Doctrine for Command Control ommunications and Computer C4 Systems Support to Joint Operations This publication is the keystone document for C4 systems support to joint operations and provides guidelines to our commanders regarding automated information systems and networks A vast array of information underpinned by joint doctrine is utilized to employ combat power across the broad range of military operations Command control communications and computer C4 networks and systems provide the means to joint forces Improved interoperability greater reliability and enhanced security achieved through rapid advances in information technology are essential for effective command and control as we enter the let Century Automated information systems and networks provide the predominant source from which the war ghter generates receives shares and utilizes information The of advanced C4 capabilities and sound doctrine leads to battlespaCe knowledge essential to success in con ict OHN M SHALIKASHVILI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff PREFACE 1 Scope This publication is the keystone document for the command control communications and computer C4 systems series of publications Subordinate publications provide more detailed technical discussions of C4 systems This publication identi es approved doctrine for C4 systems support to joint operations and outlines the responsibilities of Services agencies and combatant commands with respect to ensuring effective C4 support to commanders It addresses how C4 systems support the commanders of joint forces in the conduct of joint operations including in general terms how systems are to be con gured deployed and employed 2 Purpose This publication sets forth doctrine to govern the joint activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations as well as the doctrinal basis for US military involvement in multinational and interagency operations It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders and prescribes doctrine for joint operations and training It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the joint force commander JF C from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall mission 3 Application a Doctrine and guidance established in this publication apply to the commanders of combatant commands subuni ed commands joint task forces and subordinate components of these commands These principles and guidance also may apply when signi cant forces of one Service are attached to forces of another Service or when signi cant forces of one Service support forces of another Service b The guidance in this publication is authoritative as such this doctrine will be followed except when in the judgment of the circumstances dictate otherwise If con icts arise between the contents of this publication and the contents of Service publications this publication will take precedence for the activities of joint forces unless the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff normally in coordination with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has provided more current and speci c guidance Commanders of forces operating as part of a multinational alliance or coalition military command should follow multinational doctrine and guidance rati ed by the United States For doctrine and procedures not rati ed by the United States commanders should evaluate and follow the multinational command s doctrine and procedures whereapplicable w Preface Intentionally Blank ii Joint Pub 6-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 0 Background 0 Basic Doctrine for C4 Systems I-7 CHAPTER II C4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES - General - C4 Principles II-4 - C4 Principles for Joint and Multinational Operations II-9 - C4 Architectures and Interfaces II-10 - Decision Support Systems II-14 CHAPTER 111 C4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT CONFIGURATION PLANS AND RESOURCES - Employment - Assistance and Coordination - C4 Systems Con guration 0 C4 Systems Plans 0 C4 Systems Resources CHAPTER IV C4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES - CJ CS Responsibilities - Combatant Commander Responsibilities - Military Department Responsibilities IV-2 0 Service and USCINCSOC Responsibilities and C4 Organizations IV-2 - DOD Agency Responsibilities - Responsibilities of the JTF Establishing Authority IV-14 - CJTF Responsibility - The TF Director of C4 Systems J-6 Responsibilities IV-15 0 Joint Communications Support Element Responsibilities IV-15 - DISA Liaison Of cer Responsibilities Table of Contents CHAPTER - JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES - Standardization V-l Military Communications-E1ectronics Board MCEB V-2 Joint and Allied Publications V-2 CHAPTER VI GLOBAL C4 INFRASTRUCTURE The Nature of the Global Information Environment National Communications System VI-2 'Defense Information Systems Network t VI-2 - 'Global Commargl and Control System National Military Command System VI-S Command VI-7 APPENDIX A References A-l Administrative Instructions B-l GLOSSARY Part1 Abbreviations and Acronyms Part II Terms and De nitions GL-4 FIGURE I-l Information and Command and Control 1-2 I-2 C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support 1-3 I-3 The Cognitive Hierarchy I-4 I-4 Information Quality Criteria I-5 I-5 Real Time Battlespace Information I-6 1-6 Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems Basic Communications System 11-2 11-2 C4 Principles 11-4 11-3 The Evolution of C41 for the Warrior 11-11 11-4 The Grid II-12 Mandatory C4 Capabilities C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders US Army Information Systems Command IV-4 Representative Theater Army Tactical Con gurations IV-6 IV-3 Naval Communications Structure IV-7 IV-4 US Air Force C4 Organizational Structure IV-8 US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview iv Joint Pub 6-0 Table of Contents IV-6 Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone Communications Structure IV-ll Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture VI-3 VI-2 Basic Worldwide Military Command and Control System Elements VI-5 Table of Contents Intentionally Blank Vi Joint Pub 6-0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OVERVIEW - Describes the Role of Command Control Communications and Computer C4 Systems 0 Outlines Objectives and Components 0 Provides Basic C4 Systems Principles Explains C4 Systems Configuration and Infrastructure Discusses the Planning Process and Employment Responsibilities 0 Outlines Joint and Multinational Standardization and Procedures C0vers the Global C4 Infrastructure Command control communications and computer C4 systems include both the communications and computer systems required to implement the command and control process The Role of C4 Systems A command and control support C28 system which includes supporting command control communications and computer C4 systems is the joint force commander s JF principal tool used to collect transport process disseminate and protect data and information C4 systems are the information exchange and decision support within the total force CZS system C4 systems are based upon the continuous need for information to support the IF C s operations The JFC controls the C28 system to ensure that data and information get to the right place on time and in a form that is quickly usable by its intended recipients and generates appropriate actions In this regard C4 systems play a critical role in the processing ow and quality of data supporting information requirements throughout the joint force Vii Executive Summary The fundamental objective of C4 systems is to get the critical and relevant information to the right place at the right time Terminal Devices Transmission Media C4 Systems Objectives C4 systems must provide authorities at all levels and functions with timely and adequate data and information to plan direct and control their activities including operations intelligence logistics personnel and administration Speci c objectives include Produce Unity of Effort C4 systems should help a military force and its supporting elements to combine the thoughts and impressions of multiple commanders and key war ghters to allow the views of many experts to be brought to bear on any given task Exploit Total Force Capabilities C4 systems must be planned as extensions of human senses and processes to help the commanders form perceptions make decisions and react This allows commanders to be effective during high-tempo operations Properly Position Critical Information C4 systems must be able to respond quickly to requests for information and to place and maintain that information where it is needed Information Fusion Fusing of information produces a picture of the battlespace that is accUrate and meets the needs of war ghters If they have concise relevant accurate and timely information unity of effort is improved and uncertainty is reduced This enables the force as a whole to exploit opportunities and ght smarter C4 Systems and Networks C4 systems include the following major components Terminal devices such as telephones fax machines and computers are the most recognizable components of most C4 systems Generally speaking terminal devices transform information from forms comprehensible to the war ghter into a format for electronic transmission or Vice-versa Transmission media connect terminal devices There are three basic electronic transmission media radio including space based systems metallic wire and ber- optic cable Paths may be point-to-point if established Joint Pub 6-0 Executive Summary Switches and Control The C4 systems components provide access to Networks There are several basic enduring principles that govern the employment of C4 systems in support of the joint forces commander between just two users or they may be point-to-multipoint if the same path serves a community of subscribers Switches route traffic through 'a network of transmission media Switching may be manual or automatic it may serve local subscribers or perform area network functions There are basically two types of switches circuit and message Circuit switches generally support telephone traf c while message switches process data transmission There are two basic levels of control network and nodal Network control provides management of area regional theater or global networks Its principle focus is in the management and configuration of long haul transmission media and switching centers transporting and routing bulk data between nodal facilities Nodal control is concerned with the management of local C4 systems Its principal focus is in the switching systems and terminal devices supporting warriors at 10cations such as command centers or C2 facilities Networks are formed when terminal devices and transmission media are inter-connected with switching equipment to ensure that information voice imagery data or message is transported to appropriate locations The networks that result from open systems architectures are called information grids They allow warriors to gain access to process and transport information in near real time to anyone else on the network Information grids are computer controlled networks that provide virtual connectivity on the demand of the warrior they support local and area network operations They are also the basic components of larger grid networks that support regional theater and ultimately a global grid that is also referred to as the infosphere C4 Principles The foundation for C4 is the continuous uninterrupted ow and processing of information in support of warrior planning decision and execution must have C4 systems that are interoperable exible responsive mobile disciplined survivable and sustainable Information must be made accessible In general the value of information increases with the number of users C4 principles for joint and multinational operations are complex and bring together diverse military organizations to operate as one force Specific principles for joint and ix Executive Summary multinational operations are 1 establish liaison early 2 leverage limited C4 resources 3 standardize operating principles 4 agree on policy in advance of war 5 use US interpreters and 6 use common systems Employment The employment authority The most important guiding principle for C4 systems in and responsibilities of the support of employment is that they be designed to support combatant commanders wartime scenarios C4 systems planners must continually include control review prioritize and choose from among the individual joint and and coordination of Service system capabilities that support different needs in assigned C4 resources and different con ict levels across the range of military operations actions affecting such However the joint environment calls for designated joint resources within the systems Con ict levels impose different and sometimes geographic or functional contentious requirements on the C4 systems that support them area of responsibility of Various con ict levels can occur simultaneously over a wide the command geographic area each requiring different options and responses C4 Systems Con guration The C4 systems of the The C4 systems of the combatant commands are con gured combatant commanders and operated generally to meet the requirements of Military Departments and interoperability and the command being served however the Services are configured priority requirement will be to support the National Military and operated to meet the Command System NMCS These systems provide the means necessary requirements of through which the commanders send and receive information interoperability and the and exercise command and control over their forces individual commands The C4 systems of the Service component commands are con gured and operated generally to meet the requirement of interoperability and the command being served however the priority requirement will be to support the NMCS These systems provide the means through which the commanders send and receive information and support their forces The C4 systems of the Military Departments and Services are con gured and operated generally to meet the requirements of interoperability and of individual Service commands and the requirement to provide serviceable wartime capabilities that can support existing forces logistically generate new forces establish force readiness levels adequate to deal with existing threats and provide support for the NMCS These systems facilitate coordination of the means by which US forces are sustained across the range of military operations Joint Pub 6-0 Executive Summary The C4 support systems of Department of Defense DOD agencies are con gured generally to meet the requirements of interoperability and the agency being served however the priority requirement will be to support the NMCS These systems provide the means through which the directors control the automated ow and processing of information needed to accomplish the missions of their agencies C4 Systems Planning Process The combatant commanders provide broad guidance for employment requirements of C4 systems that affect their communications posture and capabilities The combatant commanders review coordinate and when appropriate validate command initiated requirements for systems networks projects and related resources including those of the component commands and combat and support forces The combatant commanders determine C4 system de ciencies through operations and exercises assess C4 system capabilities to support combatant commander missions and compare current needs with current capabilities and planned needs with planned capabilities C4 systems support of joint operations is planned and operationally assessed within the chain of command that extends from the President to the combatant commanders and is primarily the responsibility of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Sta in conjunction with the combatant commanders C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff operates the National Military Command System NM CS for the Secretary of Defense to meet the needs of the National Command Authorities and establishes operational policies and procedures for all components of the NMCS and ensures their implementation The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff functions within the chain of command by transmitting to the combatant commanders the orders of the President and the Secretary of Defense Combatant commander responsibilities include submitting C4 system requirements reporting incompatibilities among C4 systems and planning for C4 systems Each Military Department or Military Service provides interoperable and compatible C4 systems including personnel training and equipment maintenance DOD agency responsibilities are carried out by the Defense Intelligence Agency the Defense Information Systems Agency DISA and the National Security Agency The DISA liaison of cer serves as the interface between exercise or joint operation participants and DISA and also provides staff advice to the joint task force J TF Director of C4 Systems J -6 on Defense Information Systems Network matters The JT establishing authority ensures that C4 systems requirements are supported coordinates C4 activities prepares C4 policy and guidance and ensures compatibility of JTF C4 systems The Commander Joint Task Force provides overall management xi Executive Summary of all C4 systems The Joint Communications Support Element possesses a wide range of tactical communications capabilities and provides tactical communications support to JTFs and Joint Special Operations Task Forces Joint and Multinational C4 Systems Standardization and Procedures Joint and multinational C4 Standardization among allied nations and the United States systems require standardization and procedures to enhance compatibility and interoperability Advances in information technologies and continued reduction in cost of information- related equipment and systems affect the C4 systems infrastructure is achieved by documented policy which covers all aspects of interoperability Areas of particular concern for compatibility and commonality include automated information systems battle eld surveillance systems target target acquisition systems and communications security hardware and software systems The Military Communication-Electronics Board is a decisionmaking instrument of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense for determining corporate C4 strategy 'to support the warfighter Communications methods and procedures for joint and multinational communications electronics matters appear in Allied Communications Publications ACPs and Joint Army- Navy-Air Force Publications and supplements to ACPs Global C4 Infrastructure The global C4 infrastructure enables the US to accomplish missions ef ciently by leveraging sophisticated information technologies The following organizations are part of the global C4 infrastructure The National Communications System is an interagency group that coordinates the telecommunications assets of 23 Federal departments and agencies to ensure compatibility and interoperability during emergencies without compromising day-to day operations The Defense Information Systems Network DISN is a composite of certain DOD information transport systems and networks under the management control of DISA DISN significantly advances the way information is transported and shared The Global Command and Control System GCCS is the cornerstone of the C41 For The Warrior concept it establishes interoperability among forces with a focus on Joint Pub 6-0 Executive Summary providing a common operational picture to support situations awareness to the joint war ghter GCCS will be a highly mobile deployable command control communications computers and intelligence C41 system that will provide automated decision support for joint force commanders and key war ghters across the range of military operations GCCS will employ compatible interoperable and integrated C41 systems with information exchange connectivity via the DISN to support the planning deployment sustainment employment and redeployment of oint forces worldwide GCCS will also allow civilian and military authorities to respond to natural emergencies or manmade disasters to which military support may be appropriate The National Military Command System is designed to support the National Command Authorities N CA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of their responsibilities The NMCS provides the means by which the President and the Secretary of Defense can receive warning and intelligence so that accurate and timely decisions can be made and direction can be communicated to combatant commanders or the commanders of other commands established by the NCA CONCLUSION This publication identi es approved doctrine for C4 systems support to joint operations and outlines the responsibilities of Services agencies and combatant commands to ensure effective C4 support to commanders It addresses how C4 systems support the commanders of oint forces in the conduct of joint operations including in general terms how systems are to be con gured deployed and employed Chapter I mu The Role of C4 Systems in C2 C2 st be viewed from a common perspective to understand the role of C4 systems that support C2 Figure 1-1 provides an overview of the relationship between information and the command and control support C2S system if JOINT FORCE COMMANDERs The CZS system gives the joint force commander JF C the means to exercise authority and direct assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission The JF uses information to support decisionmaking and coordinate actions that will in uence friendly and enemy forces to the advantage Information integrates joint force components allowing them to function effectively across vast distances Therefore the structure of the joint force drives speci c information ow and processing requirements The information requirements of the joint force drive the general architecture and speci c con guration of the C28 system The C2S system must overlay the joint force to provide the means through which the JFC and subordinate commanders drive the joint force toward speci c mission objectives The CZS forces that compose the C28 system reconnaissance surveillance intelligence re support coordination air control electronic warfare C4 systems sensor management signals intelligence deception space systems and others should be task-organized and arrayed to collect transport process and protect information as well as deny the enemy the same capability Modern military forces growing dependence upon C2 presents vulnerabilities that can be exploited by the capabilities of joint forces Command and control warfare C2W seeks to deny the adversary the ability to command force disposition and employment while protecting the friendly joint force from similar efforts The INFORMATION AND COMMAND AND CONTROL ENEMY FORCES FEEDBACK COMMAND CONTROL JOINT FORCE COMPONENTS Figure H Information and Command and Control 1 2 Joint Pub 6-0 Introduction objective is to degrade the adversary s unity of effort and decrease their tempo of operations while simultaneously increasing that of the joint force see Joint Pub 3-13 Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare In short the joint force must have information to operate This information should be relevant essential timely and in a form that warriors quickly understand and can use to act The CZS system is the IF C s principal tool used to collect transport process and disseminate this information The CZS system also supports the implementation of C2W C4 systems form the information exchange and decision support of a CZS system see Figure 1-2 In time of war C4 systems support a continuous flow of data to provide real time battlespace information anywhere anytime on demand C4 systems also have the broader role of supporting other functions within joint forces and the Department of Defense DOD forming the overall Defense Information Infrastructure c Information Information is data collected om the environment and processed into a usable form see Figure 1-3 Combining pieces of information with context produces ideas or provides knowledge By applying judgment knowledge is transformed into understanding - Information Requirements Data is gathered in a variety of ways from sensors both active and passive from C4 systems and through situation reports from senior subordinate or lateral commands Information needs to be interpreted and correctly applied to be of use and is valuable only insofar as it contributes to knowledge and understanding War ghters understand things best in terms of ideas or images a clear image of their commander s intent and of the local situation can allow subordinates to seize the initiative In this - regard C4 systems play a critical role in the processing ow and quality of FORCE C l SYSTEMS Figure l-2 C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support 1-3 Chapter I THE COGNITIVE HIERARCHY Figure l-3 The Cognitive Hierarchy data to support information requirements throughout the joint force Information Quality Many sources of information are imperfect and susceptible to distortion and deception The seven criteria shown in Figure 1-4 help characterize information quality Information Flow The flow of information must be nearly instantaneous vertically and horizontally within the organizational structure An example of realtime battlespace information is provided in Figure 1-5 All levels of command must be able to immediately pull the information they need d Functions of C4 Systems C4 systems Multimission space based platfo rms provide real time information exchange support the following functions Collect Acquiring or gathering and initial ltering of information based on a planned need determining time sensitivity and putting the information into a form suitable for transporting Transport Moving Or communicating the information to appropriate receptacles for processing Process Storing recalling manipulating ltering and fusing data to produce the minimum essential information in a 1-4 Joint Pub 6-0 Introduction InformatIon that Is in commOn easily understood format and displays InformatIo that has been afforded adequate protection where required Figure l-4 Information Quality Criteria usable form on which the war ghter can take appropriate actions Disseminate Distributing processed information to the appropriate users of the information Protect Ensuring the secure ow and processing of information and access only by authorized personnel supporting elements to combine the thoughts and impressions of multiple commanders and key war ghters This allows the Views of many experts to be brought to bear on any given task Exploit Total Force Capabilities C4 systems must be planned as extensions of human senses and processes to help people form perceptions react and make decisions This allows people to be e Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems The indamental objectives are listed in Figure 1-6 and are described below effective during high-tempo operations C4 systems must be immediately responsive simple and easily understandable especially for systems planned for use during situations involving great stress - Produce Unity of Effort C4 systems should help a military force and its I-5 Chapter I Figure I-5 Real Time Battlespace Information '1 Figure l-6 Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems 1-6 Properly Position Critical Information C4 systems must be able to respond quickly to requests for information and to place and maintain the information where it is needed This not only reduces critical delays but also reduces the impact 9 on communications networks Information Fusion The ultimate goal I of C4 systems is to produce apicture of the battlespace that is accurate and i meets the needs of war ghters This goal is achieved by fusing reducing information to the minimum essentials and putting it in a form that people can act on There is no one fusing of 3 information that meets the needs of all warriors However with concise accurate timely and relevant Joint Pub 6-0 Introduction information unity of effort is improved and uncertainty is reduced enabling the force as a whole to exploit opportunities and ght smarter 2 Basic Doctrine for C4 Systems a C4 systems must provide the rapid reliable and secure ow and processing of data to ensure continuous information exchange throughout the force An unbroken chain of communications must extend from the National Command Authorities N CA the President and the Secretary of Defense through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff CJCS to the combatant commanders commanders of Service components and all subordinate commanders b The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff through the combatant commands Defense Information Systems Agency DISA and Military Services ensures that commanders at each echelon have the communications necessary to accomplish their assigned missions c Effective C4 systems are vital to planning mounting and sustaining a successful joint operation Operations logistic and intelligence functions all depend on responsive C4 the central system that ties together all aspects of joint operations and allows commanders and their staffs to command and control their forces d Regardless of the source C4 systems provided to combatant commanders operate under their authority and will be an integral part of their C2 infrastructure until such time as the NCA the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or the combatant commanders determine that further support is no longer needed or a higher priority necessitates redeployment of the assets Combatant commanders normally develop plans that integrate the Defense Information Systems Network DISN National Communications System NCS and commercial and allied systems and organize joint and Service organic and component tactical communications systems into interoperable and compatible theater networks to support their mission e JFCs must develop operational procedures that provide interoperable compatible C4 networks Component tactical C4 systems must remain under the command of and be responsive to needs f he complexity of joint operations and the finite amount of C4 resources may require the JF to adjudicate or assign subordinate command responsibilities for providing C4 systems support This is normally done in an operation plan OPLAN However in the absence of such a plan C4 systems can be employed as follows senior to subordinate supporting to supported reinforcing to reinforced left to'right between adjacent units as directed by the first common senior or by the unit gaining an attachment This order is more common to ground forces but it may have application to space naval and air forces as well These rules are generally followed except when sound military judgment dictates otherwise for special situations g The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is responsible for joint C4 doctn'ne I-7 Chapter I Intentionally Blank Joint Pub 6-0 M n CHAPTER 11 C4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES Atheft reWh 2 alumna paekets @Wabandoa oordoy 7 Seller Willie eCISIenmakm capabilities We 7 developed 1 General The missions of the US military have changed dramatically in the last decades of the twentieth century The current and future operating environment of joint forces will be increasingly characterized by rapid change Technological improvements in mobility directed energy weapons and sensors will continue to reduce factors of time and space and demand faster tempos of operation across vast areas Increasing global population rapidly expanding world economic markets and unprecedented advances in information systems technology will continue to perpetuate a global explosion of military and commercial information networks These ever increasing networks are rapidly creating a global sphere or infosphere of information The infosphere refers to the rapidly growing global network of military and commercial C4 systems and networks linking information data bases and fusion centers that are accessible to the warrior anywhere anytime in the performance of any mission The infosphere provides a worldwide automated information exchange that supports joint forces which is secure and transparent to the warrior This emerging capability is highly exible to support the rapid task organization and power projection Information technology and the existence and growth of a global infosphere have irreversibly impacted the @eone a tgoc me @992 fundamental approach to warfare of massing effects rather than forces This has not only propelled joint forces into the age of information but also into information-based warfare with precision-guided weapon systems that detect and engage targets based on the electronic transfer of data Joint forces must quickly adapt to this increasingly complex and highly uncertain operating environment For this reason JFCs must be able to conceptually view the total joint force CZS system as a whole to employ it to the best advantage The JFC can then identify how it should be structured identify where improvements can be made and focus and balance limited C4 resources to best advantage to control the ow the processing and the quality of information essential to speed joint force decisions and execution The need for C4 systems that can deploy rapidly to meet crises worldwide has evolved into a demand for joint interoperable systems Leaders at all echelons now understand that real battlespace coverage requires both hierarchical communications within each Service and lateral communications between the Services at all levels The fast pace of advancements in C4 systems technology can become very complex for both the JP and joint staff planners C4 systems exist to extend the flow of information between warriors who are beyond audible or visual range or between machines All military communication systems from ancient semaphore to the most recent 11-1 7 Chapter II computer-based systems are but technical advancements on the same theme of sending information to warriors and organizations which are out of sight However a basic understanding of the major components of C4 systems can reduce complexity to gain an appropriate level of understanding a C4 Systems and Networks C4 systems have the following major components terminal devices transmission media switches and control and management see Figure 11-1 0- Terminal devices are the most recognizable components Telephones radios facsimile machines computers televisions or personal digital assistants are all examples of terminal devices used to transmit send and receive information Information often called traffic can take the form of voice data message video or combinations thereof Traf c may be secure covered or nonsecure clear Generally speaking terminal devices transform information from forms comprehensive to the war ghter into a format for electronic transmission or vice-versa Information exchanged between warriors travels from originator to recipient over paths sometimes called links using one or more transmission media to connect users employing terminal devices There are three basic electronic transmission media radio including space based systems metallic wire and ber-optic cable They may be used independently or in any combination of the three Paths may be point-to-point if established between just two users or they may be point-to- Switching 5 i Systems rTransrnis sio n Media A basic communications system consists of terminal equipment transmission media and switching systems with control and management providing network access 11-2 C4 Systems Principles multipoint if the same path serves a community of subscribers A path may be part of a multi-subscriber network with many terminals interconnected by several switches The bandwidth in terms of frequency spectrum and other technical factors limit how much data can be transported through a given media -- Switching is the means by which traf c is routed through a network of transmission media supporting many commands units and warriors Switching may be manual operator assisted or automatic it may serve local subscribers in a city or on a military base or perform area network functions There are basically two types of switches circuit and message Circuit switches generally support telephone traf c while message switches process data communication Although computers can be used as terminal devices they now play a major role in the operation and control of switching systems that are terrestrially based as well as supporting on board processing in space based communication systems Computer controlled communication links and switching have increased both the ef cient use of limited resources and warrior access to extremely exible systems that can rapidly be tailored to meet even unforeseen military requirements This trend is commonly referred to as open systems architecture 0- The nal basic building block of C4 systems is that of control and management There are two basic levels of control network and nodal Network control provides management of area regional theater or global networks Its principal focus is in the management and con guration of long haul transmission media and switching centers transporting and routing bulk data between nodal facilities The speci c functions of network control are 1 Technical management and direction 2 Management of C4 resources C4 personnel equipment maintenance logistics and management of the radio frequency spectrum 3 Network performance analysis monitor information ow versus network design to determine required modi cations to maintain or improve performance 4 Fault isolation 5 Security 6 Network planning and engineering link analysis and engineering of a network expansion via microwave link and 7 Con guration Management Nodal control is concerned with the management of local C4 systems Its principal focus is in the switching systems and terminal devices supporting warriors at locations such as command centers or C2 facilities and or concerned with extension of the network 1 Nodal control centers perform basically the same functional tasks as do network control centers except that they are primarily focused on installing operating and maintaining local operations inside the nodal vice a larger network distributed across a larger geographic area 2 Nodes points can be manned or unmanned such as the case with C4 systems in aircraft spacecraft or unmanned aerial vehicles used to extend the range of radio communications Nodes may be entirely automated or combinations of manual and automatic control at more complex sites The networks that result from open systems architectures are called information grids They allow the warrior users to gain access process and transport information in near real time to anyone else on the network Information grids refer to computer controlled networks that provide virtual connectivity on the demand of the Chapter II warrior they support local and area network operations They are also the basic components of larger grid networks that when interconnected support regional theater and ultimately a global grid that is also referred to as the infosphere Computers control connectivity so quickly that waste ll and inef cient permanent or full period connectivity is no longer required an example could be cellular telephone networks where mobile users maintain continuous virtual connectivity even though they are connected through numerous links and nodal switching centers as they move during the course of a single call This allows a full range of user service to be distributed across vast areas hence these distributed grid networks are also extremely redundant individual users have hundreds of computer selectable paths available vice one or two making their service many times more reliable b Emerging open systems architectures offer signi cant improvements in the ow and processing of information however their vulnerability to attack is increased JF C s must ensure that both passive and active to preserve the integrity and security of networks and nodal C4 systems from hostile attack For example powerful and key management systems provide passive protection of data while active protection may include technical C4 personnel monitoring systems to detect and locate unauthorized network intrusion or attacking an enemy jammer with anti-radiation missiles c Information throughput expands in direct relation to the needs of the war ghter and the handling capacity of information technology Likewise military forces gain agility initiative and exibility if they have the information tools to plan coordinate and activities 11-4 2 C4 Principles To ensure the continuous and uninterrupted flow and processing of information joint war ghters must have C4 systems that are interoperable exible responsive mobile disciplined survivable and sustainable See Figure 11-2 C4 PRINCIPLES Interoperable Flexible Responsive Mobile Disciplined Survivable Sustainable Figure C4 Principles a Interoperable Joint and Service C4 systems must possess the interoperability necessary to ensure success in joint and combined operations Interoperability is the condition achieved among C4 systems or items of C4 equipment when information or services can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily between them and their users To ensure C4 systems interoperability all aspects of achieving it must be addressed throughout the life cycle of a system - Additional principles furthering interoperability include Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Principles Commonality Equipment and systems are common when 1 they are compatible 2 each can be operated and maintained by personnel trained on the others without additional specialized training 3 repair parts components or subassemblies are interchangeable and 4 consumable items are interchangeable Compatibility Compatibility is the capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference Electromagnetic compatibility including frequency supportability must be considered at the earliest conceptual stages and throughout the planning design development testing and evaluation and operational life of all systems Standardization The broad objectives of the NCS and the DISN coupled with the need for tactical C4 systems to interface with facilities of the DISN require that C4 systems be standardized as far as practical Standardization includes a ct 0 compatibility interoperability and commonality Plans for standardization must ensure that the essential requirements of all Services and agencies are accommodated Space weight or other limitations may prevent systems used by different Services and agencies from taking the same form In such cases the equipment should include the maximum possible number of components common to all Services and operational characteristics must be coordinated between the Services and agencies concerned The following are objectives of standardization Minimize the addition of buffering translative or similar devices for the speci c purpose of achieving workable interface connections Achieve the maximum economy possible from cross-servicing and cross- procurement Permit emergency supply assistance among Services Facilitate interoperability of functionally similar joint and Service C4 systems Avoid unnecessary duplication in research and development of new technology Liaison Liaison is the contact or communication maintained between elements of military forces that ensures mutual understanding and unity of purpose and action No amount of technology can replace face-to-face exchange of information between commanders However as the pace and complexity of operations increases the commander must extend his presence through liaison There are no rm rules for selecting liaison personnel but the coMander must trust completely the integrity of his liaison of cer to operate and make decisions on his behalf The critical functions of liaison are to monitor coordinate advise and assist the command to which the team is attached In terms of mission accomplishment liaison is one of the most effective principles of all and can be enhanced by II-5 Chapter II placing competent C4 systems personnel with the forces employed to extend the eyes and ears for the commander and the C4 systems director C4 systems liaison personnel can ensure that systems function as intended and can take corrective action as required C4 personnel that are carefully selected trained and positioned within liaison teams can signi cantly enhance the operation of C4 systems within joint or multinational forces They often prevent C4 systems problems before they occur and reduce restoral time when a failure does occur b Flexible Flexibility is required to meet changing situations and diversi ed operations with a minimum of disruption or delay Flexibility can be obtained by system design standardization using commercial facilities mobile or transportable C4 systems or pre-positioned facilities Although certain standard C4 systems the Global Command and Control System GCCS or the DISN must operate under rather strict standards systems requirements and designs should consider the planners needs to tailor systems to meet strategic operational and tactical requirements Flexible systems will allow planners to more readily integrate all levels Of joint and Service C4 systems into plans The connectivity that can be achieved and maintained from exible systems is particularly important in providing commanders contingency needs - Flexibility is a necessary adjunct to other principles of interoperability survivability and compatibility c RespOnsive C4 systems must respond instantaneously to the warriors demands for information To be responsive systems must be reliable redundant and timely - Reliable C4 systems must be available when needed and must perform as intended The reliability of C4 systems is achieved by designing equipment and systems with low failure rates and error correction techniques standardizing equipment establishing standardized procedures and supervising their execution countering computer attacks and electromagnetic jamming and deception and establishing effective logistic support programs Redundant Redundancy provides for alternate paths back-up systems and equipment that recover communications quickly in the event of failure Evolving open systems architectures are inherently redundant through the multiplicity of paths available through the network Employing self- healing strategies in the design of these networks ensures that data is replicated at several locations in the network which can be recovered quickly in the event that portions of the network or nodal sites are de strOyed Timely As weapon system technology makes it increasingly feasible for the time between warning and attack to be compressed so must the processing and transmission time for warning critical intelligence and operation order execution information be compressed The demand for rapid communications throughout the defense establishment concerning C2 logistic weather intelligence and administrative information requires that the element of speed be considered during all aspects of C4 system planning 1 Mobile The horizontal and vertical ow and processing of information must be continuous to support the rapid deployment and employment of joint military forces Warriors at all levels must have C4 systems that are as mobile as the forces elements or organizations they support II-6 Joint Pub 6-0 'm 7 C4 Systems Principles without degraded information quality or ow More than ever before modular design and micro-electronics can make C4 systems lighter more compact and more useful to war ghters e Disciplined C4 systems and associated resources available to any IF are limited and must be carefully used to best advantage Discipline begins with the JFC focusing and balancing the joint force command and control infrastructure based on predetermined needs for critical information minimum essential information critical to decisionmaking and mission execution This ensures that limited C4 systems and their associated forces and resources are employed to best advantage - Control and Management The JFC and joint staff must ensure that the ow processing and quality of information is deliberately controlled This requires the planned complementaryemployment of all information related forces and systems The CZS system must overlay the rest of the joint force to provide the means through which the JF and subordinate commanders drive the joint force toward speci c mission objectives The CZS forces that comprise the CZS system should be task-organized and arrayed to collect transport process and protect information as well as support C2W operations that deny the enemy the same capability Control and management of C28 forces is therefore crucial to the IF C s ability to implement effective C2 within the joint force The control and management of C4 networks and nodal operations is central to this effort -- C4 systems supporting current and future networks operate at high speeds It is not uncommon to have little or no time for coordination through command and staff channels Therefore the JF depends on network and nodal control centers Joint Communications Control Center to provide the technical direction essential to maintain effective C2 Much of this direction is machine-to-machine while other directions must be between network and nodal control center personnel C4 network control provides technical management of system con guration and resources performance fault isolation security and system planning and engineering Planning and management of frequency spectrum resources is critical to this effort Spectrum Management The complexity and vast distances involved in joint war ghting makes control and management of the electromagnetic spectrum a crucial factor in the JF s ability to in uence decisive action The horizontal ow of information between adjacent subordinate ommands is equally critical during mission execution and demands continuous and uninterrupted access to the electromagnetic spectrum to support highly mobile fast moving operations The JFC ensures that favorable electromagnetic compatibility exists through the comprehensive management of the electromagnetic spectrum -- Management of the electromagnetic radio frequency spectrum is fundamental to the art of communications Frequencies and their use are the foundation for electrical electronic and electromagnetic communications Frequency resources are governed by international law as national host- nation resources Frequency assets must be coordinated and decon icted on a continuous basis at strategic operational and tactical levels via a II-7 Chapter II variety of national and international technical and political channels 0 During crisis or wartime operations the JFC employs C2W- operations to control and dominate the frequency spectrum while denying this capability to the enemy Close and continuous coordination between frequency managers and both C2W and C4 system planners is crucial to ensure the continuous and uninterrupted access to the electromagnetic spectrum - Information Priority The priorit'za on of information is essential since C4 systems have a finite capacity Prioritization of speci c types of information is the responsibility of the IF C subordinate commanders and staff planners that essentially provides a benchmark from which discipline on information ow and processing Within C4 networks can be maintained Prioritization is also essential to sizing C4 network and nodal systems requirements the level of C4 assets devoted to intelligence requirements may reduce network responsiveness to other users requiring a decision by the JF during campaign and operation planning f Survivable National policy dictates the survivability of both the national command centers and the C4 systems through which decisions are transmitted to the forces in the eld It is not practical'or economically feasible to make all C4 systems or elements of a system equally survivable The degree of survivability for C4 systems supporting the function of C2 should be commensurate with the survival potential of the associated command centers and weapon systems C4 systems survivability can be achieved through application of techniques such as dispersal of key facilities multiplicity of communication modes hardening electrical and physical or a combination of these techniques Security The JFC ensures that both offensive and defensive CZW actions are employed to protect friendly C2 These actions are referred to as C2- protect operations Since C4 networks and associated nodal systems are crucial to the joint force C2S system they present a high value target to the enemy and must be protected to maintain the integrity of the joint force C2 infrastructure C4 systems defense includes measures to ensure the security of information and C4 systems through information protection intrusion attack detection and effect isolation and incident reaction to restore information and system security Information Protection Security of information and C4 systems involves the procedural and technical protection of information and C4 systems major components terminal devices transmission media switches and control and management and is an integral component of the JF C s C2-protection effort This is accomplished through application of information protection means including 1 Physical security of C4 system component facilities 2 Personnel security of individuals authorized access to C4 systems 3 Operations security OPSEC procedures and techniques protecting operational employment of C4 system components 4 Deception deceiving the adversary about speci c C4 system con guration operational employment and degree of component importance to mission accomplishment 5 Low probability of intercept LPI and low probability of detection LPD capabilities and techniques designed to defeat adversary attempts to detect and exploit C4 system transmission media 6 Emissions control procedures designed to support OPSEC and objectives 7 Transmission security capabilities II-8 Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Principles designed to support OPSEC and LPD objectives 8 Communications security COMSEC capabilities to protect information transiting terminal devices and transmission media from adversary exploitation 9 Computer security capabilities to protect information at rest being processed and transitioning terminal devices switches networks and control systems from intrusion damage and exploitation 10 C4 system design and con guration control protected distribution systems protection from compromising emanation to mitigate the impact of information technology vulnerabilities 11 Identifying technological and procedural vulnerability analysis and assessment programs Intrusion Attack Detection and Effect In addition to information protection C4 systems security involves procedural and technical measures and capabilities to detect and isolate the effects of C4 system intrusions Examples include system auditing tools virus scans authentication procedures and use of alternate frequencies 0- Incident Reaction Incident reaction measures include offensive actions to eliminate threats closing system component vulnerabilities use of alternate frequencies and changing COMSEC keying material g Sustainable C4 systems must provide continuous support during any type and length of joint operation This requires the economical design and employment of C4 systems without sacri cing operational capability or survivability The following are speci c examples - Consolidation of functionally similar facilities which are closely located under one command or Service 0 Integration of special purpose and dedicated networks into the DISN switched systems provided they can offer equal or better service Careful planning design and procurement of facilities and systems Ef cient management and operating practices and effective communications discipline - Maximum use of the DISN common-user udicious use of commercial services h Other relevant principles The principles listed above are by no means the complete set of C4 systems principles other principles or terms have been identi ed Subject to the interpretation and discretion of the user these are either encompassed in those listed above or applied when appropriate These prinCiples include integration maintainability mobility modularity planning prioritization procedures readiness responsibility responsiveness simplicity and supportability See Joint Pub 6-02 Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational Tactical Command Control Communications and Computer Systems for a more detailed description of C4 principles 3 C4 Principles for Joint and Multinational Operations Joint and multinational operations are complex and bring together diverse military organizations to operate as one force Multinational forces may have differences in C4 systems language terminology doctrine and operating standards that can cause confusion Confusion increases the demand for information and also the level of uncertainty The lower the echelon of interface between diverse commands the higher the uncertainty becomes and the greater II-9 Chapter II the demand on C4 systems The JF should ensure that great care is taken in structuring the multinational force prior to operations to avoid unnecessary confusion within friendly forces Once the IF establishes the speci c C2 organization for a joint or multinational operation the information exchange requirements for C4 systems are then established and several principles apply a Establish Liaison Early Effective C4 systems interface in joint and multinational operations demands the use of liaison teams Their importance as a source of both formal and informal information exchange cannot be overstated Requirements for liaison should be established early and to the extent possible liaison teams should be trained and maintained for known or anticipated requirements b Effective Use of Limited C4 Resources The demand for information o en exceeds the capabilities of C4 assets within joint and multinational commands It is crucial that the JF identify C4 systems requirements early that are external to the command or require the use of national and or host- nation C4 resources space based systems support CJCS-controlled assets Joint Communications Support Element JCSE and equency spectrum c Standardization of Principles Standardization of principles and procedures by allied nations and coalition partners for multinational communications is essential 1 Agreement in Advance of War Combined communications agreements should be made with probable allies These should cover principles procedures and overall Communications requirements including standard message text formats standard data bases and data formats frequency management and procedures for decon icting frequency problems between allied and civilian organizations and should be arrived at by mutual agreement in advance of war e Policy in Absence of Agreements Where communications agreements have not been arrived at in advance of war multinational forces should adopt the procedures of one ally or coalition partner on direction of a duly established multinational authority f US Interpreters The United States will provide its own interpreters to ensure that US interests are adequately protected g Choice of Systems The operational acceptability and disclosure or release of COMSEC to foreign governments for multinational use will be determined and approved by national authorities National COMSEC Committee before entering into discussions with foreign nationals 4 C4 Architectures and Interfaces C4 systems doctrine seeks to achieve interoperability and compatibility through developing joint and Service C4 systems on a life cycle basis to include architectures standards and life cycle support to functional- systems DOD Directive 4630 5 CJCSI 6212 01 Compatibility Interoperability and Integration of Command Control Communications Computers and Intelligence Systems a Architecture - The joint C4 architecture provides a framework of functional and technical relationships for Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Principles achieving compatibility and interoperability of C4 systems Architectures provide the logical link between operational requirements and C4 systems development They are basedon doctrine de ning command relationships and information requirements what information is exchanged to support the varied functions of operations intelligence logistics and planning The supporting analyses for architectures document the doctrinal basis for joint interfaces and can recommend or prescribe an equipment solution for each interface The equipment solution may be met by existing programmed or yet to be developed systems The Common Global Vision C41 For The Warrior C4IFTW see Figure 1143 sets forth a 21st century vision of a global information infrastructure made up of a web of computer controlled TEDE TEDE conus Mid-Term I Objective 1 g Marine Air Marine Force Corps FIELD maul WWorldwid quam imam Figure ll- 3 The Evolution of C4l For The Warrior I 11-11 Chapter II telecommunications grids that transcends industry media government military and other nongovernment entities C4IFTW provides a unifying theme guiding principles and milestones for achieving global command control communications computers and intelligence C41 joint interoperability that -- Mll allow any warrior to perform any mission any time any place -- Is responsive reliable and secure -- ls affordable The Infosphere Architecture The C41 For The Warrior vision put the Armed Forces of the United States on a course toward an open systems architecture referred to as the global grid see Figure 11-4 that will provide virtual connectivity from anywhere to anywhere instantaneously on warrior demand The architecture of grid networks can support both vertical and horizontal information flow to joint and multinational forces Commanders at all levels require a distributed communications grid comprised of links employing any electronic transmission media overlaying an area of responsibility joint operations area Nodal points may be terrestrial airborne and or space-based Nodal points automatically store relay and process information Voice data and imagery Joint Link lthENT DIRECT NEGATE $4 -an emerges Figure The Grid II-12 Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Principles ows together in digitized form across achieving interoperability and all communication paths Automated compatability user terminals from man portable to more stationary types allow personnel to instantly connect in any fashion desired electronic mail instantly recon gured virtual voice radio nets imagery connected sensor grids or extended personal presence by creating environments such as virtual reality The speci c paths used to set- up virtual connectivity are controlled by computers Warriors no longer depend on a single communication link but have vastly increased reliability and exibility with access via any of hundreds or thousands of circuits available through the GCCS and DOD information infrastructures host nation commercial service or any combination Virtual connectivity is automatically determined established and maintained on warrior demand through the grid network When no longer needed the resource is automatically made available providing ef cient use of C4 resources The Warrior Vision of the Infosphere The bottom line is a shared image of the battlespace between joint decisionmakers and war ghters at all levels and with instantaneous sensor to shooter connectivity The JFC and subordinate leaders gain a coherent understanding of operational situations regardless of the enemy s actions or responses strategically operationally or tactically Commanders see the battlespace together as a team they perceive and move ideas and knowledge in a timely and coherent fashion The virtual grid also links sensors to shooters to allow rapid exploitation of opportunity and generate quick decisive actions b Interfaces These are based on standards developed for the purpose of - Technical interface standards specify the technical parameters of systems that determine their physical and performance characteristics Procedural interface standards address the form and format of the information to be exchanged and are divided into the three categories below Data base standards include both the logical structure and the data elements Computer to computer bulk data transfers include standard formats for initial or replacement data loads and for data base maintenance purposes -- Bit oriented message standards provide message formats for data links between command centers sensor platforms and weapon platforms Related procedural information to operate the joint interface using these message standards is contained in the Joint Pub 3-56 2X to be replaced by CJCSI 6120 0X series Tactical Command and Control Planning Procedures for Joint Operations series Character oriented message standards improve interoperability by Producing messages that can be read by humans and processed by machine 2 Reducing the time and effort required to draft transmit analyze interpret and process messages 3 Improving information exchange through vocabulary control 4 Providing uniform reporting procedures to be used across the range of military operations 5 Facilitating exchange of information between the US and multinational commands reducing or eliminating dual reporting by Chapter II US units when they operate with multinational commands or units or a er their transfer to a multinational force 6 Providing through the Joint Pub 6 04 Message Text Formatting Program to be replaced by CJCS manuals the management and documentation for these standards 5 Decision Support Systems Decision support systems reporting intelligence and logistics are included within the umbrella de nition of C4 systems A detailed presentation of the interfaces for each is beyond the scope of this publication but key principles regarding C4 systems support to the functional areas vice the systems can be presented Also all the principles presented in this chapter apply to these supported systems as they do to C4 systems a Joint Reporting System Support - Reporting includes intelligence situation reports from maneuver forces and logistic status The information varies from data required for staff planning and signi cant events requiring a commander s immediate attention - The principal sources of operationally signi cant information are the C4 systems of the combatant commands the management and or information systems of the Services the support systems of the DOD agencies and the Joint Reporting Structure IRS The Joint Pub 1-03 Joint Reporting Structure series to be replaced by CJ CS manuals prescribes standard IRS reporting within and between the Joint Staff combatant commands Services and agencies and details the procedures formats and reporting channels for the reports - Some principles for reporting Commanders provide the organization and procedures so that reports receive command attention when required to support decisionmaking and control of mission execution 0 Reports adhere to standard formats when feasible to facilitate their handling through electronic systems and speed interpretation by people Commanders review reporting requirements for their commands to assure that the content and frequency of reports support assigned missions without needlessly burdening-subordinates b Intelligence Support - Intelligence organizations use a variety of sensors and other information sources to collect and analyze data and produce intelligence products C4 systems support to intelligence is normally limited to providing the communications interface and media required to move intelligence information C4 systems support does not typically cover the collection and production of intelligence See Joint Pub 2-0 Joint Doctrine for Intelligence Support to Operations series The basis for system interoperability is the application of standard data elements and structures and information exchange standards applicable to all levels of command and to all Services and supporting agencies The Services and agencies are responsible for elding intelligence systems based on these standards Basic intelligence system principles Intelligence requirements must be incorporated in the planning and 1 4 Joint Pub 6-0 execution of military operations Intelligence staffs should coordinate with the -6 staff to identify requirements and obtain an assessment of the intelligence communications required to support operations Intelligence requirements generally exceed communication capabilities therefore communications and intelligence communities continue to develop concepts for expanding communication pipelines and imagery compression techniques u Each echelon of command receives organic and external intelligence support Commanders direct requirements for assets through the -2 staff element Defense intelligence organizations and systems operate on a shared information basis Accordingly within limits imposed by security intelligence is distributed up down and across echelons -- The responsibility for the application of intelligence information is shared by intelligence and operations C4 Systems Principles c Logistic Support Accurate and timely logistic information is required for the management of critical resources A principle source of operationally signi cant logistic information is the IRS Information not routinely supplied through the JRS may be provided in response to speci c queries from combatant command systems Service logistic systems and the DOD agencies 1 Planning Support In addition to conveying force status and intelligence information C4 systems provide processing capabilities for planning The Joint Pub 5-03 Joint Operation Planning and Execution System J series provides instructions for using GCCS for deliberate and crisis action planning e Decision Support Operational and tactical decision support systems also include maneuver re support and target planning C2W air operations and C4 systems control and management These are addressed in detail in other publications 11-15 Chapter II Intentionally Blank 11-16 Joint Pub 6-0 CHAPTER 111 C4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT CONFIGURATION PLANS AND RESOURCES 1 Employment a Authority The employment authority and responsibilities of the combatant commanders include control review and coordination of assigned C4 resources and actions affecting such resources within the geographic or functional area of responsibility of the command b C4 Systems Employment Capabilities The most important guiding principle for C4 systems in support of employment is that they be designed to support wartime scenarios Procedures used in con ict must be comparable to those used during peacetime and not be subject to degradation because of any subsequent increase in system loading Commensurate with the level of employment systems must provide the C4 capabilities described in Figure 111-1 0 C4 Systems Conflict Levels C4 systems planners must continually prioritize and choose from among the individual joint and Service system capabilities that support different needs across the range of military operations Different con ict levels impose different and sometimes contentious requirements on the C4 systems that support them Various con ict levels can occur simultaneously over a wide geographic area each requiring different options and responses Given the scope and often con icting nature of C4 requirements that must be accommodated the following brie y describes their employment at four levels of con ict - Peacetime C4 Systems Deterrence relies on peacetime forces having a wartime capability Therefore peacetime C4 systems support three basic requirements daily operations attack warning and transition to war Day-to-day peacetime communications are primarily carried out with existing secure and nonsecure telephone service record traf c and data transmissions Dedicated C4 systems using satellite radio and terrestrial links are active and exercised to provide immediate wartime capability Such a deterrence posture requires that the type and scope of an enemy action be rapidly recognized and characterized -- Data from intelligence and sensor systems must be correlated processed and presented by systems within minutes To transmit the data rapid connectivity via the emergency action message EAM networks and other C4 networks is required to support conventional and nuclear responses This warning capability supports maximum preservation of alert forces response and retaliatory operations and US defensive measures C4 systems also support the transition to wartime posture Systems that support wartime forces missions and facilities including appropriate COMSEC equipment must be prepositioned and ready for activation Chapter HI MANDATORY C4 CAPABILITIES Mentors for cadet EEK Suipportmn systems networks thumb defensive measure-s if Figure Ill-1 Mandatory C4 Capabilities 0- The vulnerability of C4 networks to - Crisis and Contingency C4 Systems adversary attack or unauthorized intrusion demands adequate defensive measures against malicious activities Proactive vulnerability analyses and risk assessments are essential and must be continuous When networks are breached by an unauthorized intruder the intruder must be quickly isolated to minimize damage the network recovered and returned to normal operations During a crisis actions must be taken quickly before the opportunity to in uence events and prevent escalation is lost In the early stages of a crisis critical C2 connectivity is needed to establish and maintain communications with military units diplomatic personnel friendly forces and wherever possible hostile elements In addition to the systems used during the peacetime phase Joint Pub 6T0 C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment Con guration Plans and Resources the indefinite nature of a crisis situation may require activation of contingency C4 circuits and assets such as the JCSE or component organic elements Crisis operations may involve US forces operating outside of traditional theaters and areas of operations as part of a joint or multinational task force When a contingency arises the need for Deployable Intelligence Support System services in support of the deployed Joint Intelligence Center Conventional War C4 Systems The combatant commander may take command of C4 forces and agencies within the theater that are not accurate timely national-level intelligence is paramount A National Intelligence Support Team NIST is formed to bridge the gap between theater- level and national-level intelligence The NIST is an interagency team from national-level intelligence agencies deployed to support a combatant commander s national-level intelligence requirements The team is comprised of intelligence from the Defense Intelligence Agency DIA National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency who provide immediate access to their respective agency s data systems national experts and to the greater intelligence community The NIST may also provide Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System and Joint Tactical ground mobile forces satellite communications earth station organic to tactical forces C4 systems control provides network status and supports reconfiguration and reconstitution It also provides priority for circuits and facilities required to execute and sustain critical command functions 0- Wartime C4 systems support to joint operations focuses on wartime C2 requirements they also support intelligence logistics combat service support and special operations As the C2 functions expand additional communications links and C4 systems constituted during the crisis phase are usually brought on line Targeting strike mission planning and rapid ad hoc planning must also be supported Systems supporting wartime roles are Chapter multifaceted and redundant to ensure reliable accurate and survivable C4 support under the most hostile situations -- At this point essential C4 systems are comprised of many systems and modes interconnecting the combatant commander with component commanders supporting combatant commanders and any multinational forces Measures to include controlling emissions and restricting external communications are implemented Systems and facilities supporting control of nuclear weapons remain active in case a potential for escalation to nuclear con ict exists 0 Nuclear War C4 Systems The planning for and employment of nuclear weapons may be US or allied responsibilities The combatant commander s and the NCA must be able to consult with each other and the alliance in the event of a possible allied nuclear response Nuclear C4 systems must provide accurate information to support release decisions This support includes situation assessment reports of nuclear detonation preparation and transmittal of EAMs and Joint warfare requires skilled operators and complex C4 systems provision of conferencing communications for decisionmakers A combination of radios landlines and satellite systems for example interconnect the combatant commanders and the NCA To ensure maximum survivability airborne ground mobile hardened and systems and communications platforms are included in the diverse array of C4 systems speci cally designed to support nuclear operations 2 Assistance and Coordination a Within their capabilities and consistent with assigned missions the combatant commanders assist other combatant commands Military Services and DOD agencies in satisfying their C4 systems requirements b Military Services and DOD agencies are responsible for coordinating with appropriate combatant commanders those C4 system projects plans programs and Service requirements that have an impact on the systems networks or facilities within their geographic or functional areas of responsibilities Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment Con guration Plans and Resources 3 C4 Systems Con guration The con guration of the individual Service or component C4 systems is too detailed for this publication a C4 Systems of the Combatant Commands The C4 systems of the combatant commands are con gured and operated generally to meet the requirements of the command being served however the priority requirement will be to support the National Military Command System NMCS These systems provide the means through which the commanders send and receive information and exercise command and control over their forces The C4 system of a combatant command includes the C4 systems of subordinate uni ed commands and jdint task forces JTFs when such organizations are established and assigned 0 Combatant commanders C4 system responsibilities are shown in Figure b C4 Systems of the Headquarters of the Service Component Commands - The C4 systems of the Service component commands are con gured and operated generally to meet the requirement of the command being served however the priority requirement will be to support the NMCS These systems provide the means through which the commanders send and receive information and support their forces The Service component commander submits to the parent Service the operational requirements for the C4 system of the command The Service component commander keeps the combatant commander apprised of these requirements The requirements will be responsive to the NMCS and in addition to meeting the commanders own needs C4 SYSTEMS RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE COMBATANT COMMANDERS Provide guidance to subordinate commands to ensure interoperability of the command-wide C4 systems necessary Figure Ill-2 C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders Chapter will be in accordance with the interoperability guidance of the combatant commander c C4 Systems of the Military Departments and Services The C4 systems of the Military Departments and Services are con gured and operated generally to meet the requirements of individual Service commands and the requirement to provide serviceable wartime capabilities that can support existing forces logistically generate new forces establish force readiness levels adequate to deal with existing threats and provide support for the NMCS These systems facilitate coordination of the means by which US forces are sustained across the range of military operations 1 C4 Systems of DOD Agencies The C4 support systems of DOD agencies are con gured generally to meet the requirements of the agency being served however the priority requirement will be to support the NMCS These systems provide the means through which the directors control the automated ow and processing of information needed to accomplish the missions of their agencies 4 C4 Systems Plans a Guidance Thecombatantcommanders provide broad guidance for employment requirements of C4 systems that affect the communications posture and capabilities within the command JOINT THE GULF The communications netWork established to support Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM was the largest in history A flexible and responsive command Control and communications system was installed in record time and it'maintained a phenomenal 98 percent readiness rate The final architecture provided conneCtivity with the NCA US sustaining bases CENTCOM other Coalition forces and subordinate component elements This was not an easy task In addition to equipment differences among various Coalition members there qwere differences among US forces- Ultimately several generations of equipment and many different command and staff elements were melded At the height of the operation this hybrid system supported more than 700 000 telephone calls and 152 000 messages a day Additionally more than 35 000 frequencies were managed and monitored daily to ensure radio communication nets were free of interference from other users - On 8 in support of the rapid deployment of US forces CENTCOM 7 deployed the first contingent of communications equipment and personnel to provide crucial links betWeen the in-theater forces and CINCCENT at AFB Included in the initial communications package was a super high frequency SHF multichannel satellite terminal several ultra high frequency UHF single-channel tactical satellite TACSAT _terminals and associated terminal equipment to provide secure voice facsimile and Defense Switched Network DSN Automatic Digital Network AUTODIN and Worldwide Military Command and System connectIVIty to the initial deployed headquarters - elements The Joint Communications Support Element JCSE was among the first of these deployments The JCSE is responsible to the CJCS forf prodeng tactIcal communIcatIons to JTF headquarters and SOCCIVI At the Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment Con guration Plans and Resources same time communications equipment from the Airborne Corps lfMEFf and the 9th Air Force began arriving and links were established quickly - The rapidly deployable JCSE provided the primary communications Support 1 to CENTCOM and SOCCENT during the initial deployment JCSE resources included UHF and SHF SATCOM radios line-of-sight radios High Frequency HF radios and circuit and message switches Throughout Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM JCSE communications provided continuous transmission and switching support for CENTCOM headquarters linking the command with its components and the NCA The finalJCSE resources were deployed in mid-January in response to a requirement to support the CENTCOM Alternate command post and to provide Ground Mobile Force Defense Satellite Communications System GMFIDSCS satellite support to UK forces The Saudi national telephone service augmented early deploying communications packages There were very limited in-place Defense Communications System DCS facilities anywhere in Southwest Asia SWA and although the Saudi telecommunications system is modern and reliable it has neither the capacity nor the geographical dispersion to support a large military force Available international telephone access also was only a small part of the total requirement Parallel to the rapid buildup of combat forces in SWA was the deployment of organic tactical communications systems from Army USMC and USAF units to tie components and subordinate commands into a joint voice and message switching network Because of the high demand for limited airlift resources - initial forces arrived with minimum essential communications capabilities usually single channel UHF SATCOM and sporadic access to the local commercial telephone system using secure telephone units This level of communications support would have been insufficient to conduct operations had hostilities begun immediately The network continued to expand however as air and surface transports brought more communications equipment into the theater The arrival of heavy tropospheric scatter and line- of-sight radio equipment which provided the bulk of the intra-theater connectivity improved multiple path routing adding robustness to thejoint network By November there was more strategic connectivity circuits telephone trunks and radio links in the AOR than in Europe By the time Operation DESERT STORM began networks that included satellite and terrestrial communications links provided 324 DSN voice trunks into US and European DSN switches along with 3 AUTODIN circuits to CONUS and European AUTODIN switches supporting 286 communications centers The Defense Data Network DDN was extended to the tactical level providing high-speed packet switched data communications At its peak thejoint communicatiOns network included 118 GMF satellite terminals 12 commercial satellite terminals 61 voice and 20 TRI-TAC message switches This was the first major operational employment of the jointly developed equipment 1 SOURCE DOD Final Report to Congress W April 1992 Chapter b Review of C4 Systems Plans The combatant commanders review coordinate and when appropriate validate command initiated requirements for systems networks projects and related resources including those of the component commands and combat and support forces The review will ensure essential performance of missions establishment of selective implementation priorities and agreement with approved plans and programs including employment plans c C4 Systems Requirements The combatant commanders determine C4 system de ciencies through operations and exercises assess C4 system capabilities to support combatant commander missions as detailed in C4 system master plans see CJCSI 6111 01 Command Control and Communications Systems Evaluation Program and compare current needs with current capabilities and planned needs with planned capabilities Resulting de ciencies are addressed as C4 requirements and submitted in accordance with published guidance d C4 Systems Operational Planning Process C4 systems support of joint operations is planned within the chain of command that extends from the President to the combatant commanders and is primarily the responsibility of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in conjunction with the combatant commanders C4 systems planning is unique in that It provides the mechanisms C4 systems on which to conduct deliberate crisis action and campaign planning -- Planning for C4 systems is accomplished using those same systems deliberate and crisis action procedures from OPLANs down to the JFC as well as those joint planning activities that support the preparation for strategic direction and integration with the functions of the Military Services 0 C4 systems planning establishes the context in which the combatant commanders and or subordinate JFCs identify the requirements for communications and C4 systems Within the theater or joint operations area A determination as to numbers types and locations of C4 systems results from staff planning at those levels involved in the operation Planning would typically include the combatant command staff joint force staff elements especially the J-3 -4 -5 J-6 and components in coordination with supporting combatant commands and Services - Joint Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations establishes doctrine and general guidance for planning Joint Pub 5-002 Joint Task Force Flaming Guidance and Procedures provides an annex on communications planning from a JFC perspective The Joint Pub 5-00 series to be replaced by CJCSI 3122 0X series explains the JOPES a C4 system resident on the GCCS near tenn Automated Data Processing and Information Network Joint Pub 6-0 subordinate publications also provide C4 systems planning guidance e Planning DISN and Tactical C4 Systems Interfaces Requirements for interface between the DISN and tactical C4 systems occur at various organizational levels and include DISN switched networks C2 and support networks and transmission capabilities ranging from a few circuits to many Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment Con guration Plans and Resources The combatant commanders designate where when and how DISN and C4 systems interface In the preparation of plans commanders should ensure that these points and those facilities for which interface capability is required are identi ed and that operational interface requirements are established Normally interface will occur at the headquarters of the commanders of component commands at the headquarters of other elements directly controlled by the combatant commander or at designated area communications nodes Additional interface points may be speci ed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff When the combatant commander detennines that the extension of the DISN is appropriate the combatant commander may designate certain operational tactical C4 facilities to replace DISN facilities or make other appropriate temporary arrangements until DISN facilities can be provided New equipment which must interface with the DISN in joint tactical operations will conform to the applicable electrical interface standards developed by DISA in coordination with the Joint Staff combatant commanders and Services C4 Systems Resources Allocation of C4 System Resources Combatant commanders determine priorities of C4 systems and allocate communications circuits and channels bandwidth within the geographic or functional area of responsibility of their commands including those required by component and other subordinate commands Where the C4 support services required by a combatant command Military Service or DOD agency use the resources or traverse the C4 systems networks or facilities within the area of responsibility of another combatant command the allocation of resources are accomplished through mutual agreement of the commands Military Services or agencies concerned Component requirements for C4 resources must be validated by the respective combatant commander b Allocation of Critical C4 Resources - Where the availability of C4 system resources is critical and a mutually acceptable agreement cannot be achieved by the combatant commander Military Services or DOD agencies concerned the matter is referred to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for resolution on behalf of the NCA Cases are referred to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on behalf of the NCA by either a joint or individual communication from the combatant commanders Military Services or DOD agencies concerned Referrals include information on the mission requiring support C4 system resources of each command Military Service or DOD agency concerned reasons why common-user systems cannot be used and impact if C4 service is not provided Chapter Intentionally Blank 111 10 Joint Pub 6-0 CHAPTER IV C4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES 1 CJCS Responsibilities a The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff functions within the chain of command by transmitting to the combatant commanders the orders of the President and the Secretary of Defense The Chairman coordinates all communications in matters of oint interest addressed to the combatant commanders by other authority b The Chairman operates the NMCS for the Secretary of Defense to meet the needs of the NCA and establishes operational policies and procedures for all components of the NMCS and ensures their implementation 0 General operational responsibility for the Nuclear Command Control and Communications C3 System lies with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The Nuclear C3 System is centrally directed through the Joint Staff The Nuclear C3 System supports Presidential nuclear C2 and NCA C2 of the combatant commands in the areas of integrated tactical warning and attack assessment decisionmaking decision dissemination and force management and report back 2 Combatant Commander Responsibilities Combatant commanders a Submit C4 system requirements for joint operations within the scope of their missions and functions to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff They also provide information copies of the correspondence to the Services and Defense agencies This submission will' include requirements for CJCS-controlled mobile transportable C4 assets when such requirements are not satis ed by normal Military Department or Military Service processes b Collect provide comments on and forward 'to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff requirements applicable to joint operations for all C4 equipment that are generated by subordinate operational commands and are being submitted directly to the Military Departments or Services resources must be validated at the combatant commander level 0 Report to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff incompatibilities or lack of interoperability among C4 systems and between tactical systems and the DISN 1 Test the systems portions of appropriate OPLANs periodically as a part of a CJCS-sponsored or command-sponsored exercise These tests will identify unresolved issues verify operational procedures and interoperability and provide joint training e Ensure that Service components and subordinate unified commands submit requirements for all C4 systems applicable to joint operations through the combatant commanders to the Military Departments or Services in accordance with procedures in effect IV- 1 Chapter IV f Submit a C4 system master plan to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff See CJCSI 6111 01 Command Control and Communications Systems Evaluation Program 3 Military Department Responsibilities In accordance with guidelines and direction from the Secretary of Defense each NIilitary Department or Military Service as appropriate has the following common functions and responsibilities pertaining to joint operations a To provide interoperable and compatible C4 systems war ghters and reserves of equipment and supplies for the effective prosecution of war and to plan for the expansion of peacetime communications to meet the needs of war b To provide organize and train its C4 systems personnel and provide interoperable and compatible C4 systems equipment for joint operations 0- To install operate 'and maintain assigned facilities of the DISN including the capability of meeting the provisions of applicable standards The Service responsible for operation and maintenance of the DISN facility will be responsible for providing the conditioning equipment required to effect the DISN or interface 1 To maintain mobile transportable C4 system assets which are controlled by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in a high state of readiness e To cooperate with and assist the other Services in accomplishing their C4 system functions as determined by proper authority 4 Service and Commander in Chief United States Special Operations Command USCINCSOC Responsibilities and C4 Organizations The C4 system responsibilities of each Service will normally parallel and be determined by other related assigned responsibilities and command relationships Each Service and USCINCSOC has the following responsibilities and implements them through organizations discussed C4 Systems must be mobile to support joint war ghters IV-2 Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities below that are unique to their respective operating environments a To provide operate and maintain the C4 facilities organic to its own tactical forces including organic Service elements b To provide operate and maintain terminal equipment on DISN access circuits circuits required for communications with elements of other Services and associated circuit facilities as may be assigned or mutually agreed 0 To provide operate and maintain interoperable and compatible C4 systems for distress disaster emergency and safety as directed by proper authority and in accordance with applicable international agreements d To provide the capability for interface of facilities 0 The Service operating a facility that must interface with the DISN while using existing equipment will meet required interface standards 0 A Service procuring new - facilities that are to interface with the DISN must ensure that they meet applicable standards e To provide the combatant commands with Service C4 system and connectivity requirements for forces assigned to that command for inclusion in command deliberate planning f Army Communications Organizations The Army communications organizational structure extends from the Service headquarters level down to the Army division and separate combat brigade At the Department of the Army DA the Director of Information Systems for Command Control and Communications is responsible for the overall planning programming and budgeting of Army communications information systems that support both strategic and tactical requirements worldwide The responsibility includes those Defense Communications System DCS facilities that are assigned to the Army for engineering installation operation and maintenance - The Army communications organ'nations are designed around Army strategic missions as assigned by the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan and the DA and the tactiml communications required to support deployed Army forces from the Army level down to the smallest unit Strategic communications are designed to support the Army mission of operating and maintaining assigned portions of the Defense Information Systems Network worldwide Additionally in Europe the Paci c and the continentalUnited States the mission is to provide Army forces and other Services with conductivity into the DCS through Army communications systems and voice and message switches Tactical communications in support of all Army forces are provided by tactical mobile communications units from separate signal brigades that provide communications in support of Army and other non Army orps units Support to corps divisions and below is provided by organic signal brigades and battalions designed to meet the operational requirements of their units 0 United States Army Information Systems Command USAISC has the principal responsibility of engineering installing operating and maintaining all Army DCS facilities and the communications for theater army at Echelons Above Corps EAC Subordinate to USAISC are the Army signal commands and brigades that implement DCS and EAC communications Chapter IV missions for their respective areas' of operations USAISC is also responsible for supporting post communications facilities that include local switching and distribution systems See Figure - are directly responsible to the geographic combatant commanders and under the guidance of Headquarters DA for administrative and long-range Program Objective Memorandum matters Component commands include US Army Europe Heidelberg Germany the US Army Paci c Fort Shatter and US Army Central at Fort McPherson GA Each Army component command has a fairly large information systems staff and intelligence staff which is normally part of the Joint Intelligence Center During war the Theater Army Communications Command has operational control over the signal organizations supporting the theater Army US ARMY INFORMATEQN SYSTEMS COMMANI US Army Information Systems Command 11th Signal Brigade 54th Signal Battalion Ft Huachuca AZ i Dhahran Saudi Arabia 5th Signal Command Worms Germany Worms Germa i 9HI 106th Signal Brigade 516th Signal Brigade 1 Panama Ft Shafter HI 1st Signal Brigade Seoul Korea I 2nd Signal Brigade 7th Signal Brigade Engineering and 1 Implementation Activity-Europe Dhahran K's gum Ar algg Figure IV-1 US Army Information Systems Command IV-4 Joint Pub 6-0 C4 systems Employment Responsibilities and its component commands In this role the Theater Army Communications Command is responsible for all in-theater Army communications that are not organic to Army corps and smaller-sized units The Theater Army Communications Command would operate and maintain in theater Army DCS facilities and in some cases joint facilities that are in turn under the management control of the DISA Area Communications Operations Center In October 1992 the Army modi ed the way USAISC operates on an installation Previously the Directorate of Information Management DOIM worked directly for USAISC and did not fall under the post commander for the installation operation and maintenance of communications systems Today the DOIIVI is assigned to USAISC but is under the operational control of the garrison commander Units that are part of this directorate provide the interface between installation communications and commercial or DCS communications organizations From a tactical standpoint communications units below Army level are organic to the supported command corps division or separate brigade At most Army corps a signal brigade composed of several signal battalions supports the corps headquarters and provides communications between the corps and its subordinate commands Each division and separate combat brigade contains an organic signal battalion or company to provide its communications systems These units are normally organized to support a Division Main Tactical Command Post Division Artillery or Division Support Command They use Mobile Subscriber Equipment to provide communications access nodes that connect the combat brigades across the division For a separate combat brigade a signal company or reinforced communications platoon normally will provide the same type of communications support Responsibility for communications support is from higher echelons to lower organizations Figure IV-2 illustrates Army tactical communications con gurations - Other units having large scale communications systems to support unique operations in a corps or division are the military intelligence brigades corps level or Combat Electronic- Warfare Intelligence battalions division level and the Air Defense Artillery brigade and battalion level that have dedicated communications systems to support their assigned units when dispersed across the battle eld g Navy Communications Organizations The US Navy is one of two Services within the Department of the Navy The other the Marine Corps is discussed later in this chapter The Chief of Naval Operations CNO as the Navy s Chief of the Service is responsible for recruiting organizing training equipping and providing naval forces for assignment to combatant commands and for administering and supporting these forces Providing communications support to the forces is the responsibility of several organizations subordinate to the CNO Figure IV-3 shows the structure of naval communications within the Department of the Navy - The N- 6 Directorate of Space and Electronic Warfare is the principal Navy staff responsible to the CNO for C41 The N-6 is charged with oversight and development of the technological systems and organizational support systems that focus on the command and control of forces by naval commanders Primary responsibilities include the IV-5 Chapter IV Forward Line of Own Troops 1 2 infantry are Figure lV-2 Representative Theater Army Tactical Configurations Naval C41 strategy and developing systems that support C41 For The Warrior and doctrine governing related space Information Warfare and C41 systems Subordinate to the N-6 is the Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command NCTC The NCTC is charged with the administrative and technical oversight of the Navy s shore- based naval telecommunications facilities Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Stations NCTAMS Naval Computer and TeleCommunications Stations NCTS and other computer and telecommunications shore sites The NCTC has administrative control of all shore-based telecommunications facilities worldwide oversees the operations of the naval portion of the DCS and maintains administrative and logistical oversight of the Naval Telecommunications Integration Center and the Naval Electronic Spectrum Center A NCTAMS is the transmission and switching hub for routing all eet- originated tra ic into the DCS and for distributing DCS and internal Navy traf c to fleet units At the tactical unit level a ship s communications IV-6 Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS STRUCTURE Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Naval Computer and Telecommunications Center Naval Communications Detachment Figure IV-3 Naval Communications Structure officer is responsible for all telecommunications activities At a naval base Naval Computer and Telecommunications Centers or Detachments furnish base telecommunication and computer services and provide entry into the DCS The NCTAMS is administratively subordinate to the Commander NCTC - The NCTAMS is responsible for all Naval Computer and Telecommunim om System daily operations within its assigned region NCTAMS also maintain control over subordinate within their area Fleet Commanders have operational control of NCTC facilities such as NCTAMS located in their areas of operation For example NCTAMS Pacific an administrative subordinate of NCTC is under the operational control of the Commander-in-Chief Paci c Fleet Four NCTAMS NCTAMS LANT in Norfolk NCTAMS MED in Bagnoli Naples Italy NCTAMS WESTPAC in Finegayan Guam and NCTAMS EASTPAC in Wahiawa HI are the primary shore based telecommunications and computer hubs serving US Navy eet activities worldwide The US Atlantic Fleet at Norfolk VA serves as the Navy component command for the United States Atlantic Command the US Paci c Fleet at Makalapa HI for the United States Paci c Command the US Naval Forces Europe located in Naples Italy with administrative staff in London serves as the Navy component command for the United States European Command US Naval Forces Central with headquarters at MacDill AFB FL and a forward headquarters in Bahrain serves as the Navy component command for the United States Central Command USCENTCOM These headquarters have organic telecommunications staffs who supervise these activities within their areas of operations h Air Force Communications Organizations are shown in Figure IV-4 The Of ce of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force is organized with a Deputy Chief of Staff for Command Control IV-7 Chapter IV Communications and Computers referred to as SC The SC is responsible to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force for architecture and technical policy joint interoperability matters future concepts monitoring programs and budgets for the Air Force C4 infrastructure The SC currently has responsibility for direct oversight of three directorates and three Field Operating Agencies On the staff side are Plans Policy and Resources Architectures Standards and Interoperability and Mission Support Organizations outside the staff include the Air Force Pentagon Communications Agency Air Force Frequency Management Agency and the Air Force C4 Agency Operational and tactical level communications are within the Air Combat Command at Langley AFB VA - The Air Force PentagonCommunications Agency AFPCA is responsible for supporting Air Force communications in the Pentagon and the Washington DC area They were reorganized in March 1995 under the single agency manager Architecture interoperability Integration Technology Standards Infrastructure Strategic _Systems VisUal Information Tactical intelligence Systems Force Management Resources Program Evaluation Plans Policy for Pentagon Technical Services but will continue to function as AF PCA The Air Force Frequency Management Agency is responsible for all matters involving frequency management The Air Force C4 Agency is responsible for carrying out policy directed by the AF Deputy Chief of Staff for C4 As the technical arm of Headquarters USAF SC it ensures C4 integration across the Air Force The 3 Combat Communications Group CCG at Tinker AFBWarner Robins AFB GA are subordinate to the Air Combat Command at Langley AFB VA The 1 Combat Communications Squadron CCS and 644 CCS are subordinate to US Air Forces Europe and Paci c Air Forces respectively Additionally Air National Guard and Air Reserve Forces Combat Communications Squadrons are also employed when required Frequency Management Agency Air Force C4'Agency Air Force Pentagon Communications Agency Figure lV-4 US Air Force C4 Organizational Structure IV-8 Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems-Employment Responsibilities missions will be to deploy equipment and personnel to augment initial communications capabilities already in theater Their assets provide a more robust mixture of Tri-Service Tactical Communications TRI-TAC and commercial communications equipment than is often found in a theater of operations Capabilities provide long haul communications capabilities to include ground mobile forces GMF satellite tropospheric and line of sight LOS microwave digital and analog switching record communications and technical control capabilities Under the Theater Deployable Communications program older TRI-TAC equipment will be replaced with advanced digital equipment which includes multi-band capable satellite terminals capable of backward compatibility with GMF terminals while also being capable of using commercial satellite bands In addition to the more robust communications capabilities the CCGs and CCSs provide deployed Air Tra ic Control capabilities to support bare base operations i Marine Corps Communications Organizations The US Marine Corps is a separate Service within the Department of the Navy Headquarters Marine Corps HQMC is located at the Navy Annex of the Pentagon Washington DC The Commandant of the Marine Corps CMC has the primary responsibility for recruiting organizing training equipping and providing Marine forces for assignment to combatant commands The Service administers and supports those forces including C4 through a senior staff and subordinate commands As shown in Figure IV-5 the principal military staff assistant for communications and intelligence functions is the Assistant Chief of Staff for C41 The C41 Department located at HQMC is responsible for all matters regarding these functional areas to include planning programming budgeting directing and operations In addition to the headquarters staff two large Marine Corps support commands have communications responsibilities the Marine Corps Systems Command and the Marine Corps Combat Development Center located at Quantico VA They are responsible for developing C4I-related doctrine training and education equipment acquisition strategies technical development and hardware and software program oversight All US Marine Corps operational forces are organized for combat as Marine air- ground task forces MAGTFs Regardless of size each MAGTF consists of a command element a ground combat element an aviation combat element and a combat service support element All have communications requirements and support organizations Figure IV-6 illustrates the structure of a notional US Marine Corps operational backbone communications structure MAGTFs are assigned to two regional Marine Forces Marine Forces Atlantic and Marine Forces Paci c MARFORPAC These commands are Marine components of the various geographic combatant commanders they concurrently constitute the Marine segments of US Navy components to geographic combatant commanders For example the Commanding General MARFORPAC is the Marine component commander for USCENTCOM and USPACOM The most recent addition to the organizational structure is Marine Forces Europe which is located near USEUCOM headquarters at Vaihingen Germany IV-9 Chapter IV US MARINE CORPS COMMUNICATION AND INTELLIGENCEOVERVIEW Intelligence Activity Quantico VA Marine Corps Computer and Telecommunication Activity Quantico VA Figure lV-5 US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview Marine Forces Pacific has two warfighting MAGTFs I Marine Expeditionary Force MEF located at Camp Pendleton CA and MEF assigned to Camp Butler Okinawa Japan Marine Forces Atlantic with headquarters at Camp Lejeune NC is assigned 11 MEF which is also home- based at Camp Lejeune NC Each NHEF contains a command element an infantry division a Marine aircraft wing and a service support group MEFs can be further task-organized as operationally necessary into smaller additionally it is possible to add elements to a MEF to increase combat power During the Gulf War for example both the Marine Division from I MEF and the 2nd Marine Division from 11 MEF along with Joint Pub 6-0 Defense Communications System DCS Navy 1 Telecommunications System NTS UHF SAT AN I TSC-96 NOTIONAL US MARINE CORPS OPERATIONAL I BACKBONE COMMUNICATIONS STRUCTURE AN I TRC -1 70 C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities Division GCE Figure lV-6 Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone Communications Structure coalition forces formed the ground combat element of I Marine component Organic telecommunications and intelligence support to the MEF headquarters is provided by a Surveillance Reconnaissance and Intelligence Group SRIG Within SRIGs are a communications battalion a radio battalion and other tactical surveillance and intelligence organizations The communications battalion the major communications unit within a MEF is charged with providing common-user general service message and other telecommunications support as required to the MEF headquarters This includes but is not limited to multi-channel satellite single channel satellite multi-channel terrestrial and single channel terrestrial transmissions systems along with circuit packet and message switching services The communications battalion also provides necessary equipment to interface with the DCS the Naval Telecommunications System TF systems and multinational military systems as required The communications battalion may be augmented as IV-ll Chapter IV directed for joint operations by JTF- provided communications equipment and systems A communications battalion is located with each the 7th with MEF on Okinawa Japan the 8th with 11 MEF at Camp Lejeune and the 9th with I MEF at Camp Pendleton CA - MAGTF Special Compartmented Intelligence SCI communications terminal support is provided by dedicated Special Security Communications Teams from the radio battalion The communications battalion however provides most of the trunking and switching support for SCI circuits within the MEF - Each Marine aircraft wing has an organic communications squadron each Marine division an organic communications company and each service support group a communications company These communications units provide internal communication to their respective organizations the communication battalion provides common-user external communications The traditional staff functions of communications-electronics and computer systems have been combined in all Marine tactical organizations from the MEF headquarters to the battalion squadron level into one principal staffof cer' titled - either the 6 or 8-6 depending on the - size of the unit For example a MEF has a 6 while an infantry battalion has an S-6 j Coast Guard Communications routinely participates in'variousf DOD activities and in Navy eet and joint exercises The Coast Guard is headquartered in Washington DC and has an Atlantic and Paci c area headquarters ten district headquarters ten air stations and twelve communications and long-range electronic aid to navigation LORAN stations that provide C4 support worldwide The Coast Guard Office of Command Control and Communications manages communications organizations that routinely interact with the Services as do subordinate units engaged directly in operations involving the joint community The Coast Guard is directly connected with all major DOD common user systems such as Defense Data Network Defense Switched Network and Defense Commercial Telecommunications Network Additionally it plays a very active role in the counterdrug community and has C4 access to systems supporting that effort - In addition to major systems connectivity the Coast Guard has mobile transportable systems such as ultra high frequency UHF tactical satellite TACSAT and LOS radio systems that provide secure and nonsecure connectivity at the operator level This is important to the day-to-day operations where it and the military community routinely interact Examples include search and rescue aids to navigation and maritime law enforCement Major missions under the latter category include customs and immigration issues such as those recently - experienced with Haitian re igees and daily operations in the areas of smuggling and narcotics enforcement O'r'ganiza tionally I severa-l Organizations Although the Coast Guard is attached to the Department off-t I Transportation it has participatedNavy 111 every natiOnal con ict It communications responsibilities exist in the mission area of aids to navigation that are especially important tothe Navy and Air Force These include the long-range electronic aid to IV-12 Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Employment ResponSibilities navigation known as LORAN-C Differential Global Positioning System and OMEGA In a related mission the Coast Guard has an important role in Global Positioning System GPS management Speci cally it operates the GPS Information Center that provides civil users of that system with system status and other GPS satellite information In that regard it works directly with the United States Space Command in the development of the DOD Operational Capability Reporting Management System regarding the interface of the military with the nonmilitary GPS community k Special Operations Forces Communications Organizations Special operations forces SOF have unique missions that include direct action strategic reconnaissance unconventional warfare foreign internal defense counterterrorism operations and civil affairs The execution of these missions often requires communications and intelligence systems support that is different from that required by conventional forces - Located at MacDill AFB in Tampa FL US Special Operations Command USSOCOM is the combatant command with oversight of the special operations community In normal circumstances the orientation of USSOCOM is support not operational control It does so with the help of its four component commands which similarly have intelligence and communications'staffs but also have units and capabilities that can be tasked to support communications missions SOF units require lightweight highly mobile and ef cient communications that have a low probability of detection and interception SOF units have organic communications capability to connect tactical headquarters to small deployed elements operating in the eld Communications normally consist of UHF satellite and high frequency HF or UHF very high frequency LOS communications equipment USSOCOM acquired communications systems under a program called Crashout that provide an initial deployable communications Joint Special Operations Task Force JSOTF package These packages include commercial and military transmission terminal equipment power generation assets UHF TACSAT international maritime commercial satellite HF radios STU-1H secure telephones and computer terminals 5 DOD Agency Responsibilities DODAgency Responsibilities a DIA is responsible for developing implementing and managing the con guration of information data and communications standards for intelligence systems in coordination with the Joint Staff Services other agencies and the Of ce of the Secretary of Defense DIA establishes defense wide intelligence priorities for attaining interoperability between tactical theater and national intelligence related systems and between intelligence related systems and tactical theater and national C4 systems b DISA is responsible for ensuring that the meets the worldwide networkandtransmission telecommunications requirements of the NCA DOD and other authorized government agencies and departments DISA is further charged with providing reliable exible information services to all users at acceptable costs These services include providing network service to facilitate information transfer planning programming and network system engineering implementing all DISN IV-13 Chapter IV programs and centralized internal DISA telecommunications services DISA for example has operational control of the Defense Network scheduled to be replaced 1 October 1995 by DISN Internet Protocol Router Data Services video teleconferencing for all DOD the Red Switch Network the Defense Message System and other extensive telecommunications and computer networks The Director DISA is also designated the Nuclear C3 System Engineer The Nuclear C3 System Engineer is charged with providing technical support to the Joint Staff in carrying out responsibilities with respect to the Nuclear C3 System This nuclear C3 technical support includes operational assessments the drafting I of related Joint Emergency Action Procedures and Operation Plans developing battlestaff certification plans providing assessments of engineering or operational issues recommending techniques and systems to counteract the threat performing threat assessments to include survivability studies and proposing developmental efforts and new C3 systems to meet Nuclear C3 System objectives - DISA is also responsible for specifying interfaces with military and commercial elements and recommending standards to promote interoperability between DCS and non- DCS stations It also analyzes non-DOD communications activities and facilities that can be fully integrated or collocated with operating facilities - A signi cant quantity of critically important intelligence circuits traverse transmission and switching networks or commercial networks maintained by DISA Consequently knowledge of this agency and how it operates is important for those intelligence planners who are developing new requirements that require communications support 0 The National Security Agency is responsible for developing and prescribing standards and principles that are technically secure and sound development and executive management of DOD hardware and software systems and providing specialized support to the NCA and operating forces National Intelligence Support Teams and other special capabilities 6 Responsibilities of the JTF Establishing Authority The establishing authority a Ensures that C4 systems personnel COMSEC and equipment requirements of the Commander Joint Task Force CJTF and Commander Joint Special Operations Task Force are supported b Coordinates C4 activities with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff DISA Services combatant commands component forces and others as appropriate c Prepares C4 policy and guidance to enable subordinate forces to operate within the uni ed command structure d Ensures compatibility of JTF C4 systems 7 CJTF Responsibility The CJT F a Ensures adequate and effective C4 systems are available to support the joint force C2 infrastructure b Publishes C4 plans annexes and operating instructions to support the assigned mission Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities 0 Provides overall management of all C4 systems supporting the JTF d Reviews and coordinates C4 plans prepared by subordinate commands e Requests CJCS-controlled transportable communications assets including JCSE assets in accordance with CJCS MOP 3 CJCS-Controlled Communications Assets and other established procedures See Chapter II for additional information on spectrum management responsibilities f Ensures compatibility of JTF C4 systems 8 The JTF Director of C4 Systems J-6 Responsibilities The JTF a Responds to the CJTF on all C4 matters b Exercises staff supervision operational direction and management control of all CJCS-controlled transportable assets including JCSE and C4 assets employed in joint C4 systems and networks c Establishes the to support top level network control and management within the joint operations area 9 Joint Communications Support Element Responsibilities The JCSE is a unique communications organization under theloperational control of the CJ CS Headquartered at MacDill AFB the JCSE consists of an active duty element of about 500 personnel and two Air National Guard Joint Communications Support Squadrons primary mission is to provide tactical communications support for two simultaneously deployed JTFs and two SOTF s The JCSE possesses a wide range of tactical communications capabilities tailored to meet a variety of contingency missions The unit is staffed with personnel from all the Services and is equipped with a wide array of tactical and commercial communications equipment 10 DISA Liaison Of cer Responsibilities The DISA Liaison Of cer a Serves as the interface between exercise and or joint operation participants and DISA b Provides staff advice to the JTF -6 on DISN matters Chapter IV Intentionally Blank Joint Pub 6-0 CHAPTER JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES if 0 7 traaps A Wlde tic 7 ET to QrQy Qservin and sand QM sQ onh and anQ alone 1 Standardization Standardization among allied nations and the United States is achieved through international forums in accordance with policy and procedures in CJCSI 2700 01 International Military Rationalization Standardization and Interoperability RSI Between the United States and Its Allies and Other Friendly Nations This policy document covers all aspects of interoperability With respect to C4 systems the policy focuses on enhancing multinational combat capabilities for US military forces to communicate and share data and information Areas of- particular concern for compatibility and commonality include C4 and automated information systems battle eld surveillance systems target designation systems and target acquisition systems and COMSEC hardware and so ware systems a The United States participates in many forums of RSI negotiations around the world including - North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO All wartime essential communication computer systems used in the European theater will comply with the NATO Air Command and Control System Unique operating environments may require specialized C4 systems V-l Chapter Other multilateral organizations American British Canadian Australian Armies Air Standardization Coordinating Committee Multinational Communications-Electronics Board - Bilateral contacts b For C4 systems multinational doctrine the Command Control Communications and Computer Systems Directorate J-6 is the Joint Staff office of primary responsibility 2 Military Communication-Electronics Board MCEB The MCEB is a decisionmaking instrument of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense for determining corporate system C4 strategy to support the war ghter The MCEB considers and resolves issues related to the interoperability compatibility and integration of the C41 For The Warrior vision The MCEB is chaired by the Director for Command Control Communications and Computer Systems J - 6 Joint Sta i and composed of twenty-two organizations from the Services and Defense agencies at the ag officer Senior Executive Service level 3 Joint and Allied Publications Communications methods and procedures for joint and multinational communications-electronics matters which are established by the MCEB for use by the Military Services appear in the following publications a Allied Communications Publications ACPs These publications are produced in conjunction with allied nations MCEB supervises US participation in the production of ACPs ACPs are approved for US use by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff b Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Publications JANAPs and Supplements to ACPs JANAPs and US supplements to US C4 publications are developed under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for US use under the following conditions When no ACP covers a speci c subject To expedite the provision of new or supporting information to the Armed Forces of the United States pending acceptance by other allied nations - To meet requirements peculiar to specialized US operations or for providing such augmenting supporting or new information to enhance or clarify usage ofACPs Joint Pub 6-0 CHAPTER VI GLOBAL C4 INFRASTRUCTURE AJaIIgiume onou rofito in WaidWar ll mm laelyoneienewo so fighting tot W s battle eld peCIflca l We sdni technology tor zi our to Illnew mil 7 l The Nature of the Global Information Environment Advances in information technologies and continued reduction in cost of information-related equipment and systems continue to fuel an explosion of networks around the globe that form the infosphere In reality the various labels placed on systems and networks are misleading as there are no discrete boundaries in the information environment All are inextricably intertwined and this trend will only intensify with the continuous application of rapidly advancing technology a Viewing this environment as an infosphere reveals its true nature This worldwide telecommunications web transcends industry media and the military and includes both government and nongovemment entities The infosphere electronically links organizatiOns and individuals around the globe It is characterized by a merging of civilian and military information networks and technologies While the bene ts received are tremendous reliance on this technology and infrastructure generates dependence and dependence creates vulnerabilities that have to be accounted for and overcome b In the post-Cold War era US military forces are tasked with a wide variety of missions from disaster relief to peacekeeping to ghting a major regional Time y relevant information is critical for successful military operations Chapter VI con ict Declining resources dictate that the US military accomplish this wider variety of roles and missions with a smaller force structure Historically the US military has relied on technology as a force multiplier to accomplish assigned missions as e iciently as possible while preserving human life and limiting the destruction of property One way to accomplish such missions ef ciently is to leverage sophisticated information technologies Today and in the future e icient use of information technologies will require the support of the infosphere including both an evolving national and defense information infrastructure 2 National Communications System The National Communications System is an interagency group that coordinates the telecommunications assets of 23 Federal departments and agencies to ensure compatibility and interoperability during emergencies without compromising day-to- day operations a The NCS consists of the telecommunications assets of the entities represented on the NCS Committee of Principals and an administrative structure consisting of the Executive Agent the NCS Committee of Principals and the Manager NCS Committee of Principals consists of representatives from those Federal departments agencies or entities designated by the President that lease or own telecommunications facilities or services of signi cance to national security or emergency preparedness The NCS includes to the extent permitted by law other Executive entities that bear policy regulatory or enforcement responsibilities of importance to national security or emergency preparedness telecommunications capabilities b The NCS departments agencies or entities include the Departments of State Treasury Commerce Defense Justice Interior Agriculture Health and Human Services Transportation Energy and Veterans Affairs Central Intelligence Agency General Services Administration US Information Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Communications Commission Nuclear Regulatory Commission Postal Service Federal Reserve System National Security Agency National Telecommunications and - Information Agency and the Joint Staff The assets are operated and funded by their respective parent agencies pursuant to cross-Service or mutual support arrangements c The purpoSe of the NCS is to assist the President National Security Council Office of Science and Technology Policy and Of ce of Management and Budget to - Exercise their wartime and non- wartime emergency functions and their planning and oversight responsibilities Coordinate the planning for and provision of national security and emergency preparedness communications for the Federal government under all circumstances 1 The Secretary of Defense is the Executive Agent for the NCS The principal adviser for NCS matters is the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command Control Communications and Intelligence The Director DISA is the Manager NCS 3 Defense Information Systems Network The DISN is a composite of certain DOD information systems and networks under VI-2 Joint Pub 6-0 Global C4 Infrastructure the management control and C4 systems operational direction of DISA The DISN is a significant effort that has been undertaken by DOD to transform the way information is developed used and shared This includes modi cations to the existing DCS to establish a defense information infrastructure the Corporate Information Management initiative programs to implement the CJCS C41 For The Warrior concept and the integration of advanced technology demonstrations conducted under the global grid initiative DISN will ultimately subsume or replace most Service- and Agency-unique stovepipenetworks and systems a The existing DCS provides the long haul point-to point and switched network telecommunications needed to satisfy the C2 requirements of DOD and civil agencies directly concerned with national security or other critical emergency requirements DCS facilities are employed in support of C2 greener rears WIDEAREA User LOCAL Elements AREA Multilevel Source I I Workstation High Definition Mngacenter DPI Integrated Systems and Network Management and Control Transler Mode IMC Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network PCS Terminal Connection Directo Data Processing Installation Terminal Integrated Management Center Personal Commumcatlons Servlce Voice Data Imagery SATCOM Terrestrial Gateway operations intelligence weather logistic and administrative inctions The objective of the DCS is to organize the complex of DOD communications networks equipment control centers and resources to provide an effective responsive survivable worldwide communications system The system provides maximum security consistent with threat cost effectiveness and acceptable risk factors and makes use of any DCS circuitry available at a given time for ful lling the priority needs of the users b The DISN architecture see Figure prescribes a globalanetwork integrating existing DCS assets military satellite communications commercial satellite communications initiatives leased telecommunications services as well as the dedicated worldwide enterprise-level telecommunications infrastructure that provides the interoperable transport for the end-to-end transfer of information in support of military operations LOCAL User DEPLOYED AREA Elements Airborne I Mobile Shipboard Transportable Personal SATCOM Trunk Terminal SATCOM or Radio Fiber OPIICS Terrestrial Connectivity Whenever Available Figure Vl-1 Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture Chapter VI c The development of DISN will be an evolutionary process that will support the military s move into the 21st century information age and will replace the individual legacy communications systems with a seamless transport 4 Global Command and Control System GCCS provides a fused picture of the battlespace within a modern C4 system capable of meeting war ghter needs into the 2 1 st century It incorporates the core planning and assessment tools required by the combatant commanders and their subordinate joint force commanders and meets the readiness support requirements of the Services GCCS is required to move the combatant commanders and subordinate joint force commanders joint C2 sUpport capability into the modern era of client server architecture using commercial open systems standards for both commercial and government off-the-shelf applications The umbrella standards and unifying approach that GCCS brings to the ongoing DOD C41 migration strategy are essential for the Services and agencies to successfully reduce the large number of systems in use today a Much of what has been de ned as GCCS initial operating capability has been elded at several operational sites and networked via the DISN GCCS is being implemented at all combatant commands and their components and at the Service headquarters The Joint Staff in consultation with the combatant commanders will apply a set of user-de ned criteria in determining precisely when GCCS will be declared fully operational b Until GCCS is elded will continue to provide the means for strategic and operational direction and technical administrative and decision support for the command and control of US military forces ensures effective connectivity among the NCA the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and other components of the NMCS down to the Service component commanders The system is comprised of The National Military Command System The C4 systems of the combatant commands The management and information systems of the headquarters of the Military Departments The C4 systems of the headquarters of the Service component commands - The C4 support systems of DOD agencies c is described in DOD Directive 5100 30 and the Joint Pub 6 03 Objectives and Management Plan series The primary mission of is to support the C2 function On a noninterference basis is available to support the combatant commanders d automation elements are a subset of and extend through the various levels of C2 The ow of information through the system is enhanced by both formalized reporting systems de ned in the Joint Pub 1-03 Joint Reporting Structure series to be replaced by a series of CJCS manuals and by standard compatible communications and computer systems interconnected to form a network of reporting systems and data bases automation supports joint operation planning and execution functions The basic elements are described in Figure VI-2 VI-4 Joint Pub 6-0 Global C4 Infrastructure Ei Primary and alternate command fr Tactical warning systems that notify operationai command centers of threatening events $7 Generai and speciai purpose communications to convey information hoid conferences and issue orders Data coilection and processing systems Executive decision aids such as documents procedures reporting structures and an interactive system permitting the user to connect with the system enter data and receive output records forms and displays Figure Vl-2 Basic Worldwide Military Command and Control System Elements 5 National Military Command System a The NMCS is the priority component of GCCS designed to support the NCA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of their responsibilities The NMCS provides the means by which the President and the Secretary of Defense can receive warning and intelligence so that accurate and timely decisions can be made the resources of the Military Departments can be applied military missions can be assigned and direction can be communicated to combatant commanders or the commanders of other commands established by the NCA The NMCS must be capable of providing information so that appropriate and timely responses can be selected directed and implemented by the NCA b Both the communication of warning and intelligence from all- sources and the communication of decisions and commands to military forces require that the NMCS be a responsive reliable and survivable system This capability requires that the C4 systems within be con gured and operated for effective support of the NMCS as well as their speci c missions Systems must be compatible and interoperable C4 systems must provide direct connection or real- time relay wherever necessary Data and message text formats must be standard All details of system con guration and operation must be as ef cient as possible in terms of both effectiveness and use of resources 0 An enduring command structure with survivable C4 systems is both required and fundamental to NMCS continuity of operations VI-5 Chapter VI The NMCS includes four primary nodes the National Military Command Center NMCC Site R United States Strategic Command Center United States Space Command Center the National Airborne Operations Center and such other command centers as may be designated by the Secretary of Defense Support of the NMCS will be the priority function of all primary and alternate command centers These centers must be linked by reliable C4 systems supported by warning and intelligence systems and continuously smiled and ready for use Special capabilities must be provided for communication with strategic offensive and defensive forces and for other forces that may be required for quick reaction in crises In this case the communications will be designated and operated to ensure minimum elapsed time for the transmission of orders to the operating units of these forces The NMCS also includes C4 systems connecting its centers with primary and alternate command centers of the following C4 Systems extend the joint warriors ability Headquarters of the combatant commands Service Headquarters of the Military Departments Other designated commands and DOD agencies that provide support through the Major or key intelligence direction analysis and indication and warning centers Other functional activities counterdrug d Effective coordination and liaison must be established and maintained with those activities of the US Government outside the Department of Defense that have functions associated with the the White House Situation Room Department of State Operations Center Central Intelligence Agency Operations Center the National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications UN Military Mission US Coast Guard Operations Center Federal Aviation Administration Executive to exchange information across vast distances Joint Pub 6-0 Global C4 Infrastructure Communications Control Center and such other agencies activities or centers as may be designated - Appropriate military information will be providedto these associated systems through the NMCS using timely secure and reliable communications systems Conversely political intelligence diplomatic and economic information input to the NMCS will be provided by these same systems In addition the NMCS should provide communications to support representatives of the White House and other Government activities that may use the NMCS in a politico-military situation concerning strategic direction of US military forces - The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff will provide for lateral coordination with US Government activities external to the Department of Defense to ensure necessary interchange of data to and from the NMCS 6 Command Relationships a Commanders of combatant commands Will develop agreements that clearly delineate the commanders relationships with the DISA eld organizations within their areas of responsibility The agreements will be governed by the guidance in DOD Directive 5105 19 Defense Information Systems Agency additional guidance issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the following policy - Directors of DISA eld organizations and Service component commanders will be responsive to the operational needs of the combatant commanders who exercise combatant command command authority the Service component operating elements of the DISN This authority is normally exercised through the Service component commanders - In accordance with DOD Directive 5105 19 Defense Information Systems Agency DISA field organizations under the command of the Director DISA exercise operational direction the authoritative direction necessary to ensure the effective operation of the DISN over the DISN operating elements If a major emergency necessitates the use of all available forces the combatant commanders have COCOM over the Service component operating elements of the DISN In exercising this authority the combatant commanders will be cognizant of DISN support to the NCA DOD agencies and other combatant commanders and will preserve DISN integrity and standards to the maximum possible extent Operating elements of the DISN are subject to authoritative direction from different sources To avoid con icting direction the combatant commanders will normally express their DISN operational requirements to the senior DISN eld organization serving their areas of responsibility b Combatant commanders develop campaign and operation plans with C4 systems annexes that stress the integrated nature of the theater network Component tactical C4 systems will support the overall network guidance and COCOM of the combatant commander c The relationships of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff the Military Departments and the combatant commanders to DISA are further defined in DOD Directive 5105 19 Defense Information Systems Agency VI-7 Chapter VI Intentionally Blank VI-8 Joint Pub 6-0 APPENDIX A REFERENCES 1 DOD Directive 4630 5 Compatibility and Interoperability of Tactical Command Control Communications and Intelligence Systems 2 DOD Instruction 4630 8 Procedures for Compatibility Interoperability and Integration of Command Control Communications and Intelligence C31 Systems 3 CJ CS MOP 30 Command and Control Warfare 4 CJCSI 6212 01 Compatibility Interoperability and Integration of Command Control Communications Computers and Intelligence Systems 5 Joint Pub 0-2 Uni ed Action Armed Forces 6 Joint Pub 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and AsSociated Terms 7 Joint Pub 6-01 1 Tactical Digital Information Link TADIL Message Standards To be replaced by a CJ CS Manual 8 Joint Pub 6-02 Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational Tactical Command Control Communications and Computer Systems Under revision 9 Joint Pub 6-03 series Objectives and Management Plan To be replaced by a series of CJCS Manuals 10 Joint Pub 6-04 series Message Text Formatting To be replaced by a series of CJCS Manuals 11 Joint Pub 6-05 series Manual for Employing Joint Tactical Communications Systems To be replaced by a series of CJCS Manuals A-l Appendix A Intentionally Blank A-2 Joint Pub 6-0 3 APPENDIX ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS 1 User Comments Users in the eld are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to the Joint War ghting Center Attn Doctrine Division Fenwick Road 96 Fort Monroe VA 23651-5000 These comments should address content accuracy usefulness consistency and organization writing and appearance 2 Authorship The lead agent and Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the Director for Command Control Communications and Computer Systems J-6 3 Change Recommendations a Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted TO JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans and Interoperability J-7 JDD 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon Washington DC 20318-7000 b When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that would change source document information re ected in this publication that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as an enclosure to its proposal The Military Services and other organizations are requested to notify the Director -7 Joint Staff when changes to source documents re ected in this publication are initiated c Record of Changes CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTED NUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS B-l Appendix 4 Distribution a Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publication centers b Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands Services and Joint Staff Release of any joint publication to foreign governments or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy Defense Attache Of ce to DIA Foreign Liaison Branch Room 1A674 Pentagon Washington DC 20301-7400 c Additionalcopies should be obtained from the Military Service assigned administrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100 3 1 November 1988 Support of the Headquarters of Uni ed Speci ed and Subordinate Joint Commands By Military Services Army US Army AG Publication Center 2800 Eastern Boulevard Baltimore MD 21220-2898 Air Force Air Force Publications Distribution Center 2800 Eastern Boulevard Baltimore MD 21220-2896 Navy CO Navy Aviation Supply Of ce Distribution Division Code 03443 5801 Tabor Avenue Philadelphia PA 19120-5000 Marine Corps Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany GA 31704-5000 Coast Guard Coast Guard Headquarters COMDT G-REP 2100 2nd Street SW Washington DC 20593-0001 Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassi ed publications is unrestricted However access to and reproduction authorization for classi ed joint publications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200 1-R B-2 Joint Pub 6-0 ACE ACP C41 C4IFTW CCG CCS CJCS CJTF CJCSI CMC CNO COCOM COMSEC CSSE DA DCS DIA DISA DISN DOD DODD DODI DOIM EAC EAM FSSG GCCS GCE GMF GPS GLOSSARY PART AND ACRONYMS aviation combat element MAGTF Allied Communications Publication Air Force Pentagon Communications Agency command and control command and control support command and control warfare command control and communications command control communications and computers command control communications computers and intelligence C41 For The Warrior Combat Communications Group Combat Communications Squadron Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Commander Joint Task Force Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction Commandant of the Marine Corps Chief of Naval Operations combatant command command authority communications security combat service support element MAGTF - Department of the Army Defense Communications System Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Information Systems Agency formerly DCA Defense Information Systems Network Department of Defense Department of Defense Directive Department of Defense Instruction Directorate of Information Management Echelons Above Corps emergency action message force service support group MAGTF Global Command and Control System ground combat element ground mobile forces Global Positioning System Glossary HF HQMC JANAP JCSE JF JOPES JRS JSOTF JTF LORAN LOS LPD LPI MAGTF MARFORPAC MCEB MEF MOP MSE NATO NCA NCS NCTAMS NCTC NCTS NIST NMCS NTS OPLAN OPSEC RSI SC SCI SINCGARS SOF SRIG high frequency Headquarters Marine Corps Joint Army Navy Air Force Publication Joint Communications Control Center Joint Communications Support Element joint force commander Joint Operation Planning and Execution System Joint Reporting Structure Joint Special Operations Task Force joint task force long-range electronic aids to navigation line of sight low probability of detection low probability of intercept Marine air-ground task force Marine Forces Paci c Military Communications-Electronics Board Marine expeditionary force Memorandum of Policy mobile subscriber equipment North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Command Authorities National Communications System Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command Naval Computer and Telecommunications Stations National Intelligence Support Team National Military Command System Navy Telecommunications System operation plan operations security rationalization standardization and interoperability Deputy Chief of Staff for C4 Sensitive Compartmented Intelligence Single Channel and Airborne Radio System special operations forces Surveillance Reconnaissance and Intelligence Group Joint Pub 6-0 Glossary TAC SAT TRI-TAC UHF UNAAF USAISC USCENTCOM USCINCSOC USEUCOM USPACOM USSOCOM tactical satellite Tri-Service Tactical Communications Program ultra high frequency Uni ed Action Armed Forces United States Army Information System Command United States Central Command Commander in Chief United States Special Operations Command United States European Command United States Paci c Command US Special Operations Command Worldwide Military Comr nand and Control System GL-3 combatant PART AND DEFINITIONS area of in uence A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of in uencing operations by maneuver or re support systems normally under the commander s command or control Joint Pub 1-02 area of interest That area of concern to the commander including the area of in uence areas adjacent thereto and extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations This area also includes areas occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the miSsion Joint Pub 1 02 architecture A framework or structure that portrays relationships among all the elements of the subject force system or activity Joint Pub 1 02 combatant command A uni ed or speci ed command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander established and so designated by the President through the Secretary of Defense and with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Combatant commands typically have geographic or functional responsibilities Joint Pub 1-02 command command authority Nontransferable command authority established by title 10 Armed Forces United States Code section 164 exercised only by commanders of uni ed or speci ed combatant commands unless otherwise directed by the President or the Secretary of Defense Combatant command command authority cannot be delegated and is the authority of a combatant commander to perform those anctions of command over assigned forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces assigning tasks designating objectives and giving command 1 authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations joint training and logistics necessary to accomplish the missions assigned to the command Combatant command command authority should be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations Normally this authority is exercised through subordinate joint force commanders and Service and or functional component commanders Combatant command command authority provides full authority to organize and employ commands and forces as the combatant commander considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions Operational control is inherent in combatant command command authority Also called COCOM Joint Pub 1-02 The authority that a commander in the Military Service lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment Command includes the authority and responsibility for effectively using available resources and for planning the employment of organizing directing coordinating and controlling military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions It also includes responsibility for health welfare morale and discipline of assigned personnel 2 An order given by a commander that is the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about a particular action 3 A unit or units an organization or an area under the command of one individual 4 To dominate by a eld of weapon re or by observation from a superior position Joint Pub 1-02 command and control The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission Command and control GL-4 Joint Pub 6-0 Glossary functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel equipment communications facilities and procedures employed by a commander in planning directing coordinating and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission Joint Pub 1-02 command control communications and computer systems Integrated systems of doctrine procedures organizational structures personnel equipment facilities and communications designed to support a commander s exercise of command and control across the range of military operations Also called C4 systems Approved for inclusion in Joint Pub 1-02 command and control warfare The integrated use of operations security OPSEC military deception operations PSYOP electronic warfare EW and physical destruction mutually supported by intelligence to deny information to in uence degrade or destroy adversary command and'control capabilities while protecting friendly command and control capabilities against such actions Command and control warfare applies across the operational continuum and all levels of con ict Also called C2W C2W is both o ensive and defensive a counter-C2 To prevent effective C2 of adversary forces by denying information to in uencing degrading or destroying the adversary C2 system b C2- protection To maintain effective command and control of own forces by turning to iendly advantage or negating adversary efforts to deny information to in uence degrade or destroy the friendly C2 system Joint Pub 1 02 commonality A quality which applies to materiel or systems a possessing like and interchangeable characteristics enabling each to be utilized or operated and maintained by personnel trained on the others without additional specialized training b having interchangeable repair parts and or components 0 applyingto consumable items interchangeably equivalent without adjustment Joint Pub 1-02 communications A method or means of conveying information of any kind from one person or place to another Joint Pub 1-02 communications security The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study Also called COMSEC Communications security includes a b transmission security c emission security and 1 physical security of communications security materials and information a component of communications security that results from the provision of technically sound and their proper use b transmission security The component of communications security that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than 0 emission security The component of communications security that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from and telecommunications systems d physical security The component of communications security that results from all physical measures necessary to safeguard classi ed equipment material and documents from access thereto or observation thereof by unauthorized persons Joint Pub 1-02 GL-S Glossary compatibility Capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference Joint Pub 1-02 control 1 Authority which may be less than command exercised by a commander over part of the activities of subordinate or other organizations Joint Pub 1-02 information 2 The meaning that a human assigns to data by means of the known conventions used in their representation Joint Pub 1-02 interoperability l The ability of systems units or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems units or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together 2 The condition achieved among communications-electronics equipment when information or services can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily between them and or their users The degree of interoperability should be de ned when referring to speci c cases Joint Pub 1-02 National Communications System The telecommunications system that results from the technical and operational integration of the separate telecommunications systems of the several executive branch departments and agencies having a signi cant telecommunications capability Also called NCS Joint Pub 1-02 National Military Command System The priority component of the Worldwide Military Command and Control System designed to support the National Command Authorities and Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of their responsibilities Also called NMCS Joint Pub 1-02 Service component command A command consisting of the Service component commander and all those Service forces such as individuals units detachments organizations and installations under the command including the support forces that have been assigned to a combatant command or further assigned to a subordinate uni ed command or joint task force Joint Pub 1-02 standardization The process by which the Department of Defense achieves the clOsest practicable cooperation among the Services and Defense agencies for the most ef cient use of research development and production resources and agrees to adopt on the broadest possible basis the use of a common or compatible operational administrative and logistic procedures b common or compatible technical procedures and criteria c common compatible or interchangeable supplies components weapons or equipment and 1 common or compatible tactical doctrine with corresponding organizational compatibility Joint Pub 1-02 tactical command control communications and computer system s The facilities equipment communications procedures and personnel essential to theater level and below commanders for planning directing and controlling operations of assigned and attached forces pursuant to the mission assigned and which provide s for the conveyance and or exchange of data and information from one person or force to another Approved for inclusion in Joint Pub 1-02 telecommunication Any transmission emission or reception of signs signals writings images sounds or information of any nature by wire radio visual or other electromagnetic systems Joint Pub 1-02 GL-6 Joint Pub 6-0 JOINT PUB 1 JOINT WARFARE JOINT PUB 0-2 UNAAF JOINT PUB 1-0 JOINT PUB 2-0 JOINT PUB 3-0 JOINT pus 4V0 JOINT PUB 5 0 3 - OPERATIONS LOGISTICS PLANS STEP #1 Project Proposal STEP #5 0 Submitted by Services cmcs or Joint Staff STEP #2 Assessments ReVISIon to ll extant operational void Program Directive The CINCS receive the pub and q aslidates requirement with Services and J-7 formally staffs with begin to assess it during use Services and CINCS 18 to 24 months following - 0 J-7 initiates Program Directive publication the Director J-7 will solicit a written report from the combatant commands and 0 Includes scope of project references milestones and who will develop drafts Services on the utility and quality of each pub and the need for any J-7 releases Program urgent changes or earlier-than- - Directive to Lead Agent sc eduled revisions I Lead Agent can be Service CINC or Joint I 0 No later than 5 years after - Staff JS Directorate development each pub is revised Project Proposal Assess- mentsl Revision Program Directive ENHANCED JOINT JOINT WARFIGHTING DOCTRINE CAPABILITY PUBLICATION - CJCS Approval STEP #3 CJCS Approval Two Drafts 0 Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority PRA to develop the pub required changes and prepares ub for PRA develops two draft pubs 0 Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub makes coordination with Services and INCS PRA staffs each draft with CINCS Services 0 Joint Staff conducts formal and Joint Staff staf ng for approval as a Joint Publication