personnel of Operations VO L I V No 10 OCTOBER 1977 PUBLISHER WILLIAM LUTWINIAK BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief Arthur J Salemme 56425 Co 11 ec t ion 1 1 89SS Cryptanalysis 1 IC4902s Language 1 IC523 5 Machine Suppo rt 1'-- ---'1 530 35 Mathematics Reed Dawson 39575 Special Research Vera R Filby 71195 Traffic Analysis Production Manager 1 Harry Goff 49985 For individual subscriptions send name and organizational designator to CRYPTOLOG PI OP 8E RE P L 1 44775 86-36 DOClD 4009803 SECRE'f IN THE SXCITING FUTURE at SIGINT I i HowardEo Rosenblum DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING wide You have toured CIA NPIC and even NSA You have had seminars with NSA seniors and with Intelligence Community seniors You have had slick best of all possible worlds types of presentations and also some incomplete ramblings that left you uneasy and unsatisfied You have tried to sift both types to locate their warts and dimples It has surely been a broad-based mind-boggling and spine-boggling experience I have also examined your roster and I see that CY-600 attendance is also broadbased About 50 percent of you are from non-NSA organizations How was my CY-600 course of 10 years ago r'll cite only the major differences I am impressed by these differences because I believeistinguished guests and members of that the differences between the first CY-600 the CY-600 graduation class I am course and the current course reflect a change delighted to represent Mr Buffham in the National Security Agency and a change our Deputy Director and address you in the Intelligence Community and those changes at the conclusion of your 7 weeks in CY-600 I attest to the responsible maturing of both trust this course has been stimulating that it Comparing this course with the pilot course of has demonstrated the complexities of the SIGINT 10 years ago we see that that first course had business and that it related SIGINT to the Intelligence Community o a makeshift crowded facility o an all-NSA student body Before we get to the graduation ceremony o no speakers from CIA itself I would like to spend a few minutes o no speakers from DIA with you sharing CY-600 experience and seeking o no tour of CIA some perspective You see I'm a graduate of o no speakers from the Intelligence Community CY-GOO too I attended the first course given staff a pilot course more than 10 years ago o no tour of NPIC I have studied the current CY-600 schedule o no seminar with DIRNSA and I can see that you have covered a lot of no seminar with seniors outside of NSA ground You have received tutorial background o no inputs on military support on SIGINT disciplines presentations on NSA It's obvious that the course has come a long management and background on the Intelligence Community You have seen SIGINT product world- wayl Mr Howmod E RosenbLum Deputy Dire tor for Research and Engineering Was the guest speaker at the April 1977 graduation aeremony for the National Senior ptologi Course CY-600 We aonsidered h s pereeptive remarks to be of value for a mueh wider audience than the graduating elass and asked Mr Rosenblum for permission to publish them in CRYPTOLOG He has kindly granted that permission and we moe now pleased to publish his talk in a form slightLy abbreviated and modified for written rather than spoken presentation Ed f October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 1 BBCRET Ih'dIBhE VIA 6911I1R' 6IWlIlHS 81JhJPY DOCID 4009803 EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 SECRET What perspective can one gain by examining the differences between the first and the current course The differences are not accidental The CY-600 course has evolved under pressure from its managerial environment NSAhas become less parochial It recognizes a community the Intelligence Community and the need to be a cooperative contributing member of if On its part the Intelligence Community also has become less parochial it sends students to CY 600 and participates in course presentations The Intelligence Community thus recognizes a need to understand and cooperate with NSA NSA and the Community recognize the need for its new w ve of leaders not just to be aware of but also to be a part of a cooperative interactive Intelligence Community P L 86-36 EO 1 4 c computers for selection analysis editing and reporting and technology for I I intercept and analysis We use the leading edge of semiconductor technology cryogenics optics computing What an exciting array And we have a new President who wants to reorganize We have a new SECDEF who wants to reorganize We have a new ASD C3I and a new DDR E We have more publicity and also more controls on us We have more requirements and fewer resources These are exciting times indeed with many changes with problems and opportunities for all of us So live in exciting times and make full use of the knowledge that the National Senior Cryptologic Course has given you This is what is happening now The Intetligence Community is slowly growing together NSA CSS is a real factor now Support to mititary commanders has a genuine thrust SIGINTis having an impact on tactics There is less parochialism mine is stressed less and less often and ours is stressed more and more More and more frequently tough decisions are being made with a consideration of overall inteLligence needs rather than narrow element needs CIA DIA and NSA actually talk to one another Cooperative endeavors are under way with joint review of research and develo ment ro rams and 'oint ro ects few weeks ago I had the privilege of attending the swearing-in ceremony for the new Director of Central Intelligence President Carter was there and addressed the group Let me paraphrase some of his remarks The President observed that he had been told of the Intelligence Community but this was his first opportunity to understand its complexity He had just met and spoken individually with the dozen or so heads of the Community components He commented on how difficult it must be to ensure that such a complex is coordinated responsive and correct By the way President Carter said that he expected mistakes just as he would make mistakes as a new PresiL The Intelligence Community dent but he stressed that they not be concealed structure has become ecumenical with broad mistakes The President described the IntelliCommunity participation and impact gence Community as damaged -- damaged by hiding mistakes by Watergate by adverse publicity So it is happening and the changes I have noted in CY-600 are not accidental The perspec- He resolved to undo the damage He said he needed good intelligence and wanted to help the tive of the course its objective is community Intelligence Community restore its self-confidence NSA and the Intelligence Community recognize and just as important restore the confidence and depend on each other All of you graduates of the people of the United States in a Communi ty of this course -- whether students from NSA or of needed professional productive experts students from the Service Cryptologic Agencies So intelligence -- your product our product CIA DIA FBI DOD or the military departments is needed at the highest level and that -- had a two-fold purpose in participating in it need is recognized by the President the Cabinet the purpose of educating yourselves as individueconomic and military planners and military als and also the purpose of building Community commanders Intelligence contributes to arms teams As all of you got to know one another limitations agreements formulation of foreign during these 7 weeks you have learned that you policy Government options early in a situation are partners Yes we are all partners in force-structure decisions warning tactics and our Intelligence Community future And what a strategy development countermeasures developfuture we face together ment and military decisions during conflict May you live in exciting times am told This range of intelligence has gotten more imthat that expression was a curse in old China portant to our country as our country has gotten where change and excitement were to be feared weaker with respect to the rest of the world am also told that in Turkey the same expression Our job is to get intelligence to protect our was a toast a challenge given in confidence that means and sources of getting it and to secure change meant opportunity for those with ability our communications that carry it And we must The Intelligence Community is living in exciting do it openly We must make as much information times The world -- the balance of power -- is as possible available to the news media because changing at a bewildering pace The gathering our open society so dictates and we must conreporting and use of intelligence are taking on duct intelligence operations on American princritical importance The Intelligence Community ciples hence more open to the public than inusing American technology has some amazing telligence activities of other nations yet tools satellites for photography for surclosed enough to protect sources and methods veillance and for communications and control This process arouses wonder in our foreign October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 2 SECRET Il IlBbE 'iIA e6filII4'1' ellAJmEb 6NbJPY DOCID 4009803 8ECRI3'f' associates as to our openness and arouses concern among some Americans that we still must keep some information secret courage and integrity expected of professionals in the intelligence business The things we are doing in the future will provide American policy-makers and military commanders with This then is the challenge Make the comcritical information and reasoned assessments plex Intelligence Community work Make it efabout the complex foreign political economic ficient Make it responsive Make it accurate and military challenges to our national securiKeep it clean and open We must work as a team ty and welfare The output from our Agency to make this happen CY-600 today is designed our Community is designed to achieve and to to help My CY-600 of yesterday was not live in peace rather than only to protect us in time of war What we do has become an im he work that goes on at NSA and portant and permanent element of our national throughout the Cryptologic Community foreign policy and military structure is important It reflects the technical and intellectual talents of many people It reflects our need to function in an open society It also reflects the EE8 i J CLASSIFICATION By I D o c l-as-s 'i 'f i-ca t i ' o n-A dr v l- 's or y ' ' 7' P L WHO SAID The less we classify the better off we are in protecting what have to protect The person who said this also believes that too much secrecy makes it harder to keep th significant secrets This thought should be well taken by those in NSA who classify papers they originate The problem of overclassification is real Although the originator feels safe when he affixes a SECRET stamp on a memo that really needs only CONFIDENTIAL protection he is only compounding a problem situation that has existed here for a long time Here's a test for you Go to a file cabinet in your work area and check the classification of the first ten folders you see I did and these were the results SECRET - CCO 6 SECRET I CONFIDENTIAL - CCO 2 UNCLASSIFIED I The higher classification wins every time Directive 5200 IR the NSA Classification Manual and USSID 525 all state that when doubt exists as to what level of cla5sification is appropriate or as to whether certain information should be classified at all the resolution should favor the less restrictive treatment That is if you have to choose between SECRET and CONFIDENTIAL choose CONFIDENTIAL And if you have to choose betwen CONFIDENTIAL and UNCLASSIFIED choose UNCLASSIFIED Answer d ud2111d UI lB udJ JO ' du nl Pld1JsUB S o d 1a lB 1wPV '3WIJ When assigning a classification to a paper that you have originated remember that 000 U October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 3 SECRE' WQjl9bE VIA E8IIHI'I' eWUlEb6 aIleY 86-36 DOCID 4009803 UNCLASSIFIED HUMAM FACTORS _1M THE USE OF MICRO_FICHE READERS AT M S A Don Snow Vi DDO Mlcr_ographhs Co_ordinator he success of an applied micrographics program depends on its acceptance by the user That acceptance may be slow or fast and there are a number of factors which will influence it But one very important factor -- the user or human factor has received scant attention until recently Q i J a readership compr1s1ng makers as well as users' and among the users people in the world of ' business and commerce as well as government My article is aimed at those readers of CRYPTOLOG who are or may become users of microfiche and microfiche readers P L FICHE-Ri LATEDFACTORS The June 1977 issue of CRYPTOLOG began with an excellent article byl lonu Human FUm thickness Factors and Systems Design Although he was not specific about what kind of system design or First-generation i e master or from designs might be under consideration Doug the camera silver halide film is usually 4 seemed to be talking about electronic datamil or 5 mil thick 004 or o 005 regardless handling systems involving say terminals in an of whether it came from a source-document camera analytic area which are hooked up to a compuor from a computer-output-microfilm COM ter and operated by the user according to incamera If additional copies are required from structions developed for the specific type or that master diazo film stock is used Diazo model of terminal microfiche are 7 mil 0 007 thick making them a bit stiffer and more durable than the silver A few days after reading Doug's article I halide master It is important to note that came across another one in the May June 1977 smudges or fingerprints on silver film are perissue of the JournaZ of Micrographics This manent while such blemishes can be carefully one by Dr Robert M Landau a sometime conwiped from the surface of diazo film For that sultant to NSA is entitled Microfiche Reader reason we always recommend that first-generationHuman Factors In that very detailed paper sil ver halide film be used as record or 'later Dr Landau sets his stage by saying duplication copy and diazo duplicates be used The subject of human-information system as working copies interface has been studied and reported PoZarity on by thousands of people The physical psychological and intellectual interface First-generation film comes from the camera problems of the three major media paper in the negative mode -- clear characters on a hardcopy micrographic viewer screen dark background Diazo duplicates retain that and electronic TV or video screen have negative polarity this is another human factor been studied extensively Almost all of we use here It creates far less eyestrain to the studies have related to the use of look at a page of information on a reader electronic TV video media Less than screen if the characters are clear and the rest 100 studies have been directed to the of the page area is dark than vice versa micrographic medium only a small number Admittedly the user must become accustomed to of those have been directed to the that switch for example right now you're specific human factors involved in reading this article as black words on a white microfiche readers page which most hardcopy readers are used to But the frequent user of microfiche soon appreThat is true at least in the formal documented sense However we at NSA and our coun- ciates the negative polarity when looking at a reader screen terparts in the Intelligence Community who are involved in designing and applying micrographic PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF READER systems have almost automatically included Controls type and position human factors in those applications The reason is simple we wanted the application to This is not much of a problem at NSA since succeed And it would really succeed only if we have standardized on one or two types of -'Ithe user or users accepted it fiche readers Remember this article is liinMany of the factors discussed below are ited to fiche readers and does not address the included in Dr Landau's article The main dif- area of reader printers For the most part ference __ lies in the fact that he was addressing at NSA we see a considerable number of W S I October 77 CRYPTOLOG UNCLASSIFIED Page 4 86-36 UNCLASSIFIED Washington Scientific Industries Inc Mini-Cllt fiche-size printed card which is being projected Model ll14D readers Fig 1 Th model onto the screen The carrier moves in the same direction as the sequence of pages By moving the rear of the reader body in and out the user can increase the magnification of the lens used by as much as 25 percent thus projecting a portion of a page in larger-than-original size Fiahe insertion and removaZ To the novice this is always a problem With all the fiche readers on the market each having its own special optics system the beginning user is not sure how to insert the microfiche into the carrier Fortunately for us the problem has been resolved In the W S I Mini-Cat model the fiche is inserted into the carrIer wHh the title area faae up and toward the user In the VANTAGE line the fiche is inserted with the title area faae down and toward the user There are decals Fig 3 which can be applied to the Fig 1 number reflects the dimensions of the screen 11 high by 14 wide and the D indicates dual lenses These models are hooded with a front-projection system reflecting the image onto a screen tilted about 60 from the vertical That feature is a boon to people with bifocal glasses -- still another human factor of importance to at least 80me of us The fiche carrier is free-floating under the lens in use it moves in the oppo8ite direction from the sequence of pages on the fiche Column coordinates are etched on the front edge of the carrier traverse area and row coordinates are etched on the left and right edges of the carrier itself The other model is made by Realist Inc o in their VANTAGE line Fig 2 depending on how long or short a time the user has had it it could be a Mode 1 I II X- II COM- IV or IV They have the following features in common rear projection onto a vertical screen a free-floating carrier with a pointer attached to it the pointer points to the particular grid area on a - Fig 3 carrier frame of each model to serve as a guide for the proper insertion of the fiche the first time One reminder When placing the fiche between the glass plates of the carrier be sure that you put it as far right and as far away from you as the carrier will accept That will ensure that the grid coordinates will give you the desired page image Another human factor suggestion Sareen hood As noted earlier the Mini-Cat has a hood as part of its design The VANTAGE series of models however have a front-mounted vertical screen If your work area has windows the placement of your reader is important because of ambient light The screen should not face a window area if it did the brightness of the image on the screen would be considerably lowered by the light coming in through we window We have found this to be particularly true during daytime hours moonlight doesn't seem to have nearly so much effect on screen luminance If you want to maintain the brightness of the image on a VANTAGE reader either sit so that you face the window or tape a cardboard hood around the top and sides of your reader A hood of about 4 inches should cut off most ambient light Sareen size Fig 2 Both the Mini-Cat and the VANTAGE lines have screens that are horizontally oriented As noted earlier the dimensions of the Mini-Cat screen are 11 high by 14 wide the dimenOctober 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 5 UNCLASSIFIED DOClD 4009803 UNCLASSIFIED sions of a regular computer print-out page Those of the VANTAGE line are 10 high by 14 wide however the optics system will still project a full page-image of computer print-out information Both models have a thin black reference strip across the middle of the screen Size of reader Both readers discussed in this article are big This is a human factor which the equipment makers are only now beginning to realize There is practically a void between the bulky desk-top readers and the available light hand-held viewers The next 3 or 4 years in my judgment will see the development of compact less bulky and yet high-quality readers Admittedly there are a few attache case types of readers on the market but they're far from perfect as far as human factors here at NSA are concerned When a person finishes with that report or that print-out in its hard-copy form he or she knows that it has to be returned to its proper place in the files If it were left on top of the desk it would be very noticeable Consider though the single microfiche version of either of those The user must put it into a reader in order to peruse any portion of it When the user is finished -- if that user is careful -- he or she will remove it from the reader and replace it in its proper place in the microfiche files To help in this regard and to make life more pleasant for the user the Marine guards and the char force we have a SECURED card Fig 4 PLACE IN MICROFICHE READER CARRIER aTHER FACTORS Reader avaiUxbility to user This is a tricky one since it depends on a number of variables The following examples are only a few of the variables the number of people in a work area section or branch and among those people the number who have to refer to material on micrcfilm the proportion of information on microform to information in hard copy the number of times a day or week a person has to refer to microform information Ideally this is currently in effect in some work areas in B Group each analyst should have his or her own reader Then the question of availability to the user is answered Not only is there no competition but the user does not have to get up and go to the reader -- it's right there on his or her desk All is not lost though if you don't find yourself in that ideal situation A good micrographics-system designer should be able to recom mend the appropriate number of readers for a work area after taking into account the variables mentioned above along with work patterns schedules deadlines and the other things the SIGINT flesh is heir to Th1S card 1S to be 1nserted 1nto the reader's and or reader-printer's microfiche carrier to indicate all classified microfiche has been removed and the reader is secured I I I I I 1 I II I 1 SECURED Fig 4 Security While it is true that information on microfiche is the same as information on hard copy and thus subject to the same handling and storage precautions ' there is one important distinction the physical dimensions and bulk of a sheet of microfiche are far less by about 98 percent than the hard-copy version it represents A few examples A source-document report of over 90 pages will fit onto a single 4x6 microfiche at a 24X reduction a computer print-out of 270 pages will also go onto a single microfiche at a 48X reduction i if 'which fits between the glass plates of the carrier and indicates that classified microfiche has been removed and the reader is secured Summary This article has discussed only a few of the human factors involved in the acceptance and effective use of microfiche readers There are many others which -- perhaps together with a discussion of reader printers -- will be treated in a subsequent article October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 6 UNCLASSIFIED Reprints of this article available from Harry Goff 3W076 4998 s DOCID EOl 4 c P L 86-36 4009803 8I3CRf3 --- I P L 8636 I EO 1 4 c EO 1 4 d P L 86-36 October 77 CRYPTOLOG SI3CRf3 Page 7 lb'dlBbE VIA e8tlHFI' ellNn EbS SPiCY DOCID P L 86-36 EO 1 4 c EO 1 4 d 4009803 CRET October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 8 8ECK T DOCID P L 86-36 EO 1 4 c EO 1 4 d 4009803 SECRET October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 9 SECRBT DOCID P L 86-36 EO 1 4 c EO 1 4 d 4009803 SECRET October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 10 SECRET I 19 'E VIA EUR81II1l'F EUR1I1drNEbS 8NhY DOCID 4009803 P L 86-36 EO 1 4 c EO 1 4 d October 77 CRYPTQLOG Page 11 ECRET Ih NBhE VIA S8 lHH Slll'tlHIHS 8NhY DOCID 4009803 UNCLASSIFIED 01 02 U 17-ABC l 77-ABC 00% OO WHICH NUMBERING SYSTEM' 1 3 SHOULD WE USE' A 103-A 101-1 102- 10-77 1 8 OO Z -0 3 00 01 1 'A-101 A o By less Asken ' -'0 10-77 2 10-77 3 1001 1002 1003 Interoffice Memorandum Informal Subject Decisions Just a quick note to fill you in I know you're just getting settled in but some matters are pressing and we need to make some decisions rather quickly I've taken the liberty of jotting down some questions and thinking out loud to give you some background We are setting up this communications center and we need to decide now what records should be kept so that all the instructions can be written out double-checked and then issued to all parties concerned What sort of numbering systems should we use We need to decide very soon First of all there's the radio station I think we're going to need the strictest kind of control over messages coming into the station so that nothing gets lost Radio operators can get so involved with their schedules and frequencies and transmitter adjustments that they forget all about the messages they are supposed to send I'm sure the Signal Officer will send down another one of those complicated signal plans he likes so much He never seems to appreciate simplicity We'll have to decide what system to use Sometimes the simplest serial system is the best -- like a single log book for every message Everything gets logged in the same place in the same way That way everything coming in gets a number and is controlled Of course if there is a lot of traffic we may have to keep several logs and maybe split the traffic into up-echelon and down-echelon Which log should contain the lateral stuff I wonder what sort of status reports the Staff will want from us If they are going to require message volumes by subject matter maybe we should organize the log books that way -- one log book for each subject Then all we will need to do to get the volumes is pick off the last number used Of course if we get a batch of inexperienced people coming in they will make a mess out of anything that isn't very simple What do you think Circular messages go to more people so they are probably subject to more queries -- maybe they should be logged separately Servicing can get to be a headache whenever we start handling lots of messages The busier we are the more errors we'll make We could give each message a unique date and time of file and then only accept servicing queries if they reference the file date and time but if the messages pile up at certain heavy times of the day such as at close of business the file times would get pretty artificial and we wouldn't be able to measure how long it took messages to get out The alternative is to use a date time stamp as the message come in and if two messages come in together and get the same date and time don't worry about it -- they can be distinguished by their serial numbers We need to decide which system to use Most servicing queries come in because the recipient can't break out the message Maybe we need a master log in the crypto center so that servicing queries can go right in to the cipher people I wonder whether we need a master log in the crypto center or one log for each system If we use different logs for different systems maybe each log should have a unique numbering range so there could be no confusion about which system log book was being referred to What do you think about requiring each message writer to use some serial number system maybe with his own organizational designator as a prefix on all the outgoing messages Then it would be a lot easier to distribute incoming messages that begin with Reference your number to the right people Some people get irritated when they don't get their incoming messages Should we set up a standard system or let everybody set up their own Whatever we use I suppose the Signal Staff will insist that all our serial numbers be enciphered I think we need to fight that unless they come up with more people for us Maybe we ought to start a study now on the extra work load that would cause us We need to develop some thoughts on how often the log books will have to be replaced If the radio station log books are replaced daily we can get each day's operations reviewed the very next day for whatever corrective action is needed -- that ought to keep them sharp Of course the logs in the crypto center ought to stay there for a while at least until the bulk of the servicing is over Maybe monthly or yearly Maybe what we need is a master log in the message center October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 12 UNCLASSIFIED J o i DOCID SECRE'I' CLASSIFICATION A BIGGER PICTURE efore one delves into the many specifics present in the subject of classification here at NSA it might be useful to step back and examine the o world of classification in the large Often because of one's particular job at NSA or even in the Intelligence Community this global view of how the various classifications relate to each other is lost in the myriad of detail needed to perform that job adequately fJJ In so far as the cryptologic community is concerned the world of classification can be described at its most absolute level by Fig 1 This diagram takes into account the National Level classification while also showing the three compartments wi th their interrelationships The National Level classifications are represented by the area of the rectangle outside the three circles which themselves represent the individual compartments It may be surprising to hear that there are only three compartments The colloquial use of that word in the shop talk at NSA is often imprecise and leads one to draw erroneous conclu- P L ByL ------------- - lr'7- J - _ e U' I sions A compartment is a special control structure in the Intelligence Community controlled by a National Level agency Access to the information contained in the compartment requires an oath to abide by its special controls and an indoctrination Compartments have unique codewords with which to protect the specific information along with a channel This is most notably seen in the Handle via ---- channels only and Appended documents contain codeword material caveats This is as opposed to special access briefings used to control information to very specific TK 51 COMINTJ B Fig 1 86-36 The Classification World October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 13 SECRET IIM BbE 'itA e8fi111t'f eltAlmEbS 8NbY i DOCID 4009803 SBCRBT Fig 2 COMINT Classification projects unlike the very broad nature of the information controlled by a compartment Special access briefings are controlled by the office involved in the project These 'accesses do not have codewords but merely append the name of the special access clearance to the appropriate classification following any necessary codewords Hence we might have a classification TOP SECRET UMBRA DESKTOP i f there was a project which required access to the material controlled by a special access named DESKTOP ever follow no similar clear-cut rule and appear to be randomly chosen The COMINT compartment also has a substructure The next level of detail is shown in Fig 2 Information which falls between the two circles the shaded region requires COMINT channel handling but no further protection More sensitive material is protected by a codeword Hence TOP SECRET UMBRA implies the additional caveat Handle via COMINT channels only The classification TOP SECRET CODEWORD while in itself not so specific is however The three compartments of interest to the used only for COMINT materials Within the cryptologic community are COMINT referred to COMINT Category III codeword section are the as Special Intelligence by those outside this various special access restructions compartment TK and B Each can be easily distinguished by the type of codeword used Working at an agency like NSA where almost COMINT codewords always have five letters e g all personnel are cleared for access to one of UMBRA SPOKE GLINT TK codewords have four and these compartments one can lose sight of the B codewords six Each has its own special very restricted nature of the information one channel and National-Level OPI It often haphas access to It can be quite a shock to work pens however that some specific project or with other people in the Intelligence Community piece of intelligence falls under more than one or the military who are cleared up to the of these compartments For this reason the national secret or top secret level but who do circles in Fig 1 are mutually overlapping Such not have access to COMINT This shock strongly a piece of information would have to bear the reinforces one's appreciation of the sensitivity caveat Handle via ----- and channels of the work being carried out at NSA jointly The names used for special access' howOctober 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 14 SBEURRE'f IWlBbE VIA 6SHIWF ElWltlEbS SflbY DOCID 4009803 CONFIBENTM Kl- S C A FIELD MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION 1 -----_ _IKl EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 15 CONFIBEll CfI AL 1 jO llQbli VIA e8111N'f EIl lft4EL5 614LY P L 86-36 DOCID P L 4009803 86 56- EO 1 4 c CO N FIQ N TIAL October 77 CRYPTOLOG COHFIQ HTIltL Page 16 IWI9bll VIA 6el1HA' EII fltlEi 5 8tlbJPY DOCID 4009803 UNCLASSIFIED The Perils of Being State Department lnterpreter Reprinted from the Department of State Newsletter June 1977 n his very first assignment as a State O Herrera Department interpreter Theodore E faced a most difficult challenge He was called on to interpret a joke The setting was a table for three at an elegant restaurant in New York Mr Herrera sat between the rector of a South American university -- a guest of the United States -- and an official of an American foundation engaged in educational projects Now this guy walks into the saloon the American said as the interpreter rendered his words into Spanish He says to the bartender 'Blindfold me and pour me any drink in the house I'll tell you the brand ' So the bartender pours him a few and each time this guy not only calls out the brand but he also gives the proof and how old the whiskey is The bartender figures to himself 'I'll fix this wise guy ' So he pours some water into a shot glass and says 'O K Tell me this one ' The guy sips it and lets it go down slowly He thinks a minute and then he says 'I don't know the brand but I'll tell you one thing -it's never going to selL' The South American had been listening with a polite smile When the punch line came he wasn't aware of it He merely looked on with the same smile and waited patiently for the next sentence -- as silence descended After that Mr Herrera recalled in a recent Department of State Newsletter interview I promised myself I would always give notice to the other party that a joke was on the way This becomes the cue for a courtesy laugh at least and after that things tend to go very well Mr Herrera is one of 18 full-time interpreters in the Department's Language Services Divi- sion Each of them has to develop techniques for meeting the challenges of their profession whether they are acting as simultaneous interpreters with earphones at international conferences sitting in on important negotiations like the SALT talks working on the joint ApolloSoyuz space project with the Soviets or escorting foreign VIPs on tours of the United States ora M Lejins has a way of using her eyes to encourage principals to speak to each other rather than to her I was in the Oval Office at the White House once she related interpreting for the President and a high German official The conversation got very animated N his the ing the Then I noticed that each party after making statement paused to look at me It got to point where both of them seemed to be talkto me as if I were the one who was giving argument on each side This became disconcerting for me and I thought it was wrong I felt they couldn't be communicating very effectively if they spent so much time watching me instead of sizing up each other So as one looked at me I sort of took hold of his eyes with my eyes and then by moving my head led his eyes over to the other principal Then I did the same thing with the second party when the reply came I It worked After a while they weren't noticing me any more and they were speaking directly to each other I've found it necessary since then to use this technique from time to time u t sometimes might look to others like a game of Ping Pong Mr Herrera said but interpreting is not so simple a matter as an interpreter merely paddling words back and forth Your mind has to do several things all at once while the conversation is going on You October 77 -CRYPTOLOG Page 17 UNCLASSIFIED DOCID 4009803 UNCLASSIFIED have to listen and you have to speak but of course what you say is not what you hear I don't mean just the switch from one language and vocabulary to another and then the reverse It's really the ideas that you are trying to communicate not a word-for-word statement What you have to do is transmit the real meaning in the spirit in which it is being said and this often means being an actor -- without making it obvious 'Just put yourself in the mackerel's place Now what would you do if you were a mackerel The interpreter repeated this in French When he came to the word 'mackerel ' he plunged right ahead The audience reacted immediately breaking up with laughter The British speaker was surprised and embarrassed because he had been discoursing with great seriousness and had had no intention of being funny What he didn't realize of course was that mackerel in French has a second meaning You are handed a script on the spot -- what -- denoting a very unsavory individual one of the parties is saying -- and then you S Lejins said One way the interpreter have to perform that script faithfully and con could have got around that would have vincingly in the other language been by saying something like this 'What would you do if you were that species of I'll give you an example I was escorting fish ' That would have been neutral He a Latin American official in this country who could have skipped the word 'mackerel ' was invited to address a joint session of a state legislature He was a very emotional But while we're on that point let me say speaker -- an accomplished orator that an interpreter is lucky sometimes if she I sensed that I could not do him justice as can keep up with the speaker on a word-for-word basis Usually we can't That's why we often an interpreter unless I worked myself into his have to take notes mood So when he shook his fist I shook my fist And it went on like that I was able to I was taking notes furiously one time when a do most of it with intonations and inflections West German cabinet minister came here to confer but I had to use some of his gestures as well with our Secretary of the Treasury The German When the speech was over one of the state was very very loquacious and he had already worn out the German interpreter he had brought legislators came up to me and said 'With a with him That was in the morning and she voice like yours you should be in politics ' I knew then that I had succeeded in putting the asked me to take over in the afternoon principal across and I felt very good about it The cabinet minister once he got going would speak sometimes for 20 minutes without A 11 of that is true but up to a point stopping Now of course I'm not a stenotypist said Theodore H Leon head of the Language Services DiVision We don't go as but that's not the kind of skill that was needed in this situation anyway far as the interpreter at the United Nations who found his principal pounding the table so The idea was to get the sense -- accurately he pounded the table -- and then when the -- of what the cabinet minister was saying and principal knocked his water glass off the table then when he was finished to recount it in and smashed it so did the interpreter English The reason for taking notes was to make sure I tell our own people 'Don't go so far as I would leave nothing out But you can imagine to knock down the glass If the speaker wants the pressure an interpreter is under in a case to do it that's his privilege But it's not your privilege I f ' like this If the principal has spoken for 20 minutes then you also have to speak for 20 Mr Leon continued I can tell you after minutes when your turn comes 32 years here at State that this can be a very tricky business On the one hand you're sup It just wouldn't do to abbreviate posed to interpret for the speaker by saying You can't take liberties like than when you're only what he says -- without trying to improve interpreting on it or knock it down or otherwise change it M If he repeats himself for instance then you're supposed to repeat yourself If he exaggerates you exaggerate If he discounts something then you do so too But on the other hand word-far-word interpreting can lead you into a trap and sometimes you can see it coming but you might not be quick enough to escape it What comes to mind is an international conference we had once on the spawning grounds of fish The speaker was British and speaking an English that was perfectly proper he said Editor's note Mr Herrera was born in New Jersey his mother had come here from Spain and his father from Puerto Rico Ms Lejins was born in Germany and came here as a child she majored in the Romance languages in school but also studied GeT'man Mr Leon was born in West Virginia his first ' nd most difficult job he says was teaching freshman English to American college students he came to the DepaT'tment as a translator October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 18 UNCLASSIFIED r CONFIBBNTIhI Communications Analysis Association CAA NEWS By PJ4 r hat's black and white and red allover __ Wand has five feet Or to ask it another There's a leak somewhere The word seems to be getting around In a place like this you can't keep anything a secret can you CAA members undaunted by our constantly changing times and places have been finding our meetings Now that the secret is out we might as well settle on one meeting place -- the B5 Conference Room13S040 o l'ihcJ l We I re not going to make it that easy for you thetewillusua l Xb a secret clue in the minutes of each board meeting about the time and place of the next one See if you can find it way Suppose you were asked to explain what your _particular corner of the cryptologic garden is really like to someone who is in the business but not in your skill field How can say a cryptanalyst explain to someone who isn't and probably isn I t going to be just what gO 5--lm in the life and work of a cryppie It seems to me that over the years one of the most difficult communication problems we have had is getting one skill group to really understand what a neighboring one does If I am never going to be a collector and I'm not then how can you get your viewpoint through to me by answering such questions as What is it like to be a collector What things turn you on What things represent excellence in work to your peers When you've had a good day what made it so How do you spot a pro in your field when you see one I would like to see us doing things that ai people to grow in their work Personal growth that is becoming better people and better NSA employees not just getting promoted is to me a key objective and given the cross-disciplinary orientation of CAA we are in an ideal position to help Post-professionalization and even professionalization is one place where we can get into things like this Nor do I think we should limit ourselves by a strict interpretation of the limitations of our charter or fear of impinging on management's prerogatives If we can improve the quality of people at NSA we have done a service for all Dave Gaddy came up with an idea about this and what the CAA might do to encourage such communication between disciplines Imagine if you will a Five-Foot Shelf of Great Cryptologic Literature -- but with this proviso that every book or article on the shelf is aimed at people outside the field described What would you choose NOVEMBER pre 8entat on I've asked several people and have gotten rather different answers At the outset I frankly wasn't thinking about an actual shelf but more like a bibliography However I have been offered and have accepted some collections e f documents and papers on various subj ects Do you have any favorites you want to see on the shelf Membership Drive OUT Annual October Membership Drive is now under way If you join now your dues will be fUlly paid through the end of next year That's 15 months for the price of 12 folks At a recent Board meeting ' President of CAA submitted a note that contained the following statement that I think deserves wider publicity The following are clues conCernlng the CAA November presentation Can you match them up Each number matches with one of the letters 1 A Found in some homes 2 B Found in the Orient 3 C Found in some homes 4 D Found in the Orient 5 E Found in some homes 6 F None of the above For addi tional clues watch for the announcement of our November presentation CM members Check your mailboxes for the announcement -'T -- -7 ' ' President 1193s o Board Member 3369s CAA Board listed in Scptember CRYPTO OG October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 19 CONFIDENTIAl DOCID 4009803 UNCLASSIFIED ANALYZATION OF DATA P L 1 1091 The fo llowing Cll'tic le appeared in the September 1971 issue of DRAGON SEEDS an informal B Group publication that has since been discontinued The Cll'ticle was followed by an editor's note saying We wi II have further comment on this Cll'ticle in the December issue of DRAGON SEEDS And there was further comment on it -- some of it vehement -- even before the December issue of DRAGON SEEDS appeared CRYPTOLOG peaders who Cll'e not familiCll' with the Cll'ticle might like to figure out what all the ruckus was about But CRYPTOLOG readers who already know are asked to keep silent thus letting a whole new group of readers enjoy this classic fully Explanatory comments can be obtained by writing to CRYPTOLOG Pl Ed n analyst should first study data in its original form looking for obvious or sigA nificant points By all standards it is most important that an analyst look for virtually any and all signs of unusual conditions which could occur in any form in any data Customarily a thorough analysis is a primary goal but prior to any thorough analytic study much can follow from initial scanning of data looking for virtually any important sign or signs Do this first From this point particularly having run out of initial scanning of data an analyst who works with traffic should dirty his hands by actually handling and sorting traffic in its original hard copy form Going through traffic occasionally voluminous amounts of traffic is a duty of all analysts Having to do this has its applications to follow-on analysis In this follow-on analysis many sound conclusions may solidify by improving facts first found during initialization Just to avoid confusion analysis is not sorting traffic -- it is a logical accounting for all individual parts of a main body of data Knowing functions and limits of said individual parts is important Looking at all parts individually and as a group is always most important Missing parts could focus on basic primary origins of data Non-association of parts could add support to analysis also Odd or unusual conditions should aid in producing a working copy of an original body from which your data was forthcoming Primarily in addition to analysis of data an analyst must list all significant facts for historical background information Quick logical drawback of this information is an important point in analyzation Random approach to drawback of data is not satisfactory in most situations Should various arts and skills apply an analyst must vary his attack accordingly This is a sign of a good analyst -- pliability or adaptability to situations and changing conditions Until an analyst displays this quality in his analysis an analyst is not functioning at a maximum standard Vital to all analysis is a thinking analyst with ability to occupy his mind with various and sundry points Which point to disavow or disclaim and which to follow up is not always obvious X-ray vision would aid any analyst in both scanning of data and looking into goals of tomorrow You as an analyst occupy a vital position in an analytic community -- much of your analysis is original with no duplication by co- analysts thus your analysis is primary to analytic community goals and missions Z-groups and A-groups should aid cryptanalysts in locating indicator or discriminant groups and in turn aid in important cryptologic findings Did you do any analysis of this data October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 20 UNCLASSIFIED 86-36 DOCID 4009BQ 3L4 c P L Letter 86--'36 'fOP SE8REl'f UMBRA Solulion 10 NSA-c ollic No 9 CRYPTOLOG September 1977 by David H Williams P L -- -ltlTth Uses of Elegant English CRYPTOLOG November 1976 It was Engelbert Humperdinck I think who sang a song recently whose lyrics are the epitome of originality and poetic imagery of which today's songwriters can be so proud 'I'm yours ' sang Mr Humperdinck 'till the stars fall from the sky for you and I ' Engolbo HUMPERDINCK COMPOS Han e a d O ' te October 77 CRYPTOLOG Page 21 TOP SECRET I TM BRA U EO 1 4 c P L 86-36 P1-SEPT 77-S3-25519 86-36 gqqegm This document is from the holdings of The National Security Archive Suite 701 Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street NW Washington D C 20037 Phone 202 994-7000 Fax 202 994-7005 nsarchiv@gwu edu