-7JA t p 4 t I- Id L' - - - -A - J1 jy Im r Colombia C w w' rp F - WARNING NOTICE FSTC COLLATERMI 1 4 ntewgence sources WNINTEL Unit d States Army Intelligence Agency Intelligence and Threat Analysis center Criminal Sanctions Classified by Multiple Sources SEC Declassify on OADR Lx ATC-RD-260006390 MORN DEPAIW'MENT OF THE ARMY UNITED STATES ARMY INTELLIGENCE AND THREAT ANALYSIS CENTER BUILDI 213 WASHINGTO AVY YARD WASHING 20374 5085 AIAIT-RAL - DEN TI L MEMORANDUM FOR SEE DISTRIBUTION SUBJECT Army Country Profile ACP --Colombia C ATC-RD-2600-063-90 counterintelligence 1 This document provides information on the Colombian grou and security forces It discusses ground forces' mission composition disposition tactics training logistics capabilities and equipment This document provides an evaluation of counterintelligence factors of relevance to US contingency planners and tactical force commanders 2 The ground forces of Colombia total about 107 000 enlisted men Although the stated mission of the U Cob bian round forces iS defense of the national territory constitute the primary mission and will likely remain e primary mission into the 1990s IF 3 U The ACP is produced in five parts Part One isdisseminated with a cover sheet and end spine for insertion into a view binder notebook Tabs that identify the five parts are provided for inclusion in the notebook Comments on the content and utility of this intelligence publication should be addressed - to Commander US Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center ATTN AIAIT--G- Building 213 Washington Navy Yard Washington DC 20374-5085 4 4j JAMES L SOLOMON Colonel MI Commanding WARNING NOTI Intelligen ources or Method volved Not Rele ble to Foreig ationals I Classi by MULTIPLE SOURCES Decia y on OADR NOTE The reverse mId at this page Ia blank Not Releasable t Contractors or Contract Consultants CON 1AL W4DEN11AL A REC RADEO C ON JflEI YG 3L SAiNSCOMtO1' Auth Para I- 0 DOD 5200 1R ENTIAL DEPARTMENT OF iIE ARMY UNITED STATES ARMY INTELLIGENCE AND THREAT ANALYSIS CENTER BUILDING 213 WASHINGTON NAVY YARD WASHINGTON DC 20374-5085 - AIAIT-RAL 9 I JJ6 1990' MEMORANDUM FOR SEE DISTRIBUTION SUBJECT Army country Profile ACP --COlOmbia ATC-RD-2600-063-90 1 This document provides information on the Colombian grouj counterintelligence and security forces It discusses ground forces' mission composition disposition tactics training logistics capabilities and equipment This document provides an evaluation of counterintelligence factors of relevance to US contingency planners and tactical force commanders 2 offi The ground forces of Colombia total about 107 000 and enlisted men Although the stated mission of the Colombian ground forces is defense of the constitute the primary mission and will ikely aeprimary mission into the 1990s 3 U The- ACP is produced in five -parts Part One is - - - disseminated with a cover sheet and end spine for insertion into a view binder notebook Tabs that identify the five parts are provided for inclusion in the notebook - Comments on the content and utility of this intelligence publication should be addressed to Commander US Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center ATTN AIAIT-G Building 213 Washington Navy Yard Washington DC 20374-5085 - RIEN Colonel I - - Commanq1 g - - CONF1I ENT1AL BY COR USAINSCOM FOI PO WARNING NOTI T1AL Auth Para 1-603 OOD 5200 IR Intelligen Sources flfl Not Rel eble to or Method nvolved - Forei ationals Classi Decl ed by MULTIPLE SOURCES Not Releasable Contractors on OADR or Contr or Consultants 3 NOTE Thu revere side at Mile page Ia blank -Partl Ground Forces r ATC-RD-2600-063-90 Task Number 9031009C0A Department of the Army United States Army Intelligence Agency United States Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center Army Country Profile--Colombia Part I Publication date July 1990 Infonnation cutoff date 31 December 1989 National Security Information Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions Warning No Intelligence urces or Metho volved - Audi P a 44 DOD 5 J3 - - - - - Not Releasable t oreign Nationals S 7 Class by MULTIPLE SOURCES Declas on OADR S NOTE The reverse aide of thIs page i blank - -- Not easable to Contractors Contractor Consultants - Preface U U The Army Country Profile Program ACP proPsychological Operations provides psychological vides intelligence on a selected country and is proprofile information on the country's military forces duced in five parts each relating a specific area of intelligence information The ACP replaces the F This study A CP-Colombia is produced as Army Intelligence Survey AIS that was produced joint effort by the 467th Military Intelligence prior to fiscal year 1990 A compilation of five Detachment Strategic Dr John A Jackson Jr parts of finished intelligence designed to support Latin American Branch Regional Division US tactical commanders and contingency planners the Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center ACP is useful both for real-world situations and USAITAC Part I and Mr Mike Berrey tactical training Part I of the product will be disCounterintelligence and Terrorism Division seminated with a cover sheet end spine USAJTAC Part II commander's memorandum and tab sheets that will identify each part Commands may receive a U Other than normal exchange with other agenPart II or Part III prior to Part I In that event file cies at the working level this document has not the part received in a three-ring binder the other been coordinated outside the USAITAC parts will be sent out as soon as completed Interpretation of intelligence information in this publication represents the views of the USAITAC U Part I Ground Forces describes the ground and may be subject to modification in the light of forces components in the various armed forces of subsequent information the country Part II Intelligence and Security discusses the counterintelligence situation of the U Address all comments to Commander US country and how this situation would effect US Army Intelligenceand Threat Analysis Center deployment in the country Part Ill Military ATTN AIAIT-G Building 213 Washington Navy Geography addresses specific characteristics and Yard Washington DC 20374-5085 Requests for factors of military geography Part lV Medical copies of this document or for changes in disIntelligence analyzes the environment and health tribution requirements should be coordinated as factors that affect the country and that may infludirected in AR 381-19 Intelligence Dissemination ence US military operations and PartY and Product Support February 1988 - 43RADED V USAJNSCOM FOJJPA 9am 4102 DOD 52O SR 0 NOTE The reveres aIde of thia page Ia blank JIIT O Sununary U U The political landscape in Colombia is beset by approximately 108 000 in 1989 with plans to violence from three insurgent groups narcotraffick- expand to 125 000 in the next decade Unit trainers and paramilitary death squads The governing has been centralized at division level to expement has shown new determination in tackling dite recruits to maneuver battalions that are waging these threats in recent years Economic growth the fight against the National Liberation Army the continues amid this strife although at a slower Popular Liberation Army the Revolutionary Armed rate Seventy to 80 percent of the refined cocaine Forces of Colombia FARC and the Medellin and destined for the US is shipped from Colombia Cali drug cartels The Army has lately assumed a Higher narcotics consumption rates in Colombia larger role in counteniarcotics campaigns formerly are also feeding violence crime and corruption in the province of the National Police Although the society The Armed Forces and National Police are Colombian Army would be a weak force in a highexerting larger roles in combating this violence intensity conflict and a marginal one in mid intensity conflicts this force is becoming increasingly proficient in fighting low-intensity conflicts The Colombian Army relies heavily on the US and Western Europe for training doctrine tactics and ui ment Although the Colombian National Police's e avy arge21 iab1uTe-water pnmary mission is general law enforcement it has U ile f1i grudgingly acknowledged the drag and become increasingly efficient in counternarcotics insurgency threats to its riverine forces The Air They have recently formed units to complement Force is providing air and logistic support to the the Colombian Army's counterguerrilla companies Colombian Army in its fight against insurgencies to establish a formidable force against both insurand drug traffickers The Colombian Marine Corps gencies and the drug cartels The National Police has carried the brunt of the counterinsurgency are receiving better training communications gear counternarcotics struggle along the nation's rivers and aircraft to improve their capabilities with mixed results Recruits receive guerrilla warfare riverine warfare and amphibious warfare training As Marine Corps command and control functions are streamlined their effectiveness incrpases IThe Colombian Army as the largest service the Armed Forces has increased its personnel to 0 NOTE The reverse aide of this page Ia blank - -F NOFORN Table of Contents U This list is UNCLASSIFIED Part I--Ground Forces U Page Preface v List of Illustrations Ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Place Names National Flag of Colombia xvii Land Area Comparison Map xvii Area of Interest Map-Colombia xix Chapter 1 Recent Significant Events 1-1 Political 11 0 1-2 Economic 11 1-3 Social 1 2 1-4 Drugs 1-2 Chapter 2 Armed Forces Overview 2-1 Mission of the Armed Forces 24 2-2 Military Manpower and Mobilization 2-1 2-3 OrderofBattle 24 2-4 Role of the Armed Forces in Government 2-11 2-5 Foreign Forces 2-11 Chapter 3 Ground Forces 3-1 Mission 3-1 3-2 Composition 31 3-3 Disposition 3-12 3-4 Personnel Strength 3-13 3-5 DoctrmneandTactics 3-13 3-6 - Thaining 3-13 3-7 Logistics 3-17 3-8 Capabilities 3-19 3-9 Key Personalities 3-20 3-10 Uniforms Rank Insignia and Decorations 3-21 Chapter 4 Paramilitary Forces 4-1 Mission 44 4-2 Composition 41 4-3 Disposition 4-2 - oN21 Y c rC2 BY USAINSc A P01 PA a Audi Pam 4 1O2 DCI 520 IR' NOFORN Table of Contents continued U This list is UNCLASSIFIED 0 4-4 Personnel Strength 4-2 4-5 Doctrine and Tactics 4-4 4-6 Training 4-4 4-7 Capabilities 4-4 4-8 Key Personalities 45 Chapter 5 Ground Forces of Other Services--Marine Corps 5-1 Mission 5-1 5-2 Composition 5-1 5-3 Disposition 5-1 5-4 Personnel Strength 5-5 Tactics 5-3 5-6 Training 5-7 Logistics 5-8 Capabilities 5-9 Key Personalities Chapter 6 Ground Forces Reserves 6-1 Composition 61 6-2 Training 6-1 0 6-3 Capabilities and Weaknesses 64 6-4 Equipment 6-1 Chapter 7 Weapons and Equipment 7-1 General Discussion 71 7-2 Weapons and Equipment Inventory 7-2 7-3 Projected Changes in Inventory Chapter 8 Intelligence Gaps 8-1 Bibliography Bib4 Distribution List Dist-1 AudIPara4402DOD52O IR 6 S List of Illustrations U This list is UNCLASSIFIED Figures Figure O Page 2-1 National Military Organization 2-6 2-2 Major Airfields and Naval Bases 2-7 3-1 Structure of the Colombian Army 3-2 3-2 Organization of the 1st Infantry Division 3-5 3-3 Organization of the 2d Infantry Division 3-6 3-4 Organization of the 3d Infantry Division 3-7 3-5 Organization of the 4th Infantry Division 3-8 3-6 Brigade Organization 3-9 3-7 Tactical Battalion Organization 3-11 3-8 20th Intelligence and Counterintelligence Brigade 3-11 3-9 Ground Forces Disposition 3-15 3-10 Colombian Army Insignia 3-22 4-1 National Police District Headquarters 4-3 4-2 A Colombian Elite Police Squad in Training 4-4 4-3 National Police NCO School 4-5 Tables Table Page 2-1 Total Military Personnel Strength 2-2 2-2 Army Mobilization Gapacity Estimates 2-3 2-3 Navy Mobilization Capacity Estimates 2-4 2-4 Inventory of Major Naval Vessels 2-5 2-5 Inventory of Naval Aviation Aircraft 2-9 2-6 Aircraft Inventory of the Colombian Air Force 2-9 3-1 List of Colombian Ground Force Units 3-3 3-2 Strength of Major Tactical Units - 3-3 3-3 Ground Force Installations - 3-12 3-4 Colombian Anny Ranks with US Equivalents 3-21 5-1 Disposition of the Colombian Marine Corps 5-5 - - 7-1 Weapons and Equipment Inventory 7-2 RE ADEDUNUL ON 27 frn61L 2 BY USAINSCOM P01 PA 0 NOTE The reverse aIde of this page Ia blank -- Auft Para 44O DOD 5200 IR' 0 S List of Abbreviations and Acronyms U This list is UNCLASSIFIED A ACP ADA ADM AMS APC ARC AT Army Country Profile air defense artillery Admiral Army Medical Service armored personnel carrier armored reconnaissance carrier antitank B O BG BiM BN BR BRICI Brigadier General marine infantry battalion battalion Brazil 20th Intelligence and Counterintelligence Brigade Brigada Inteligencia y Contra inteligencia C General Officer Course Special Armed Corps alca Elite Corps Cuerpo Armada Especial GEM General Staff Course CEMO Military Operations Strategy Course CG commanding general counterguerrilla CIDENAL National Defense Course CIES Strategic Intelligence Course CIM - Senior Officer Logistics Course CNO Chief of NavalOperations - - CNP Colombian National Police - COL Colonel COLAF Colombian Air Force COLAR Colombian Army COLMAR Colombian Marine Corps Audi Pa a 4402 DOt S20 IR' COLNAV Colombian Navy CPT Captain CSTC Colombian Workers Trade Union Confederation Confederacion Sidical tie Thibajadores de Colombia CAEM CAE CZ Czechoslovakia - ii - - -- -- - - - - -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms continued U This list is UNCLASSIFIED 0 D D-2 DAN DAS DDB DEA DIA DK DS Armed Forces Joint General Staff Intelligence Section - Departamento de Inteligencia del Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas Directorate of Antinarcotics Department of Administrative Security DepartamentoAdmirdstrativO de Seguridad Department of Defense Bulletin Drug Enforcement Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Denmark direct support E E-2 National Army Intelligence Section Departamento de Inteligencia del Ejercito Na ci onal ELN National Liberation Army Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional Air Force Intelligence Section 0 Departamento tie Inteligencia de la Fuerza Area tie Colombia EMAVI Military Aviation School Escuela Militar de Aviaci on EPL Popular Liberation Army Ejercito Popular de Li bera ci on F National Police Intelligence Division Division tie Investigacion Policia Judicial yEstadistica Criminal FAC Colombian Air Force FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionario de Colombia FN FabriqueNatioiuile FRFrance F-2 G GDP GEN gross domestic product General BYUA fl'LW'i 0z SCOM FOT PA Ausft Pam 4-102 DOD 52O 1R H 0 HRTF Colombian Hostage Rescue Task Force HUIVINT Human Intelligence SECRET umUfl List of Abbreviations and Acronyms continued U This list is UNCLASSIFIED I IMF International Monetary Fund IMINT Imagery Intelligence INDUMIL Military Industries Industrias Militares ThIF infantry I SS intelligence and security services JIN JUCO J National Intelligence Board Junta de Inteligencia Nacionalj Communist Party Youth Organization Juventud Comunista K kg kilogram LAW LT LTC L light antitank weapon Lieutenant Lieutenant Colonel M M-2 Navy Intelligence Section Departamento de Inteligencia de Ia Armada Nacional M-19 19th of April Movement Movimiento de 19 Abril MAJ Major - - MFO MG MH mm MOD Multinational Force Operation Major Generallmachinegun military household millimeter Minister of-National Defense ON t41 6 -t BY IJ A NSC0M FOI PA Audi Para 4102 DOD 520 IR' N NCO nonconiniissioned officer 3 F NOFOIIN List of Abbreviations and Acronyms continued U This list is UNCLASSIFIED 0 O M OPSEC operations and maintenance Operational Security P PCC PFC PLO PLT PRC P55 Colombian Conununist Party Partido Corn unista Colombiano Private First Class Palestine Liberation Organization platoon People's Republic of China Personal Security Service R RADM rpm rear admiral rounds per minute S SANU Special Antinarcotics Unit SAPOL Special Air Police SFC - Sergeant First Class SG security group SGM Sergeant Major SOT Sergeant SIGINT Signals Intelligence SSG Staff Sergeant TOA T Theater of Supported Operations U 3YI3s - United Kingdom Audi Para 4402 DOD S2O ' UNITAS Joint US-Latin American Exercises UP Patriotic Union Union Patriotica V VADM Vice Admiral 0 S List of Place Names U This list is UNCLASSIFIED P01 PA 44 DOD52O 1R' Place Name - Geographic Coordinates Aguachica 0819N07338W Albuquerque Key 1218N08023W Apartado 0754N07639W Arauca 0705N07045W Armenia 0431N07541W Bahia de Malaga 0355N07720W Bahia de Solano 0620N07726W Barrancabermeja 0703N07352W Barranquilla 1059N07448W Bogota 1024N07517W Bolivar Key 1224N08127W Bucaramanga 0708N07309W Buenaventura 1006N07503W Cali 0327N07631W 1W Cartagena 1025N07530W Corozal 0917N07518W Covenas 0925N07542W Florencia 0136N07536W Ibague 0427N07514W LaPedrera 0118S06943W La Tagna 0003507440W Leticia 0409S06957W Magdalena Rio 1106N07451W Medellin 0613N07533W Monclar 0002S07509W Monteria 0846N07553W Neiva 0256N07518W Palanquero 0529N07440W Pasto 0113N07717W Puerto Asis 0030N07631W Puerto Bolivar 0316S07959W - - Puerto Carreno 0612N06722W Puerto Intirdia 0353N06752W Puerto Leguizamo 0012S07446W Lopez Puerto Ospina 0008N07552W San Andres 0649N07558W San Jose del Guaviare 0235N07238W Santa Marta 1115N07414W O Seramilla 1545N07950W - List of Place Names continued U This list is UNCLASSIFIED Place Name 0 Geographic Coordinates Serrana 1418N08023W Sibate 0430N07416W Soacha 0435N07413W Soganioso 0543N07256W Tarapaca 0252S06944W Tolemaida 0415N07440W Tiunaco 0150N07830W Tunja 0531N07322W Thrbo 0806N07643W Valledupar 1029N07315W Viflavicencio 0409N07337W 0 ON 7 7 fry Y USA1NS OM P01 PA Audi Pam 4402 DOD 2O 0 e NOFORN S -- - U National Rag of Colombia UNCLASSIFIED 0 I 1 -i II r a 0100200390490590 Miles l I----------------r 9 2004O0 0S90 Kilometers U Land Area Comparison Map UNCLASSIFIED ON P01 PA Audi Pam 4402 DOD 520 R- 7 - -- % - CeflRFFF I to the - - - - AJCJFFPFM p O de San Andret F y Pw ' dv c 1300W 813O'W andfh J Ihde Me peIo 3038'N ai's5 wV b IoflgFflgtO Colombia ems not shown on lhmo map - P8D8Rl8 N - NETHERLANDS ANTILLiS -Y j elberland8 - WiIIemstai - Ba elqu lle - F F ATLANIICO F j CI4O4 1 M8I mbO 4yoetarie su CRE Ve oe ANT OUIA - - - A3nibd6 CHOC ib ---- -- llbaj -3 ------------ fl2Ot5 - 0 a NOt - Y vurev encw DISTRITO - 1 2 4- Ceh 4 ESPEC META 1 ----F- PUTAMAYO t - ---- V $ % --------- -- ---------------- international boundary - - - - - zX '---- ------ capital Bose 800442 9-85 U Area of Interest Map-Colombia UNCLASSIFIED NOTE The reverse aide of thie page Ia blank 1 2 S BY AINSCQM Audi Pam 4-102 DOD 520 IR' Chapter 1 Recent Significant Events U 1-1 U Political 1-2 U Economic a U The political f iture of Colombia a U Although the violence associated continues to be clouded by the violent activities of with guerrillas drug traffickers and paramilitary guerrillas drug traffickers and paramilitary death death squads continues to affect the social and squads A major guerrilla movement the 19th of political fabric of Colombia prospects for economic April Movement M-19 has negotiated a peace growth in the near term are relatively good agreement with the government while the RevoluResponding to guidance from the international tionary Armed Forces of Colombia Fuerzas financial community the Colombian Government Armadas Revolucionario de Colombia--FARC may is attempting to control inflation by keeping a tight enter into negotiations with Colombian President lid on wages Consumption and investment in Barco's regime the success of which is question1989 have been encouraged by Colombian commerable based on the failures of such talks in previous cial banks providing US$1 7 billion in new capital years to the business community The 1988 public sector deficit was smaller than expected Acknowledging b U The government of Colombia has the Colombian Government's efforts to stabilize the attempted to reduce terrorism and subversion by economy the International Monetary Fund- IMFI strengthening the legal system and providing guarand the World Bank approved a new loan to antees of security and economic incentives for magfinance the country's macroeconomic plan for 1989 istrates and judicial employees In addition the - to 1990 Colombian Government hopes its increased support to the Armed Forces will improve military b U An economic slowdown in the sec-combat capabilities against guerrilla forces and ond half of 1988 driven by a poor coffee crop and assist the police against the drug traffickers These - reduced oil production caused the Colombian new counterinsurgency efforts however may be gross domestic product GDP to decrease from 5 3 futile in the absence of a cohesive strategy addresspercent in 1987 to 4 2 percent in 1988 Although ing the complete spectrum of military political agriculture grew by 3 6 percent in 1988 food supeconomic and social objectives plies were augmented by imports Coffee export quotas were increased at the end of 1988 but poor e The discovery of a vaccine for malaria by weather diminished yields in the 1988 to 1989 crop Colombia's scientists year In 1988 mineral production increased but crude oil production fell because of guerrilla An accord with the M-19 guerrilla faction attacks on pipelines Manufacturing growth announced by the government in March slowed in 1988 and urban construction declined 1989 sharply 1-4 U c U Exports in 1988 were affected by the Seventy decline in oil production A 16-percent increase in a to 80 percent of the imports reduced the trade surplus and also contribrefined cocaine available in the US is shipped from uted to a modest deterioration of the current Colombia The Medellin Cartel Colombia's princiaccount On balance however the economy of pal cocaine producer earns US$2 to 4 billion per Colombia appears to be relatively stable year With their tremendous wealth the drug traffickers have succeeded in penetrating and corrupt1-3 U Social ing nea4 3 ery important national institution a U Violence has become a way of life in b The police forces military estabColombia Drug and politically related violence is lishment bodies key government ministries such as the Colombia Ministry of Justice and compounded by crime engendered by rapid social Foreign Affairs and the news media have all been change extensive poverty and high unemploycorrupted to some degree by the drug traffickers ment Between January 1988 and March 1989 Those who cannot be bought or intimidated are 21 000 homicides were reported often targeted for assassination b U In recent years organized crime 5Y1I eY F Since 1984 one Minister of dicates have escalated the level of violence in Justice o ttorney General more than 50 judges Colombia Paid assassins sicarios are hired by one presidential candidate and at least a dozen drug lords to murder and intimidate government journalists have been murdered More than 3 000 authorities This narcoterrorism has virtually para- military and police personnel have been killed or lyzed the nation's judicial system wounded fighting the narcotics traffickers In their war against the government the drug traffickers c U For the first time Colombia is expehave entered into alliances with the guerrillas to riencing a drug problem among the nation's youth enforce their will on opponents For example MSince 1980 widespread use and addiction to 19's takeover of the Palace of Justice in November busuca a cheap and powerful form of cocaine has 1985 is believed to have been supported by the plagued city youths drug cart9l - d U Socially some bright sp6ts in this - d These alliances however are country of 31 million include - often tem rary and uneasy In some areas the narcotics dealers and guerrillas are at deadly odds A better economy than many other Latin mainly because of economic conflicts In this batAmerican countries tie over the drug trade the traffickers have been - retaliating against guerrillas killing innocent peas A 45-percent increase in funding under the ants accused by the traffickers of being members of - National Development Plan for rural road such groups as the Union Patriotica the political water and land redistribution projects arm of the FARC - 1-2 -- 0 A e In August 1989 the assassinaPresident Barco by agreeing to supply $65 million tion of Senator Luis Carlos Galan the leading canin military aid in the fight against the drug carte1s didate in the 1990 presidential elections prompted Colombian President Virgilio Barco Vargas to declare war on the drug cartels Barco issued tough g TjBy mid-November 1989 the drug executive orders providing for the extradition of cartels appeared to have selected civilian and instidrug lords to the US the seizure of their property tutional targets Bus and airline bombings were and money sanctions against the front men for the directed toward the civilian population to increase cartels protection of the national judiciary and fear and subsequent pressure to-reduce the governdetention of drug offenders at the discretion of the ment's interdiction of the drug trade and extradiCouncil of Ministers Barco's actions indicate a tion of narcotraffickers to the US for trial more aggressive and intensive governmental response to the drug cartels' influence The drug LA cartels are reacting to this war' with assassinations and bombings and by diversifying their operations h Until the late 1980s the into Peru Ecuador Bolivia Brazil and Venezuela Colombia vernment had been reluctant to use The indicators imply that the drug war will conthe Army in anticocaine operations for fear of the tinue to escalate in scope intensity and violence corrupting influence of wealthy drug gangs The US is supporting Barco's actions with material President Barco under domestic and international aid support and technical assistance pressure to curb the power of the Medellin Cartel reportedly overruled the military leadership after rx'lr In August 1989 US President recognizing that corruption and fear has paralyzed George Bush responded to a request by Colombian the police's antidrug campaign S - 0 --- DI 1-3 NOTE The reverse aide of thEa page Ia blank SECR NOF I Chapter 2 Armed Forces Overview U 2-1 U Mission of the Armed Forces c Air Force S 2-2 U Military Manpower and Mobilization - a U Personnel Subject to Military 1 ilitary service is compul- sory for males b reen 18 and 49 years of age who are physically qualified Females are not subject to military service All males are required to register in the year following their 17th birthday As of 1989 8 492 315 males were between the ages of 15 Included in this mission are the defense and 49 Of that number 5 774 084 were fit for miiiof Colombia's coasts against assault and the respontary service and an additional 356 161 males reach - sibility for protection of mineral and fishing rights - military age each year The conscription system is administered by three recruitment and reserve within the nation's 200-mile economic zone pre- directorates one for each service The term of convention of the smuggling of contraband items such scription varies from 12 to 24 months depending - - - as drugs arms and coffee and protection of human - on the need of the service The system of draft life at sea The Marine Corps subordinate to the exemptions has tended to fa- ror middle and upper Navy has counterinsurgency base and internal - income males and therefore is an inequitable draw security on the nation's rivers as key missions on lower income males see table 2-1 0 - 2-1 -F 2 everal problems confront b U Number of Active Duty and the milit of the conscripts are illiterate Active Inactive Reserves and unfamiliar with machinery Individuals can 0 strength of 1 3 5 96 volunteer for certain technical positions in the 1 Army The Army has a Force and Navy While the Armed Forces experi- total officers 452 ence no problems with discipline loyalty or Alfereces Ithird-year academy cadetsl 986 cadets morale conscripts are not paid well compared to 12 114 noncommissioned officers and 83 442 civilians As a result reenlistment rates are low enlisted personnel and constitute 84 percent of the total forces In addition the Army has approxiTable 2-1 U Total Military Personnel Strength mately 4 500 pport personnel Army Marines Navy Air Force TOTAL 100 590 5 700 6 276 7 128 119 694 2 Reserve All discharged unel and those listed on the national military register who have not been exempted are considered to be in the reserves The reserve is only a manpower pool It does not have not ground forces organized units and oes not conduct training a C There serves are NF divided into a first second class A -1- C First class reservists are cadets in military wools who have finished 3 The Colombian Army recruiting their first year of studies students of secondary directorate corsists of five staff sections an admin- schools Colombians who present proof of prior istrative service unit the regular recruiting zones - service in the anned forces of a country with whom one special recruiting zone and two special disColombia has a standing agreement and males W tricts The mission of the directorate is to plan between 18 and 50 years of age who have served in direct and control recruiting and to execute mobithe Colombian mil't lization plans 1ary I -2- C - Second class reservists are male citizens b een 18 and 50 years of 4 Since the Army is the largage who have not se1rved in the Colombian military est service rec Is have more opportunities for Q promotion however about half of the manpower b Ce The two classes of consists of conscripts who have no interest in a reservists are furthei5 rided into three echelons career Volunteers who serve the 2-year obligation of a conscript are then eligible to reenlist for 1 year -1- F The first echelon are for the lowest noncommissioned officer NCO rank first and second clas servists from 18 to 30 years and 3 years for the higher noncommissioned officer of age - ranks --- yJ -2 ICjF The second echelon referred to as Nation uards are from 31 to 40 5 Noncommissioned officers years of age 4 in the Army ither recruited directly from the civilian sector or from conscripts in their last year -3 The third echelon of obligated service Officers are primarily selected called Territorial Gu ds are 41 to 50 years of age from the military academy In addition individu SE toa xcept als in the civilian sector who possess professional The reserve obligation and technical skills are commissioned into the nonextends only for retired regular combatant branches officers who must remain in the reserves until age U - 2-2 ___ Q3 AudlPara4-102D0D520 IR' S 65 The reserve system for all three military services is administered by the Army's Recruitment and Mobilization Service Branch This agency's primary emphasis is to establish complete records by category and location for all reservists since it lacks the funds personnel and technical capability to develop an effective reserve system 3 U Navy Reserves a The naval reserve has about 170 officers 7 060 petty officers 4 140 -cadets and 4 500 recruits The Marine Corps has about 24 700 reserve soldiers No formal reserve training program exists except for the Merchant Marine Course at the Naval Academy Graduates of this course serve as reserve naval officers The Table 2-2 U Army Mobilization Capacity Navy has no organized reserve units Estimates all naval b J After 2 years of active duty - -personne receive their libreta niilitar a document that is proof of fulfillment of obligated military service Colombian law requires the bearer of this document to remain in reserve status until age 55 4 f Air Force Reserves The Air Force has a tal of 2 025 reservists 545 officers -- - --- and 1 480 NCOs All discharged personnel technically become members of the national reserve and TIAI NP would be a valuable asset since most of them occupy civilian positions related to their military Source Defense Intelligence Agency DIA specialties The Air Force has commissioned some Military Intelligence Summary MIS Volume III pilots as standby reserve second lieutenants who Latin America U -2680-108-e8 December would be available for duty as transport pilots in an 1988 SE fNC emergency c U National Mobilization Capabilities 0 2 U Navy Mobilization a _______ - ill 2-3 J4 c 2-3 U Order of Battle a U N tional Military Organization 5SF 1 C The President of the Table 2-3 U Navy Mobilization Capacity Republic is the C ander-in-Chief of the Estimates Colombian Anned Forces which consists of the Anny Navy Air Force and the National Police General Marine The President exercises military authority through Service Corps - Total the Minister of National Defense traditionally a M day 5 581 5 059 10 640 senior active Army general The Minister of M 15 9 554 14 801 24 355 National Defense in practice exercises both operaM 30 12 739 19 735 32 474 tional and administrative control over the three M 90 14 331 22 202 36 533 service branches and the National Police This M 180 15 127 23 435 38 562 power differs from the practice prevailing in most M 365 21 511 29 759 51 270 Latin American countries in which this office is purely administra ve - CO LAL NF 2 S The Army Navy and Source DIA MIS Vol m Latin America U DDB- Air Force are sep fe services under a single com2680-108-88 December mander of the Anned Forces who is subordinate to the Minister of National Defense He supervises SECRE INC the Armed Forces general staff which consists of each major service branch and a staff 3 U Air Force Mobilization 3 l C The Commander of the i a Armed Forces rises the Minister and the President on general defense matters joint military operations and military plans programs and budgets The service commanders and the National Police commander in turn are subordinate to the Minister of National Defense and the Commander of the Armed Forces and are all located m Bogota These organ1za n5 are similar to the US model ___ 4 NC The Supreme Council of National Defens composed of the Ministers of 0 - Interior Foreign Affairs and Finance and the - ET NOFORN S Commander of the Armed Forces acts in an advisory capacity to the President and the Minister of National Defense The Chief of the Combined General Staff a s secretary to thi council - Venezuela Also a joint command the San Andrea and Providencia Specified Command in the San Andres Archipelago is Qperationally subordinate to the Atlantic Cp xuI and 5 i' JC Another consultative 3 Logistics and Equipment organ is the High 'Military Council which consists The Navy's lo cs system is computerized but of the Anned Forces Commander the Chief of the spare parts are virtually nonexistent All parts are Combined General Staff the commanders of the in short supply Needed parts are frequently not Anny Navy and Air Force the Military Institutes stocked in sufficient quantities a factor contributBrigade the Director of the Staff College and the ing to the low rate of operational readiness of the Director of the Division of Military Industries see fleet The condition of most ships is only fair figure 2-1 because of maintenance deficiencies resulting from inadequate funding Thaining facilities lack the b U Navy necessary equipment to teach machinery repair W Table 2-4 lists of the major vessels in the 1 Command The Colombian Navy Commander o e Navy who is directly subordinate to the Commander of the Anned Forces exerTable 2-4 U Inventory of Major Naval Vessels cises overall control of the Navy and is primarily concerned with policy matters The Chief of Naval Operational Non-Operational Operations CNO and the Commandant of the FF frigate 1 Naval Infantry Marine Corps are subordinate to FFL corvette 4 the Navy Commander The Chief of Naval SS submarine 2 Operations is responsible for operational and SSM midget submarine 2 administrative functions He exercises direct - PG patrol combatant 2 authority over the operating forces naval bases staCoastal Patrol-Riven tions posts and training headquarters from naval Roadstead Craft 33 1 headquarters in Bogota The Commandant of the Auxiliary Fleet Support 4 Marine Corps has only staff supervision over most Yard Service Craft 12 3 Marine Corps c4 tional units Total 59 5 y 2 Ope rational Forces Opera -SE FJNC tional forces ar vided into four elements the i A j Atlantic Naval Force the Southern Naval Force the 4 Marine Corps Command Pacific Naval Force and the Eastern Rivenine The Marine Co is a major command within the Force The Atlantic Command is the most imporNavy and the Marine Corps commandant reports tant operational command in the Colombian Navy directly to the Navy Commander The Marine The Commander Atlantic Naval Force controls all - Corps' mission is base security commando operaNavy vessels and Marine Corps units in the tions and internal security The Corps depends on Atlantic the Pacific except-for units assigned - the Navy for budget support but has separate p er- directly to Buenaventura Naval Base and others soiiuel and logistics see chapter 5 for a more and on the interior rivers in the northern two-thirds detailed discussion of the Marine Corps of Colombia The Southern Naval Force consisting of small craft is responsible for internal security in 5 U Naval Air Arm the Amazon Basin portion of Colombia The Pacific Naval Force consists only of units assigned a The Navy trains pilots -to the naval facilities at Buenaventura Tumaco in two Piper Chero and one Aero Commander Bahia Solano and Bahia Malaga on the Pacific aircraft at a naval flight school in Cartagena The Coast see figure 2-2 The Eastern Riverine Force aircraft and pilots available in Cartagena are used consists of units assigned to the naval station at for limited sea rescue searches and VIP transport- Puerto Careno on the Oninoco River border with see table 2-5 for naval aircraft Audi Pam 4IOZDOi 52O 3R 2-5 - -- 0 r --- -I F M COUNCIL OF NATIONAL U I I L ----- U I J M IISTER OF 1 DEFENSE I m - - Hi __________________________ COMMANDER OF THE ARMED FORCES -- I ARMED FORCES GENERAL STAFF COMMANDER OFTHE ARMY DIRECTOR COMMANDER COMMANDER OF THE NATIONAL POLICE Figure 2-1 U National Military Organization 2-S GENERAL Freedom of Information Act Privacy Act Deleted Page s Information Sheet Indicated below are one or more statements which provide a brief rationale for the deletion of this page J 1 Information has been withheld in its entirety in - accordance with the following exemption s - - It is not reasonable to segregate meaningful portions of the record for release LII Information pertains solely to another individual with no reference to you and or the subject of your request Lii Information originated with another government agency It has been referred to them for review and direct response to you - El Information originated -with one or more government agencies We are coordinating to determine the releasability of the information under their purview Upon completion of our coordination we will advise you of their decision DELETED PAGE S NO DUPLICATION FEET FOR THIS PAGE Page s 5N IAGPA-csp Form S-R i sep 93 Table 2-5 U Inventory of Naval Aviation Aircraft 2-2 The operational and support commands are directly subordinate to the respective base comAircraft Type Number Home Base manders but because of the small size of the Air Force its commander exerts daily control over the Aero Commander 4 Cartagena bases and groups leaving little initiative to the Piper Cherokee 3 Cartagena local commanders Piper Navajo 2 Cartagena BO 105 Helicopters 2 Cartagena 1 U Individual framing Total 11 t3- a The Military Aviation SE C School Escuela M itar de Aviacion-EMAVI -- located at Marco Fidel Suarez Air Base in Cali is b The Navy has a very the Air Force academy and serves as the center for limited capability tTaccomplish its missions of basic pilot training A personnel staff and a funccontrolling territorial waters in two oceans devel- tonal staff serve under the Academy commander oping maritime power and protecting national Within the personnel staff are representatives from shipping The Navy has a limited capability for the budget office chaplain legal office base secucoastal defense and protection of shipping from a rity and public relations The functional staff major power It has no capability to conduct manincludes positions EMAVI-1 through -5 correspondtime surveillance but its support to riverine opera- mg to personnel intelligence operations logistics tions is improving and psychological operations The operating groups beneath the two staffs and subordinate to Air Force The Commander of the Academy commander include instruction the Air academy management flight training technical F with headquarters in Bogota exer aircraft maintenance and supply aviation infantry cises direct control over the Air Force bases and security police function and support commands The Air Force has no territorial orgamzation Colombia has seven active airbases The b U Table 2-6 lists the total Military Air Transport Command is a tenant unit at number of aircraft in the Colombian Air Force and El Dorado International Airport Bogota see figure their principal base Table 2-6 U Aircraft Inventory of the Colombian Air Force Unit Number Principal Base Combat Air Mirage 5 Kifr T-37C 35 German Olano Command No 1 AC-47 3 Palanquero CombatAir PA-31 AT-33A -- 24 Luis F Gomez Command No 2 RT-33A Villavicencio Combat Air Beech B-80 PA- 23 18 Ernesto Cortisso - - Command No 3 PA-32 A- 37B - - - - Barranquilla Tactical Air -- - - UH-1H OH- 6A OH-13 69 - - Luis F Pinto - Support - - U-6A Cessna 210 - - Melgar Command Cessna 206 Cessna 402 Bell 205-Al UH-1B Hughes 300 Hughes 500 Military Air C-47 Cessna 404 C-54 23 Eldorado Transport Arava C-130 PA- 23 International Command PA-31 PA-32 Cessna 210 Bogota Cessna 401 Cessna 421 ON SCOM POPPA 2-9 Audi Pam 4-102 DOD 520 37 -- Table 2-6 U Aircraft Inventory of the Colombian Air Force continued Unit Number Cessna 402 C-90 Boeing 707 Beech B-80 Merlin lV Fokker F- 28 T-34 T-41 Cessna 310 Military Aviation School Air Material Command Southern Air Group C- 47 U-6A Bell 412 PA- 23 Total Principal Base 46 Marco Fidel Suarez Cali 15 Madrid Air Base Bogota Tres Esquinas Air Base TresEsquinas 233 j Source DIA--Air Order of Battle S INF NC c TheAirForceisnot fully capable of d hding against a coordinated attack from a neighboring country The Air Force has no early warning or ground controlledintercept system and no forward air control system Supply is a weakness in the operational readiness of some aircraft Aircraft maintenance is barely adequate and helicopter readiness is low Close air support to ground units is restricted because of a shortage-of ammunition and a lack of forward air controllers d $l' Army The Army is the largest service in t e Colombian Armed Forces The Army Commander headquartered in Bogota directs and controls the major tactical units and specialized troops Chapter 3 details the Army's mission __________________ organization strength and capabilities -e U Overall Capabilities of the Armed Forces - 1 S C The armed forces of Colombia are incmsing their numbers and capa bilities Their goal is a 125 000-man army and expanded air force police and riverine forces - However inadequacies of the security forces per sist 2-10 -3 SECRET - 2-4 U Role of the Armed Forces in Government longstanding antimilitary attitude has permeated all levels of public opinion Lack of a significant - external military threat to Colombian sovereignty focuses the mission of the Colombian forces on - U The Colombian Armed Forces have hisinternal security torically remained apolitical and have not played a dominant role in Colombian national politics This 2-5 U Foreign Forces condition is caused by an ethic of professionalism engendered by Colombian military leaders Since Z forei8n - the 19th century the constitution has imposed conmilit forces are stationed straints upon political activity by the military A in Col mbi AUdIP 4 102DOI O a SzNOTE The reverse side of this page is blank -- 241 -- Chapter 3 Ground Forces U - 3-1 U Mission Army who is 1 ated in Bogota heads the Army - - establishment He is subordinate to the Command-er of the Armed Forces and exercises command over the major Army tactical and special units see b S - ssion Anal sis figure 3-1 3 Ground forces are organized into tactical an pecialized units The major tactical elements include 4 divisions composed of 15 _ rigades including 1 logistics and support brigade Certain specialized units are directly subordinate to the Commander of the Army and are designated as Army troops Cavalry groups are slightly larger ___---------------- than a battalion and are counted as battalions in -this section Brigades are designated by both 3-2 U Composition - names and numbers and are normally assigned to - - - specific divisions Battalions are also designated National-level Army by both names and numbers and are normally a U assigned to specific divisions For example the Organization 13th Brigade formerly known as the Military Institutes Brigade is a tactical command headquartered in Bogota that encompasses most of the Anny's formal training institutions The 5th Division is actually a cadre headquarters element exercising operational control over its subordinate 3-1 S T N x 21 ISPTI 19 - Ii xx 1 I xx 20 I I xx I xx xx I I 2 I x iqi x x x 1J5 6 L I x x 10 13 - -- - Denotes paper organization JJ Figure 3 1 U Structure of the Colombian Army S S NF S brigades the 10th 13th and the 21st Logistics School 9 Support Brigades or is simply a convenient termiArmy Troops nology or administrative structure for major units Intelligence in the Bogota area directly subordinate to Army Counterintelligence headquarters Both the 10th and the 13th Brigades Brigade Bde 1 are termed independent brigades in Colombian - Separate Battalions 6 documents The 19th Brigade is the Corps of Intelligence Battalions 4 Ainly Maintenance Cadets in the military academy Transportation 1 Quartermaster----------------------- 1 b iajor Commands The strucSupply 1 ture of the Colombian Army is similar to the US InfantrY' Multinational Army An infantry division composed of three briForces Operations MFO gades disseminates letters of instruction and strategic policy guidance from Army headquarters in Bogota and is involved in the initial stages of tactical operations An infantry brigade composed of Table 3-2 U Strength of Major Tactical Units three infantry battalions combat support and combat service support battalions is the primary tactiMajor Tactical Units Average Strength cal operations center Per Unit c U Cornbat Units - DivisIons 4 Brigades 14 - 24 200 8 400 1 The Anny's largest tactical Battalions 66 1 100 tactical units are adm tratively created at the division Infantry 23 level but the bulk of the maneuver deployments Mountain Infantry 3 are accomplished at-brigade and battalion levels Air Transportable Infantry 2 Tables 3-1 and 3-2 display a list of units and relaMechanized Infantry 2 tive strength Mechanized Cavalry 4 Air Transportable Cavalry 1 Table 3-1 U List of Colombian Ground Force Air Transportable Light Reconnaissance 1 Units battalion-size and above Artillery Battalions 6 600 Air Defense Artillery Battalion 1 600 Types Number Military Police Battalions 4 500 Service Battalions 11 unknown Total Divisions 4 Construction Engineer Battalions 7 - 800 Total Brigades 14 Air Transportable Engineer Battalion 1 800 Total Battalions 89 5th Headquarters Division 10 200 Infantry Total 27 Brigades 3 3 400 Air Transportable Infantry - 4 Battalions 23 -- 1 100 Mechanized Infantry - 2 - Infantry 1 - - - - - Mechanized Cavalry 5 Air Transportable Infantry 2 Air transportable Cavalry 1 Mechanized Cavalry 1 Air Transportable Light Military Police 2 500 Reconnaissance 1 Service 1 350 Artillery 6Air Transportable Air Defense Artillery 1 ServIce 1 Air Transportable Engineer 1 Construction Construction Engineer 9 Engineers 2 850 -Military Police - 6 Supply 1 Service 17 Maintenance 1 - ON W BYUSA1t 1SCOMFO JPA Auth Pars 4402 DOD 520 KR' 3 3 Quartermaster 1 fransportation 1 School Battalions 9 Army lYoops Thaining Brigade 1 no further information Intelligence and Counterintelligence Bde 500 Intelligence Battalions 4 125 Construction Engineer Battalion 400 Infantry Battalion with MFO Sinai 600 i 2 U Infantry b Brigade Organization The Colombian Anny has infantry brigades a mechanized infantry brigade an engineering brigade and a logistics brigade 17dw -1- Infantry Brigade An infantry brigade is composed of three infantry mae neuver battalions one mechanized cavalry group one artillery battalion one military police battalion one engineer battalion and one service battalion Each brigade also contains a counterinsurgency battalion that is composed of volunteers These --- --- volunteers are soldiers who have completed their - 2-year conscription and are immediately processed __ into the reserves The following brigade dicussions are arranged by their division subordination where information is available An infantry brigade basic organization is also ic wn in figure 3-6 - a U Division -1- _____ ----------- -3- - -4- 4th Infantry Brigade This brigade subordinate to the 1st Infantry Division is responsible for counterinsurgency and civic action operations for the Departments of Antioqura and Cordoba in northern Colombia The 4th Brigade has conducted counternarcotics campaigns in the Medell' e mid-1988 became - Infanfry Brigade - On 1 january1987 rational Command the 11th Brigade of the 1st Division loca ted in Monteria Cordoba Department Currently a Special Operations Command is operating in the Putumayo Department composed mostly of units from the 3d Brigade and the Engineer Battalion of - the Army The heaviest concentration of battalion size units and the most extensive operations are in the area of the Medio Magdalena middle Magdalena River Valley the northwest sector of the S4T -ii Freedom of Information Act Privacy Act Deleted Page s Information Sheet Indicated below are one or more statements which provide a brief rationale for the deletion of this page - - Information has been withheld in its entirety in accordance with -the following exemption s - It is not reasonable to segregate meaningful portions of the record for release El Information pertains solely to another individual'with no reference to you and or the subject of your request El Information originated with another government agency It has been referred to them for review and direct response to you - El Information originated -with one or more government agencies We are coordinating to determine the releasability of the information under their purview Upon completion of our coordination we will advise you of their decision DELETED PAGE S NO DUPLICATION FEET FOR THIS PAGE Page s 3Kc 3q1 IAGPA-csF Form 6-R 1 sep 93 x COUNTER GUERRILLA L3IJ TI EiJ VOLUNTEER NF Figure 3-6 U Brigade Organization I s brigade department of Antioquia and the departments of Infantry Brigade Meta Caqueta Atrauca and Putumayo Although The primary mission are public some units have been moved to the border with order and counterinsurgency operations in Valle de Venezuela deployment of military forces remains Cauca Cauca Narino and Putumayo Departments primarily for internal security Elements of all battalions except engineer and service assets are engaged m counterinsurgency operations in Putumayo Department The Engineer 1st Infantry Brigade Battalion is doing construction projects medical Public order and c terinsurgency operations are assistance and military band support in Putumayo the primary missions for the 1st Infantry Brigade in while the military police battalion provides secuwestern Boyaca Department This brigade mainrity in the City of Cali The 3d Brigade has tains a forward command post in Puerto Boyaca deployed a forward command post to Putumayo to where the 2d and 3d Infantry Battalions are control tactical operations in that area engaged in counterinsurgency operations i i Bri esponsible -88th Infantry Brigade 5th Infantry Brigade The 6th Brigade is primarily responsible for the The 5th Infantry for Norte de Tolima Department southwest of Bogota Santander Department and the northern area of Lh L Santander Depaitnent This brigade provides Infantry B security for Barrancabermeja the oil capital of r 8th rigade Colombia and protects the border with Venezuela - This brigade is responsible for the departments of Caldas Quindio southern Choco Risaralda and -- northern Valle de Cauca The brigade's major effort was act May hi fl1th -14th Brigade The - - is in civic action projects in southern Choco where 14th Brigade 1983 with the they have built five posts and a school main mission of counterinsurgency operations in the guerrilla-infested Magdalena Medio region - - -10- JF 9th Infantry Brigade The responsibility for this area of operations had This brigade maintains a forward tactical command previously been divided among the 1st 4th and post in Tres Esquinas Caqueta Department to an direct counterguerrilla operations The FARC and 5th Brigades each of which provided try - the National Liberation Army Ejercito de battalion to the 14th Brigade 3 9 - - BY USA NSCOM POX PA AutllPam4 102D0D520 IR' Liberacion Nacional-ELN are active in this brid U Artillery and Air Defense gade's area jy N 1 The 5th Artillery Battalion Galan has re hized into a counterguerrilla force -11- J 12th InfantrY of two anti-guerrilla batteries two field artillery Brigade This brigade mission is civic batteries and a headquarters services battery The action to eliminate support to insurgent groups m Army also has five other artillery battalions Caqueta Department The 12th Brigade no longer throughout the country has a combat role and concentrates on education recreation health and public service projects lii 2 Se The mission of the Army's addition to military personnel civilian technicians only air defense ttalion the 2d Air Defense and professionals from government iiiii trie5 Artillery Battalion is to provide security against attached to the brigade provide expertise in key vandalism and sabotage to the Ecopetrol oil refinareas ing facilities This battalion consists of four firing batteries and a training battery The battalion trains c W' Battalion An infantry its own recruits in three cycles each year - battalion organiza is composed of a headquarters company three infantry companies a training e U Combat Support Units company and a service company A tactical battal i ia ion organization is shown in figure 3-7 1 J The 20th Intelligence and Counterintelli ce Brigade The 20th Intelligence and Counterintelligence Brigade is headquarThe 2d Mechanized tered in Bogota and is composed of a headquarters Infantry Brigade ii u Mechanized Infantry section an analysis section a counterintelligence Brigade is responsible'for defending the northern section an administrative support section a speof Colombia and its northeast frontier with tip cial operations section and a psychological operaVenezuela from the ELN insurgent group This bntions section This brigade also has intelligence gade is composed of the 4th Mechanized Infantr'battalions in Bogota Medellin Cali and BucaraBattalion in Narino the 5th Infantry Battalion in manga and a counterintelligence battalion in Cordoba the 6th Mechanized Infantr3r Battalion in Bogota It supervises the Armed Forces IntelligCartagena and the 2d Mechanized Cavalry Group ence School see training section in this chapter in in Rondon as well as combat support and combat Bogota Also four companies provide the human service support in the a intelligence assets for the brigade figure 3-8 k -2- The 10th Airborne 2 U J ngineers rn W Brigade The 10th rne Brigade is the Army's strategic reserve Its attalions are often sent to a rr The Operational CoinBogota and other large cities in addition to being mand for the Deve ment of La Guajira is an sent to rural areas to reinforce counterguerrilla oper- umbrella organization for engineer units assisting ations This brigade covers the northern Tolima the La Guajira Department in water road building Department and southern Cundinamarca Departand other civic acti projects ment Currently a large part of the brigade is on - 4j - - - long-term deployment conducting counter b The 10th Engineer insurgency operatiofls6 - - Maintenance BattalV IJose Acevedo y Gomez is -3- Rural Special Forcessupply and third-and fourth-echelon maintenance Hnos Almeida Forces are - the Army's direct support DS engineer facility for The ural Special This unit was involved in organizing and training trained in counterguerrilla and counterterrorist three engineer battalions activated in 1983 In operations and operate primarily in Caqueta Unit addition to training supply and maintenance personnel are airborne qualified and the majority responsibiities this battalion has well-digging and are rangers - asphalt capabilities in five well-digging units lt 3 10 FOX PA Autft Nra 4-102 DOD 52GO ' ziz Figure 3-7 U Tachoal Battakon Organization EEZ SECRET NF x HO HO SECTION ANALYTICAl CI SUPPONT SPECIAL OPERATIONS SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION - - 4 These intelligence battaflons are attached to each respeclive Army division Figure 3-8 U 20th Intelligence and Counterintelligence Brigade F -11 - By - - also has bridging and heavy construction equiparea heavily infitrated with drug traffickers The ment and sends contact teams to engineer units new brigade routinely supports the National Police throughout the country in antinarcotics operations against small coca-paste labs and in airfield denial operations The brigade c F The 3d Cons ction headquarters remains at the departmental capital Engineer Battalion odazzi consists of three engiFlorencia As resources become available similar neer companies and a headquarters service comunits will be created in other regions of high guerpany This unit conducts medical assistance and rilla activity see figure 3-9 for a ground forces dismilitary band support in addition to its normal position map and table 3-3 for ground force instalcivic action duties i - lations d The 12th Construction Table 3-3 U Ground Force Installations Engineer Battalion ioorio Mejia is the center _____________________________________________piece of the 12th Infantry Brigade and is responsible for constructing roads sewers bridges airUnit Home Installation strips schools and health centers It also supplies Headquarters HQs potable water HQs BE Number Combat Service Support Bogota National Ann HQs 0829-00482 Units Thr21 st Logistics Support Brigade controls - 1st Infantr3r Division Santa Marta HQ and Barracks BFZS 0770-00046 the logistics support elements of the Colombian 2d Infantry Division Bucaramanga Army This brigade consists of transportation supHQ and BKS 0828-00017 ply maintenance and quartermaster battalions 3d Infantry Division scattered throughout Bogota Cali HQ and Barracks 0890-00029 4th Infantry Division 3-3 U Disnosition Villavicencio HQ and Barracks 0828-00070 r Combat - 1st Infantry Brigade a U Class of Ground Units and T inja HQ and BKS 0828-00066 Strength Table 3-2 presents the average strength 2d Mechanized of the major tactical units of the Colombian Army Infantry Brigade Barranquilla HQ and BKS 0770-00060 b rs I Patterns of Deployment and 3d Infantry Brigade Cali HQ and BKS 0890-00029 Location mthough some units normally 6in 4th Infantry Brigade the field in operations against guerrilla bands Medellin HQ and BKS - 0829-00065 Colombian military units are assigned to fixed gar5th Infantry Brigade risons in populated areas throughout the country Bucaramanga HQand BKS 0828-00017 Special operational commands Corn andos 6th Infantry Brigade Operativos are formed to combat rural guerrilla Ibague HQ and BKS 0829-00048 - elements Units are attached and detached to the yth Brigade commands as required A 12th Opera- Villavicencio HQ and BKS 0828-00070 operational - 8th Infantry Brigade - tional Command was redesignated in March 1985 -as the Army's 12th Brigade The brigade area of Armenia HQ and BKS 0829-00187 operations coincides with the Caqueta Department 9th Infantr3r Brigade Neiva HQ and BKS 0891-000 79 boundaries The unit's mission is fighting the nar10th Airborne Brigade co-insurgents while building regional schools and Melgar HQ and BKS roads The unit provides basic education and - - TolemaidaNE 0829-00435 health care in an area where few government serv-12th Infantry Brigade ices are available Caqueta is a coda-producing Florencia HQ and BKS 0891-00003 3-12 - BY USAINSCOM FOX PA Auth Pam 4-102 DCX 20MR Freedom of Information Act Privacy Act Deleted Page s Information Sheet Indicated below are one or more statements which provide a brief rationale for the deletion of this page Informationhasbeenwithheldinitsentiretyin - accordance with the following exemption s - It is not reasonable to segregate meaningful portions of the record for release Fill Information pertains solely to another individual with no reference to you and or the subject of your request El Information originated with another government agency It has been referred to them for review and direct response to you - El Information originated -with one or more government agencies We are coordinating to determine the releasability of the information under their purview Upon completion of our coordination we will advise you of their decision - DELETED PAGE S NO DUPLICATION FEET FOR THIS PAGE Page s IAGPA-csp- Form 6-R 1 Sep 93 SECRET NOFORN Develop training programs for counterguerrilla battalions Develop combat intelligence training programs for tactical units 3-7 U Logistics a U Budget Develop combat operations plans that 1 WI The budget for the will pennit the Army to begin and maintain - Colombian ni4 y is approved and controlled by the initiative in the battle against guerrilla - the national government Procurement of new terrorist criminal and narco-trafficking weapons and equipment must be approved by the national government The budget projections are submitted 2 years in advance Once the budget is Develop a logistical support plan aimed priapproved the Budget Act must be issued prior to manly at maneuver units to allow them to 20 November of each year and the Liquidation Decree must be issued before 20 December each - Develop training programs without limitayear tions in critical material and equipment especially munitions and field rations 2 Although amounts allocated for national de e and security for the 1988 -- Develop communications down to squad - budget have increased the ratio of funds allocated level to operations and maintenance O M to actual troop strength has declined steadily Since 1980 - Develop combat operations with sufficient the O M to troop strength ratio declined by 50 perair and land mobility assets cent in US dollars Troop effectiveness will suffer if personnel increases are not accompanied by cor- Reach a level of self-sufficiency in combat responding O M increases operations at company and battalion level in the areas of munitions field rations and derives combat equipment The Colombian military t of its rations from active farms on -- Provide counterguerrilla battalions with installations The military establishes close relathe arms and equipment necessary to tionships with the surrounding communities and achieve maximum combat power mobility the unit trades services and equipment for private and shock action use in return for provisions - Increase the number of instructors for each division c U Ordnance 1 J Colombia's annual capacity - - to produce matl for its Anny is estimated as fol Foreign d Assistance - 7 - lows 40 000 small arms 1 200 metric tons of - Advisers from the US France West Germany the - - small-arms ammunition and 600 tons of larger cali- - UK and Israel provide training to the Colombian ber rounds In addition a production capability Armed Forces in tactics equipment maintenance exists for antita T jines and dynamite communications and logistics support In addi 2 Colombia has a modest milition some Colombian personnel receive training at tary develop capability and has designed a the police academy in Baton Rouge Louisiana in new 9mm submachinegun designated the SliM-I It antiterrorist tactics uses the old San Cristobal and US M-1 carbines for conversion The new submachinegun fites at 600 3-17 BY USAINSCOM P01 PA Audi Pam 4-102 DOD 320 IR' rounds per minute rpm using the inertia system e U Medical and has a 30-round magazine the SJM-1 weighs 3 kilograms and has an expanding metal frame stock 1 The Army Medical Service in dustrias Militores INDUIvilL is doing the major AiMS is coi anded by the Chief of Health and is conversion at its General Jose Maria Cordoba plant subordinate to the Logistics Department of Army in Soacha and has already converted 1 000 carbines headquarters Each of the Army's tactical brigades to submachineguns for the National Police and the Military Institutes Brigade are supported by Another 2 500 carbines are to be converted by a medical unit consisting of about 40 personnel 1990 INDUMIL considers the SIM-i unsuitable for These units operate a dispensary or health clinic counterguerrilla operations Conversions cost Each combat battalion is supported by a medical under US$100 for each weapon and sale price of unit consisting of a physician an NCO three to the SliM-i is almost US$600 INDUMIL also has the four soldiers or medics and occasionally a dencapability to rebuild or modify the HIKG-3 assault tist This unit provides health care and trains perrifle with parts sup ort from West Germany sonnel in first aid preventive medicine evacuation and resusci on 2 3 An effort to establish a facilThe Armed Forces medical ity to manufacture automatic military assault rifles logistic systen n meetiiormal peacetime requirebegan in late 1983 In 1984 there were indications ments but cannot support mobilization or even that Ministry of National Defense officials had extended field operations Deficiencies include reduced their plans to provide for an assembly shortages of funds lack of storage facilities for rather than a full production plant and discussion stockpiling a poor distribution system poor mateof a full production facility was postponed riel maintenance capability and rudimentary supply planning The Army purchases expendables on an annual basis if money is available Brigade and d U Fo eign Procurement battalion headquarters requisition supplies on a quarterly basis from AiMS headquarters Each battalion has limited emergency funds to purchase 1 F Colombia is dependent drugs on the local market that are not available upon foreign p hases for most of its arms and from the army stockpile Casualty evacuation is the equipment the US Israel and Western Europe responsibility of the next higher echelon Each the principal suppliers The Colombian Ministry of base medical unit is assigned an ambulance for National Defense is interested in arms deals that evacuation of patients to larger facilities The involve a purchase of weapons and the final assemDirector of Health of the Colombian Air Force bly from kits but not full manufacture INDUIvUL is maintains control over aeromedical evacuation in the market for 70 000 to 110 000 automatic rifles Helicopters are used to evacuate personnel to more and kits and has the ultimate goal of outfitting all distant locatio ground forces The rifles under consideration are the 5 56mm Belgian Fabrique Nationale FN FN-C The Central Military Hospital in the Swiss SIG the Austrian STEYR the Israeli Bogota is the incipal military hospital and one of - GAUL and the US M-16A2 Negotiations for outthe best in Colombia This hospital can handle - - right purchase of rifles and kits to be assembled in most acute medical cases Other recommended -- - - Colombia will then be instituted by INDUM L with hospitals are the National Police hospital in Bogota the selected cox Panpr and the Naval Hospital in Cartagena i f U Maintenance and Repair 2 F In May 1984 Colombia purchased 9 000 GAI IL 7 62mm automatic rifles from 1j F Maintenance and repair of Israel All of the GAUL rifles will be manufactured are icult because procurement of spare vehicles in Israel This purchase was part of a US$50 milparts and resupply is a major problem Lack of lion defense loan accord negotiated between the funds and a functional procurement system conColombian Government and Israel tinually hampers maintaining sufficient parts 3-10 - - needed for repairs and normal maintenance Fabrica Santa Barbara established in 1955 at Vehicles are deadlined for months at a time Sogamosa has the capability for metal casting because of the unavailability of repair partS and laminating Its products include axnmuCannibalization of several vehicles or pieces of nition casings projectiles for mortars and equipment is -done out of absolute necessity Since field artillery castings for railroad auto and there is a lack of organization for resupply the units in the field remain in a state of disrepair until mining equipment parts and agricultural new methods can be implemented implements Future development plans 2 The Colombian Anny proinclude a rev er production plant a microcasting vides inadequ aining for maintenance personplant for small-arms parts a new detonating cord nel The number of trained maintenance personnel manufacturing facility and a new military explois dwarfed by the number of personnel required to sives production complex The latter facility fulfill the mission These trained maintenance batwould be used to produce nitrocellulose propeltalion personnel are unable to perform their lants anunonium nitrate and TNT explosives and assigned duties because of the lack of tools spare nitric acids This project would increase the proparts training manuals and lubrication orders portion of national components in its ammunition Personnel cannot retrieve vehicles disabled in the from 60 to 90 percent and enable INDUMIL to meet the increased demand for industrial explosives field since the maintenance battalion does not posrequired by the Cerrejon coal mining project sess or maintain recovery vehicles When the Cerrejon project reaches full capacity demand for explosives is expected to increase from g U Civilian Defense Installations 4 000 tons to 45 000 tons per year 3-8 U Capabilities 1 INDUMIL founded in 1954 a hHigh-intensity has as its basic nussion the formulation of general Colombian Government policies concerning the Conflict import manufacture and sale of weapons anunuColombia een involved in a highnition and explosives Within that context intensity conflict and the Anned Forces would INDUIvIIL operates manufacturing plants to i olose the war in this conflict enviroument The duce weapons and related materiel for the Colombian Army does not have any capability to Colombian Armed Forces INDUMIL's 1984 operatfight in a nuclear biological or chemical environing budget was 4 150 billion pesos The firm operates three well-equipped manufacturing plants ment If the Army were confronted by an invasion that were designed by European firms and located from a modern well-equipped force this service in the Bogota area INDUMIL has 31 retail outlets would require foreign assistance Even with outwith a total work force of over 1 300 personnel side assistance the Army would have difficulty Current manufacturing capability is as follows contributing in such a conflict This vulnerability is primarily because of the limited supply of major Fabrica General Jose Maria Cordoba estabweapons systems and nuclear biological and lished in 1955 at Soacha manufactures shotchemical equipment - guns and small arms ammunition -b U Mid-intensity Conflict -Fabrica Antonio Ricaurt established in 1963 - at Sibate manufactures military and indus 1 The Army is incapable of trial explosives Approximately 70 000 fighting a mid- ensity conflict of any duration metric tons have been produced over a 17and would ultimately lose such a conflict The year period A new nitroglycerin plant was Army would provide a moderately effective opened in the fall of 1982 and is possibly tied defense against attacking forces of neighboring to production of double-base propellants countries except in the remote border regions with 3-19 ET J1 Audi Pam 4-102 DOD 5209 1K Venezuela Peru and Brazil in the short term The receipt of US equipment yielded dramatic gains lack of armor and helicopter assets would lead to By October 1989 the Army identified one counterdefeat The Army is incapable of supporting guerrilla company per division and one per brigade extended operations without foreign assistance as its counterna cot1 cs actiOn forces While there is a border dispute with Venezuela over the offshore zones near La Guajira negotia The 2d and 4th Infantry tions are in progress and the possibility of a midDivisions la counterguerrilla campaigns intensity conflict is extremely remote The against the National Liberation Army and the Colombian Army however adjusted its training to Revolutionary Anny of Colombia respectively include conventional warfare but it is neither adousing combined airborne and ground infantry operquately trained nor equipped for sustained field ations helicopter support to remote regions and combat and could provide only a delaying action increased communications to disrupt guerrilla against a conventional attack by a modern force sanctuaries These campaigns have resulted in a Weaknesses include obsolescent material and considerably higher casualty rate among the guershortages of NCOs and conimunications transport rillas than Army personnel In addition the 4th and field equipment The Army has a weak logistic Brigade utilized urban search and destroy tactics system is heavily dependent on foreign purchases along with a successful psychological operations for most of its arms and equipment and lacks qualcampaign to disrupt narcotics assassination teams ified technician its maintenance program in Medellin Although total success has been elusive dramatic improvement is evident in the 2 Readiness is uneven Army's current low-intensity conflict because each on must constantly employ one or two of its companies in recruit training and 3-9 U Key Personalities administrative duties Some units with inadequate di motorized transport are deployed to isolated areas These weaknesses and limitations are aggravated a GEN Oscar Botero Restrepo by the rugged terrain in which the Army must operMinister of National Defense GEN Botero ate With outside logistic support Colombia has Minister of National Defense MOD since July furnished battalion-size units for international 1989 evinces the qualities of a well-trained and peace-keeping missions during UN operations in experienced career officer whose exceptional leadthe Korean war in the Gaza Strip from 1958 to ership capabilities have been recognized by the 1959 and as part of the Multinational Force Army high command and intelligence community Operation MFO in the Sinai since 1982 The Botero is extremely anti-Communist and pro-US Army's strengths are its combat experience and itS and believes that the US should take stronger professional officer corps stands against Cuba and for the Nicaraguan c U -intensity Conflict Contras He has been selected to hold such prestigious posts as Chief of the Intelligence Department ince the 1960s intensified of the Joint Staff 1980 the Presidential Military internal secun and substantial experiHousehold 1982 and Commander of the strategic ence in operations against insurgents and narcotraf- - 5th Division in Bogota 1983 He has also served fickers have improved the Army's ability to fight in as Inspector General of the Army 1984 Deputy a low-intensity conflict Since the massanre at the - - Commander and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Ministry of Justice Building in 1985 the Army has 1985 to 1986 Commander of the Army 1986 to increased its campaign against insurgent groups 1988 and Commander of the Anned Forces 1988 and the narcotraffickers The assassination of the to 1989k - - prepresidential candidate Senator Luis Galan resulted in a renewed campaign against these b GF N Nelson Meija Henao domestic threats - Comm aEing General of the Armed Forces 2 Training and doctrine directives from GEN l lson Mejia Henao and the I-2O - As the Commanding General of the Armed Forces since July 1989 GEN Mejia is expected to bring the g j Auth Pam 4402 DOD 520 1K same aggressiveness and insistence on retraining dress uniform of a tunic dark trousers a black tie basic military skills that he had applied to the and the standard army-shined black shoes Army He is strongly anti-Communist and a supporter of democracy in Colombia but is critical of Colombian civilian bureaucracy Mejia has good b U Rank and Insignia The rank relations with President Barco Other positions he structure in the Colombian Army including both has held include Ivlilitary Attache to Argentina officers and enlisted personnel consists of 17 director of the military academy Commander of the grades which are listed in table 3-4 along with 5th Brigade Bucaramanga and Chief of the Joint their US Army equivalents see figure 3-10 Staff c 1 jor General MG Jesus Table 3-4 U Colombian Army Ranks with US Arxnani Aria5 Cabrales Commander of the Equivalents Army MG Arias is considered a strategic thinker Colombian Army and planner Although he was the officer in charge Enlisted US Army Equivalent of operations during the Palace of Justice takeover Dragonenate Basic Private by the M-19 in 1985 this appointment reflects govSoldado Distinguido Private erninent support and is a testament to his abilities As Army commander his first priority is to train 14 Cabo Segundo - Private First Class counterguerrilla units throughout the country He Cabo Primero Corporal is expected to achieve as much as his predecessor Sargento Segundo Sergeant GEN Mejia in promoting training and professionalSargento Vice Staff Sergeant Primero Sargent Sergeant First Class Master Sergeant ism He is nationalistic believes in the democratic process and has a favorable attitude toward neighSargento Mayor Sergeant Major boring Latin American countries Officers Subtiente Second Lieutenant 3-10 U Uniforms Rank Insignia Teniente First Lieutenant and Decorations Capitan Captain Mayor Major Teniente Coronel Lieutenant Colonel Coronel Colonel a U Uniforms Brigadier General Brigadier General Mayor General Major General 1 U Combat dress for enlisted and Teniente General Lieutenant General - officer personnel consists of olive-drab camouflage General General uniforms with a black belt and is similar to US ____________________________________ Army battle fatigues A matching hat and standard UNCLASSIFIED black army combat boots are also worn -- - - 2 U Normal- duty uniforms ---- Decorations The following decoC U khaki with a black belt A black hat and standardrations indicate merit and ability and are not listed black boots are worn in order of importance These decorations include dress - 3 U Enlisted and officer personnel the uniforms are green with a green shirt and a black tie The hat is black and the standard army Cross of Boyaca shined black shoes are worn Officers wear a full Order of San Carlos E F fti Audi Para 4402 DOD 200 1K' I L 3-21 SECRET ___ A'- GENERAL MAYOR BRIGADIER GENERAL GENERAL MAYOR SARGENTO MAYOR CABO PRIMERO CAPITAN - SUBTENIENTE SARGENTO SARGENTO SARGENTO PRIMERO VICE PRIMERO SEGUNDO CABO SOLDADDI -SEGUNDO DISTINGUIDO DRAGONENATE Figure 3-10 U Colombian Army Insignia 3-22 TENIENTE TENIENTE - - CORONEL CORONEL - UNCLASSIFIED Audi Pam 4 102 DO 520 3 A Order of Military Merit Antonio Marino Air Force Cross of Aeronautical Order of Military Merit Merit Antonio Ricaurte Medal Special Medal of the Interamerican Defense Distinguished Service Medal College Military Merit Jose Maria de Cordoba Rafael Reyes Medal - Naval Merit Almirante Padilla Santa Barbara Medal Air Force Cross Ayacucho Medal Military Order Trece de Junio As Knight Star of the Public Order Distinguished Public Service Francisco Jose de Caldas Meda Service Medals-15 20 25 30 Years General Rafael Reyes Medal -- - - NOTE Th rv ra sr i at this pags l blank - ON 071 VV 0iJY - - BY USAINSCOM FOT PA Audi Pam 4-102 DO 520 IR' 3 23 Chapter 4 Paramilitary Forces U 4-1 U Mission Staff Inspector General's Staff Office of Public Relations and three military academies Police EL assignments are divided into departments relating The mission of the Colombian to the principal political divisions within the counNationafl'olice CNP is to maintain peace and try and are then further subdivided into districts order protect life and property safeguard human stations substations and police posts The police rights and cooperate with the judicial branch in - posts usually consist of three to six men and are investigating civil crimes The police force main- located in small towns and villages Personnel in tains law and order in most urban areas but is inca- the CNP have ranks similar to military ranks and pable of preventing terrorist attacks The CNP can - are classified as either officers NCOs or agents only marginally cope with existing insurgency in rural areas The police have primary respon 2 U The CNP also have three spemany cialized forces the Carobineros a service-oriented sibility for combating the narcotics trade The rural corps the Grenaderos--this group is parshave cooperated with the military to counter the military in nature and provides logistic support for insurgents and narcotraffickers with limited suc- army counterinsurgency activities and the Control cess In a national emergency the police would be Police Policia de Control the largest of the speplaced under military control ACP--Colombia cialized forces These three forces are trained in Part II discusses the Department of Administrative riot control and located in major cities The Security DAS -the US Federal Bureau of ControfPolice have more than 600 men assigned to - - - Investigation equivalent Bogota and over 150 personnel assigned to each of the 12 other major cities 4-2 U Composition b U Paramilitary Forces a U Background 1 C NF Antinarcotic Agencies 1 U The CNP is subordinate to the Since 1980 antinarcotics has reached parity with Ministry of National Defense and consists of nine law enforcement as the primary responsibility of units Police Services Branch Personnel and the CNP The CM' are deployed into 23 geographic - Training Administrative Branch General Planning departments and 4 intendancies and can maintain 4-1 520 1K' BY USAYNSCOM lr01 A Aulm P rm' 4-102 DOD 5% law and order in most urban areas However they 4 3 TT are unable to prevent terrorist attacks and have Disposition only marginal capability to cope with insurgency in many rural areas In late 1986 the Antinarcotics C rhOCNP are deployed in all 23 geoDirectorate DAN was created and is commanded graphic arbnents and 4 intendancies Figure 4by a police general officer The Special Antinarcot1 shows the location of CNP District Headquarters ics Unit SANU is the operational arm of the DAN and is considered one of the best of its antinarcot4-4 U P rsonnel Strength ics units in Latin America Currently the police air wing Special Air Police--SAPOL has a total of 43 A fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters to accomplish a C ' The CM' has a total strength of its mission Police stationed in about half of the approxun 89 O0O personnel in 1989 and plans cities and villages have both mounted and canine to expand e force to 105 000 personnel by the patrols end of 2 The Directorate of Antinarcotics Supei ia of all antinarcotics activities of the CNP is the main responsibility of the DAN This organization has approximately 2 200 men and encompasses APOL b On 15 January 1990 the second special coi rguerrilla CG operations command of the CM' was created with operational responsibility for southern Cesar northern Santander Norte de Santander and Bolivar Departments The com- a The SAPOL provides mand headquarters is located in Aguachica in airlift to all of the and has a total strength of Cesar Department This unit consists of 300 troops 356 personnel including 73 officers SAPOL also selected from the CM' to include the Cuerpo Elite has 33 civilian contractors-S pilots and 28 techni Elite Counterterrorist Counternarcotics Corps cians SAPOL's 27 helicopters and 16 fixed-wing This command deploys in three company-size aircraft operate out of 4 bases They have historiunits with transportation furnished by police cally maintained an availability rate near 80 perground or helicopter support and has the authority cent which compares favorably with any modern to mount and execute counterguerrilla operations air force - independent of CM' headquarters in B6gota It coordinates all actions with the Colombian Army b I r The 22-man intelli1st Infantry Division in Santa Marta This comgence staff perforn llection analysis and counmand complements the first one created in Cartago terintelligence functions This intelligence staff cooperates closely with the US Drug Enforcement Valle de Cauca Department The creation of this Agency DEA and assists with special projects command makes it easier for more active deploysuch as the annual crop survey The DAN intelliment of battalion-size units in concert with the gence staff has direct control of 14 intelligence Colombian Anny against the insurgents and collection groups of five en each narcotraffickers c The operation st con trols 15 tactical fieh peration companies Each 7 tactical company is composed of approximately 110 men and 4 officers The antinarcotics field companies are generally led by intelligent aggres- sive officers but few of these officers have any paramilitary tactical training The individual troops are superbly conditioned and well disciplined but have very little basic combat training Most are deficient in marksmanship tactical movement land navigation first aid and ainnobile operations key advantage of these CNPcounter mmands is that this mission arises from lack of manpower in the Army to perform the mission The government can expand the number of troops on the CM' rolls without increasing the size of the Armed Forces and the ensuing public furpr over such a move troops of the 2d CG collo- - cated wi Antinarcotics Company in NETHERLANDS ZCARIJ3BEAN K ANTJLLES -____ ___ DAN An-tlnarootloa Dlreotorct - - - -- ----- -V rKEJ#7 iDAN PloId com5xxiy - SEA - Rioiiachaz -- ----A Cototitian Natlond Police - - - - f iZ 1- CoIornbta Notlond Police - - BarranquiMa Diafrict I4eodquartere -Ci -1 SpeciolAIr Police SAPOL a MaracaiboAir Deployment Boee Cartagena DAN k'iteNigenoe Unit -- P - N' AM A - - i ejo PACIFiC CJCEA N N - t - - Internal administrative R Naticnet capital Figure 4-1 U National Police District Headquarters - - WILL EMSTAD - - 4 -- - 4-- - - __ - -v-i- - -UNCLASSIFIED Figure 4-2 U A Colombian Ehte Police Squad in Training Aguachica and the 1st CG which are within an tween 3 and 7 years of service The other course hour of the antmnarcotics company mTula reprelasts a year and is open to any applicant with a sent a formidable force in this area of operations high school diploma Both student groups must see figure 4-2 complete academic physical and medical examinations prior to acceptance see figure 4-3 4-5 U Doctrine and Tactics 4-7 U Capabilities The doctrine and tactics taught and have dramatically used closely parallel the US Army increa ternarcotics capability with model Basic and advanced infantry training additional manpower training equipment and patrolling and air mobile operations are promoted communications gear They have also formed speas key tactical elements in the CNP's increasing cialized units The CNP has at least 5 special units counternarcotics role some with as many as 1 000 personnel The CNP exercised an instrumental role in the elimination of 4 Medellin Cartel leader Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha in December 1989 Key intelligence leads strategic The CNP NCO School Escuela tie -- roadblocks and tactical deployment resulted in Su onzaloJimenez de Quesada located - Gacha's isolation and demise The SAPOL of the - - - on the western edge of Sibate offers two types of CNP is newer and better maintained than the courses Each course graduates its students as sec- Colombian Air Force Police helicopters have been ond corporals cabos segundos One 6-month instrumental in numerous counternarcotics camcourse is open to outstanding policemen with bepaigns AUdI Pam 4-102 DO 520 hR' LX - t- - - - - - - - __ - _ CON 4-8 Personalities IAL'NF 4 j Colombian police attache in Panama from 1980 to 1981 His education includes a Masters Degree in Key rigadier General BC Antonio Education Administration from the Federal Gem is the director of the CM' He has University in Brasilia and he may also have an been quite aggressive in campaigns against the advanced degree in technical administration from Medellin drug cartel these campaigns have yielded the Superior School of Public Administration in big successes in recent years He served as Bogota U AL fl U A 2-1 F J A - 1 Y USpjN - -- 4-5 NOTE The reverse uld of this page is blank Chapter 5 Ground Forces of Other Services--Marine Corps U 5-1 U Mission organized into one brigade consisting of three independent rifle battalions three dependent battalions a training battalion and a special warfare and amphibious commando unit see disposition map Additi6na7lly in figure 3-9 and table 5-1 arines provi e stal security oil-pipeline security antismuggling activity and the maintenance of 5-3 U Disposition public order One battalion and a company of - Colombian Army soldiers are committed to the islands of San Andres and Providencia Colombian Marine detachments of 10 men each are stationed at Serarnilla Serrana Bolivar and Albuquerque The Marine Special Forces are assigned the mission of providing hydrographic reconnaissance surveys - beach clearance counterinsurgency counterterrorism antismuggling operations demolition raids and land reconnaissance 1ev 5-2 U Composition - - The Commander of the Marine Corps is ordinate to the Commander of the Navy and exercises staff supervision over Marine Corps operational units The Marines as of May c 1988 are composed of 170 officers 870 NCOs and 4 660 enlisted personnel These personnel are ______________________________ ________ 5-1 6 ___ - armed launch and four 13-foot unarmored armed launches In addition a naval armored mothership is also assigned during deployments The forces in the fiuvial order of battle do not possess adequate strength to accomplish the riverine elements' mission More river patrol boats river gun boats riverine 5-boat elements and motherships are needed However the mothership's 9-month construction - and deployment time is encouraging d J The command of the COLMAR g F The 1st Marine Corps Infantry Riverine e is still being contested by the Army Brigade i ie most important maneuver element in and the Navy As of November 1989 the the service This brigade consists of five marine Commander of the Navy had not succeeded in takinfantry battalions a training battalion and a speing total control of the Riverine Forces He has cial forces group of Marine infantry control of administrative and logistical affairs and located partial operational control on the Magdalenf and The 1st Marine Battalion is Putumayo Rivers The Army has maintained condres Island with two platoons of trol of all other riverine operational areas The A Company located in southern Providencia infighting between the Anny and Navy is not as Island severe a detriment as it may seem because the Anny possesses the communications capability and the operational knowledge necessary for the Riverine mission Since the Navy does not currently have these capabilities it is appropriate for the Army to maintain operational supervision and _____ tasking for the Riverine Forces ____ IA The Navy has centralized command of tWI iverine Forces under a lieutenant _____________________________________ colonel and a staff of four personnel headquartered in Bogota The Eastern Headquarters is in ______________________________ Puerto Careno and is responsible for units in Arauca Puerto Careno Puerto Intirdia San Jose del Guaviare and Puerto Lopez The Central and Western Headquarters is in Barrancabermeja and controls units that operate on the Magdalena River The commander of Naval Forces South based in Puerto Leguizamo controls units in Leticia and Puerto Leguizamo Headquarters in Barrancabermeja and Puerto Careno reports to ___ Bogota but Naval Forces South acts independently GolonZ Each riverine combat element of k h the Marine Riverine Forces is composed _____________________________________________ of I officer 5 NCOs and 15 marines These ele- ments are intended to have one 17-foot unannored ____________________________________ 5-2 are selected for NCO ranks attend amphibious warfare school for 6 months Proficiency in the unit is good in squad tactics Coordination at the company and battalion levels is lacking because of too few proper training areas n The Zd Marine Brigade and its subordinate elements are a paper organization similar to the Colombian Anny's 15th brigade awaiting money personnel and equipment to make it a 5-4 U Personnel Strength -- -- The Marine Corps has a strength of appro iately 5 700 active personnel with a reserve componeiit of approximately 25 000 soldiers The 7 infantry battalions have an average of 450 privates 55 NCOs and 11 officers per battalion The Marine Special Forces include approximately 150 troops 20 NCOs and 10 officers - However because of a lack of strong NCO leader ship training and abilities the Marine Corps offi cers exercise direct leadership roles 5-5 U Tactics deri The Marine Special Forces use tactics from US Special Warfare techniques These tactics tend to utilize squads divided into four elements The 4 elements are composed of a ----------------------- base element of 2 to 4 people an assault element of Lq 2 to 3 personnel a support element of 2 to 4 men m The professional leadership and a security element of 2 to 3 These four eleschools for COs are located in the 1st Marine ments are formed into a wedge patrol When under Corps training battalion and the recruit training - fire the base element returns fire the assault elebattalion The Marine Corps training battalion conment moves to the flank the security element sists of one command and service company six reg- covers the rear and the support element moves as imlar recruit companies and one recruit company of needed These tactics are not utilized with ade-high school graduates each with four or five pla- - quate versatility and control resulting in limited toons Each platoon has about 40 recruits Recruit movement against the enemy Lack of NCO leadertraining lasts for 41 2 months divided into 10 ship and adequate training time are key difficulties weeks of basic individual and squad training and 8 encountered by the Colombian Marine Corps adopweeks of counterinsurgency training Recruits who tion of US tactics 5-3 5I 5- ti U Training 5-8 U Capabilities coum struction I-s a Marine recruits receive a 70a I 'F Dispersal of mobilized Marine week divided between basic Corps units will be unpaired by a shortage of funds training counterguerrilla warfare riverine warfare vehicles communications equlpment and spare and amphibious warfare at Covenas Tumaco and p rt5 L i Puerto Leguizamo Riverine warfare and amphibi - ous training sections make up the difference in the b S There are allegations that some length of the course of instruction offered to the Marine Coi7officer have been compromised by Marines and the one offered to the Army Basic n otmffickers training includes military orientation weapons familiarization and small unit tactics The counterc j Current capabilities of the Marine Co are restricted The Marines are effecguerrilla warfare course includes attacks on guerril- tive however in providing security for the bases la strongholds The riverine segment emphasizes and to a lesser extent the petroleum pipelines boat handling communications ambush tactics Amphibious capabilities and counterinsurgency and water mirvival needs are adequate on a short-term local basis b j j Special warfare training is conducted in tagena consisting of 16 weeks of 5-9 U Key Personalities open-circuit scuba small arms demolitions field - craft unit tactics and physical conditioning A1 Advanced Special Forces training includes ranger a Vice Admiral Jose Edgar Garay training closed-circuit scuba and parachute train- Rubio iimander of the Navy Commander of ing All career personnel officers and enlisted the Navy since November 1989 Admiral Garay is attend the Army's Lanceros School at Melgar NCO considered competent and intelligent He has training is very limited NCOs are selected during extensive submarine experience and served as their last 2 years of enlistment and are given mini- Submarine Flotilla Commander from 1978 to 1979 inal leadership courses He has also had experience in operations and finance Prior to his current assignment Admiral major initiative in the overGaray served as Commander of the Naval Forces haul of is the consolidation of all recruit Atlantic from 1984 to 1986 Inspector General from training in one centralized secure location rather 1986 to 1988 and as Chief of Naval Operations than the current three centers to emphasize riverfrom 1988 to 1989 He is anti-Communist and proine operations West but not necessarily pro-US He believes in civilian democratic government and supports the 5-7 U Logistics Barco administration b Rear Admiral Roberto Serrano Avila Commandant of the Marine C ack of funds lack- of an adequate - Corps Since Admiral Serrano assumed his curlogistic Ud 0 em an shortage of spare parts contrib- rent position in July 1989 he has become disute to a low level of materiel readiness Short-term illusioned with the readiness of the Marine Corps actions against a poorly organized enemy are not Dynamic outspoken and success-oriented he is impaired but long-term actions against a wellconsidered one of the nation's finest naval officers organized enemy will cause the Marine Corps' and one of the few with an enlisted background logistic capabilities to break down 5-4 Admiral Serrano has ambitious plans for the service and is expected to get more deeply involved in the counternarcotics effort especially in the riverine campaign He is anti-Communist and pro-US and respects democratic values more than institutions Admiral Serrano will hold the commandant position until the Chief of Staff of the Marine Corps COL Octavio Gnecco Iglesias completes his promotion course and is promoted to brigadier general in December 1990 Prior to his current assignment Admiral Serrano was Commander of the San Andres and Providencia Specified Command Table 5-1 U Disposition of Colombian Marine Corps S NC 74 5-5 NOTE The reverse aid of this page is blank RET -- SECRET ijjR Chapter 6 Ground Forces Reserves U 6-1 U Composition not receive familiarization training with new weapons systems U Refer to the Army reserve section in L chapter 2 for discussionof the classes of military b Expansion of active forces by the reservists potential size of the structure and indi- call up of erve army troops would be severely vidual obligations limited by shortages of officers NCOs and technicians Materiel shortages in the Army are particu6-2 U Training larly acute in field artillery modem air defense weapons and certain types of ammunition and U At present no planned active duty or motor transport familiarization training is received by reserve members of the Army and Marine Corps 6-3 U Capabilities and Weaknesses 6-4 U Equipment Reserve Anny and Marine personnel co tute a manpower pool only and there are a U No program exists for continued no organized units No equipment is provided for training of reserve forces and reserve personnel do reserve forces use - 6-1 NOTE The reverse side of this page is blank N - - Chapter 7 Weapons and Equipment U 7-1 U General Discussion small arms Light antitank weapons LAWs have had very high failure rates in recent test firings and II are believed to be unreliable COLAR weapons a Equipment Condition include rifles Israeli GAUL standard Colombia my weapons and equipment are nonmachineguns mortars light artillery light armor standardized and generally of foreign origin Much and antitank rifles and rockets of the heavy and medium equipment with the b Foreign Assistance exception of artillery is of World War II vintage Exclusive assistance received from the US Israel supplied by the US COLAR equipment is in generhas been the predominant provider of foreign millally fair condition but the COLAR logistics and maintenance system will not support extended tary assistance to Colombia for the past 5 years Major ground force weapons purchases from Israel intense military operation of weapons other than in this period are as follows Year Weapens 1984 60 000 GAUL 7 62mm rifles 160 tons of grenades small arms ammunition and mortars 1987 - 1988 EAGLE EYE 40mm air defense system with electronics upgrade 1988 NIMROD antitank system 2 batteries of 3 launchers with 6 missiles per launcher Communications equipment Value $135 Cost US$5 million - Cost US$13 million Cost US$18 million - including training in Israel 3 7-1 BY USAINSCOM FO IPA - AudINa4'lO2DOD52O R Cost US$6 5 million c Small Arms The standard li U Armored Combat Vehicles The weapon f infantry units is the Israeli GALIL main vehicles in the Colombian inventory include i 62mm assault rifle COLAR still has some units the Brazilian-made Urutu EE-11 APC the US-made using G3A3 7 62mm assault rifles made in M113A1 APC and the Brazilian-manufactured Germany but the G3A3 is being phased out Cascavel EE-9 armored reconnaissance carrier Submachineguns include the US-made M-3 and ARC Thompson 45 caliber models the German MPS 9mm model and the Danish Madsen 9mm model - i U Special Purpose and Support The machinegun inventory includes the US-made Vehicles The Colombian ground and paramilitary Browning 30-caliber model and the M2 50 caliber forces have a large number of trucks jeeps and model there is also a 7 62mm heavy machinegun other special-purpose vehicles manufactured prithat is very effective The predominant pistol is the manly in the US and Western Europe but obtaining 38-caliber model followed by the 9mm and 45 accurate numbers in this category is extremely difcaliber models respectively ficult because of the fluid counterinsurgency and d Infantry Antitank Weapons counternarcotics campaign The ColomS an Army has a limited antitank capability relying on the US-made 66mm M72 LAW j i Airborne Capabilities In 1988 The LAW is effective against annored personnel carupgraded airborne capability with the riers APC and fortifications but is marginal purchase of 623 new Tb parachutes to supplement against in battle tanks the approximately 1 000 parachutes on hand that are in poor condition In December 1989 e JF Mortars The Army's invenArgentina donated three Pucara aircraft to the tory of mc iars includes the US-made 60mm and counternarcotics effort in Colombia but NATO 81mm and the French produced Brandt 81mm support packages are required for full capability models Air Defense Weapons Key 7-2 U Weapons and Equipment air eapons in the Colombian inventory include the US-made 50-caliber machinegun the ry 37mm ADA gun and the 40mm ADA gun These weapons also serve as additions to the M113A1 W Table 7-1 lists the weapons APC and equi wn or believed to be in the inventory of the Colombian ground and pareg P Artillery The primary artillery military forces as of September 1989 This list does piece for Colombian Anny is the US-made not necessarily represent the entire inventory and 105mm howitzer along with old 75mm pack howitsome of the equipment may no longer be servicezers of Czechoslovakian CZ manufacture able -- -- - Table 7-1 - U Weapons and Equipment Inventory - Item ceuntry ef manufacture - a Small Arms Machinegun M2 US Machinegun Browning US - Machine Gun HVY NFl Submachinegun M3 US Submachinegun MP5 Federal Republic Caliber Quantity 50 cal - 30 cal - 7 62mm 45 cal 346 179 941 405 7-2 C 7 of Germany IERGI 9mm 910 Submachinegun Madsen Denmark 9mm 1 770 Submachinegun Thompson US 45 cal Rifle G3A4 assault FRG 7 62mm 23 728 Rifle G3A3 assault FRG 7 62mm 30 528 Rifle G3SG1 sniper ERG 7 62mm 1 603 Pistol US 9mm 535 Pistol US 38 cal 1 155 Pistol US 45 cal 283 b Mortars Mortar US Mortar US Mortar Brandt France c Antitank Weapons M-72 LAW US Rocket Launcher US Recoilless Rifles NFI US d Artillery Howitzer Pack CZ Howitzer US e Air Defense Weapons APC-M113A US w 50 cal MG US w 37mm ADA Gun US w 40mm ADA Gun US f Armored Combat Vehicles APC-Urutu EE-11 Brazil - wheeled amphibious ARC-Cascavel EE-9 Brazil wheeled reconnaissance carrier 60mm 81mm 120mm 66mm 3 5 inches 106mm 75mm 105mm 263 69 211 - 10 500 180 69 46 58 54 36 32 56 128 g Special Purpose and Support Vehicles 1 4-ton truck NFl 3 4-ton truck NFl 1 1 2-ton truck NFl IJNCLASSIFIflI 21 2-ton truck NFl ON 5-ton truck NFl BYU Afl iSC JMF I PA -- dIP 4hI82DOD 24 A S VN 7-3 U Projected Changes in inventory EAGLE EYE The first system is the EA EYE a computerized electro-optical fire control system linked to the BOFORS L-70 40mm gun The fire control system is significant I' F COLAR is currently in the final because of the improved target acquisition and fire phas of acquiring two major weapons systems from Israel 7-3 control capabilities that it provides to the air quarter-ton truck and eight systems of this variety defense ar till y battalion were ordered This equipment will be assigned to La Popa and Golan Battalions Operator crew b f NIMROD The second system training is being conducted in Israel The deal is the NIM D antitank missile system composed apparently does not include a support spare parts of a launcher a fire control center the munitions package The NTMROD system will give COLAR a and a laser designator for missile guidance The long-range antitank capability to complement currange of the missile is 26 kilometers COLAR has rent tube-launched optically tracked wire-guided one 4-tube launcher mounted on an Mils five TOW weapons BY AUdIPaa4io2I OD R 7-4 --- I Chapter 8 Intelligence Gaps U U Chapter 3 Ground Forces the increased missions tactics and professionalism required for the counternarcotics and law enforceParagraph 3-Gb Specific information ment roles is la g about the training courses at the NCO tl tics academy This information would give a more aragraph 4-7 Information is lacking complete picture of NCO training requirements on support agencies for rations fuel ordnance medical services and transportation for Paragraph 3-7 Information is lacking the CM' These data are necessary for tracking supon th xrrent fuel requirements for the Colombian port foj-th paramilitary role of this police force Ground Forces and what entity provides it These data are crucial for predicting the readiness of the I'aragraph 4-10 Information is lacking armnedfo ces on th niforms rank and insignia for the CNP Data are required to not only describe the uniforms Paragraph 3-lOc Information is lackbut to note any similarities with the Army ing oiW'equirements to receive decorations Although a list of decorations is provided length of U Chapter 5 Ground Forces of Other Services-service combat non-combat experience and other Marine Corps factors are needed to fulfill this shortfall U Chapter 4 Paramilitary Forces agraph 5-2 Information is unavailable the 3d Marine Infantry Battalion and its Paragraph 4-5 Information is sketchy subordinate units and the prospects for making the on test doctrine and tactics used by the CNP - 2d Marine Brigade a reality These data would proin the counternarcotics campaign Data should be- - vide a more complete order-of-battle information available to fill this key gap in the current increase for the Colom ian Marine Corps COLMAR in manp ad missions accorded to the CNP - aragraph 4-B Information is incom- on thu 5 10 Information is lacking rms rank and insignia for the plete on the training courses for both enlisted men - COLMAR These data are required not only to and officers as well as key centers and schools for describe the uniforms but to note any similarities the CM' These data are valuable for understanding with the Navy - ByiN OUPA Audi Psm4'i02 2 O iR2 8-1 d liET U Chapter 7 Weapons and Equipment Data would provide an updated equipment list for ground and military forces to keep up with the aragraph 7-2 Information is incomexpansion of the force structure to meet insurgent plete on the Colombian Ground Force equipment and narcotrafficer threats yUS Mtttpara DOD I 8-2 - - Freedom of Information Act Privacy Act Deleted Page s Information Sheet Indicated below are one or more statements which provide a brief rationale for the deletion of this page has been withheld in its entirety in Information accordance with the following exemption s It is not reasonable to segregate meaningful portions of the record for release LII Information pertains solely to another individual'with no reference to you and or the subject of your request LII Information originated with another government agency It has been referred to them for review and direct response to yOu - Fill Information originated -with one or more government agencies We are coordinating to determine the releasability of the information under their purview Upon completion of our coordination we will advise you of their decision DELETED PAGE S NO DUPLICATION FEE FOR THIS PAGE Page s 69 7 IAGpA-csF Form 6-R i sep 93 77 - Freedom of Information Act -Privacy Act Deleted Page s Information Sheet Indicated below are one or more statements which provide a brief rationale for the deletion of this page Information has been withheld in its entirety in accordance with the following exemption s - U$C 552 b It is not reasonable to segregate meaningful portions of the record for release LII Information pertains solely to another individual'with no reference to you and or the subject of your request El Information originated with another government agency It has been referred to them for review and direct response to you - Eli Information originated -with one or more government agencies We are coordinating to determine the releasability of the information under their purview Upon completion of our coordination we will advise you of their decision DELETED PAGE S NO DUPLICATION FEE FOR THIS PAGE Page s U IAGpA-csF Form 6-R 1 Sep 93 - 4Part II Counterintelligence and Security ATC-RD-2600-063-90 Task Number 9031009C0K Department of the Army United States Army Intelligence Agency United States Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center Army Country Profile--Colombia Part II C NF Publication date Information cutoff date 31 December 1989 - National Security Information Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions Warning Noti - - COM POPPA Intelligence ces AIIm Nra 4 102 DOD 520 SR' or Metho volved Not Releasable to F Class' by MULTIPLE SOURCES Dec sify on OADR Nationals Not R le to Contractors tontractor Consultants Summary U Qv S WN Colombia's intelligence and security North Korea maintain embassies in Colombia the s ice is divided among three different organizasignals intelligence and imagery intelligence threat tions the Ministry of National Defense MOD the to US interests are low Colombian National Police CM' and the Department of Administrative Security DAS The - military intelligence services and the 20th JF Colombia has a tradition of democratic Intelligence and Counterintelligence Brigade wcivilian goverrunents and efficient management of subordinate to the MOD the CM' has dramatically the national economy amid a history of politically expanded their mission and force structure to comrelated violence Although the external threat to bat the narcotraflicker threat to the nation and the Colombia is minimal the domestic threats from DAS is the primary civilian security service equivinsurgent groups and narcotrafficker cartels-have alent to the US Federal Bureau of Investigation become more violent and protracted which shares the responsibility for domestic intern- Lk with the Army and the CM' j The Colombian Government is increasing curity to protect US personnel and interests durOther intelligence and security service ing the campaign against narcotrafficking Training its include the Military Household a semiand security assistance are the primary US military autonomous unit that has the responsibility of prosupport roles to the Colombian ground forces and tecting the President and his family and the the CNP US troops would be deployed to Hostage Rescue Task Force which is a multiservice Colombia only at the request of the Colombian military organization tasked with the rescue of hosGovernment Such troops may be an augmentation tages as a result of terrorist actions Al though the to a UN or Organization of American States task Soviet Union the People's Republic of China and force NOTE The reverse side of thia page is blank SECRET A Table of Contents U This list is UNCLASSIFIED Part Il--Intelligence and Security U Page Summary m List of Illustrations -m List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ix List of Place Names Chapter 9 Colombia's Intelligence and Security Services 9-1 Structure and Mission 9-1 9-2 Intelligence and Security Services 9-1 9-3 Key Personalities 9-7 9-4 Foreign Services 9-8 Chapter 10 Counterintelligence Situation 10-1 Operational Environment--Background 10-1 10-2 Threat 10-2 10-3 Outlook and Trends 10-2 Chapter 11 Intelligence Gaps 11-1 Bibliography Bib-i Distribution List Dist-1 NOTE The reverse mid of this page is blank -- d IhhIr - - List of Illustrations U This list is UNCLASSIFIED Figure Page 9-1 Colombia Structure of Security Forces 9-2 9-2 Organization of the Administrative Department of Security 9-3 9-3 National Police District Headquarters 9-6 NOTE The reverse side of this page i blank Vii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms U This list is UNCLASSIFIED B BRICI 20th Intelligence and Counterintelligence Brigade Brigada Inteligencia y Contrainteligencia C CAE Special Armed Corps Cuerpo Armado Especial CNP Colombian National Police COLAF Colombian Air Force COLAR Colombian Army COLNAV Colombian Navy CSTC Colombian Workers Trade Union Confederation Confederacion Sidical de Trabajadores de Colombia D D-2 Anned Forces Joint General Staff Intelligence Section Departamento de Inteligencia del Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas DAN Directorate of Antinarcotics DAS Dppartment of Administrative Security Depart am ento Administrativo de Seguridad DCSINT Deputy Chi f of Staff Intelligence DDB Department of Defense Bulletin E E-2 National Army Intelligence Section Departamento de Inteligencia del Ejercito Na ci on al ELINT Electronic Intelligence ELN National Liberation Army Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional EMA-2 Air Force Intelligence Section Departamento de Inteligencia de la Fuerza Area de Colombia EPL Popular Liberation Army Ejercito Popular de Libera ci on F F-2 National Police Intelligence Division Division de Investigacion Policia Judicial y Estadistica Criminal FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionario de Colombia List of Abbreviations and Acronyms continued U This list is UNCLASSIFIED - H HRTF Colombian Hostage Rescue Task Force HUMINT Human Intelligence IMINT l SS JIN JUCO M-2 M-19 Mu I Imagery Intelligence intelligence and security services J National Intelligence Board Junta de Inteligencia Nacional Communist Party Youth Organization Tuventud Comunista M Navy Intelligence Section Departamento de Inteligencia de Ia Armada Nacional 19th of April Movement Movimiento de 19 Abril military household - OAS FCC PLO PRC - P55 PSYOPS 0 Organization of American States P Colombian Communist Party Partido Comunista Colombiano Palestine Liberation Organization People's Republic of China Personal Security Service psychological operations R RIPOL - - international radio net - - S SG security group SIGINT - Signals Intelligence U UP Patriotic Union Union Patriotica qinIDEPI NOFORN List of Place Names U This list is UNCLASSIFIED Place Name Geographic Coordinates Apartado 0754N07639W Armenia 0431N07541W Barranquilla 1059N07448W Bogota 1024N07517W Buenaventura 1006N07503W Cali 0327N07631W Cartagena 1025N07530W Florencia 01 36N07536W La Florida 0321N07737W Leticia 0409S0695 7W Medellin 0613N07533W Miraflores 0530N07737W Pasto 0113N07717W Popayan 0227N07636W Puerto Asis 0030N07631W Rio Hacha 1133N07255W San Andres 0649N07558W San Jose del Guaviare 0235N07238W Santa Marta 1115N07414W Tulua 0406N07611W Tumaco 0150N07440W Turbo 0806N07643W Uribia 1025N07421W Valledupar 1029N07315W Villavicencio 0409N07337W NOTif The reverse side of this page is blank Chapter 9 Colombia's Intelligence and Security Services U 9-1 U Structure and Mission located throughout the country The CNP Director is a general officer subordinate to the Minister of Colombia's intelligence and itary control for joint operations and during periods National Defense The police are placed under milsecurity apparatus is divided among three different of national emergency The CNP is responsible for organizations the Ministry of National Defense law enforcement and is functionally organized by the Colombian National Police CNP and the mission into specialties ranging from antiguerrilla Department of Administrative S irit3r DAS to railway police The service has three specialized military intelligence services including the inteffi- forces the Carabi neros a service-oriented rural gence directorate of the CM' are subordinate to the corps the Grenaderos a counterinsurgency corps Ministry of National Defense The DAS shares with and designated riot control units stationed in major the Army and CNP the responsibility for domestic cities The CNP became the principal drug enforceintelligence The DAS is a semi-autonomous ment agency in 1980 organization under the jurisdiction of the President The DAS collects investigates and acts on information related to national security The DAS 9-2 U Intelligence- and Security is equivalent to the US Federal Bureau of InvestigaServices tion in that it is chartered to collect intelligence protect citizens maintain public order and provide a U Military the general national security see figures 9-land 9-2 - 1 The National Intelligence -- more tha -Board Junta d Fil ligencia Nacional--JIN is com- b The CNP a volunteer force with posed of the military intelligence chiefs the CNP 000 members constitutes the uniformed civilian service of the Colombian Armed Intelligence Chief and the Chief of the DAS This board is reportedly paralleled by similar regional Forces It is headquartered in Bogota with depart- boards throughout the country The JIN is responmental headquarters and subordinate districts sible to the Minister of National Defense and is 9-1 Y USAINSCOM P01 PA NOFORN SEcURI L ZC I TIDNS ANALYSIS AND ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM OFFICE COORDINATION EVALUATION JUDICIAL OFFICE ASSISTANCE OFFICE Figure 9-1 U Colombia Structure of Secu y Forces T NF nominally supervised by the National Security services The D-2 plans coordinates produces Council a cabinet-level council including the and disseminates intelligence among the three miiiPresident JIN representatives reportedly exchange tary services The D-2 also collects external inteffiinFormation routinely and meet weekly to disgence as it is responsible for collecting and analyzseniinate intelligence update requirements and ing intelligence pertinent to countries that are coordinate activities considered strategically important to Colombia These countries include Venezuela Brazil Ecuador Bolivia Peru Panama Nicaragua El 2 ' The Armed Forces Joint SalvaAor an4 Honduras General Staff mfelligence Section D-2 Departamento de Inteligencia del Comando - 3j The National Army Intelligence Conjunto de las Fuerzas Aimadas is responsible Sectio -2 Departamento de Inteligencia del - for supervising all Colombian military intelligence Ejercito Nacional is the principal military - 9-2 ADMINISTRATiVE DEPARTMENT OF RURAL SECURTY SECURITY EVALUATION OFFICE SERVICE CHIEF JUDICIAL OffiCE ANALYSIS AND PROGRAM OfFICE DEPUTY CHIEF Of OPERATIONS COORDINATION ASSISTANCE DEPUlY CHIEF Of ADMINISTRATION VISITORS JUDICIAL POLICE DIVISION PUBLIC TECHNICAL ALIEN ORDER CRIMINAL owisi s DMSION SENTIFICATION DMSIDN PERSONNEL BUDGET DIVISION DIVISION GENERAL SERVICES PRELIMINARY REGIONAL CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATION AFFAIRS LABORATORY SECTION SERVICE SECTION SECTION PERSONNEL EXECUTiON CONIMIlTEE AND CONTROL CRIMES AGAINSF PEOPLE GROUP RECRUITMENT AND PRELIMINARY FINGERPRINTS IDENTIFICATION INVESTIGATION AND AND REGISTRATION SERVICE GRAPHOLOGY GROUPS CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY GROUP VARIOUS CRIMES GROUP SECRET WATCH GROIIP BALLISTICS SECURITY GROUP GROUP AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY SOCIAL AND SECURITY PHOTOGRAPHY GROUP CHEMISTRY AND PERSONNEL PHYSICS SECURITY GROUP CRIMINAL ARCHIVES SECTION DETENTION ROOMS IDENTIFICATION SECTION REVIEW AND EXPEDITION Of CERTIFICATES GROUP NON-CRIMINAL ARCHIVE CRIMINAL ARCHIVES Figure 9-2 U Organization of the Administrative Department of Security 3Y WA S OM POX PA Aetr 4OD P52O9 tR' 93 NOFORN organization responsible for intelligence collection contact only with the division commanders and the and analysis for the Colombian Army In addition division S-2s to counterintelligence the E-2 is responsible for countersubversion cryptography fingerprint idenb U b o1 bi an National Police tification and iailit ry and civilian security 1 The National Police Intelligence Division Whe National Police Intelligence 4 The Air Force Intelligence Division F-2 Division de Investigacion Policia Section EMA- F Departamento de Inteligencia de Judicial yEstadistica Criminal shares responsibilIa Fuerza Area de Colombia is responsible for proity for intelligence on internal security with DAS viding aerial surveillance of coastal and border regions to detect contraband and illegal arms shipand military intelligence branches - -- ments The EMA-2 also provides security to Air 2 U Direrlorate of Antinarcotics Force persounelynd materiel iQ a The Directorate of AntiThe Navy Intelligence narcotics DAN is inanded by a brigadier genSection M-2 Jpartamento de Inteligencia de Ia eral a colonel as deputy and a small headquarters Armada Nacional controls contraband and 811115 staff Prior to the August 1989 Colombian narcotics entering Colombia from port areas of neighboring campaign the DAN received approximately US$9 5 countries The M-2 also monitors the social and million in training and materiel from the US each political activities in Colombian ports year All staff functions intelligence administration and logistics and operations are conducted by 6 U The 20th Intelligence and a 64-man staff see chapter 3 for additional inforCounterintelligence Brig p mation jj aV The Colombian Army's b The intelligence staff per COLAR 20th Int ence and Counterintelligence forms collection lysis and counterintelligence Brigade Brigada Inteligencia y Contrainteligencia-- functions with 22 men The intelligence staff coopBRICI consists of four intelligence battalions one erates closely with the US embassy The DAN in support of each COLAR division Each intelliintelligence staff has direct control of 14 intelligence battalion has three collection companies one gence collection groups of 5 men each These are in support of each brigade in the division The located in Bogota Barranquilla Cartagena BRICI has one copnte' telligence battalion Valledupar Santa Marta Medellin Armenia Cali Buenaventura Florencia Leticia San Andres b F Authorized personnel Apartado and lhipaco strength for the is 83 officers 312 noncommissioned officers NCO 95 enlisted personnel cPf j The DAN logistics staff and 350 civilians Each collection company has 3 performs all logist dministrative and personnel officers 9 NCQs and 15 civilians The COLAR functions They also have communications responintelligence school is a subordinate unit of the 20th sibility for one international radio net RIPOL as BRICI The school is authorized 12 officers 16 well as national-level tactical nets with field units NCOs and 7 civilians The school staff is augLogistics continues to be a major shortcoming of mented with one petty officer from the Colombian - the DAN as it is the least prestigious and least effiNavy COLNAV two officers from the Colombian - cient of staff functions Air Force COLAF an one officer and one NCQ --- LA - from the CM' - d he operations staff controls 15 tactical companies develops plans c I The 20th BRICI is funfor field operations such as lab raids and directs damentally design or covert operations All pereradication efforts Each tactical company consists sonnel work undercover and in civilian clothes of approximately 100 men and 4 officers--the majorThe intelligence battalion commanders maintain ity of whom are high-caliber national service con- USAINSCOM FOX PA -1 Auth Nra 4402 DOD 20 SR' RN ational zones under the command of a major are sible for providing the inner ring for presidential located in Santa Marta Rio Hacha Uribia Valledupar Turbo Apartado Villavicencio San protection until 1982 when then-President Bentacur assigned this function to the Military Jose del Guaviare Mirafiores Florencia Puerto Household MB Asis Pasto Popayan Thlua and La Florida see K figure 9-3 4 5 Security detail princi 3 U The Elite Corps The Special pals dignitarie e refused to let protective operArmed Corps Cuerpo Armado Especial-CAE of ations interfere with their lifestyle or convenience the CNP was established on 19 April 1989 and is and therefore have had a negative effect on the more commonly referred to as the Elite Corps The DAS's Personal Se nt r p e PSS group was originally formed with 250 qualified 5 S ' While the DAS is a policemen and given the responsibility for combatmajor producer o iigence the Division of ing the armed elements of the drug cartels The approximately 1 000 Protection created its own intelligence section in CAE has been expanded to the fall of 1989 The Division of Protection is members The CAB was responsible for the December 1989 operation that resulted in the death barely functional because its office was nearly of Medellin Cartel kingpin Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez destroyed in the December 1989 bombing of DAS Gacha headquarters This division provides liffle formal intelligence or te rorist surveillance information c U Department of Administrative regarding government officials Security d U Other Intelligence and Security 1 S The DAS is the Services civilian security ice that investigates offenses against the security of the state and other crimes of 1 d-January 1990 the Ministry of runal Defense created a new pernational importance It also controls immigration sonal protection unit The 51-man unit was created and movement of aliens within Colombia DAS as a direct response to the attempted assassination internal functions include suppressing subversion of Minister of National Defense Manuel Jaime surveilling foreign officials and visitors investigat- Guerrero Paz The unit is designed to provide ing crimes against the public administration and bodyguards and security to the Minister his family controlling foreign residents and other high-ranking officials under his command The unit includes 1 officer as unit com 2 U According to open source mander 27 NCQs acting as bodyguards 16 police reporting DAS Director General Maza announced agents and 7 civilian drivers A 15-man element of the reorganization of the DAS in May 1987 and this unit was observed by US embassy personnel created security antiterrorist and antiexplosives who it's performance as poor special commands as well as intelligence centers in Cali Cucuta Medellin and Bogota The Intern The MB a semi-autogence Directorate of the DAS is responsible for nomous uni the Presidential Palace is political social and eqonomic strategies that the responsible for protecting the President and his guerriLlas target --- wife children and grandchildren The MB consists of two main units presidential aides majors - of the 3 S VN The Division of Protec- - - - from the Army Air Force CNP and a lieutenant - tion DAS otects all personsdesignated by commander from the Navy and the security the Colombian Government including the group SG that actually protects the President President Although the DAS is tasked with proThe MB commander is an Army colonel and viding all official protective services the demand his deputy is an Army lieutenant colonel They - outpaces the agency's capabilities As a result the closely supervise the SG and also function as CM' also provides a large share of VIP protective aides The deputy supervises the three-man services The DAS was constitutionally responPresidential Protection Intelligence Unit 9 5 --------------- - - - -- - -- - 74 NETHERLANDS -- ANTILLES - K -- - - 12- DAN Antinorcotica Directorate DAN Field Company SEA - -Piohachaz Colon lon Natlond Police -- Colombicli National Police Bari-ancRA 4 - -- Dietriot Heodquatere Cien I t Speolol Air Polio - - Air Deployment 6 Cal-lagen - - Maracaibo DAN kitellgenoe lkilt - - ToI 1 WILLEMSTAD 1-I-3 - -- XI - AN l -N-'--AN PA CIFI C COLOMBIA R Naliorial caoilal Railroad - 0 50 100 150 N-k- ___________________ -- I - 0 80 100 1bi K Iomete s - e-a 32K- ' PERU - RA 78 I - BOUNDARY RERRESEN TION - NOt NECESSARILY UTUORtTAYIVE Figure 9-3 National Police District Headquarters 9-6 BYUSA CQM Aurii Para it 2 iJ 003R CcA ly assigned Personnel from all Intelligence Cauca Police Department 196 1-62 three services to the SG While Chief of Intelligence Barranquilla Police 1964-66 there is no selection process approximately a third Chief F-2 CNP Headquarters Bogota 1979-80 of them have received formal protection training CM' Attache to Peru 1980 Chief F-2 CM' HeadThe Presidential Protection Intelligence Unit is curquarters 1983 Chief DAS 1985 to present GEN rently bimted to an investigative role and has been Maza has been described as a no-nonsense comquite successful in carrying out censuses and backmander with a strong background in police work ground investigations on the neighborhoods near and intelligence He is apolitical by nature a the presidential residei deeply conservative individual and a law-and 4 WN The Colombian Hostage order ideologue He is pro-US_and responsive to Rescue Task Force HRTF is a multiservice millUS personnel tary organization tasked with rescuing hostages taken as a result of terrorist actions The unit is b F BG Antonio Gomez Padilla is composed of 51 enlisted and NCO personnel and the DirecEof the CNP BG Gomez received a 13 officers The breakdown consists of one eleMasters Degree in Education Administration from ment 15 NCO and 3 officers from the Colombian the Federal University in Brasilia and attended the Army one from the Air Force one from the Navy Investigators Course at the International Police and one from the CNIR The unit is under the comAcademy in Washuington DC He also reportedly mand of an Anny major with an Anny captain as has an advanced degree from the Superior School the executive officer with a dual chain of com- mand The HRTF responds to the Armed Forces of Public Administration in Technical AdministraCommander however during a crisis involving tion He served as the CNP attache in Panama from hostage taking the HRTF then comes under the 1980 to198 i Joint Command and directly under the Minister of Defense The unit is highly trained and can conc Y BG Hernando Camio Zuniga duct day or night operations in any of the country's Chaparro heen the Chief Armed Forces Joint urban environments The HRTF is equipped with General Staff Intelligence since December 1988 numerous vehicles that are used for both troop His civilian education background is in law and deployment and operations One HRTF truck political science International training and educaserves as a photography lab and another serves as tion include the Military Intelligence Course and an audio video suyveillance pOst the Command General Staff Course from the US sK e S N fWN Relationship Among Army School of the Americas He was the Assistant Army Attache to the US from 1983 to Intelligenc Security Services Liaison 1984 and was simultaneously a student at the Interrelationships among the various Colombian intelliAmerican Defense College at Ft McNair gence services are reportedly not good The DAS Washington DC BG Zuniga has the possibility for CNP and the military are reluctant to share inteffifuture promotions and higher-level assignments gence information and resources Interservice rivalries and problems involving competition for His current position is considered the counterpart to the Director Defense Intelligence Agency He is scarce resources have led to accusations of ineptitude and corruption with one service attempting to - very pro-US and extremely interested in intelliundennine the others - -- gence exchang s with the US -- - - - d COL Luis Urbina Sanchez has 9-3 U Personalities been the C f Army Intelligence since December' 19 88 COL Urbina is the Deputy Chief of Staff EN Miguel Maza Marquez has Intelligence DCSINT counterpart He has been been Chief o e DAS since 1985 GEN Maza has described as pro-US anticommunist and a had an extensive intelligence career in law enforceColombian nationalist in general terms He is nonment Intelligence assignments include Chief of - partisan in domestic political affairs COL Urbina - 9-7 NOFORN has an outstanding military reputation and is well include the Colombia Peace Council the respected by subordinates peers and superiors Communist Party Youth Organization Juventud He was selected for his current position by Armed Corn unista--JUCO and the Colombian Workers Forces Commander GEN Mejia COL Urbina is a Trade Union Confederation Confederacion Sidical deep thinker who puts policies into practice and de Co bia-CSTC has been characterized as upright with strong mor 3 us People's Republic of China als and ethics His wife Martha Claudia Trujillo The People's R ublic of China PRC established Restrepo de Urbina is the second cousin to the curdiplomatic relations with Colombia in 1981 with rent Colombian Minister of Foreign Affairs Julio an official representation of approximately 20 Londono COL Urbina and his wife are also related members The PRC mission in Bogota covers Cento former Colombian Government ministers and tral America and Andean regional affairs Chinese local politicians however both steadfrsUy refuse propaganda reaches Colombia through Radio to use fhmily connections to promote his career Peking and through lecture tours sports teams COL Urbina has been described as an intelligent sponsorship and cultural exchange activities sponand mission-oriented perfectionist who grasps sored through the Chinese-Colombo Friendship concepts quickly and is very direct He also p08organization that as rx ed in 1978 sesses excellent oral and written communications skills COL Urbina was selected for brigade com 4 tfWN Cuba Colombia severed diplom relations with Cuba in 1981 mand and will depart for this position in the near because of Cuban training of 19th of April Movefuture His designated replacement is COL Gil ment M-19 guerrillas however certain segments Commander of the Intelligence Brigade COL Gil of the Colombian Government favor restored recoghas 20 years of experience in intelligence COL nition of Cuba Cuba continues to exert influence Urbina holds COL Gil in high regard and believes on Colombian guerrilla groups especially the that his experience in intelligence will have a posi- National Liberation Army Ejercito de Libera ci on tive effect on Colombian Anny Intelligence Nacional--ELN Castro who takes immense pride in being an internationalist revolutionary will con9-4 U Foreign Services tinue to provide support and assistance to any Colombian in e t group that seeks his guidance C munist Countries 5 S C The Palestine Liberation Or ation The Palestine Liberation Organization O has been attempting to gain the nicians or advi ' countries 1980s I V 1 General No inilitai'y techofficial recognition of Colombia since the midpresently in Colombia and no Colombian personnel have traveled to communist countries to receive 6 North Korea In military training August 1985 th rth Korean Government sent a three-man delegation to Colombia to attend a meet 2 Soviet Union As of June ing of the PCC This delegation reportedly made 1988 Soviet r 'sentation in Colombia consists of attempts to establish ties with th Liberal Party - - - - 67 diplomatic staff journalism and trade repre- - They left behind 30 boxes of communist propasentatives The Soviets are known to have had - ganda - Also several cultural organizations are contact with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of - - suspected of acting as North Korean front organizaA Colombia Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionario de tions located in Colombia under the guise of culColombia--FARC through its parent organization tural programs and exchanges The Latin American the Communist Party of Colombia Partido and Caribbean Committee for the Reunification of Comunista Colombiano-PCC The Soviets supKorea and the Colombian-Korean Institute for port the PCC with funds travel and training in Cultural Programs and Exchanges are two such return for support of the Soviet line of peaceful organizations Colombia and the Democratic coexistence Soviet front groups in Colombia People's Republic of Korea established diplomatic - 9-c i 0 %- - 9 relations at the ambassadorial level in October b U Re ional 1988 JJJ 1 SI TWN Colombia maintains intelligence on relationships with its 7 7 E Nicaragua Official hemispheric neighbors and has initiated a series of Sandinista pres ' Colombia is maintained bilateral agreements with them The intelligence through its embassy in Bogota The diplomatic rep- agreements with Venezuela appear to be valid on the surface however the Venezuelans are reluctant resentation is small as Colombia is not considered by the Nicaraguans to be a priority country The to share intelligence with Colombia for operational embassy consists of the ambassador a counselor security reasons i-L1 two secretaries one unidentified individual one domestic and one journalist with the Nicaraguan 2 S WN Venezuelan intelliNews Agency None of the embassy personnel is a gence is quite actiWim Colombia Venezuelan known or suspected intelligence officer Directorate of Military Intelligence personnel assigned to Colombia report on the internal situation--the opposition subversion insurgency and QUA narcotics problems--rather than focusing on the hostile 8 5 Threat to US The sig- Colombian Gover'nment as previously directed nals intelligence GINT and imagery intelligence The Venezuelans consider Colombia's deteriorating IMINT intelligence collection threat to US domestic situation of paramount importance to interests in Colombia appears to be a low to security of their ommon border medium one primarily from Soviet Cuban and Nicaraguan sources The Soviets Cubans and 3 C WN The intelligence Sandinistas may collect SIGINT against the US and relationship bet n Colombia and the US is Colombia from sites in Cuba and Nicaragua embasimproving as the Barco Administration continues sies and commercial activities in Panama a variety its anti-drug campaign General Zuniga was of seaborne platforms Cubana and Aerofiot planes extremely impressed with the Central America and Soviet electronic intelligence ELINT satelJoint Intelligence Team when he toured the facility lites Soviet IMINT satellites may collect data at and was interested in obtaining similar support for virtually any overpass of Colombia Colombia B USAJNSCO q FOX PA - AYItII Nra 4102 DOD 52U R' 4- -- NOTa The reveene aIde of thIs page Ia blank - 99 Chapter 10 Counterintelligence Situation U 10-1 U Operational Environment-term While peace was restored the power brokers provided few avenues for political access for the Background growing lower and middle classes This political arrangement also created an environment condua U Colombia has an established tradicive to the birth and growth of communist insurtion of civilian government and regular free elec- gencies Colombia currently has 4 recognized insurtons Two major political parties the gent groups with an estimated 8 500 to 9 500 armed Conservatives and the Liberals have dominated guerrillas Colombian politics since the republic was formed in the early 1800s Leftist parties including the c V Colombia is confronting numerCommunist Party of Colombia have rarely ous do fic threats as President Barco completes obtained more than a few percentage points of total his term Although the M-19 has agreed to abanvotes cast In mid-1985 the pro-Soviet don the armed struggle and join in the political Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia estabprocess to achieve change the other Colombian lished the Patriotic Union Union Patriotica-UP as insurgencies remain active Moreover Colombia its poli icalp rty faces an almost insurmountable threat from numerous organizations involved in illicit narcotics b7 'J Colombia has had a history of production and exportation The Medellin and politic ated violence during the 20th century Cali cartels as well as other related subgroups - -- - From 1W48 to 1957 the Colombian civil war known have successfully intimidated the judiciary and asLa Violencia claimed between 250 000 and haye made allies in other branches of the -300 000 lives National political dominance fueled - Colombian Government - this civil strife between the traditional Conservative and Liberal parties Hostilities ceased when the Altemacion yParidad Accord was adopted d President Barco's toughest task This agreement created a political system whereby - has been iintaining the will to sustain the strugall elected offices were distributed equally between gle against the narcotraffickers despite violence the parties with the office of President alternating threats offers of negotiation and opposition pollbetween the Liberal and Conservative banner every tics Barco has been able to maintain an adequate 10-1 Aud1Para4'I02DODS2O ' q7 NOFORN level of public support for his counternarcotics developed the Patriotic Union as its own legitimate campaign As the Colombians grow tired of the political party The M-19 known for spectacular violence this support could decline with the urban terrorist actions has a negotiated peace advent of Colombian presidential election schedagreement with the government The settlement uled for May 1990 provided for disarming the group under Socialist International supervision and reintegrating the M19 into Colombian politics in exchange for a constie In February 1990 President tutional reform bill The ELN has been the most Barco invit the presidents of the US Bolivia and active group recently while the FARC and the Peru to Cartagena Colombia to participate in the Popular Liberation Anny Ejercito Popular de Andean Drug Summit While the summit can be Liberacion--EPL have agreed to negotiate with the considered a success the sensitivities of the Latin Colombian Government Nothing indicates that American presidents were obvious President Alan these groups are willing to genuinely join the peace Garcia Perez of Peru threatened not to attend folprocess lowing the US military operation JUST CAUSE in Colombia sal December 1989 President Paz Zamora of Bolivia b External The external threat wanted the sununit to focus on the economic implito Colombia and Venezuela cations of the drug trade and President Barco and have not reached a settlement regarding the dishis government were publicly offended at the US puted offshore and possibly oil-rich boundary area decision to station US naval vessels off the in the Gulf of Venezuela Although both countries Colombian coast deploy important elements of forces along their common border neither one wishes to alter the 10-2 U Threat status quo and they maintain a dialogue about mutual problems in the area Nicaraguan claims to the San Andres and Providencia Islands long a LI Domestic claimed and controlled by Colombia are another potential threat Colombia fears that the Sandinista 14 'The threat to US personnel government may forcibly occupy these islands and facilities' a stems from narcotraffickerr and guerrilla groups the threat remains serious 10-3 U Outlook and Trends Although the majority of terrorist and insurgent attacks are conducted against the economic infrastructure and Colombian Government military and a U Current Environment police facilities attacks against US interests continue Approximately 90 percent of all anti-US 1 Colombia is currently terrorist attacks from 1985 to 1989 were directed engaged in a ma ounternarcotics campaign against US business interests primarily petroleum against the Medellin drug cartel following the companies Most of these attacks were low-level August 1989 assassination of presidential candiharassment bombings not designed to inffict casudate Senator Galan The traffickers have carried alties out indiscriminate public bombings designed to weaken public support for President Barco's drug Government 2 The Colombian crackdown ently confronting threats on sev- - --- -eral domestic fronts The existence of well 2 1 ' The US responded to the organized and ideologically committed guerrilla heightened inr nt and narcotics threat with an groups has plagued the Colombian Government in immediate infusion of $65 million of assistance varying degrees since the early 1960s The FARC and $161 million of Export-Import Bank guarantees presents the most direct threat to the Government for Colombian military purchases The drug cartels as it is the oldest and strongest of the groups The can be expected to increase their level of attacks FARC has its original leaders and this group has against US interests as they perceive US actions 10-2 - 102 rm 5Y 9 R' support President Barco's counternarcotics camers The threat becomes more critical in light of the paign sophisticated Sandinista Cuban and indigenous 3 The Colombian against US deployment The insurgents and nar- assistance dmobile security mea ures insurgent capabilities that would be intensified Government take increased cotraffickers have demonstrated the ability to infllto US military activity associated with trate and penetrate government services and installations monitor and exploit COLAR commudeli r nications and conduct successful psychological 4 Colombian military and operations against the COLAR and other governsecurity are no stitutionally corrupt however ment objectives some individuals are suspect 3 The Colombian inteffib U Expected Environment in the gence and secu services I SS like the Anned Forces are generally pro-US and would likely supEvent of US Deployment port and cooperate with the US military They would probably pool their resources provide 1N Large-scale deployment of US assessments augment physical security form the troops to Colo a would likely be at the invitation cadre and guides for aerial support for tactical of the host government and such deployment may intelligence and implement available human intelaugment a UN or Organization of American States ligence HUMINT and SIGINT collection security force Under such circumstances a majorresponsive to US needs Nonetheless subversive ity of leaders in Colombia especially in the milipenetration of the Colombian I SS would threaten tary and public security arenas would be amenable US personnel and plans US military officials to and would coordi iate US military deployment would have to apply a unilateral system to test and kk validate Colombian I SS personnel and other local 2 W In the event of a complete nationals involved with US forces breakdown of i ry and security control US Compartinentation must be maintained without forces would be subject to hostile actions by the losing the respect and cooperation of key Colombian insurgents alone or-be augmented by Colombian officials US on-site training and guidregular or volunteer Cuban Nicaraguan or other ance would be required for both short- and longLatin American leftist combatants or narcotraffickterm intelligence and security objectives - -ON Aud1pga4 1O2DODS2O 1R' 10-3 NOTE The reverse sIde of thIs page is blank - I Chapter 11 Intelligence Gaps U U Chapter 9 Colombia's Intelligence ties of hostile or friendiy nations within Colombia and Securit y$ervices Continuous information is needed on the status of infiltrations or penetrations of the various I SS Paragraph 9-2 Continuous informaorganizations tiorm needed on the organization capabilities and leadership of the various I SS to the lowest operational level Particulars are needed on the structure U Chapter 10 Counterintelligence and nature of the Colombian intelligence exchange Situation and cooperation with other countries - Biographic and institutional assessments are required to evaluate the further cooperation and contribution the aragraphs 10-1 10-2 and 10-3 Colombian services would provide to deployed US C ous information is required on the military forces amid political chaos imminent victory by political economic sociological and foreign relasur ency or invasion by hostile forces tions factors that impact on the viability of the Barco and future elected governments-the degree of 94 Detailed information cooperation among subversive groups and the is needed on the intelligence presence and activiextent of internal opposition - - 8Yi1 iis j GY2 - 11 1 NOTE The revermeeld of thIs page Im blank Freedom of Information Act Privacy Act Deleted Page s Information Sheet Indicated below are one or more statements which provide a brief rationale for the deletion of this page -- - Information has been withheld in its entirety in accordance with -the following exemption s - It is not reasonable to segregate meaningful -portions of the record for release LIII Information pertains solely to another individual with no reference to you and or the subject of your request LIII Information originated with another government agency It has been referred to them for review and direct response to you - LIII Information originated -with one or more government agencies We are coordinating to determine the releasability of the information under their purview Upon completion of our coordination we will advise you of their decision DELETED PAGE S NO DUPLICATION FEE FOR THIS PAGE Page s IAGpA-csF Form 6-R 1 Sep 93 1 - My Part Military Geography Part IV Medical Intelligence PartV Operations This document is from the holdings of The National Security Archive Suite 701 Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street NW Washington D C 20037 Phone 202 994-7000 Fax 202 994-7005 nsarchiv@gwu edu