REFERENCE COPY SAM 19900067 Defense Science Board 1996 Summer Study Task Force on Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority v Volume 1 Final Report DO NOT DESTROY 30 DAYS LOAN RETURN TO AFSAA SAMI 1777 NORTH KENT STREET 7th aOOR ROSSLYN VA 22209 703 586-6940 October 1996 fc-r Office of the Secretary of Defense Washington D C 20301-3140 20101015490 This report is a product of the Defense Science Board DSB The DSB is a Federal Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of Defense Statements opinions conclusions and recommendations in this report do not necessarily represent the official position of the Department of Defense This volume is UNCLASSIFIED Security review completed October 31 1996 by OASD Public Affairs directorate Freedom of Information and Security Review Case Number 96S-4638 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 3140 DEFENSE PENTAGON WASHINGTON DC 20301-3140 DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD MEMORANDUM FOR UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ACQUISITION TECHNOLOGY CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF SUBJECT Report of the Defense Science Board DSB Task Force on Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority I am forwarding the final report of the 1996 Defense Science Board Summer Study of Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority The Task Force report identifies ways to achieve substantial increases in the effectiveness of rapidly deployable forces and fulfills your charge to the DSB to take a more comprehensive look at concepts briefly sketched in last year's DSB Summer Study on Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority We see strong motivation for doing so Without such enhancements the U S will likely face 21st century security challenges with a military force that is perceived as either too vulnerable or too late The essence of the concept described within this report is an unprecedented reliance on remote elements — sensors processors weapons — coupled to a ground component organized around light agile combat cells all interconnected by a robust information infrastructure This highly distributed and potent expeditionary force could take on a variety of 21st century missions either on its own or as preparatory to the arrival of followon forces The Task Force concludes that such a force is feasible and the concept can be refined tested and evolved into fielded capabilities over the next 20 years It builds on a variety of rapidly progressing technologies — low cost precision fire sensors information processing — to enable new concepts of operations and tactics The Task Force offers several recommendations on how the Department should bring such a capability into being The most important recommendation is to establish a dedicated joint effort under an Executive Agent to explore and evolve the concept This effort would involve extensive simulations red teaming and field experiments and eventually encompass a variety of existing and new advanced concept technology demonstrations ACTDs A potentially contentious issue is how to manage and organize this joint effort As alluded to in the report there is no ideal place within today's DoD for something both as novel and intrinsically joint as this distributed expeditionary force concept Any proposed approach will have some shortcomings and detractors The Task Force offers its view of the preferred arrangement Other approaches could also work given firm commitment and support from the top o I enthusiastically support the findings and recommendations of this Task Force and advise that you together initiate the joint effort that is necessary to explore and evolve this concept elds OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 3140 DEFENSE PENTAGON WASHINGTON DC 20301-3140 DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD MEMORANDUM FOR THE CHAIRMAN DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD SUBJECT Report of the Defense Science Board DSB Task Force on Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority Attached is the final report of the 1996 Defense Science Board Summer Study Task Force on Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority Our Task Force was charged to explore new ways to make rapidly deployable forces much more effective than they are today Based on our work we believe that substantial possibly revolutionary improvements in the effectiveness of rapidly deployable forces are feasible The concepts described in the report can be refined tested and evolved into fielded capabilities over the next two decades Furthermore these concepts have broad applicability beyond the time urgent conditions of rapid deployment The essence of this new expeditionary force concept is an ability to mass fire rather than forces It relies on an ensemble of remote weapons effective against all types of targets an extensive suite of sensors information processors and information warfare capabilities to provide situation understanding dominance a ground force comprised of light agile combat cells that offers few targets for the enemy a precision logistics capacity that provides the right stuff at the right place at the right time and a robust information infrastructure that ties this distributed force together The report describes potential ways to achieve these capabilities as well as meet other challenges including command force insertion and training The report also describes how this new force concept could operate to perform various missions in different environments In addition to this summary volume we have produced two supporting volumes which include reports from the Task Force Panels analyses done for the Task Force by others and a collection of papers on potential technology applications While we don't expect that we got most of the details right this work should provide a rich starting point for further development and experimentation It is not surprising given that the concept is new broadly applicable and comprised of widely disparate elements that portrayals of it differ even among members of our DSB Task Force Many of the Task Force participants view the ground force as central to the concept with the remote sensors processors and weapons the supporting cast However it is equally plausible to consider the remote elements as the core Our own view emphasizes the distributed nature of the force both with respect to the interdependency of the ground force and the remote suites of sensors weapons and other systems as well as to the greatly dispersed posture of the ground force itself The report offers several recommendations By far the most important is to establish a joint effort under the leadership of an executive agent to explore and exploit the concept There is no ideal home within DoD for the exploration of something both as new and as w intrinsically joint as this distributed expeditionary force While a CINC leadership would bring the joint perspective the Services are better positioned today to start running with this concept This effort will require analysis simulation red teaming and field experiments to expose and overcome vulnerabilities and to determine how best to integrate and evolve new tactics CONOPS technology and training into revolutionary new warfighting capabilities We also recommend that a new operational task force be established to be the initial customer for the capabilities that evolve out of this effort We estimate the cost of the joint effort to explore the concept to be several hundred million dollars per year If the concept proves robust then it eventually could have a major influence on resource allocation There are technology programs underway addressing some of the capabilities necessary to implement this concept We identify other areas where more effort will be needed loitering weapons including armed UAVs sea-based fire support surveillance targeting and C3 as well as missiles and guns lower cost precision munitions sensor and information management to provide a Cooperative Engagement Capability-like picture of the ground war robotics low observable ground vehicles insertion air platforms and the means to tie the ground combatants to the information infrastructure We also have recommendations for implementing a robust information infrastructure without which this distributed force concept is impossible A necessary step is to designate an enforcer of compliance to the building codes established by a joint technical information architecture This will facilitate the use of commercial technology and products necessary to put together an affordable and open systems architecture which in turn can provide the desired functions of the operational architecture Several necessary conditions for the sort of revolutionary new capabilities we envision are already in place First there is a compelling strategic rationale — without substantial enhancements the U S may face 21st century contingencies with a military force that will be perceived as either too slow arriving or too vulnerable Second there is high expectation that enabling technologies will be available during the next two decades to support new operational concepts and tactics Lastly there are efforts already underway within the Services to explore such new warfighting concepts thus there is fertile soil in which to plant the ideas Commensurate with the nature of our task the Summer Study Group was unusually large with particularly strong military participation retired and active The exceptional commitment of time and energy from the participants reflects we are convinced their belief in the importance of our task and the feasibility of new approaches We thank all the members and government advisors of this Task Force for their dedication enthusiasm hard work and certainly not least their diligence in providing written material % zA i Theodore S Gold Co-Chairman i u e Donald C Latham Co-Chairman SUMMARY Unless the U S is able to enhance the effectiveness of the military forces that it can very rapidly bring to bear in overseas crises it will have diminishing ability to influence events and protect its interests and commitments in the 21st century The reasons are spelled out in the 1995 DSB Summer Study which posited 21st century regional adversaries with the motives to accomplish their military goals quickly and the means to disrupt and delay U S Desert Shield-type military deployments to their neighborhood Rapid and effective application of U S military force can prevent bad situations from becoming much worse and a demonstrated capability may help dissuade aggression in the first place This 1996 DSB Summer Study on Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority was tasked to identify how to make rapidly deployable forces more potent Based on its analysis this Task Force believes that substantial possibly revolutionary enhancements of the effectiveness of rapidly deployable military forces are feasible We believe that the concepts we explored in this study can be refined tested modified shaped and evolved into fielded capabilities over the next 10-20 years The Task Force believes that the technology can be brought to necessary maturity to enable new CONOPS and tactics during this time within reasonable resource expenditures Air- and sea-based firepower alone may well be sufficient to deal with certain military challenges confronting the U S in the 21st century However for both military and geopolitical reasons many potential future military contingencies will offer critical early roles for U S ground forces in theater These roles include integrating with coalition forces complementing remote sensors by filling in gaps and resolving ambiguities identifying noncombatants securing points of debarkation for follow-on forces temporarily controlling territory locating and neutralizing weapons of mass destruction WMD capabilities and preparing to make more permanent the gains achieved by long range precision strike Thus the conceptual approach outlined in this report provides for the rapid insertion of ground forces as well as for air- and sea-based firepower This expeditionary force concept will not deal with all future military contingencies It would serve as a precursor force to help deter aggression halt attacks secure critical areas and in general prepare the way for the later arrival of more extensive forces It could accomplish other missions particularly those on the lower end of the conflict scale on its own getting in doing the job and getting out quickly It clearly is not intended for major offensive ground campaigns although the sort of rapidly deployable military capability we envision would contribute to avoiding the need to conduct such campaigns The concept borrows features associated with Special Operations Forces SOF but its operations would in general be of a larger scale that the SOF's and be overt rather than covert The Task Force's concept exploits the enormous and barely scratched potential of emerging capabilities to provide theater wide situation understanding effective remote fires and a robust interconnected information infrastructure We use the Volume 1 — Summary S-l term situation understanding throughout this report to represent the higher order knowledge obtained when situation awareness is combined with appropriate context and training We envision the integration of these capabilities with a ground force redesigned from the bottom up starting with the combat cell the smallest warfighting unit The resultant ground force would be comprised of 10-20 man light agile combat cells and depending on the operational environment a heliborne armed reconnaissance capability Such combat cells would operate in highly dispersed postures presenting few concentrated targets for the enemy The combat cells could also coalesce into larger units when necessary Initial analysis suggests that equipping the cells with organic vehicles significantly enhances their effectiveness and survivability Stealth situation understanding and information warfare will be vital ingredients in their survival kit The concepts also call for extensive use of unmanned vehicles and robotics and rely on a substantially reduced logistical footprint The Task Force believes considerably more attention to these ground combat cells is warranted Light infantry getting relatively little notice and resources from the Pentagon has not changed much in capability over many decades but has great potential for enhancement if enabled by new tactics and technology A joint and distributed expeditionary task force — comprised of light and agile ground and air combat cells coupled to remote suites of sensors weapons and information processors — can be a potent military force able to take on missions at least for limited duration now requiring much larger and heavier forces on the ground • New levels of situation understanding are necessary to enable effective remote fires and ground operations in widely dispersed postures It can be provided by sensor and information management suites able to do for the ground war what the Cooperative Engagement Capability CEC is beginning to do for the fleet air defense The goal is to provide a comprehensive shared fire control and combat identification quality picture of the ground environment The picture is derived by fusing the data high resolution multispectral geometrically diverse from multiple sensors on a variety of platforms from satellites aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs to unattended ground sensors and micro air vehicles Management of this diverse sensor suite and the information it produces will become a critical task for future theater and battlefield commanders Traditional distinctions between intelligence and tactical surveillance will disappear • This new expeditionary force will be dependent on remote fires that are effective against a variety of targets It will not be sufficient to merely rebase historical weights and rates of fire The fire must be made much more efficient and the demand for emergency fire must be reduced The keys to accomplishing these are affordable precision weapons and greatly enhanced situation understanding which will turn today's fleeting observations into tomorrow's tracked targets With the appropriate ensemble of weapons this will permit us to attack the enemy when he is most valuable and most vulnerable Shortening the time of flight of the remote Volume 1 — Summary S-2 weapons will not by itself provide the requisite responsiveness and thus there will be important roles for loitering weapons and in-flight updates to incoming weapons The remote fires could be delivered by land-based tactical aircraft if the bases are available and more generally by bombers and sea-based aircraft missiles and long range guns We envision an important role for armed UAVs as well • A necessary foundation for this concept is a robust information infrastructure It must not only provide secure communication among the distributed participants but also geographical location precise time telemedicine and other functions The multitiered communication network makes use of geosynchronous and low earth orbit satellites aircraft and UAVs The ground combatants' portal into this infrastructure will be a personal information ensemble based on commercial cellular technologies able to provide paging conferencing and even imaging services Intelligent software agents will help manage both the operation of the network and the applications of the information that flows through it • The robust wide band communication networks and enhanced situation understanding offer the potential for both more centralized control the CINC can see everything and more decentralized empowerment the combat cell commander can see what the CINC sees These capabilities can present future commanders both opportunities to exploit and tensions to resolve A major challenge will be the exploration of the command relationships that best take advantage of these additional degrees of freedom We will not be able to eliminate the fog of war We can however provide the tools and training to help the combatants from Joint Task Force commander to combat cell member better deal with the uncertainty and chaos that will remain intrinsic to combat The Task Force explored and analyzed the concept in several environments — halting combined arms attacks controlling territory in the presence of hostile militia and conducting operations in urban terrain The results are discussed in the report and more detail is provided in Volume 2 While we do not expect that we got all or even most of the details right they provide a starting point for further development and experimentation The report also provides more detail on the systems and associated concepts of operation needed to provide the situation understanding remote fires information infrastructure and force insertion extraction sustainment and survivability The substantial implications for training these expeditionary and dispersed force concepts are also discussed Several necessary conditions for the sort of revolutionary changes we envisage are already in place • There is a compelling strategic rationale • The enabling technologies are maturing rapidly and • There are efforts now underway within the Services to explore such new warfighting concepts What is missing are the organizations and processes necessary to test and evolve joint warfighting architectures for new concepts such as the distributed expeditionary force concept proposed here agile ground combat cells coupled to Volume 1 — Summary S-3 ensembles of distributed remote sensors and precision weapons all interconnected by a robust information infrastructure and supported by smart logistics techniques The Task Force offers three sets of recommendations The most important is to establish a joint effort and a try before buy environment to pursue these concepts The joint effort sponsored by the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman JCS would develop test analyze and evolve these concepts through a series of experiments to learn not prove supported by refocused simulation and analysis capabilities Our adversaries will surely work hard and creatively to expose potential vulnerabilities in the distributed force concept Furthermore they will have access to much of the same technology that enables the concept Their countermeasures will call for countercountermeasures Some of their responses may limit the applicability of the concept others could prove to be more damaging to its basic viability An energetic Red Team must be an integral part of the process to explore and develop these new warfighting concepts The second set of recommendations calls for support of critical enabling systems and mechanisms — many already ongoing others new These include making the USD A T and the ASD C3I the enforcers of the joint technical information architecture and providing funds to equip some of our light infantry forces with modern communication navigation and targeting technology The third set of recommendations calls for the establishment by 1998 of a joint operational task force to be the primary recipient of the products — tactics and technology — that evolve from the above efforts At the very least pursuit of these concepts will yield potent multipliers for standard forces and tactics There is a good chance that we can achieve dramatic increases in the effectiveness of rapidly deployable forces if redesigning the ground forces around the enhanced combat cell proves to be robust in many environments There is some chance that all this will amount to a true revolution in military affairs by eliminating the reliance of our forces on the logistics head as Blitzkrieg freed the offense after World War I from its then decades old reliance on the railhead From a presentation to the DSB Task Force by MG Robert H Scales USA entitled Modern Land Warfare Follows Technology Driven Cycles Volume 1 — Summary S-4 Forward This report of the Defense Science Board Summer Study on Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority includes three volumes Volume 1 provides a summary of the principal findings and recommendations of this Task Force This volume represents the consensus view of the Task Force along with supporting analytical results Volume 2 contains a set of supporting materials prepared by Task Force panels or provided as inputs to this Task Force Each section of Volume 2 is shown with its author s Volume 3 is a collection of papers on relevant technologies Some papers were prepared by Task Force members Most were contributed by other experts in response to requests by the DSB Task Force The author s for each paper is shown Volume 1 — Forward Volume 1 Forward Table of Contents Volume 1 - Final Report Section I II III IV V VI VII Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Introduction Overview of Concept Rationale Description Context Operational Consideration Analyses and Simulation Enabling Elements of Concept System Architectures Recommendations Conclusions Terms of Reference Study Participants and Organization Enabling Technologies Glossary Volume 2 - Supporting Materials Part 1 Unclassified Under Separate Cover Section 1 II III rv v VI VII Concept of Operations 1 Leading Edge Strike Force LTG Jerry Granrud USA RET Panel Chairperson Concept of Operations 2 Territory Control MGen Ray Franklin USMC RET Panel Chairperson Concept of Operations 3 Military Operations in Urban Terrain MOUT Team Report LTG W R Etnyre USMC RET Panel Chairperson Understanding Distributed-Force Concepts for Rapid Deployment Operations Report of the DSB Panel on Analysis and Modeling MGen Jasper Welch USAF RET Panel Chairperson Task Force Griffin Final Briefing Report September 1996 TRADOC Analysis Center Fort Leavenworth KS Analytical Support to the Defense Science Board — Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority John Matsumura Randall Steeb Tom Herbert Mark Lees Scot Eisenhard Angela Stich RAND Technology Concepts Panel Report Vincent Vitto Panel Chairperson Volume 1 — Introduction Table of Contents Volume 2 - Supporting Materials Part 2 Classified Under Separate Cover Section I II The 216t Century Adversary Threat Central Intelligence Agency USSOCOM Technology Requirements for 2015 HQ USSOCOM Volume 3 - Technology White Papers Under Separate Cover I DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE Section 1 1 Tactical Information Infrastructure A Vision for the 21st Century Michael Frankel SRI International 1 2 Information Transfer Support for 21st Century Military Superiority Carl G O'Berry Motorola 1 3 Issues in Building a Heterogeneous Network Vincent W S Chan MIT Lincoln Laboratory 1 4 Emerging Wireless Technologies Applications Issues for Mobile Forces Reza Eftekari MITRE Corporation 1 5 Theater Tactical Communications Charles W Niessen MIT Lincoln Laboratory H RECONNAISSANCE SURVED1LANCE II 1 UAV-Based Sensing for Surveillance and Targeting Michael Gruber MIT Lincoln Laboratory 11 2 EO Sensor Technology for 21st Century Ground Force Support M Cantella D Harrison R Hull B Kosicki MIT Lincoln Laboratory 11 3 UAV Options William R Davis MIT Lincoln Laboratory 11 4 Foliage Penetration Radar Synthetic Aperture Radar Concept Michael F Toups MIT Lincoln Laboratory 11 5 UWB SAR As a Mine-Field Cueing Systems Serpil Ayasli MIT Lincoln Laboratory 11 6 Automatic Target Recognition ATR for Rapidly Deployable Outnumbered Forces in Wide-Area Engagements Jonathan Schonfeld MIT Lincoln Laboratory Volume 1 — Introduction 1-1 1-29 1-39 1-53 1-69 II-l 11-21 11-37 11-49 11-65 11-87 ii III PRECISION WEAPONS 111 1 Potential for Long Standoff Low Cost Precision Attack Ira Kuhn Jr Directed Technologies Inc 111 2 Information Requirements for Hard to Defeat Targets Eugene Sevin Consultant 111 3 GPS Capability Projections Jay R Sklar MIT Lincoln Laboratory 111 4 Inertial System Technology and GPS Aiding George T Schmidt C S Draper Laboratory 111 5 Impacts of 1-Meter GPS Navigation on Warfighting Dennis L Holeman SRI International 111 6 GPS Aided Inertial Guidance for Long Range Precision Strike Systems Alfred C Watts Sandia National laboratory IV FORCE ENHANCEMENT rV l Undersea Warfare Current Issues and Future Conflicts Paul Kolodzy MIT Lincoln Laboratory III-l 111-35 111-43 111-55 111-73 111-83 D7-1 V LOCAL AREA SURVEILLANCE WEAPONS V l V 2 V 3 V 4 V 5 V 6 V 7 V 8 V 9 V 10 Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority Systems Concepts for Relatively Small Rapidly Deployable Forces Joe Polito Dan Rondeau Sandia National Laboratory Robotic Concepts for Small Rapidly Deployable Forces Robert Palmquist Jill Fahrenholtz Richard Wheeler Sandia National Laboratory Potential for Distributed Ground Sensors in Support of Small Unit Operations Charles C Carson Sandia National Laboratory Steven G Peglow Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Miniature Remote Sensing Richard T Lacoss MIT Lincoln Laboratory Nuclear Biological and Chemical Detection Technologies John Vitko Ralph James David Rakestraw Joseph Schoeniger Susanna Gordon Sandia national Laboratory Stand-Off Detection of Biological Warfare Agents Thomas W Meyer Los Alamos National laboratory Biological Agent Monitoring for Ground Force Support C A Primmerman R R Parenti MIT Lincoln Laboratory Unmanned Air Vehicle - Biological Agent Sensor Jan van der Laan Edward Uthe Clinton B Carlisle SRI International Biological Agent Battlefield Surveillance and Covert Collection Luke V Schneider David E Cooper John P Carrico SRI International Unmanned Air Vehicle - Standoff Detection of Chemical Agent Plumes Edward Uthe SRI International Volume 1 — Introduction V-l V-7 V-29 V-33 V-45 V-57 V-61 V-71 V-81 V-95 iii V ll V 12 V 13 The Problem of Landmines for Future Forces James P Hickerson Rob M Allen Jack C Swearengen Sandia National Laboratory Future Land Mines Robert M Allen Sandia National Laboratory The Explosive After Next Thomas W Meyer Los Alamos National Laboratory VI URBAN OPERATIONS VI 1 Technological Innovations to Support Military Operations in an Urban Environment Wade Ishimoto Dori Ellis Sandia National laboratory VI 2 Ultra-Wide-band Radar Applied to Surveillance Roger Vickers SRI International VI 3 Through-The-Wall 3-D CSAR System Concept David F Sun Jay R Sklar MIT Lincoln Laboratory VIA Sniper Detection Radar Jay R Sklar H D Goldfein MIT Lincoln Laboratory VI 5 Portable Sniper Location System John W Ciboci SRI International VI 6 The Department of Energy Non-Lethal Programs Thomas W Meyer Los Alamos National laboratory VII INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS VII l Solid State Color Night Vision Fusion of Low-Light Visible and Thermal IR Imagery Allen M Waxman A N Gove D A Fay J P Racamato J Carrick M C Seibert E D Savoye B E Burke R K Reich W H McGonagle CM Craig MIT Lincoln Laboratory VII 2 Positioning Location Using B-CDMA William J Hillsman DTI International DNA Vaccines for Malaria Prevention vn 3 RADM Noel Dysart USN N931 Volume 1 — Introduction V-101 V-lll V-123 VI-1 VI-7 VI-21 VI-47 VI-69 VI-77 VII-1 VII-29 VII-39 IV Section I Introduction 'Information is the soul of morale in combat S L A Marshall Colonel USA RET Volume 1 — Introduction 1-1 Volume 1 Introduction 1-2 Section I Introduction THE TASK FORCE FOCUS FROM THE TERM OF REFERENCE The Task Force should focus on the concept of emp loying relatively small and rapidly deployable forces specially equipped trained and supported by remote sensors and weapons -- capable of executing missions hereto for only possible with much larger and massed forces The Terms of Reference abstracted in the figure and provided in Appendix A pose three basic questions • • • What are the realistic missions and how does the concept fit within larger military strategies and force employment What operational and technical capabilities are needed How and when can DoD turn the concept into an operational capability Our potential adversaries will also not be standing still The DSB Summer Study of 1995 posited regional adversaries that were very formidable even at modest budget levels by use of widely available 21st century technologies in selective and innovative applications to undercut current U S plans programs and combat concepts Thus we also consider potential counter-measures to the concept The time horizon for this study is the next twenty years with our attention focused beyond the current POM and its associated forces This is sufficiently long to allow for profound change while near enough to have to begin taking actions now to affect these changes The opportunity for profound change over this time period can be appreciated by noting the remarkable advances that have occurred during the past twenty years in precision weaponry stealth and particularly in information technology The goal is an eventual revolutionary increase in the capabilities of rapidly deployable forces achieved over the next few decades through an evolutionary insertion of new tactics and technology Volume 1 — Introduction 1-3 ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPT A • • • rapidly deployable force Light Agile Potent The force is • Distributed and disaggregated • Empowered by unprecedented situation understanding • Dependent on remote fires • Connected by robust information infrastructure • Supported by precision logistics The basic elements of the concept that we explored in this study and describe in the report are highlighted above It is a distributed force comprised of light and agile ground units and suites of remote sensors and shooters all interconnected by a robust information infrastructure We use the term situation understanding throughout the report to connote a higher level of knowledge than situation awareness An exploration of new concepts also generates an abundance of names for the concepts We attempt a degree of consistency in the report by limiting ourselves to two names for the overall concept depicted above We call it either a new expeditionary force concept or a leading edge strike force The second term highlights a particularly important rationale for the concept — to prepare the way for more extensive but slower arriving forces In the report we sometimes add the adjective distributed before expeditionary to emphasize this salient characteristic of the concept Its distributed nature has several dimensions the interdependence of the ground forces and remote suites of sensors and weapons the posture of the ground force itself and the posture of the basic unit within the ground force We use the term combat cell to denote the basic ground unit of this distributed expeditionary force concept Such cells may have different composition and capabilities depending on the nature of the mission and scenario Volume 1 — Introduction 1-4 Section II Overview of Concept Rationale Description and Context Volume 1 — Overview of Concept II-1 Volume 1 Overview of Concept THERE IS A COMPELLING STRATEGIC RATIONALE FOR EXAMINING NEW WARFIGHTING CONCEPTS Rapid application of military force can deter defuse contain and stabilize However - U S reliant on expeditionary forces CONUS and sea-based - Regional adversaries will have motives and means to delay disrupt traditional deployments - More opportunities for urban operations - Adversary's own revolution in military affairs may seriously challenge evolving U S capabilities Greatly increasing effectiveness and decreasing vulnerabilities of rapidly deployable forces will enhance U S freedom of action to deal with this future This Task Force did not spend a lot of time inventing futures We assumed that the U S would retain global interests and commitments and that military force would remain a critical instrument of U S policy In particular rapid and effective application of military force can be a potent tool in the U S kit bag to deter defuse contain and otherwise prevent bad situations from becoming much worse However the challenge is that the U S must do this in a world where we are likely to be reliant on expeditionary forces and face resourceful adversaries seeking ways to neutralize U S military prowess The 1995 DSB Summer Study posited future U S adversaries with both motives and means to achieve their military goals rapidly and make it very difficult for the U S to deploy forces in traditional ways to theater The U S may increasingly face situations where our military leverage is perceived to be either too vulnerable or too slow Thus unless we can increase the effectiveness and robustness of rapidly deployable fire the U S will lose considerable freedom of action to support its global interests Volume 1 — Overview of Concept II-3 GETTING EFFECTIVE FORCES TO THEATER ENHANCE STRATEGIC MOBILITY OF ROBUST FORCES EFFECTIVENESS ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF FORCES THAT CAN ARRIVE EARLY FOCUS OF OUR TASK FORCE TIME This notional figure depicts a traditional force deployment to a theater The build-up of forces during the Operation Desert Shield phase of the Gulf War took almost five months Future adversaries may not give us that luxury again The challenge of getting effective force there earlier is being addressed within DoD on several fronts more strategic mobility more prepositioning of materiel ashore and afloat and tailoring the forces to preserve effectiveness while enabling more responsive deployment and sustainment This Task Force concentrated on time urgent contingencies and addressed how to make those forces that can arrive very early — within the first hours and days — much more potent than they are today Volume 1 — Overview of Concept II-4 WE SET AMBITIOUS GOALS FOR THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE CONCEPT 10 fold increase in capability compared to today's light force Versatile does Military Operations in Urban Terrain MOUT difficult terrain halting combined arms attacks locating and neutralizing WMD Comprised of superbly trained general purpose forces In place 1-2 days Fight 2 weeks Affordable Spinoff for other forces missions Evolve during the next 20 years These are an ambitious set of goals and it will be quite a challenge to fulfill them all The order of magnitude goal of effectiveness enhancement reflects our desire for revolutionary rather than incremental improvements Part of this enhancement e g a factor of two could come from increasing the percentage of actual combatants deployed on the ground in theater while leaving the non-fighting portion of the force behind but connected via the information infrastructure Another factor of two or more could result from making these combatants more effective through tactics training and technology Finally the largest potential enhancements can derive from leveraging the situation understanding and effective fires provided by the remote suites of sensors and weapons We want this force to be as versatile as possible — able to take on a variety of missions in various environments While these expeditionary forces we envision will have characteristics similar to today's Special Operations Forces SOF we place additional challenges including training by the objective of using general purpose forces For the ground element of the force this will involve the approximately 25 000 light infantry currently in the Active force Army and Marine Corps The two week operating goal reflects that this force is not intended for sustained operations They must be able to accomplish their mission quickly and either get out or be reinforced by later arriving forces depending on the situation Volume 1 — Overview of Concept II-5 NEW EXPEDITIONARY FORCE CONCEPT Today's Deploying Force Emerging Capabilities - - Theater-wide Situation Understanding Effective Remote Fires Robust Communications • Hierachical • Organic Support 1 Combat Cells Smallest Fighting Unit Other Challenges Reconfigured into far more potent force capable of e g • Halting Combined Arms Attacks • Controlling Territory in presence of light infantry militia • Operating in Urban Terrain Commanding this distributed force Inserting Extracting Surviving Sustaining smart logistics Training Exercising Culture Our approach to meeting these ambitious goals is to exploit the synergies among three emerging capabilities whose ultimate potential is barely being tapped theater-wide situation understanding effective long range fires and robust communication We couple these to a fourth element a ground force redesigned from the bottom up starting with the smallest fighting unit called a combat cell in this report The operational challenges to making this concept a reality include 1 commanding and controlling the distributed force 2 inserting and extracting it 3 making it survivable and 4 and sustaining it through smart logistics Smart logistics techniques utilizing the robust information infrastructure will be needed to provide the right stuff at the right place and at the right time with vastly reduced logistics footprint and personnel in the combat zone The training and exercise demands of such a flexible and responsive force also pose formidable challenges Lastly there are cultural obstacles that always exist when large and established organizations attempt new ways of conducting its business The Task Force examined how such a conceptual force could be applied in several operational environments including 1 halting a combined arms attack 2 controlling difficult terrain in the presence of light infantry militia and 3 military operations in urban terrain focusing on specific military missions such as locating and neutralizing WMD rather than sustained peace keeping Volume 1 — Overview of Concept II-6 CRITICAL ROLES FOR AEROSPACE SEA FORCES • Gain superiority or dominance if possible - Air Sea Undersea Space - Information dominance essential • Provide reconnaissance surveillance targeting • Deliver Fires • Deliver sustain forces ashore Air and naval forces are necessary elements of this expeditionary force concept They must provide the air sea and space superiority reconnaissance surveillance and targeting delivery of fires and delivery and sustenance of forces ashore that are all required for this concept to operate successfully Gaining of information dominance is particularly critical for the concept and will involve offensive and defensive information warfare including deception decoys and electronic combat Volume 1 — Overview of Concept II-7 WHEN GROUND FORCES CONSIDER THREE IMPORTANT VARIABLES Enemy Centers of Gravity UNCERTAIN NON-PLATFORM KNOWN STRONGLY-PLATFORM Terrain CLOSE HEAVY COVER Enemy Formations One of the questions we wrestled with is Why and when do you need ground forces This figure illustrates three of the variables that affect the answer As the terrain goes from open to closed as the enemy's order of battle moves from linear to nonlinear and as the enemy's center of gravity moves from a known platform-orientation to uncertain non-platform the Task Force believes that there is an increasing role for ground forces In such a case ground forces are important to achieving situation understanding sufficient to accomplish the mission to fill in gaps in the coverage of remote sensors to distinguish enemy combatants from neutrals to help detect and target dismounted forces that present difficulties for remote sensors and to resolve ambiguities about target characteristics necessary to support effective remote fire They could also secure Points of Debarkation PODs and complement provide force multipliers the local friendly forces The most likely and frequent cases for U S military operations will not be independent U S actions but will involve coalition or other friendly forces How to integrate these forces into the concepts we espouse will require more analysis than could be applied during this Summer Study Coalition forces can contribute shooters sensors intelligence lift and sustainment and in some cases may be able to substitute completely for U S ground Volume 1 — Overview of Concept II-8 forces Training and equipage implications must be addressed and the information infrastructure designed to accommodate a wide range of possible contributions from and integration with coalition forces In some cases the application of U S air and sea based fire power would precede the arrival of U S ground forces In other cases the rapid insertion of forces including ground elements into a threatened nation could help stabilize the situation and deter aggression The deterrent effect is strengthened to the extent that the inserted force is perceived as militarily effective as seemed to be the case for the Vigilant Warrior exercise in the Fall of 1994 when Army units were rushed to SWA to link with their prepositioned equipment in response to Iraqi southward troop movements Within the ground force our focus was on the combat cell the smallest fighting unit above the individual level We focused on the cell rather than larger entities because of our desire to achieve effective operations in very dispersed postures We focused on the cell rather that the individual because we believe that such cells can achieve far greater leverage from new technology and innovative tactics These small units are also building blocks for larger units and thus learning how to enhance the performance of the combat cell will have applications other than rapid deployments Finally compared to other elements of our military the light infantry combat cell receives relatively little attention and resources and probably has changed the least over the last half century Today there is great potential for profound improvement particularly from new operational concepts and tactics enabled by the revolution in information technology Volume 1 — Overview of Concept II-9 WE ARE ADDRESSING A SUBSET OF FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF MILITARY FORCE Exemplar missions for new expeditionary force concept Where does this concept fit into the spectrum of military operations that the U S may be called upon to conduct in the future Consider a slice of future applications not exhaustive of military force shown in the figure The type of force we are talking about clearly is insufficient to conduct major offensive or sustained ground combat campaigns However as already noted a capability for rapid and effective use of military force can contribute to deterring and preventing these larger conflagrations At the other end of the spectrum the missions of the expeditionary force will in general be of a larger scale than those of the SOF and be overt rather than covert However the expeditionary force concept borrows from SOF operations and blurs the distinction between SOF and general purpose forces Air campaigns — before and after insertion of ground units — are a critical part of the expeditionary force concept In some cases depending on the mission and the circumstances the air campaign will be sufficient by itself to achieve the objectives or air strikes might be all that the U S would be willing to employ given the stakes and risks Volume 1 — Overview of Concept 11-10 The relationship of air campaigns to the missions of the expeditionary force as a standalone capability or as a precursor or complement to the insertion of U S ground forces deserves more consideration than we were able to give it during the Summer Study For example it is not unreasonable that the desired effects and outcomes of an air campaign that would precede the insertion of these distributed light ground forces would be substantially different from those we have conducted in the past Volume 1 — Overview of Concept 11-11 IN SUMMARY OUR CONCEPT IS ABOUT MASSING FIRES NOT FORCES • • • • • • Joint Strike Force with robust remote elements - as much as possible move bits not atoms to the theater Rapid deployment of light agile combat cells - linked to each other and remote resources - dispersed avoids direct fire fights but with self protection - configurable into larger units Use humans only when necessary - much more UAVs robotics Situation understanding dominance which includes - robust information infrastructure - CEC-like understanding of the ground battle - critical role for sensors information management Ensemble of effective remote fires - no single silver bullet' - responsive affordable - important role for loitering weapons inflight update Low profile responsive sustainment - get the right stuff to the right place at the right time Affordability from a mission perspective not size of the force - missions are strategic even though the forces are small - the expeditionary force is the JTF at least until larger forces arrive later The key features of the concept — highlighted in the above chart — are discussed in the following sections Additional elaboration is provided in Volume 2 and 3 of the report Volume 1 — Overview of Concept 11-12 NEW EXPEDITIONARY FORCE CONCEPT Today's Deploying Force Emerqi nq Capabi littes - Theater-wide Situation Understanding Effective Remote Fires - Robust Communications • Hierachical • Organic Support t Combat Cells Smallest Fighting Unit Other Challenges Reconfigured into tar more potent force capable of e g • Halting Combined Arms Attacks • Controlling Territory in presence of light infantry militia • Operating in Urban Terrain Commanding this distributed force Inserting Extracting Surviving Sustaining smart logistics Training Exercising Culture In Sections III and IV we briefly describe applications of this new expeditionary force concept to different missions 1 a leading edge strike force capable of halting combined arms attacks 2 controlling territory in the presence of light infantry militia and 3 operations in urban terrain These are covered in more detail in Volume 2 Section I-III Then Section V summarizes how the emerging capabilities and the challenges enumerated in the above chart can fit together to support this force concept The enabling technologies are further discussed in Appendix C of this volume Sections VI and VII present the Task Force's recommendations and conclusions Volume 1 — Overview of Concept 11-13 Volume 1 Overview of Concept 11-14 Section Operational Considerations Volume 1 - Operational Considerations Volume 1 - Operational Considerations OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 'The sooner an intervening force can arrive to influence the course of military events the smaller the chance that the conflict will devolve into a fire-power-intensive wasteful slugging match MG Robert H Scales Jr USA In this chapter we discuss how the concept outlined in the previous chapter might operate in several environments Although size and composition of the force depend on the mission there are two common features of the proposed concept dependence on remote elements and ground forces organized around agile combat cells We explored concepts with in-theater ground forces up to -5 000 brigade size The total force including the air and sea elements could be considerably larger The chapter begins by illustrating the general operational concept and then discusses • • • • • • the critical role of remote fires to this concept an approach to achieving dominant situation understanding how the combat cells could operate to control territory a top level view of how a future brigade size expeditionary force might be organized potential enemy countermeasures to the concept and the special case of operations in urban terrain Volume 1 - Operational Considerations HI-3 General Operational Concept OPERATIONAL CONCEPT 9 Remote Prepare with strikes Initial Small intense force insertion Disperse to survive and enlarge territorial control Time Line Coordinate to secure Re-mass to repulse Consolidate to accept reinforcement This figure depicts a general time line of operations of the expeditionary force concept Depending on circumstances the insertion of the ground units would be preceded by strikes and suppression of enemy air defenses using air and naval forces Again depending on the particular circumstances political situation availability of ports and local airfields enemy disposition the initial ground force would then be inserted in either dispersed or concentrated configurations Subsequent operations could be conducted in widely dispersed postures much more dispersed than today's norms to increase survivability and enlarge territorial control or more consolidated postures to secure lodgments or other objectives Volume 1 - Operational Considerations III-4 The Critical Role of Remote Fires to this Concept Leveraging Remote Fires I Look I S Look In-flight weapon redirection Manage the weapon targeting sensor system ensemble CJTF Timeliness strike targets when they are valuable vulnerable New ROE Decide-Evoke-Look-See-Track-Tag-Watch-Destroy BDA is an integral part of the strike package This graphic highlights several issues in the employment of remote fires under the new expeditionary force concept First the expeditionary force must have the real-time capability to manage ensembles of both sensor and weapon systems including a means to deconflict weapon employment and the ability to call for specific weapons that match the target characteristics when it is needed Second there is a critical role in the weapons ensemble for loitering weapons and inflight updates in order to provide the responsiveness needed to deal with time urgent and mobile targets The ensemble of indirect fire weapons must be capable of engaging any tactical targets Third the Task Force envisions new rules of engagement which employ means to evoke targets fires information warfare etc that can then be observed put into track and tagged to be described in more detail later These will permit the force commander to schedule fires to hit targets when and where they are most valuable and vulnerable Fourth the battle damage assessment function must be integral to the strike package and in some cases integrated into the strike weapon itself Information Based Warfare is an apt title for these operations because the essential key to success will be exquisite situation understanding Volume 1 - Operational Considerations III-5 VALUE OF FIRST ROUND INDIRECT FIRE KILL • The greater the surpri se the more vul nerabl e the target • Old concept see-shoot-adjust-kill a few • New concept evoke - look - see - track - tag - watch • destroy neutralize • Potentially great value but difficult to quantify - could be 1-2 orders of magnitude benefit • Drastic reduction in ordnance requirements Our objective is to achieve high effectiveness from the first round of indirect fire This has rarely been the historical experience Indirect fire weapons usually have operated on a doctrine of see shoot adjust and shoot again Such a sequence provides the enemy with a warning that says Stop doing what you're doing and get under cover because I'm going to fire at you Conversely if the enemy believes he is secure and is not under observation then an effective and well placed weapon can catch him unaware and in a potentially far more vulnerable posture Offensive Information Warfare IW can play an important role in evoking targets and fostering surprise Thus we want to convert See-Shoot-KillMaybe into Evoke-Look-See-Track-Tag-Watch-Destroy with a strike that the enemy does not expect and at a time and place that he is most vulnerable or valuable A future operational commander able to decide when best to attack enemy units and thus able to use the limited weapons resources far more efficiently than today is critical to the success of the concept Volume 1 - Operational Considerations III-6 An Approach to Achieving Dominant Situation Understanding EFFECTIVE SITUATIONAL UNDERSTANDING IS ACHIEVED BY THE INTEGRATION OF MULTILAYERS OF SURVEILLANCE AND CONNECTIVITY Top layer CJTF level 300-400 km dla - Search - Connectivity - Variable resolution Middle layer Taskable Support 40-50 km dla - 'Track things between cells - Provide back-up to other 2 layers Bottom layer DCC level 10-20 km dia - Track things even small things near me - Identify - High resolution Middle Layer Bottom Layer The three layers shown are notional -- there could be more This chart shows how the Task Force foresees the multilayered suite of sensors that will be needed to provide enhanced situational understanding at all levels of command down to the individual combatant The top layer provides a synoptic theater view of what is going on The middle layer provides higher resolution to support targeting of remote weapons and combat cell operations The bottom layer belongs to the combat cell and complements the information generated by the other layers to fill in gaps in coverage help resolve target ambiguities distinguish targets from non-targets provide fire control quality tracking and in general allow the combat cell to have a decisive situation understanding edge over the adversary This bottom layer bubble would include unattended ground sensors and elevated sensors under direct combat cell control In practice the tasks of the different layers will not as neatly separate as depicted In particular some of the sensors in the top layers will be capable of very high resolution Volume 1 - Operational Considerations III-7 detection and tracking in certain circumstances and thus can directly support long range fire and combat cell operations The top layer will be comprised of a variety of sensor systems Signals Intelligence SIGINT Synthetic Aperture Radar SAB Moving Target Indication MTI Foliage Penetration FOPEN SAR Electro-optical EO multi-spectral imaging on a variety of platforms satellite aircraft and high altitude unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs It will provide a field-of-regard encompassing the theater of operations hundreds of km in diameter The intermediate layer could be provided by Medium Altitude Endurance MAE UAVs e g PREDATOR-type also carrying a variety of sensor types capable of providing better than one meter resolution over approximately a 40 km field of regard The bottom sensor layer includes an Advanced Air Vehicle AAV provided to each combat cell We envision this Vertical Take-off and Landing VTOL UAV platform can service an area within a 10 km radius of the combat cell It could carry a multi-spectral sensor system with 1 foot resolution over about a 300x300 meter square to detect vehicles and people This AAV sensor system could also respond to cueing from the unattended ground sensors UGS A robust information infrastructure would provide the horizontal links to enable combat cells to use their sensors cooperatively Such cooperation and the availability of information from the other layers may contribute to keeping the AAVs duty cycle relatively low and spending most of its time on the ground waiting for its few daily missions and therefore reduce the logistic burdens of power supplies and fuel What is clearly implied is that U S forces have suppressed enemy air defenses and achieved air superiority in order to deploy such a tiered surveillance and reconnaissance network As will be discussed later the real-time management of this theater sensor suite coordinated with external national sensor systems will become a critical and challenging task for future commanders The theater commander will need at his disposal a Battlespace Integration and Management Capability BIMC that correlates fuses sorts and distributes relevant information to his distributed elements including the combat cells The BIMC should be integrated with weapons ensemble management capability to coordinate deconflict and manage indirect fires The Theater Battle Management Core System TBMCS in early development by the U S Air Force could be an appropriate place to develop the sensor and weapons management functions among other capabilities for planning battle management and situation understanding support The proposed Expeditionary Force Concept leverages the situation understanding obtained through this layered sensor approach to enable effective remote fires and militarily useful combat cell operation Volume 1 - Operational Considerations III-8 How the Combat Cells Could Operate to Control territory CONTROLLING TERRAIN AN EXAMPLE CONOPS Insert combat cells each cell is 10-20 men to control territory on its own and or secure territory and POD's for arrival of larger forces - Distribute cells over area to cover key nodes intersections and access routes - Provide cell mobility via foot or special vehicle depending on terrain and situation • If on foot each combatant load 35 lb vice 80-90 lb today Situation understanding via layered bubbles Linked to ensemble of remote weapons Provide no concentrated targets for the enemy Stealth reliable communications IW essential for survival Cells avoid direct firefight Can coalesce into larger units if necessary The combat cell concept including its applicability and potential strength and vulnerabilities is covered in considerably more detail in Volume 2 Section 2 Volume 1 - Operational Considerations III-9 COMBAT CELL OPERATIONS WITHIN THE BUBBLES Options • Kill Expanded situational understanding gives two new options Additional Options • Move mobility • Hide stealth Expand your bubble while shrinking his A key capability for combat cell mission success is maintaining a local awareness bubble larger than the enemy's The expanded bubble enables the combat cells to detect and monitor enemy actions well before being detected themselves This places the critical advantage of time for action with the combat cell Coupled with enablers for stealth information warfare IW and mobility the combat cell also has at its disposal several options for action 1 enemy engagement kill 2 hiding while continuing to observe the enemy or 3 moving to a safer or more advantageous vantage point Options 2 and 3 are the ones that allow indirect fire to become the primary enemy kill approach Conversely when the combat cell's bubble shrinks to the same size as the enemy's and in the extreme becomes limited to the collective human senses in the cell then all options collapse to simply kill or be killed The situation becomes one of who-sees-whom-first and survival overwhelms any other task the combat cell had set out to accomplish Inevitably this becomes a losing proposition for the combat cell being well within enemy territory where reinforcements for the enemy are much less problematic than for the combat cell The situation awareness bubbles along with reduced signature of any insertion vehicles are needed for insertion of the combat cells If our forces are entering a hostile situation the need for overhead spotlights to find areas where the cells will have some safe time is critically important Buying this first hour undisturbed on the ground can make the combat cell the owner of a certain piece of territory employing sensors and learning his land The longer the cell is there undisturbed the more it can grow its bubble If the bubble is to move it should be led by a spotlight that says OK — you can move West Northwest 6 miles there's nothing there The size of the bubble determines the cell's options the bigger the bubble the more options it has Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-10 A Top Level View of How a Future Brigade Size Expeditionary Force Might Be Organized ORGANIZATION DESIGN CONCEPT BrigadeSize Force 5 000 men Combat Cells •• BrigadeSize Force 5 000 men Remass as Necessary Trained equipped and manned to operate as brigade and as dispersed combat cells Flexible combat support tailoring Combined arms synchronization Employ long range precision fires Reduced C2 layers Integrally connected to the situational awareness infrastructure and remote firepower that provide the force multipliers needed to defeat heavy opposing forces Combat sells could be organized into brigade sizes under certain conditions This chart depicts the organization of such a brigade size Leading Edge Strike Force deploying rapidly to theater to establish an initial defense and provide for the introduction of followon forces Their mission in concert with indigenous forces would be to deter aggression and if deterrence fails halt or at least delay enemy forces and prevent seizure of air and sea points of debarkation APOD SPOD The ground component of such a force would be comprised of 3-4 battalions of light infantry about 100-200 combat cells total Other components of the ground force could include civil affairs psychological operations intelligence engineers command control and communications as well as some organic indirect fire and attack helicopter capabilities Combat service support would be limited to the minimum needed to accept and distribute on-time precision logistics The strike force could operate in both concentrated and highly dispersed postures to perform a variety of missions surveillance and reconnaissance seize secure coordinate and integrate with coalition forces Volume 1 - Operational Considerations III-ll A 5000 man expeditionary force with these capabilities could arrive if uncontested in theater via approximately 300 C-17 sorties It would then disperse and in concert with indigenous and coalition forces establish an internetted sensor and information grid linked to other theater and national systems It would then be integrated with indigenous coalition forces deploy to defensive positions conduct reconnaissance and IW operations refine target and fire plans and perhaps conduct battalion level rapid reaction operations coupled to the remote elements of the force for rehearsal and demonstration effect At the individual and combat cell level planning rehearsing and adapting would be a continuous process enroute and while in-theater Their mission planning rehearsal will include the actual terrain real time video and other sensor output and digital language translators to facilitate working with coalition forces and HUMINT sources One vision of the concept views the light task force as a component possibly augmented as described above of a future standard light division that is not specifically configured equipped or trained as a Leading Edge Strike Force The capability of these units to conduct this mission would then depend on technologies doctrine techniques and training available in the general purpose force structure New technologies and training techniques should allow these units to have very rapid learning curves about the specific area and adversary characteristics before enroute and during deployment to theater When the larger follow-on force is deployed the Leading Edge Strike Force could be integrated back into its parent division Experimentation will be required to determine whether this concept is practical or whether a more specifically equipped and trained task force is needed Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-12 FREE MORE LIFT FOR COMBAT OPERATIONS BY REDUCING SUPPORT FUNCTIONS DEPLOYED TO THEATER Candidates for reduction Brigade Size Task Force Lift Allocation Today 2015 goal Combat 40% Support 60% Total 100% 80% 20% 100% • Sensors Intel Function Reachback • C4ISR Infrastructure Ammunition — Precision Technology Theater Fires Organic Support Telemedicine and Biomedicine Logistics - Total Asset Visibility Containers - Tailored Maintenance Improved Reliability - Direct Precision Delivery In-Theater Conversion • Food Fuel Water Power Reduced Tactical Mobility Footprint • Fuel Power Supply Materials Today movement of even light forces requires significant time and transport resources Although each contingency will have a different schedule for deployment as a general rule a brigade requires a week to deploy a division about a month and a corps up to 3 months to completely close into an operational area Reducing the support portion of the deploying force will free more lift resources to be allocated to actual warfighting Our goal is to reduce the support lift allocation from today's -60 percent of the total down to only 20 percent Candidates for reduction include sensor and intelligence functions and the C4ISR infrastructure These functions could be effectively provided remotely via the information infrastructure with greatly reduced onthe-ground support in theater The emerging capabilities in telemedicine will also enable a reduced logistics footprint while providing effective medical and casualty care services Additional reductions can derive from tailored logistics and maintenance making use of total asset visibility improved reliability direct precision delivery to the units and in theater conversion food fuel water power Technology can contribute to reducing the tactical and strategic mobility footprint of fuel power supplies and materials The most important source of the reduction of lift allocation to support will be the availability of effective remote fires This along with increased effectiveness of organic weapons will permit the initial deployment with far less weapon and ammunition loads than are needed today We have postulated a goal by 2015 for the Leading Edge Strike Force to close and be prepared to conduct operations within 48 hours Similarly this implies that future goals for larger units also should become more demanding e g one week for a division and one month for a corps to complete a deployment to a contingency area Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-13 THERE ARE FOUR SEPARATE POTENTIAL ORDER-OFMAGNITUDE GAINS IN THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE CONCEPT • Layered integrated all seeing situational understanding - increases area of control - decreases number of forces needed • Effective remote fire accurate affordable - reduces logistics burden • Kill at will - choose time to engage maximize effects - one shot kills strong psychological impact • Reduced casualties - fewer people in harm's way although not by itself a guarantee of reduced casualties - stealth warning This Task Force's expeditionary force concept provides the four separate but not independent order-of-magnitude improvements over current operations listed above Improvement in area covered per person is achieved by the layered tiered bubbles providing situational understanding and the reduction of personnel associated with direct fire because the concept assumes virtually all fire is indirect Remote fires effective against all classes of targets will be the most important contributor to making a light force into a potent force The lethality of this concept is enhanced by choosing the time of attack for example when the enemy is refueling or gathering for meals The concept of first-shot-kills achieved by GPS aided precision and proper choice of time restricts the enemy's opportunities to reduce his vulnerabilities and also provides a potentially large psychological impact These improvements are supplemented by a reduction in casualties because we are deploying fewer people and giving those people the option of moving hiding and generally avoiding threats This is quite different from forcing them to become targets because we insist they bring direct fire or engagement to the enemy However to achieve these gains the concept must prove robust to enemy countermeasures Volume 1 - Operational Considerations III-14 Potential Enemy Countermeasures to the Concept ADVERSARIES WILL SURELY ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP COUNTERMEASURES • • • • • These will include - tactical measures not requiring high technology or new forces - changes in forces or operations - more advanced technologies They may use all these approaches to - attack and degrade the situation understanding bubbles - neutralizing the combat cells - prevent insertion sustainment The worst countermeasure may be reality There are potential counter-countermeasures that can keep the concept viable An energetic Red Team effort must be an integral part of the process to develop these new distributed force concepts The enemy has strong motivation to attack the situational understanding bubbles that provide the concept with superior and longer-range understanding of the battlefield situation If the enemy can reduce the range and or effectiveness of the situational understanding bubbles the effectiveness of the concept could be drastically reduced Their methods could include jamming GPS and communications attacking UAVs using cover concealment deception and other forms of IW to distort our situation understanding co-mingling combatants and non-combatants to complicate targeting and strike and capturing intact U S equipment that displays situation awareness There are potential counters to reduce the vulnerability of the concept to these countermeasures Some are being worked vigorously today counter GPS jamming others will require more attention UAV survivability The use of some of these countermeasures will moreover restrict an adversary's ability to conduct offensive operations Experience from Vietnam suggests that teams similar to the combat cell's can survive e g STINGRAY Furthermore the postulated architecture for situational understanding Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-15 incorporates many layers of redundancy with the smallest bubble e g snipers observers LUGS UGS micro UAVs VTOL UAV and also taskable layers above the first-tier bubble that can provide on-demand back-up to local bubble problems We do not believe that the loss of a few cells would lead inevitably to a catastrophic failure of the overall dispersed force mission Another class of countermeasures to the combat cell concept involves approaches for neutralizing the combat cells The enemy could form many search-and-destroy teams using dogs UGS LUGS and or UAVs to detect and track the movement and operations of the combat cell's Enemy units could use random and inadvertent interactions between their population and the combat cell's to leverage information gathered by remote sensors to find and target these operations A large indigenous militia can be used to detect and attack the combat cell units Countering these countermeasures will depend on ensuring that the combat cell's situational understanding is superior to the enemy's The combat cell's can use selfdefense stealth and mobility to remain covert Other tactics could include the use of IW against the enemy's UGS UAV net active spoofing to increase the enemy's search area hunter-killer UAVs to negate enemy UAV operations and active jamming of enemy GLONASS and GPS receivers Combat cell sniper operations against armed militia and other aggressor forces could reduce their operational effectiveness and might lead to a catastrophic break in their will to fight External PSYOPS can be used to influence the actions of non-combatants and militia forces to degrade their support of enemy operations against combat cell units The enemy could also attempt to prevent disrupt the insertion and sustainment of combat cells Insertion aircraft could be attacked with distributed air defense assets lowtechnology barriers could be erected on likely ingress routes potential insertion sites could be monitored and theater support bases land and sea could be targeted with long-range wide-area weapons Potential counter-counter measures include signature reduction of insertion sustainment vehicles remote insertion new active and passive defenses including chem bio defense and increased capability for extended range extra-theater operations Insertion sustainment extraction vulnerability can be further reduced if the mission duration of combat cells can be substantially increased from the 3-4 day historical norm Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-16 The Special Case of Operations in Urban Terrain MILITARY OPERATIONS IN URBAN TERRAIN MOUT Vietnam Hue City • Walled city small bidgs river people Today Grozny • Large buildings ancient infrastructure sizable populace Lessons Learned • PoorComm • Stressed C2 • Casualties 6x normal • 80% of city destroyed • Leaders Marines not trained for urban warfare Current Situation • Poor comm • Stressed C2 • High casualties mil non-combatant • Most of city center destroyed • Poor conops I untrained soldiers Not Much has changed Even more significant and difficult in future - Urbanization • political instability - Cities are where power resides - Enemy exploitation of non-combatants limits our options - WMD sites in urban areas The experiences of past and recent military operations in urban terrain indicate that not much has changed Poor communication constrained mobility stressed command and control and high casualties continue to be the norm The urban environment is a particularly difficult one for military operations and the challenges it poses are well known The rapid growth of the number and size of urban centers especially in regions of political instability increases the likelihood that U S forces will be called upon to conduct MOUT For the purpose of our Task Force the MOUT missions we addressed were not pacification or sustained peacekeeping but rather more limited duration operations with specific military objectives These could include freeing hostages seizing leadership or destroying critical C3 or other high value hard targets Speed will be essential for these missions get in and move rapidly accomplish what you came to do and then get out as quickly as possible The rapid operation — closer in tempo and preparation to a SOF operation than Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-17 to a typical ground maneuver — must be based on detailed intelligence mission planning and rehearsal for the critical elements The Task Force focused on a particularly challenging MOUT mission one unfortunately that the U S may increasingly face locating and neutralizing WMD capabilities production storage delivery C3 The reaction forces of the adversary must also be delayed or neutralized until the WMD search and destroy operation is completed An example of such operations can be found in Volume 2 Section 2 and in Volume 2 Part 2 classified developed for this Task Force by USSOCOM Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-18 COMBAT CELL CONOPS FOR MOUT • Transition from human sensors fighters supported by fires to sensors fires and fighters human robots coordinated integrated by humans REACH-BACK CAPABILITY INSERT EXTRACT Similar to the previously discussed environment our concept for MOUT involves light agile and situationally aware combat cells coupled to remote sensors and fires and supported by precision logistics In this case the very nature of the terrain dictates small combat cells The challenge is how to enable the cells to get the job done with minimal casualties We envision a transition from the past CONOPS of human sensors fighters supported by fires to one characterized by sensors fires and fighters humans robots coordinated and integrated by humans We configured a combat cell tailored for this mission depicted in the figure above It would consist of 12-19 individuals The cell and assistant cell leaders could also serve as the C4 node and demolition CW BW specialist In addition to counter snipers and riflemen a language psychological operations specialist a medic and vehicle operators the cell would include several UAV and robotics operators Cross training in all skill levels will be the norm Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-19 Critical enablers include • • • • • • An information infrastructure that provides assured communication in a tough environment a common reference grid so troops can communicate locations of objects and a means to distinguish between friend foe and non-combatant Sensors for area surveillance counter sniper and through-wall observation UAVs for surveillance communication relays and as a loitering platform for rapid response fire Weapons ranging in lethality from less than lethal to anti-armor Tools and weapons to neutralize buried facilities and WMD stocks and Precision and on-time logistics particularly to deliver these tools and weapons rapidly rather that having the cells carry them with them as they search for the facilities WMD Robotics will play key roles carrying sensors drawing fire serving as shooters first into buildings blocking exits and escape breaching walls and buildings and clearing obstacles and mines Volume 1 - Operational Considerations 111-20 Section IV Analyses and Simulation Volume 1 Analyses and Simulation Volume 1 Analyses and Simulation Analyses and Simulation The DSB Summer Study on Tactics and Technology conducted or sponsored several analyses to explore it's expeditionary force concept The results of three are presented in this section • A virtual simulation of the combat cell and it's connectivity to remote sensors and shooters was set up in the IDA Simulation Center Marines and soldiers were brought in to play in the facility • A RAND analysis on the value of sensor suites and long range weapons to enable light forces to halt combined arms attacks • An Army TRADOC study of a hypothetical future task force employing some of the concepts we are exploring Any analysis that could be accomplished on this new complex and untested concept during the short course of the summer study must be illustrative rather than definitive Indeed one of our objectives in initiating these activities was to help jump start the analyses and simulation effort that will be critical to explore and evolve this expeditionary force concept The exercises at the Institute for Defense Analyses IDA Simulation Center demonstrate the potential of virtual simulations to capture some human dimensions including command and control options intrinsic to this disaggregated and distributed concept We expect that much richer and truer simulated environments relevant to the operation of combat cells and distributed forces can be made available in the near future The RAND work illustrates the type of analyses that will be necessary to compare the relative worth of alternative sensor weapon and other systems options Lastly the TRADOC Analysis Center TRAC effort provides a rich example of the use of two-sided campaign level analyses to explore the strengths and vulnerabilities of new expeditionary force organization Concept of Operations tactics and materiel to perform a variety of missions in different operational environments In addition to these three efforts GAMMA Corporation provided analysis and historical data on relevant small unit operations a summary is provided in Volume 2 Part 1 Section IV The Joint Precision Strike Demonstration JPSD and Joint Warfighting Center JWC were also responsive to our Task Force's call for help and provided results of both new and previous modeling efforts that helped illuminate our problem Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation D7-3 Virtual Reality Simulation A VIRTUAL REALITY SIMULATION OF THE COMBAT CELL CONCEPT WAS CONDUCTED FOR OUR STUDY • Effort sponsored by DDR E and conducted at the IDA Simulation Center • New simulation capabilities were constructed and exercised during course of our study using existing components and software • Marines and Army infantry officers experimented with the simulator More details of The Institute for Defense Analyses effort can be found in Volume 2 Part 1 Section IV A follow-on plan has been separately prepared and given to the DDR E and the Director DARPA to enhance and continue research simulator development and experimentation on combat cell and related distributed force operations Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-4 COMBAT CELLS ON THE VIRTUAL BATTLEFIELD SIMULATION DESCRIPTION Individual Combat Cell Portal Immersion Interfaces Direct Interfaces Virtual 21st Century Battlefield Control Stations Horizontal Motion Device Aural Stereo Device Visual Device Direct Interfaces Via Surrogate Equipment Surrogate Personal Data Assistant Surrogate Map of the Future Corresponding Dismounted Soldier Icon Remote Sensors Surrogate SINCGARS Radio Surrogate Binoculars Compass and Laser Range Finder Surrogate Light Vehicle Control Surrogate Hovercraft Control Lt Vehicle L Hovercraft Sensor Platform ModSAF RedFor Database •o Terrain The virtual simulation portrayed the targeting and situation understanding elements of two combat cells plus higher headquarters The simulation was used to examine variations in environment cell composition and equipment Army and Marine officers served as the live subjects players in these trials Cells were assigned missions to control an area size varied up to 5 km radius The geophysical aspects of this battlefield were created from digital terrain databases Two different environments were explored a desert and a European type with numerous tree lines and rolling hills Modified synthetic automated forces and adjunct models were employed to provide remote fires and sensors and enemy forces that included tank armored vehicle truck-mounted and dismounted platoons Members of the cell were placed in portals that provided interfaces with the virtual environment and virtual equipment The individual s could walk run crawl see hear and talk on the virtual battlefield The cells conducted 7 combat operations ranging in duration from 1 to 3 hours During these battles the cells received over 200 sensor reports and requested over 150 remote fire missions Throughout the approximately 14 hours the cells were engaged in combat they were confronted by about 175 enemy platoons tank BMP truck or dismounted The trials were observed by tactical and behavioral experts who monitored and recorded participant activity Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-5 COMBAT CELLS ON THE VIRTUAL BATTLEFIELD CONCEPTS EXPLORED • TEAM ORGANIZATION • Individuals Sub-element • DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONSPersonal onal Data F j „ Assistant Palmtop t l p n tJ I 11 M Map of the Future Laptop • TACTICAL MOBIUTYAfoot Mounted • FIRE CONTROL SYSTEMLaser Range Finder -»• p-Tm I fc- WJ f II Enhanced 11 Laser Range Finder • LOCAL SENSOR Aerial Tethered Platform cz n Ground Only The alternative concepts depicted above were explored during the combat cell virtual battles These included alternative allocation of tasks among members of the cell as well as equipment options For example the relative effectiveness of a laser range finder incorporating binoculars and an electronic compass was compared with a similar device integrated with a data entry device radio and software which predicted the targets location at the projected time of impact of indirect fire Alternative fire request and fire control procedures between the cell and the task force headquarters were also explored Following each combat operation each member of the cell filled out a questionnaire and participated in an After Action Review AAR together with the observers subject matter experts and the software designers Based on these AARs cell doctrine was modified and periodically the Personal Data Assistant PDA and Maps of the Future MOF functionality were modified Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation rv-e COMBAT CELLS ON THE VIRTUAL BATTLEFIELD OBSERVATIONS AND INSIGHTS FROM THE DSB-SPONSORED TRIALS All are subject to further analysis ' General — Combat effectiveness is strongly dependent on the apportionment of the roles and responsibilities between the cells and task force headquarters — While individual situational awareness should be enhanced combat power is derived through teamwork — A dismounted combat cell was not nearly as effective as one that had an agile vehicle Sensor Management — The major functions performed by the cells were to detect and classify enemy forces not observable by other sensor systems and to help determine enemy intent and options — Battle Damage Assessment was not an effective task for the cells ' Data Management — Distributed databases and a multicast communications system would enhance situational awareness and C2 by providing the right information when needed — The cells could validate a target and request fires but the system should track and complete the engagement at the most appropriate time Weapons Management — Cells need confidence in the fire support system Without feedback they clog the C2 system with redundant requests for fire and information — If targets are not tagged and tracked weapons must engage within 2-5 minutes of the fire request or the predicted target location may no longer be accurate — The cells had difficulty handling more than two targets at the same time Data Presentation — Palmtop size map displays were much less useful than laptop size — Control of large areas requires digital scaleable maps of appropriate size that can perform distributed automated battle management and terrain analysis — Three different data entry and display devices were needed to produce a full capability for acquisition and engagement of targets These capabilities need consolidation into one device optimized to support the conceptual doctrine GENERAL — The combat cell was made responsible for most aspects of requesting and controlling indirect fires employing organic sensors determining areas for remote sensor refocus and battle damage assessment BDA These responsibilities overloaded the cell and overall mission would be more successful if some portion of these tasks were handled by the task force headquarters Initially considerable attention was given to empowering the individual combatant but it was found that more focus should be on empowering the cells Forming the cells into sub-elements assigning distinct tasks to each member of a sub-element and equipping each cell with respect to its collective mission was more effective than when each member was assigned a wide range of tasks and the same equipment Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-7 The cell's combat effectiveness was enhanced when it had transportation to move about the battlefield The dismounted infantrymen could not move fast enough to accomplish some assigned missions and assure their survivability With many cells widely dispersed and large areas for each to control they should be capable of moving rapidly and stealthily in a vehicle that is easily deployable by helicopter SENSOR MANAGEMENT — The cells were able to gather and provide unique information including characteristics of enemy targets and intent Positive identification of dismounted enemy or enemy using civilian-type transport was often possible only by visual means Further the exercises illustrated that cells functioned as sensors that were effective where other sensors were not The cells could detect targets out to 5 km with an elevated tethered video sensor platform but still had difficulty detecting targets in restrictive terrain beyond 2 km because line of sight was blocked A taskable tactical UAV the Lower Tier Bubble that could look in difficult places from a favorable angle would enhance situational understanding for both the combat cell and task force BDA was not an effective mission for cells since it detracted from more effective primary tasks mentioned above This is especially true if the weapon time-on-target is uncertain to the cell and the cell must therefore continue to follow the target for an extended period The macro sensor system should be capable of performing most BDA with the cells contributing only when the remote sensors are incapable of performing that task DATA MANAGEMENT — Items of equipment should be combined and integrated to expedite transmitting information For example a remote sensor sighting could automatically slue the hovercraft sensor platform to the location of the sighting without requiring the operator to scan for the target Once the cell has requested fires on a target the fire control system should determine when to strike The task force commander can make this determination better than the combat cell because of additional resources and information However it is also important for the team to know what action is being taken in order to have confidence that a target is no longer its concern WEAPONS MANAGEMENT — The cells occasionally submitted multiple fire requests for the same target because they received no feedback on what action was being taken to track or engage the target This detracted from their ability to continue locating and validating additional targets The concepts employed required the cell to monitor target engagement from start to finish This was possible if the target could be engaged within 2-5 minutes However most engagements that used long range indirect precision fires required about 20 minutes Therefore the cells needed to stop locating and evaluating other targets in order to provide location updates and terminal guidance for previous target requests The total system should be capable of tagging tracking engaging and conducting BDA without constant attention from the cell DATA PRESENTATION — Improvements of display and message formats will permit the cells to have better situation understanding and expedite processing and dissemination of information It is not sufficient to automate current manual message formats Software designers should work closely with the equipment developer and user to optimize data presentation Scaleable Maps of the Future were much more effective than the map on the Personal Data Assistant PDA that only presented a small size 3x3 km map The user of the smaller presentation had difficulty orienting himself on the battlefield and understanding the tactical situation Digital maps and information manipulated by voice touch pad etc rather than a key pad would facilitate use A built-in terrain profiling capability would facilitate mission analysis and planning Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-8 RAND Analysis Analysis work was also performed for the Task Force by RAND to explore the value of alternative sensor and weapon suites to contribute to the ability of a light Blue force to halt degrade a combined arms attack The Blue force being used was a division-ready brigade DRB modeled after an existing Army unit The following discussion presents selected results from this RAND Work The research was sponsored by the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology — Chief Scientist in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research Development and Acquisition Details of this analysis can be found in Volume 2 Part 1 Section V Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-9 Effects of Long Range Sensors • BasefoeAcq 'Augmented A cq Division Ready Brigade D Indirect Direct UOLII AQOK ntTXS This chart illustrates results from the RAND analysis of the value of long range sensors in the context of the expeditionary force concept The difference between the two plots in the upper figure represent the additional detections obtained when an enhanced suite of sensors UAVs and ground based manned and unmanned is added to the existing sensor suite organic to the DRB The RAND analysis show that when improved sensor systems coupled with longer range weapons EFOG-M MLRS ATACMS HIMARS Damocles 155SADARM JSOW helicopters fixed wing aircraft many with submunitions were made available to the DRB the combat cell was able to almost double the losses they can inflict while at the same time substantially reducing its own losses Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-10 ADVANCED ORGANIC AND EXTERNAL FIRES ARE COMPLEMENTARY—REDUCING COST AND HEDGING AGAINST LEAKERS 25 DRB external fires uses 132 ATACMS 20 • Enhanced DRB extemal fires uses 48 ATACMS EFOGM • Close combat still occurs •Mixed force has lower cost for same effectiveness 300 Red losses 14 Blue losses Red 15 Kills 10 5 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 Range from center of Blue force km An important consideration in the design of the expeditionary force is how much organic firepower will it need in various circumstances This figure illustrates the type of analysis and tradeoffs needed to understand the options Two cases are illustrated in this chart which plot enemy kills as a function of range from the center of the blue forces The solid plot is the same division-ready brigade DRB used in the previous chart with the augmented sensor ensemble This force was given as many missiles as it could use as well as tactical air employing SKEET The preponderance of kills now occur at the longer ranges Blue is now very effective the Red to Blue loss ratio increased to more than 20 However even in this case with very effective indirect fire we do not eliminate the close-in battle Rather the nature of the close-in battle is changed An alternative weapon mix then was used to generate the dashed curve The number of long range missiles was reduced 132 to 48 ATACMs with BATs and the force was augmented with an organic capability in this example analysis an extended-range FOGM Red and Blue losses in this case were nearly identical to the first case but the distribution of where the kills occurred changed Same outcome occurred but with potentially significant implications for cost and deployability The bottom line of analysis such as this is that there is work to do to investigate effectiveness and cost including deployment costs of various indirect organic and remote and direct fire weapon systems Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation rv-ii TRAC Analysis An analytical effort conducted by the Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC at the TRADOC Analysis Center TRAC Ft Leavenworth KS highlights the employment of dispersed combat cells and reliance on indirect fire The test scenarios encompasses three concurrent and diverse combat tasks controlling territory in the presence of hostile light infantry halting a combined arms attack and operating in urban terrain The details of this analysis called Task Force Griffin can be found in Volume 2 Part 1 Section V Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-12 SITUATION BORDER 1 KM20NE i i i i i i I I I RED PARAMILITARY INTENT - Conduct insurgency operations - Undermine Greenland's government - Preclude the arrival of follow-on Blue Forces PINK INTENT Pinkland has positioned forces 40 KM east of the border will attack if they a Suspect stronger Green-Blue diplomatic ties b Can exploit continued instability in Greenland FRIENDLY FORCES - Greenland has no standing military - Police force only capable of maintaining order in Sarajevo - UN has requested Blue take the lead in restoring order Blue deploys Task Force Griffin as the leading element of a JTF HILLY TERRAIN VII HEAVY VEGETATION BUILT-UP AREA TRAC analyzed an operation in a fictitious location although using some of the terrain of Boznia-Herzegovena with Sarajevo located as indicated and the enemy force being some 90 km away in Pinkland There is a paramilitary Red force operating in the country attempting to undermine the government which has no standing military force An external more traditional force in Pinkland is trying to take advantage of the situation and promote instability within Greenland and is preparing to launch an attack with a combined arms force The U S was requested to come into the country with a task force to assist in providing order and to deter and or stop a successful Pinkland attack Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation 1 -13 TASK FORCE GRIFFIN'S MISSION AND INTENT Mission Task Force Griffin secures APOD disarms the paramilitary forces within the 40 KM exclusion zone and assists local authorities in restoring order On order defeats the Pinkland forces allowing no penetration of the 40 KM exclusion zone Commander's Intent Initially rapidly deploy Precision Strike Teams PST and Aerial Platforms to clear Zone Bronze and seal the border Assume some risk outside 40 KM zone Survivability of PSTs and supporting elements is a paramount concern - Insure teams have access to indirect fire assets and situational awareness grid Isolated teams will reposition to reestablish linkages - PSTs will not become engaged in direct fire engagements with heavy conventional forces Success is defined as eliminating threat to airfield halting Pinkland forces outside 40 KM exclusion zone and setting conditions for follow-on forces To address this problem Task Force Griffin — a force that does not exist today — was created Its mission is summarized above It had a number of new systems and employed new tactics including aerial surveillance platforms lift and attack helicopters indirect fire systems and of particular relevance to our study precision strike units configured to operate in widely dispersed postures It employed a total of 120 four-man teams each equipped with a Future Reconnaissance Vehicle FRV sensors some direct fire weapons and digital data links to provide real-time sensor data to the combat cells Some results of the analysis and TRAC's observations are shown in the following three charts Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-14 BASE CASE RESULTS - PEACE ENFORCEMENT PHASE 'OKM 1 1 1 1 BOBDEB 1 KM ZONE 1 1 1 ZQKtf HWX» ' VANC —- -' '' @GREENf LAND 40 KM EXCLUSION ZONE 1 A£n HWV» ZONE COWEtl PINKLAND j v iili'v J BLUE SUCCESSFULLY SECURED APOD BUT WAS STILL DISARMING THE PARAMILITARY WITHIN EXCLUSION ZONE WHEN PINK ATTACKED DBW4A BIVEfl HWy a - HWYI8 r 4Yzo« IT —• HWY 14 SABAtEVa 7KM EXCLUSION ZONE - p VUASEMCA MWVt2 HUACKA RfVER HiHy Terrain Built-up Area w Heavy Vegetation River - - - -If Road During the Peace Enforcement Phase Task Force Griffin successfully secured the APOD and had dramatically reduced the insurgent's capability to employ indirect fire assets in Zone Bronze Throughout this phase the Task Force was however vulnerable to the activities of a relatively low tech force A humanitarian aid convoy was ambushed in a small built up area by an enemy RPG gunner operating out of a garage and also able to trigger some command detonated mines These results suggest other possible options to counter low tech threats in this risky mission These options include the use of conventional forces that can dismount and clear the route more effectively or the employment of some devices that might be able to nullify the ambush Primary focus within zone bronze was to eliminate the indirect-fire threat to the airfield that was posed by rockets and artillery Supported by strict Rules of Engagement ROE Blue successfully employed a combination of UAVs Precision Strike Teams PSTs and helicopters to achieve complete coverage of border and halt red infiltrators Two helicopters were destroyed by insurgent fired man portable air defense MANPAD munitions While it can be argued that future helicopters will have on-board protective systems to preclude such an attack it was not assumed within this study that rotary-winged aircraft would be able to fly with impunity throughout the area of operations It was postulated that some relatively inexpensive system would be available even in the year 2015 that could pose a threat to rotarywinged aircraft Robotic resupply would pose fewer risks Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-15 BASE CASE RESULTS - COMBAT OPERATIONS PHASE 1 KM ZONE 10 KM 1 VA WMM RIVER y 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 TUZIA ZOME J V C MvLXf mrf 31 s J GREEN- LAND HWY» 40 KM EXCLUSION ZONE I BLUE SUCCESSFULLY HALTED THE PINKLAND ATTACK AND PREVENTED PINKLAND FROM PENETRATING THE 40 KM ZONE s'vmi ZONE 7 KM EXCLUSION ZONE ® CCWCT U • _J PINK pk LAND 1 V J J f T HWVT4 VIASEMCA f f • Defeated red attacks on the airfield y i CKAfifVEH HWY12 '—' ' i Hilly Terrain Buift-up Area w Heavy Vegetation River •Countered cruise missile attacks Using elevated sensor platforms Road The Red attack on the airfield is defeated with the conventional forces playing the critical role These conventional forces which are appropriately structured for such a security mission were able to defeat this threat without forcing the PSTs to abandon their overwatch strike missions against the attacking Pink force The limit of advance is as depicted Pink forces went to ground 60 KM from Sarajevo once they were reduced to 30 percent strength The key Blue killers on the battlefield were the long-range precision munitions Over 60 percent of Pinkland combat vehicles were destroyed by indirect-precision munitions Interestingly Blue's expectation that the enemy would attack along the southern routes proved incorrect The Pinkland's main effort in fact attacked along Highways 22 and 26 with the supporting effort in the South The Pink commander assessed that the cover and concealment provided by the northern routes was more beneficial than the high speed avenues of approach provided by the southern routes Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-16 TRAC OFFERED THE FOLLOWING INSIGHTS BASED ON THIS ANALYSIS • Organic mobility allowed the Task Force to avoid direct fire engagements with heavy conventional forces insure greater sensor coverage engage fleeting targets when appropriate respond to a radical change in enemy intent • A mechanism is needed to synchronize sensors and shooters optimize sensor employment patterns insure sensor cross-cueing facilitate rapid target handover and rapidly fuse intelligence • The ability to mass the effects of multiple dispersed systems enhanced the effectiveness survivability of the Task Force • The ability to attack throughout the depth of the battlespace enabled by a redundant suite of sensors precision long range munitions and an integrated sensor-shooter platform allowed TF Griffin to halt a heavy conventional force • A balanced integration of dispersed teams conventional forces was necessary to counter insurgent operations minimize vulnerability to low-tech systems and eject the heavy force TRAC concluded that in this situation Task Force Griffin is a capable early-entry force that successfully denied the enemy his operational objective It further observed that it is an effective tip of the spear for conventional forces but • • • Conventional follow-on forces are required to conduct extensive offensive operations dominate the enemy sustain battlefield victory etc The conventional element within Task Force Griffin is necessary for certain missions to include seizure of the APOD crowd control security operations etc The balance between conventional forces and dispersed teams may vary as the operational situation changes Volume 1 — Analyses and Simulation IV-17 Volume 1 Analyses and Simulation Section V Enabling Elements of Concept System Architectures In this section we describe approaches to achieving the critical functions and capabilities identified in chapter II page 11-13 and employed in the CONOPS discussed in Section III We begin by highlighting the interdependency of these functions capabilities and then discuss in order - Remote fires - Battle management command and control - Information infrastructure - Situation understanding - Ground force survival insertion and extraction and sustainment - Training The section closes by noting some cultural obstacles that may impede implementation of the concept Additional discussion of these topics is provided in Appendix C of this Volume and in Volumes 2 and 3 For some the information infrastructure situation understanding we have been able to provide considerable detail for other sustainment our coverage is shallower Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-l Volume 1 Enabling Elements of Concept THE CONCEPT DEPENDS ON SYNERGIES 1st Round Kill Situational Understanding Remote Fires Flush the Enemy Enemy Location Status Safely Watch Enemy Maneuver Improved Protection Survivability Move to Survive Improved Mobility Reduced Signature 'Allows Allows Dispersed Operations This chart highlights the mutual support among the elements of the overall concept It suggests the need to develop these building blocks into an integrated whole If this is done the overall concept of operations will be more robust and the envelope of scenarios and threats for which the concept works will be expanded Indeed exploiting the synergies may make the difference between success or failure in many cases The synergies can ease requirements for any one of the elements For example the requirements for each of the combat cells organic self-protection are eased by relying on improved mobility other cells can help out dispersed operations which reduces cells signatures remote fires also allowing the cell to be lighter and more mobile and improved situation understanding Developing synergistic CONOPS will require doing experiments in actual field exercises and in distributed activities where simulations and exercises are melded Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-3 Fires and Lethality SOURCES OF FIRES • Organic to the ground force - individual and vehicle borne - direct and indirect • Remote - Tac Air or ground-based missiles in-theater if protected - sea-based - long range air-based out of theater Our focus is on the remote fires to explore the extent to which they can substitute for the ground force's organic fires and thus lighten the force There are many reasons over a wide range of warfighting situations for employing longrange fires or strikes including platform base survivability and the ability to mass fires from dispersed locations Effective use of remote fires or strikes in support of lightly armed dispersed ground combat cells will be essential if the cells themselves are to be effective Conversely if remote fires appear ineffective to the ground combat cells even initially they will lose faith in them will no longer call for them a well-documented phenomenon and the whole complex web of synergies among remote fires maneuver mobility and survivability of the cells on which the cells' operational effectiveness is based will unravel Even in cases in the past when remote indirect fires have been effective and effectiveness has varied widely they have rarely been efficient in terms say of total tonnage or number of munitions used to achieve a given effect In scenarios requiring quick deployment Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-4 response and many important future scenarios are likely to have this requirement it will be important to minimize total lift tonnage to support the operation This will mean reducing the lift needed for remote fire support as well as the lift for the ground combat cells themselves To do this the efficiency — the effectiveness to lift ratio — of remote fires will have to be dramatically improved Use of precision weapon systems with enhanced lethality coupled with vastly improved situation understanding will be a central means of improving both efficiency and effectiveness of remote fires Achieving target kill with one or a few rounds instead of many clearly has high leverage Improvements in situation understanding of the battle or campaign in general including better understanding of the situations of our own units will help to allow engagement of only those targets that need to be engaged when they need to be engaged But remote fire in support of the tactical battlefield has also been afflicted in the past with the problem that has often substantially impaired both its effectiveness and efficiency fleeting targets — that is targets that are only glimpsed for a short period of time and or that are mobile With only short glimpses it is difficult both 1 to identify the target is it a small isolated patrol or part of a larger unit and 2 to locate it accurately especially if it is mobile If the target moves of course the long times-of-flight of remote fires may make them completely ineffective Vietnam experience from Sting Ray Operations by the Marine Corp patrol operations behind enemy lines demonstrated these points While many enemy were sighted by a patrol only one enemy was typically killed per patrol and only one enemy was killed per 15 enemies sighted Uncertainty in target identity and location can have a non-linear negative impact on overall effectiveness and efficiency of remote fires Fleeting targets tend to be treated as urgent targets and an increase in the number of perceived urgent targets disproportionately complicates fire planning which in turn along with other problems slows the ability to drive the tempo of the battle If uncertain and fleeting targets could be turned into targets that can be handled as longresponse-time targets many of the problems they cause would be ameliorated How to accomplish this will be discussed later in the chapter Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-5 PARSING THE INDIRECT FIRE REQUIREMENT THERE IS POTENTIAL FOR DRAMATIC REBASING Historical Campaign Total Potential Campaign Total • Precision •1st Round Kill • Kill ® Time Place of Our Choosing • Light Rounds Preplanned On Schedule Fixed Targets t Preplanned Fndmd Random H«r»«arTt«nt end Preplanned When Required Potentially Proactive and Calls for Fire Movable Targets Tagged Tracked Based Emergency Emergency Immediate Calls lor Fire Emergency Potentially Small Enough for Innovative Basing or Satisfied with Direct Fire Making remote fires work - More effective fires -» fewer rounds - Less demand for emergency fire - Ground combatant confidence The two columns on the chart are notional representations of campaign indirect fire usage total amount and allocation by type preplanned calls for fire and emergency calls for fire — fires needed within a few minutes In past wars the bulk of fires were often preplanned Merely rebasing i e remoting historical total weights and rates of fires will not be practical Effective remote fire support of the expeditionary force will require that we do the job with much less mass of fire than the historical norms Achieving a dramatic increase in the efficiency of fires will depend on exquisite situation understanding precision weapons and first round kill Furthermore we also need to change the mix of fires We want to be more effective against moving and movable targets by tagging and tracking and to reduce the dependence on emergency fires through the combinations of means discussed earlier particularly enhanced situation understanding which helps the combat cells avoid trouble Emergency fires tend to be expensive because the weapons need to be either very close or very fast Thus to make remote fires work they must be more effective fewer rounds there must be less demand for emergency fires and the combat cells must have higher confidence that the remote fires will be available to meet their needs in a timely manner If we are going to put these people ashore and we tell them Your major fires are coming from afar they must be confident that fires will really come when they need them The IDA simulations reconfirmed that repeated calls for fires — and waits of -20 minutes for those fires — quickly erode confidence Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-6 FIRES REBASING CONCEPTS AND WEAPONS Fixed Targets - Hours Response Air Delivery Precision Guided WPNS or Cruise Missiles from Ships • • • • Mobile Targets - less than an hour response TAC Air land sea based Missiles MIRV-ed land sea based Long Range Guns GPS Sensor Guided Submunitions Immediate supporting fires -1 minute response HAE Arsenal UAV Troop Indigenous Fires 10 sec response Loiter submunitions Multitarget capable submunitions 200 rounds per UAV Micro UAV Targeting Direct Fire Weapons Electromagnetic Propelled Munitions N Self Propelled Launcher An ensemble of weapons will be required to support the expeditionary force concept In the upper left quadrant we have weapons delivered by long-range aircraft bombers and seabased cruise missiles These systems are typically used against fixed targets and have response times measured in hours In the future their target set could be enlarged to also take on some mobile targets by a combination of enhanced situation understanding including in-flight updates and loitering capability inherent in the bombers can be provided for the cruise missiles A second set of weapons basing is depicted in the upper right quadrant These weapons have response times much less than an hour Platforms would include sea-based aircraft missiles and long-range guns and depending on the scenario could also include tactical aircraft and ground based missiles in-theater A loitering concept lower left quadrant could meet the need for urgent -1 minute fire We have invented a UAV system e g an arsenal UAV that could carry several hundred rounds Finally a small portion of the fire support could be based with the combat cells themselves to handle situations requiring 10 sec responses lower right quadrant The lower right quadrant depicts a notional weapon — a remotely operated self-propelled launcher with electromagnetic propelled munitions — that could be inserted along with the cells themselves Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-7 AN EXAMPLE OF A LOITER WEAPON CONCEPT DATA UNK GPWNS k TURBOJET W« FUtL LAO ftN TARGET ATTACK STATUS W Tv ELECTRONICS NAVIGATION TARGETING if - • '' T '• „-- ' • INTERCOM tw INTERDICTION LARGE AREA SEARCH ENGAGEMENT TARGET IDENTIFICATION LETHAL AIMPOINT SELECTION Over the past five years the U S Air Force and Army have been sponsoring the development of a smart submunition called Low Cost Autonomous Attack System LOCAAS The LOCAAS is designed to loiter and autonomously hunt for targets report what if finds and then kill the highest priority target It can be delivered by aircraft rocket or missiles After dispensed by its delivery system the vehicle wings fins are deployed and the engine is started The GPS INS system navigates the munition to the search area The vehicle descends below the cloud layer and begins to search with it's LADAR seeker Potential targets are located and either attacked immediately depending on assigned priority or stored for possible later attack Many potential separate target types can be stored in its onboard memory and additional targets can be added in the field Just before warhead detonation an attack status message is sent back to the shooter via data link Other munitions in the vicinity monitor transmissions so that multiple attacks will be avoided and if they do not find a target they can find and attack a target passed over by another reporting munition We can easily envision this type of weapons being designed to also be responsive to targeting information generated by the combat cells The glide version was successfully flight tested during in 1994 and a newer powered version is capable of 30 minutes of flight The vehicle navigates with Global Positioning Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-8 System GPS and a low cost Inertial Navigation System INS A data link is employed to relay information collected by the submunition and its actions back to the shooter The submunition is designed carry a multi-mode explosively-formed-penetrator warhead When detonated it will form either a long rod penetrator an aero-stable slug or fragments The target aimpoint and warhead mode are automatically selected by the weapon's automatic target recognition ATR algorithms associated with the onboard laser radar LADAR imaging sensor This combination of an imaging sensor and multi-mode warhead will allow the submunition itself to tailor its lethality against different targets hard and soft Powered LOCAAS is currently in development and is scheduled to begin flight testing in 1996 Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-9 NEW NAVAL CONCEPTS TO SUPPORT PRECISION LAND ATTACK Z VGAS CMS FASTHAWK DRAGONFLY Effective sea-based fires are essential if the new expeditionary force concept is to be a robust in a variety of situations but the absence of almost any such fire support is a major deficiency today The Navy is devoting more attention to this area and exploring several weapon concepts although most are still in preliminary stages Three of these are shown above an extended range guided munition for the Mark 45 five-inch deck gun is in a more advanced state of development Also shown is a concept for a marinized UAV to provide surveillance targeting BDA communications relay and other critical OISR functions A particularly interesting new weapon concept to support the expeditionary force is the vertical launched 155mm automatic loading rapid fire 155mm gun With internal propulsion ranges of 200nm may be feasible as is a capability to loiter An ability to reload at sea more difficult for missiles is an important benefit The gun could be carried on many ships e g each gun would replace four VLS tubes on an Aegis Cruiser or Arleigh Burke destroyer If the cost per effective precision round can be kept reasonably low then the several hundred million dollar estimated development cost for the gun may be a high payoff investment The Arsenal ship being explored in a joint DARPA and the Navy effort could support the expeditionary force concept However we caution that merely adding a few thousand more Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-10 VLS tubes to the approximately 10 000 tubes expected to be in the fleet by 2003 will not by itself contribute to the concept unless new weapons that can effectively attack ground targets are developed deployed and connected to robust joint surveillance targeting and battle management systems From the perspective of our expeditionary force concept we suggest that investments in enhanced joint C3ISR for land attack and new sea-based weapons compatible with existing platforms including submarines would have higher payoff than investing in new platforms A fire support capability distributed among numerous ships each capable of receiving munitions at sea could offer important advantages with respect to survivability availability and flexibility We recognize that the Arsenal Ship has missions and objectives other than those we considered in this study Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-ll Battle Management Command and Control C4ISR Command The Commanders who • Understand • Intuit • Form test hypotheses • Decide • Direct How can command change adapt to exploit what the technical architecture affords and the battle demands C ISR The system technical architecture • Sensors and their management • Fusion of diverse data Creating understanding • The communications and processing backbone How can the technical architecture give command what it needs Need to maintain human relationships on dispersed digital battlefield - lateral at least as important as vertical Command Control Communications Computing Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance C4ISR is much talked about in general but the term obscures the important distinction between command and control which at all levels are an essentially human function involving the things listed on the left in the chart and the more technical activities in C3ISR on the right of the chart Of course human judgment and skill make the technical systems work In the two boxes below command and C3ISR this chart poses the two questions which must be addressed to weld together the human function of command with the design and operations of the technical system architecture But it is important to concentrate first on what command is and what the commander does in the new circumstances This is developed on the next few pages As S L A Marshall so well articulates in Men Against Fire combat is about humans and human relationships As the battlefield becomes more digitized the systems more automated and — especially — as battle becomes more dispersed a centuries-old trend an overriding requirement on both the commander and the technical architecture is to maintain and strengthen human relationships mutual support and the mutual understanding on which it is based laterally and in both directions in the command structure Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-12 TWO FACTORS INFLUENCING FUTURE COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS A Enhanced Situational Understanding Means For Example Higher Commander Big Picture Understands his big picture much better Local Situation Knows much better which locations are most important and can understand any local situation almost as well as any local commander Lower Commander Locah Can understand the higher commander's big picture Understands his local situation much better Understands his peers' buddies' situation much better B And weapons sensors can technically be controlled by anyone from dispersed locations Good decision making which is at the heart of command requires congruence between knowledge understanding and authority In the history of warfare the intersection of understanding and authority was aligned with the command hierarchy — the higher commander understood the larger picture better than his subordinate and made largescale decisions the subordinate knew the local situation better and made more detailed local decisions Indeed this paralleling of understanding and authority is what defines the hierarchy of command Vastly improved situation understanding as posited for the future can make traditional hierarchical decision-making work even better as in the upper-left and lower-right of A above But it can also open up new possibilities orthogonal to the traditional proportionality between understanding and authority as shown in the lower-left and upper-right of the figure This flattening of effective access to and use of knowledge understanding combined with the future technical ability to control weapons or sensors or maneuver from almost anywhere at least in principle offers the potential for a flattening of command relationships as illustrated on the following page The theater commander can with his resources available and with his situational understanding capabilities focus on critical dispersed cell events and anticipate their Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-13 needs and proactively allocate forces to them The theater commander can also delegate authority to a cell leader for example to directly control the theater's long-range sensors or directly employ the theater's arsenal UAV for a specified period of time We believe that future technology enables and future battle demands a wider and more diverse set of command relationships As illustrated above the technology will enable both greater centralization and greater empowerment Learning how to make best use of these additional degrees of freedom and develop appropriate command structures will require the interactive prototyping of both innovative command relationships and the supporting system technical C4ISR architecture Volume 1 —Enabling Elements of Concept V-14 Information Infrastructure INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE SUMMARY OF LEADING EDGE STRIKE FORCE NEEDS Tailored information when and where required - Information rather than data Support any organizational structure or size - Scalable flexible reconfigurable Comprehensive information services - Terrain pos nav situation understanding Reliable inexpensive available ' INFORMATION - leverages commercial technology DOMINANCE Personal information ensemble - Light weight long life small easy to use The information infrastructure must provide tailored information services to diverse users from a single person to a collection of people sensors and or weapons by means of intelligent agents — software entities under the general control of the user which are goal directed migratory able to create other software entities and provide services or functions on behalf of the user The information infrastructure must include multimedia data transport including landline radio and space-based elements All of these media must be integrated into a ubiquitous store-and-forward data internetwork that dynamically routes information from source s to destination s in a way that is transparent to the user This data transport segment of the infrastructure must be self-managed adaptive to node or link failure and provide services to its users based on quality-of-service requests These services include bandwidths latency reliability precedence services point to point point to multi-point and the like Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-15 The infrastructure interface will link the user to a distributed processing environment which includes all types of computers situated at locations commensurate with their needs for power environment and space This distributed computing environment will be integrated via the data-transport element of the infrastructure thus enabling these processors to exchange data dynamically share computation loads and cooperatively process information on behalf of and transparent to the user Within the infrastructure each user is served by intelligent software agents that proactively provide and disseminate appropriately packaged information including such functions as fusing and filtering information and delivering the right information to the right user at the right time Proactive in this sense means that the software agents are aware of the user's situation and needs and can provide information relevant to those needs without a specific user request Because computing resources are distributed throughout the infrastructure the infrastructure can adjust the amount of processing resources given to a force entity The entities' processor need only provide access to the infrastructure provide an adequate interface to the user entity and enable the acquisition and present information to the user Thus for example a dismounted infantry person's information ensemble would be dedicated to supporting a rich human-computer interface with voice recognition heads-up display speech synthesis and communications General computing resources would reside within the infrastructure itself To the maximum extent feasible the infrastructure transport components take advantage of commercial technology and networks by utilizing open-systems standards and protocols and minimize the use of service or function-unique hardware and software For applications where military-unique functions such as anti-jam low probability of intercept spectrum utilization etc are required military products will be developed or adapted to interface with the overall architecture Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-16 INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE AREA AND GLOBAL TRANSPORT Tier 4 Global Coverage Tier 3 Wide Area Coverage GEOS LEOS Aircraft— Tier 2 Inter-Team AAVs • Coverage Multi-tiered Information Transport - Autonomous Airborne Vehicle AAVs provide coverage to combat cells - AAVs are cross-linked to provide dynamic store-and-forward services - AAVs position themselves to provide robust fail-safe interconnectivity - AAVs crosslinked to LEO GEO for global resources indirect fires sensors This chart shows a warfighter's view of the tactical information infrastructure In operational terms this infrastructure comprises local-area networks that provide services to entities on the ground These transport networks are all store-and-forward packet-switched data systems that are self managed and adaptive and provide peer-to-peer data relaying and processing These networks adapt to changes in the locations i e the mobility of its end users they have no centralized nodes or base stations that would enforce the use of a vulnerable star topology and they automatically route information amongst the nodes based on real-time assessments of the network connectivity These local-area networks can support a single person or a force structure of any size through appropriate subnetting Air- and space-borne networks and processors provide data transport and information services among force entities that do not have connectivity on the ground An ensemble of autonomous air vehicles AAVs provide medium-area networking services These platforms are cross linked between themselves and the space-borne network and are linked to the local-area networks The routers depicted as R in the figure understand the entire system's topology and connectivity in real time In conjunction with the intelligent software agents the routers make dynamic routing decisions based on this understanding to ensure that information is transported from all sources to all destinations as required and at any point in time Routers are currently used in the commercial internetwork Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-17 INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE WARFIGHTER'S PERSONAL INFORMATION ENSEMBLE • To support unit cohesion within small distributed cells a need to be satisfied TIER1 Combat Cell Local Area Network Integrated processing and communication resources Based on commercial cellular and digital assistant technologies A networked device supports integrated multimode services - Paging Conferencing Imaging Integrated POS NAV Function precise time terrain enemy teammate positions Supports quality of service requests e g bandwidth on demand Supports multimodal interfaces e g voice recognition heads-up display Integrated into the Tactical Information Infrastructure WARFIGHTERS PORTAL INTO Til The warfighter connects to the broader information infrastructure through a personal information ensemble that is based on commercial cellular and digital assistant technologies This ensemble provides integrated mulimode and multiband services position and navigation precise timing and pertinent tailored situation awareness through commands to and reports from intelligent software agents Warfighter interaction with the personal communications ensemble is interactive voice and video based hands-free and does not require computer or database expertise The personal communication ensemble is fully integrated with personal protective and other standard military equipment and offers anti-jam and security features The protocols and algorithms developed for the warfighter's personal communication ensemble will provide numerous services to the user Examples of these services are multicast and broadcast information reception and distribution conferencing facilities network time absolute and relative to a cell and real-time reporting of a cell's geolocation and logistics status Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-18 INFO i JJ Jt fE §IRy€iy BE INTELLIGENT SOFTWARE AGENTS TACTICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE m M Intelligent Software Agents - Relieve Cell Members of Information Management Functions - Provide Data Fusion Information Storage Retrieval and Dissemination - Tailor information at the right time to the combat cells needing it - Allow users to request information in mission specific terms - Provide geospatial and time information services The infrastructure is an intelligent network Each component exchanges state information with each other in order to enable the entire infrastructure to adapt to user requirements and any stresses imposed on the network by an adversary This adaptability also enables the infrastructure to change its scale as necessary to support force structure s of arbitrary size or to incorporate new processing network and communication technologies as they are developed Thus this infrastructure is a scaleable computing environment Within the infrastructure each user is served by intelligent software agents that proactively provide and disseminate appropriately packaged information including such functions as fusing and filtering information and delivering the right information to the right user at the right time Proactive in this sense means that the software agents are aware of the user's situation and needs and can provide information relevant to those needs without a specific user request This chart provides a conceptual rendering of these agents These agents multiply the personnel resources available to the combat cells by gathering and transforming data into actionable information to support cell operations just as cell members would have to were the software agents not provided Cell members are therefore freed of routine chores in favor of actual operations Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-19 Sensor Systems and Situation Understanding RISTA VISION Turn fleeting observations blobology into • Shared comprehensive composite fire control quality picture of battle ground - do for the ground battle what CEC is doing for the fleet air defense • Composite picture developed from - Multiple platform sensors views phenomenology - Tagging - Context analysis • Sensor information management becoming critical battlefield task The two major challenges in the information arena are • • a sensor management system that can dynamically manage the sensors and an information management system that can move the data to the right place and the right time and fuse information properly Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-20 SENSOR AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Sensor resource allocation - Operational priorities - Sensor resource and environmental limits - Balanced assignment USERS AT ALL LEVELS Right information at the right time - Sensor fusion data registration - Object ID icons friends foes neutrals - Software agents The ability to understand what is happening in their environment over a larger area of coverage and at a level of fidelity well beyond current capabilities is critical to the success of the distributed combat cells This truly exquisite situational understanding can enable cell members to detect and monitor enemy activities well before being detected themselves and therefore gives them the decided advantage of choosing their time for action be it engaging the enemy with remote fires hiding while continuing to monitor enemy activity or moving to a safer or more advantageous vantage point A realistic vision of a 20-year future has the soldier and marine in the field able to see using a simple heads-up or arm mounted display a complete picture in his normal field of view that includes objects hidden or obscured by terrain fog and smoke trees and structures Even more compelling in this vision is his ability to have a virtual presence in the battlefield to see and hear beyond his direct field of view to look and listen behind the mountain in the forest up the road on the other side of the building or across town and to participate as a moving observer in the scene At higher echelons in the theater the appropriate commanders will be able to simultaneously view the enemy and the combat cells to anticipate problems that each cell may not yet be aware of and provide warning In short every user will be able to call up anything that he may need and be able to view it in a clearly intuitive fashion In this environment enemy actions and intent will become less Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-21 ambiguous and our own actions precise and timely with high probabilities of mission success and combatant survivability The suite of sensors that will emerge will be capable of generating immense quantities of data To have any significant impact beyond where current evolutionary paths are likely to lead sensor and information management will have to evolve to an unprecedented type of integration hand-in-hand with the development of the sensor elements themselves Allocation of the sensor system resources will need to be controlled by a distributed adaptive intelligent sensor management system that uses assessments of the status of the sensors the needs and priorities of the users and the status of the information currently available to task the sensor network In parallel data from the multiple sensors will have to be merged correlated and fused by information management systems that can provide 3-D views of the battlefield This will facilitate navigating the battle space and seeing any portion of the battlefield from any perspective The added audio inputs from ground sensors should allow all echelons not only to see over the hill or into the forest but to have a virtual presence there The advent of distributed intelligent sensor control strategies embodied in intelligent software agents should make realization of these management functions ubiquitous throughout the information infrastructure in place of current architectures that tend to embody the processing functions at a single and therefore highly vulnerable node Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-22 SITUATIONAL UNDERSTANDING SENSOR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Features • Layered and Integrated • All-Seeing - All Weather FOPEN Chem Bio • Intelligent Adaptive Information and Sensor Management • Direct Information to Users • Terrain Features • Weather • Electromagnetic Environment IW Comm Relay 11 tCj ''' GPS Tiered Bubbles The sensor capability available twenty years from now will come from multiple platforms space UAV manned air ship and ground with overlapping sensor coverages and resolutions that exploit multiple phenomenologies radar EO IR laser acoustic seismic biological chemical medical etc as illustrated above Global and regional assets will be integrated with local sensors directly under combat cell control and possibly seekers on inflight weapons to produce an all seeing ability for the warfighter all weather with foliage penetration and chemical biological weapons detection capabilities The system will have the communications capabilities to provide data for processing in real time for users Data will be position registered and processed to find identify and track targets characterize impending threats to the cell keep track of combat cell and remote supply status and in general maintain cell and theater situational understanding across much greater areas than the enemy is able to A major challenge will be ensuring the survivability of such system The current rapid growth of sensor technology will continue throughout the next two decades leading to sensor systems with capabilities far beyond today's Evolution of high density focal planes MMICS computing and signal processing miniature lasers advanced materials acoustical systems miniaturized electronics micro-machines etc will merge into highly capable sensor systems These systems will be multi-functional robust and Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-23 compatible with smaller platforms and at costs that allow massive proliferation in the field to cover large areas with unprecedented precision and help provide total system survivability By the early part of the next decade the radars carried on manned and unmanned aircraft will be multi-mode allowing multiple frequencies and different waveforms e g MTI and SAR in a single radar system There will be high frequency radars for target identification and tracking and low frequency radars with stepped frequencies for foliage penetration and dismounted soldier detection EO systems will have large focal plane arrays with embedded filters to produce multi-spectral and hyperspectral data Lasers will evolve to allow ranging designation and three dimensional imaging of targets with compact systems as well as chemical and biochemical characterization of the environment On the ground more sensing capability will be embedded in smaller low cost unmanned ground sensors UGS These UGS will be able to feel hear see interpret and tag physically electronically and or acoustically Communication and intelligence will be added to allow UGS to operate as a smart adaptive local network and interface to the larger information infrastructure Given that a program is established to develop UGS technology and systems these sensors will become sufficiently small and affordable to allow large numbers to be deployed either air dropped or hand emplaced with the option of sensor and or platform mobility to allow adaptation to the local environment e g move to get a better view Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-24 OBJECTIVE UNDERSTANDING THE SITUATION S • Situation understanding is far more than situation awareness - Situation awareness is largely sensor derived object locations with identification • • • - Awareness What Understanding Why e g enemy intent Knowledge is the additive elements of - Reasoning - Experience - Intangibles - Context - Intuition -Training Understanding is a function of Awareness Knowledge May be nearing a threshold Further improved awareness implies a dramatic non-linear increase in understanding The objective is not just to be aware but to understand what is happening on the battlefield Awareness may confer an advantage on the battlefield but it is understanding that would give dominance Awareness has to do with mere facts — the what of the situation Understanding is a complex human function that includes why the acts are as they are To awareness understanding adds the elements mentioned above Understanding can be developed from facts in part by forming and testing hypotheses and by comparing the current situation with similar situations encountered before There is usually a strongly non-linear relationship between awareness and understanding Awareness of only a few facts may create little or no understanding but at some point as awareness increases the underlying pattern may become clear and aha It may be that in a usefully wide range of battlefield situations improved information technology is bringing us close to that threshold beyond which understanding happens In developing information technology for warfare and in applying that technology in actual warfighting operations it is important to be sensitive to the distinctions between awareness and understanding and to what is needed to cross it is by forming and testing Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-25 hypotheses The information system must be designed to enable the warfighter to do so and the warfighter must be trained in how to use information in this way We will never be able to fully dispel the fog of war especially with adversaries actively trying to keep us uncertain But concentrating on understanding as the objective rather than mere awareness will build a more proactive engaged creative approach to using the information that will be available to us That aggressive mindset in turn will be what really makes the difference War is about people not computers and only a human can understand Focusing on understanding is the way to make information technology really relevant to warfare Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-26 INFORMATION EVOLUTION TIER 11 SAR IMAGE JSTARS MTI DATA PREDATOR IMAGE NATIONAL SYSTEMS MERGED IR SAR IMAGE J VIRTUAL PRESENCE THROUGHOUT THE BATTLEFIELD MERGE INTERPRET ANALYZE ANTICIPATE -v 2015 The success of the distributed cell concept is critically dependent on high quality robust situational information This information is needed at many levels NCA regional CINC JTF the combat cells and the individuals in each cell As technology is developed in the sensor signal data processing and networking areas the completeness and quality of the information available will improve with time The Joint Situation Awareness System in used today in Bosnia is a first step toward the type of sensor management we envision It provides the JTF with a merged picture of the sensor system status fields of view and processed data displayed as icons With the proper focus and funding this capability will evolve to provide true fusion of data over the horizon viewing object velocities and time projections and the beginnings of a three dimensional representation of the battlefield The JTF will know the status and location of each of its small combat cells and use the cell-supplied data to decide when and where to call for fire Early in the next decade this information will be available to the cell commander and individual cell members in an arm- or head-mounted display that provides the needed information in a clear easy to understand form The broad area sensors space surveillance aircraft UAVs will be supplemented by cell controlled sensors UGS and mini Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-27 UAVs to generate integrated scenes The processing for this fused data scene with object icons will be done throughout the information infrastructure This merged data will allow the cells to see out to the limits of their control areas and beyond The cell sensor data will also be available at the JTF and higher levels The information environment in which the warfighter operates by 2015 will be both physical and virtual i e he will be able to actively participate with events or can view them remotely at his discretion so the information tailoring process must therefore be under his direct control His immediate surroundings will be sensed by local sensors that can observe both him and the area of his immediate concern More global information will be available either from larger area coverage systems or can be obtained through access to historical databases This information can then be combined through processing capabilities that the warfighter accesses transparently with him the cell and or through the information infrastructure to form a rich composite of the battlefield information that he can navigate through using simple intuitive commands This information is presented in his personal display registered to his normal vantage point For example by combining sensor data from multiple viewpoints say from other cell members or remote sensors the warfighter can effectively see through obstructions or foliage If he wishes to travel to other locales within the battlespace to view the situation form alternate vantage points he can do so He will be able to navigate the battlefield in three dimensions zoom in on scenes of interest and view targets as a virtual observer from any perspective Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-28 RESPONSIVE SENSOR SYSTEM Multiple overlapping and moving sensor footprints request sensor footprint Sensor w the best shot collects the information Platform paths are responsive to projected request densities platform direction The sensor management function directs the sensors to collect the information requested by the warfighters at all echelons It operates to balance assignments among competing requests based on mission objectives and operational priorities and is implemented through a dynamic global optimization process constrained by the limits on sensor resources and capabilities at each assignment update The figure above offers an example of a distribute sensor management approach The direction of sensor coverage is determined by an internetted self-optimizing allocation process Each separate sensor platform is attempting to maximize its utility by altering its path and footprint to satisfy requests in keeping with mission and operational priorities The process begins with the individual warfighters posting their sensing requests on the inter-sensor network Each sensor will access the network and observe the density of sensing requests on the ground below it The sensor will assess its ability to respond to current requests and projections of future ones The assessments are communicated among the individual platforms and the sensor that is best positioned to collect the information will act accordingly The JTF will maintain an override option where conflict resolution or new priorities can be interjected The results of the collection are placed on the network for direct access by the warfighters and or further processing by the information management system depending on the nature of each request Sensor management could also be carried out with a more centralized approach at the JTF level Either distributed or centralized — or hybrid — schemes can work The key however is to develop and test allocation algorithms with multiple sensor types and in real situational environments with sensor glitches and communication dropouts to assure system robustness Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-29 TRACKING FLEETING TARGETS AND EVOKING TARGETS Create target signatures - Damage - Physical Tags -I W Higher resolution multispectral sensors incl acoustic SIGINT More sensor platforms with geometric diversity T I Identify better - Target type - Individual targets TAG More frequent and more accurate sightings 7 Context Combat I D Correlation of disparate indications from distributed sensors - Target behavior inferencing r - • Infer identify from behavior • • infer future behavior from identity - J e g terrain delimitation Channel targets with fires sensors I W 1 • Fleeting glimpses - tracks suitable for efficient fire planning • Evoking targets where there were none Turning uncertain and fleeting observations into targets that can be handled as long-response-time targets will require a combination of the following • • • • High resolution multi-spectral multi-phenomenological sensors including for example acoustic and SIGINT More sensor platforms with geometric diversity Deliberate creation of target signatures and exploitation of signatures inadvertently created by combat and Smart correlation of all of the above including inferencing from the combat situation and terrain To understand how these might work together consider first that it may be possible to improve the certainty of identification by inferencing from the object's behavior e g a tank behaves differently from a missile TEL and in turn to improve knowledge of current and future location by inferencing from the identify of the object target Supported by methods already under development such as terrain delimitation in which knowledge of terrain is used to determine where a tank say can go within a given time from the last sighting and by improved understanding of how the battle is going which could hint at where a target's commander might want it to go this iteration between improving identity- and location-certainty could converge Also a skilled commander might be able to channel movement of an opponent's assets by how he applies fire or sensors which could also improve knowledge of both identity and location Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-30 This fusion integration and inferencing function would be greatly enhanced by improved sensors and CONOPS for their management Target identity has two elements 1 what type of target tank or truck or what type of tank and 2 what individual object which tank With high enough sensor resolution and by observing several different types of signatures acoustic optical at various bands electromagnetic emissions etc it may become possible to fingerprint individual land combat objects targets as is routinely done today for radars and submarines for example Target identification could also be enhanced by exploiting signatures created in battle For example a tank that has sustained partial damage from an anti-armor munition may have a unique infrared signature or a unit that has taken losses may behave differently from an intact unit Also in some cases it might be possible to affix an actual unique physical signature to the target — a bar code so to speak For example for other applications a special paint has been developed which dries into a pattern whose details vary from splotch to splotch creating a unique signature It may also be possible to use IW methods to do this By such means an individual object or target might be tagged i e assigned a unique identifier which would allow correlation among separate sightings and greatly aid the inferencing methods mentioned above Deploying more sensors in more locations unattended ground sensors sensors on UAVs using the combat cell as forward observers etc can both produce more sightings to give a more fine-grained or even continuous track and increase location accuracy How all of these things fit together is shown schematically in the preceding figure In sum the objective is to be able to identify an object well enough and to sufficiently narrow the range of predictions of its likely future location so that it can be handled in an orderly way — prioritized in value and vulnerability and ordered in time — either for targeting or for sensor revisit If this can be done then in many cases long-response-time fires may suffice Of course there will still be targets that are urgent because they are immediately threatening The methods invoked here along with better understanding of our own units' situations can help us to understand which targets are immediately threatening and cannot be evaded For those quick response will be needed including weapon platforms which can loiter over the battlefield armed UAVs for example and immediate fires from threatened units or their neighbors The capabilities discussed here can evoke targets too — that is discover targets that would not otherwise have been seen further adding to overall effectiveness And note that another beneficial outcome of all this will be improved combat identification All of the pieces of the approach sketched above are already in varying degrees of development Making them all work together will be complicated in part because simulation and or exercises involving battlefield operations will be essential The flip side of the complexity is the opportunity for synergy which can add robustness and reduce the need for any single part aspect to work perfectly At some point to begin to exploit potential synergy one or more ACTDs will be needed followed by fielding of prototype capability and then refinement of it Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-31 SITUATIONAL UNDERSTANDING - 2015 3D BATTLEFIELD SCENE URBAN SENSING VIRTUAL PRESENCE THROUGHOUT THE BATTLEFIELD OVER-THE-HILL RADAR IR IMAGE POSITION HEALTH STATUS LOCAL OBSERVATIONS By 2015 sensors will be able to provide 1 foot to inches or better resolution data over a broad frequency range from several platforms with multiple perspectives Foliage penetration sensors will be able to detect and identify targets hidden within forests Active sensors will remotely detect chemical and biological agents and micro point sensors will identify the agents Each cell will have a mini unmanned VTOL and micro UAVs with EO and radar sensors for detecting vehicles and people out to ranges of 20-30 km queued by UGS that will initially tag and track the targets The data from the various sensors will be merged and position registered to allow navigation of the battlefield and virtual presence anywhere in the observed or nearby terrain in foliage over hills Urban terrain presents unique challenges for sensor navigation and communication systems Here the need to see through and around structures — to produce a Virtual lineof-sight — is critical As such there will be much more dependence on cell controlled sensor systems UGS robots micro UAVs The warfighter environment is not solely image-based Data for other sensor domains SIGINT acoustic etc is included and combined for display Objects within the environment that have distinctive signatures are labeled automatically ATR and SEI type process and placed in the warfighter's local database Once in the database they can be Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-32 manipulated through voice or intuitive icon command The object manipulations include simple annotation and suppression but more importantly interrogation The warfighter can query the symbol in the database for supporting evidence e g acoustic signature history e g how many times has this radio been on before and relationships e g what enemy unit is this tank from Examples of the type of information that might be available are shown in the above figure The cell members will know where each member of the cell is located The cell commander will have access to the location and health status of each cell member and each member's local observations lower left Using UGS and foliage penetrating sensors hidden targets will be found and identified lower right If the foliage is too dense for remote sensors to image or the targets are in shelters or caves UGS forward observers and micro UAVs can be used in concert to identify the targets Targets hidden by terrain can be viewed by a complex of sensors tracked imaged and acoustically or electronically tagged by UGS upper left and right Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-33 Force Survival CELL SURVIVABILITY IN FUTURE OPERATIONS DESIRED ATTRIBUTES • • • • Dominant situational understanding Infiltration extraction capabilities that minimize enemy detections Extensive use of IW and deception Stealth at unit and individual level e g - Clothing - Personal communications ensemble - LO organic weapons • Tactical mobility where terrain permits - New power concepts - LO vehicles Lavish use of robotics especially in MOUT Sustainment uniquely tailored to cells - Specifics - Timing • • Experience gained during behind-the-lines patrol actions in Vietnam established several requisites for combat cell survivability These included stealth or the ability not to be detected by the enemy enough organic firepower smoke and gas for short term selfdefense and to have in place pre-planned extraction of the force by helicopter or aircraft These same rules apply today For the future we will continue to rely on these and add a central role for dominant situation understanding A comprehensive total force approach to using IW can greatly enhance survivability of the combat cells IW can encourage adversary forces to expose themselves to detection tracking and effective attack by our remote sensors and weapons It can also degrade his own C4ISR resources making them less effective or misdirected Stealth is essential at the unit and individual level It also applies to insertion extraction and sustainment capabilities Our judgment is that there is not enough effort in this area The cells require tactical mobility where terrain permits We saw the value of mobility in the earlier discussion of operational architectures the Task Force Griffin analysis and the IDA simulations Robotics will be lavishly used especially in military operations in urban terrain Volume 1 — Enabling Elements of Concept V-34 Insertion and Extraction INSERTION AND EXTRACTION KEY ATTRIBUTES • How - Air with mixed platforms - Sea surface and submarines - Conventional • Planning and Mission Rehearsal - Premission - Enroute - Deployable • Threat Avoidance and Survivability - New Technologies needed especially in Air Platforms • Global Secure Assured Communications • Common Situation Understanding Across JTF AOR There is some classified activity in the areas of insertion and extraction capability We envision troops being put in and taken out by several means some of which are very unconventional Planning and mission rehearsal are key for pre-mission en route and using deployable systems We note Special Operations Forces SOF have a sophisticated system in development today that accomplishes some of these needs Better communications are required than we have today Using UHF SATCOM for assured global communications is hardly going to be a survivable concept in the 21st century There must be a common situational understanding across the whole JTF AOR Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-35 NEW AIR PLATFORM FOR INSERTION EXTRACTION SUSTAINMENT VERY LOW OBSERVABLE NIGHT ALL WEATHER CAPABLE EXQUISITE SELFPROTECT SUITE INCREASED CRUISE SPEED 300 Knots MISSION PLANNING REHERSAL IN ROUTE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS AIR-AIR REFUELABLE PAYLOAD VOLUME C-130-LIKE LONG RANGE UNREFUELED C-130PLUS GLOBAL COMMAND CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS SHIPBOARD COMPATIBLE Inserting extracting and sustaining the ground forces in a variety of future contingencies will require a new air platform Desired features highlighted in the chart include very low observability carrier compatibility and C-130 like range and payloads In our judgment the V-22 will not adequately meet the anticipated requirements of the 21st Century Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-36 Sustainment SUSTAINMENT IN 2015 FOR THE LEADING EDGE STRIKE FORCE WHAT'S DIFFERENT • Significant reduction in tonnage moved to shore - Indirect fires from afar - No heavy direct fires in a cell • Sustainment knowledge system anticipates demands and schedules - deliveries of the right stuff to the right place at the right time • Deliveries go directly to combat cells via unique means - Particularly important for counter WMD operation means to neutralize after site is located • If something breaks replace with new vice extraction for maintenance The differences in sustainment that we anticipate for the 2015 Strike Force from our current operations are several We will have a very significant reduction in tonnage moved to shore because we are bringing in indirect fires from afar and we are not giving the cells heavy direct fire equipment We will have a knowledge system that anticipates demands and schedules deliveries of the right stuff to the right place at the right time The deliveries will go directly to a combat cell using unique delivery means such as precision guided powered parafoil vehicles If something breaks in the first two weeks we will not bring in a maintenance crew to attempt repairs — we will simply park the damaged item and bring in a replacement Repairs will be deferred Much more funded effort is needed to develop reliable from-the-sea air methods to sustain forces ashore without huge logistics footprints created ashore Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-37 THE FUTURE OF COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT CSS Support For A 3 000 Man Brigade For 30 Days Current Footprint Possible Future Footprint 270 000 meals No Change Class of Supply Class 1 MRE Class 1 Water 1 350 000 gals Treated Indigenous Water 30% Footprint Reduction Class II Consumables 3 400 batteries 300 batteries rechargeable Operations Ashore Prototype Windmill Generator Solar Battery Charger Class III Bulk Fuel 100 000 gals avg Alt Fuels Freeze-dried 50% Footprint Reduction Class V Ammo 350 tons Stand-off Precision 70% Footprint Reduction Class VI Repair Parts Approx 30 000 Tailored Maint Distribution 75% Footprint Reduction •Requires H2o to re-hydrate can be indigenous This is an example of the current combat service support footprint today if we must support a 3000-man brigade for 30 days We list the requirements for food water batteries gasoline ammunition and repair parts Our goal for the future is shown in the last column While we do not envision the ability to reduce the food supply requirement we do expect that techniques and technologies such as those listed can reduce the rest of the footprint significantly One issue is how to bring power ashore An approach is very portable fuel cells to generate electric power Innovations like freeze-dried fuel could reduce the fuel footprint by 50 percent Precision strike from afar enables a very large reduction in ammunition footprint and tailored maintenance can dramatically reduce the repair support footprint Direct delivery to the ultimate user will reduce the need for redistribution thus reducing vehicles fuel and personnel and Combat Service Support in the combat zone Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-38 WORLDWIDE PREPOSITIONING - FY01 Air Force Med Diego •3 ammo ships Army land based 6 Bde Sets AWR-2 Europe 3 AWR-4 Korea AWR-5 SWA 2 7th set planned Marine Bde Set in Norway AF support in Europe SWA Japan Navy forward logistics in SWA W Marine Maritime Force MPF Med Diego Garcia Guam •13 ships in 3 MPS squadrons •3 Bde sized MEF •Download NLT 10 days after start •30 days sustainment Army Diego Garcia Guam Saipan •16 Ships with port opening •Download NLTC 15 •Armored Bde within 15 days •30 days supplies for early deploying divisions r L Most prepositioned force equipment must still flow through the SPODs This chart reflecting the importance of prepositioning in U S strategy depicts the stocks prepositioned around the world both afloat and ashore Many of these support heavy brigades However if these stocks were to be moved today for immediate use they would have to be brought through a port Because of potential vulnerabilities of port facilities there is a serious need for an over the beach off loading system capable of operating in rough weather above seastate 3 We note one promising concept called the Landing Ship Quay Causeway LSQ C in early design for the Navy This is an area needing more attention and a good candidate for an ACTD in which one or two LSQ C ships could be built and tested in realistic across the beach operations Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-39 LOGISTICS Precision Resupply Joint Precision Offset Delivery System JPODS Parafoil Systems 1 000 lb §i •Mass Resupply •Large Payloads «GPS Guided 6 000 lb Characteristics Summary • Clandestine Resupply JPODS • Scaleable Vehicle • Accurate in Adverse Weather • Uses Existing Technology • Propulsion Could Be Added to Increase Range 300-2000 15-90 Up to 50 100 Low 1 -4 Various A-10 B-2 C-130 C-2 C-17 F-15 F-16 F A-18 Parafoil Payload Wt - lb Payload Vol - ft3 Flange - NM Accuracy - m Signature Time of It - min Deliveiy Systems 10 000 lb 1000-40 000 as Req'd 14From30Ktt Wind Dependent High 10-20 Transports C-130 C-17 We have considered several advanced ideas for moving materiel ashore One is the Joint Precision Offset Delivery System JPODS which uses an affordable missile system that can bring in supplies weight range 300-2000 lb over insertion distances up to 50 nautical miles Another concept is the guided parafoil which can be powered Unpowered parafoils today can support up to 40 000 lb but the range is rather limited 14 nautical miles if dropped for example from altitudes of 30 000 feet Longer insertion ranges would be desired This area is in urgent need of attention and some type of ACTD or ATD Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-40 Exercises and Training TRAINING • Training is near or at the top of the list of determinants of victory • A contingency military force must be more highly trained than the cold war force • Not enough focus on dealing with uncertainty Training is critical It is near or at the top of the list of determinants of victory The training edge for U S forces is at least as important as the technological edge Training including joint training to a higher standard sets U S forces apart from other nations today Through superior training less modernized units can outperform better equipped units Dealing with uncertainty always critical in warfare becomes if anything even more essential to successful operations of the dispersed combat cells The tools of enhanced situation understanding will not eliminate uncertainty but rather provide the means to cope better with uncertainty There is not enough focus in current training programs on dealing with uncertainty Further this area is in need of attention for the development of new combat cell-level virtual reality simulators using innovative means to insert cell fighters into realistic combat conditions operations Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-41 NEED FOR CONCEPTUAL SHIFT IN TRAINING • • Must develop lifelong learning skills • Current methods will not evolve sufficiently • Cannot simply overlay technology on our current systems • ATTRITION WARFARE - Group Training - Lines Schedules - Frontal Attack Rote memorization I— - Focus is on system's ability to instruct - Rifle carriers Dependent Inflexible MANEUVER WARFARE - Individualized Training - Chaos Disorder - Maneuver Problem Solving - Individual responsibility for own development - Riflemen Resourceful Adaptable Thinkers Learners - Focus on Uncertainty and Dealing with Same We envision a concept shift in training from today's attrition warfare mentality where the training focus is directed on the areas listed to a maneuver warfare mentality see attributes listed in the chart This leads to greater focus on the individual on chaos and disorder and on the rifleman as a thinker learner i e turning riflemen into pilotequivalents The overarching difference is an emphasis on uncertainty in warfare and how to deal with it Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-42 Changing the Culture MAJOR CULTURAL CHANGES MAY BE REQUIRED IN ORDER TO ACCEPT ELEMENTS OF THE NEW CONCEPT • Troops without artillery • Everybody can know what everyone else knows • Small cells controlling expensive systems • Many sensors National Theater Local managed as a single entity • Unmanned armed platforms doing the job of manned platforms • Robots on the battlefield • And many more THIS MAY BE THE TOUGHEST PROBLEM OF ALL Challenges to the current culture include the JTF commander controlling and tasking national sensor systems as well as all theater assets combat cells empowered to control sensor systems and indirect fires at least for a period of time as required and armed UAVs doing the jobs heretofore done by manned tactical aircraft or bombers These and other new approaches must be addressed in the context of culture shifts — a subject deserving far more study than we could devote Volume 1 — Enabling Element of Concept V-43 Volume 1 Enabling Element of Concept V-44 Section VI Recommendations It is worth noting that nothing is harder to take in hand more perilous to conduct or more uncertain in its success than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things Nicolo Machiavelli Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-1 Volume 1 Recommendations RECOMMENDATIONS Establish 'Try Before Buy environment to explore and exploit these distributed expeditionary force concepts - Create model experiment Red Team learn - Augment the emerging service initiatives Sea Dragon Army After Next - Support by redirected analysis and simulation activities Select executors now to make all this happen evolve the concepts Support critical systems and technology enablers - Accelerate the development of the information dominance architectures - Accelerate the incorporation of available technology into the light forces $50M yr split between Army Marines - Implement ATDs ACTDs existing new Prepare to establish a joint operational task force by 1998 to be the focal point for transitioning the concepts We offer three sets of recommendations All would require action by the most senior Pentagon leadership the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The most important recommendation is to establish a mechanism and process to explore and exploit new joint expeditionary force concepts that offer potential revolutionary enhancements in the effectiveness of rapidly deployable forces not necessarily limited to the ones described in this report This would encompass the emerging relevant Service efforts address doctrine CONOPS tactics and training and would involve extensive experimentation of all sorts We further recommend that a new joint effort be created to lead this effort This effort would be organized not around particular technologies or systems but rather a military mission Modeling simulation and analysis will be critical for this effort However we have serious concerns that the DoD analysis and modeling culture will not be able to provide the type of support needed to explore and exploit these new warfighting concepts The current culture is characterized by bureaucratic review accredited analysis mechanical and data poor models few accredited scenarios and point threat estimates It also does not capture the value of command training and situational understanding It suppresses uncertainty and Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-3 risk A whole new approach is needed to change this environment We offer some suggestions in Section V Volume 2 but this problem was beyond the scope of our study Our second set of recommendations relates to ensuring the development of critical enabling systems and technologies There are recently initiated activities including ACTDs that are relevant indeed important to the expeditionary force concept We identify several of these and recommend that they continue to be supported Other ATD and ATCD like programs will also be needed to support the concept and we offer a list of candidate topics These distributed force concepts will go nowhere without a robust information infrastructure Such an infrastructure cannot be built in our lifetime without embracing commercial technologies practices and standards We offer several recommendations to help accelerate the process These include designating the USD A T and ASD C3I as the enforcers of compliance to the building codes specified in the Joint Technical Architecture We also recommend allocating funds $50 million a year for a few years split between the Army and Marines to buy some modern communication navigation and targeting equipment for the active light infantry forces $100 000 or less can go along way towards bringing at least 1980's technology into the light infantry squad a big step from the obsolete equipment and materiel they have now There are about 2 500 such squads in the active forces Army and Marine Corp so $50 million a year for a few years can upgrade almost all the active light infantry force These enhancements will not only improve their ability to accomplish today's missions but also allow them to play in the development of the distributed force combat cell concepts Our last recommendation is to establish a Joint Expeditionary Task Force under USACOM to be operational in 1998 to be the lead warfighter customer for the tactics and technologies that will evolve from the above efforts Several of these recommendations are elaborated upon in the remainder of this section Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-4 MAKING IT HAPPEN Pick executor s with the - Commitment enthusiasm to explore exploit new joint expeditionary forces - Capabilities to demonstrate robustness of concepts - Experience in turning demonstrations into real capabilities Executor options include - A CINC -- USACOM -- as a primary architect - The Services working together - One service - as executive agent -- working with the other Services Identifying criteria is easy Identifying the ideal candidates is not It is still difficult to find a home in DoD for an activity that is so intrinsically joint and so new and novel A CINC would bring the requisite joint perspective but their current priorities responsibilities resources and staffing would present considerable start-up problems for the execution of the experimental program we envision The Services bring the resources and experience needed to explore and transition new concepts but jointness and efficiencies would suffer particularly if cooperation were optional Therefore in order to secure the commitment and resources needed to pursue this new joint concept we recommend that a Service be designated as executive agent for a joint effort Another alternative would be to establish a new joint organization perhaps reporting directly to the Joint Staff Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-5 ESTABLISH A JOINT EFFORT TO EXPLORE AND EVOLVE THE CONCEPT Establish a dedicated joint effort to develop test analyze and evolve new expeditionary force concepts - Explore and test concepts through a series of LOEs AWEs - Begin exercising promising concepts in 1997 USACOM Unified Endeavor Exercises - Focus on providing remoted support C4ISR Fires Logistics to both distributed and aggregated ground teams Appoint a Service Executive Agent to lead this effort Provide money for Executive Agent EA to reinforce accelerate ongoing service SOCOM initiatives and to enable immediate procurements of COTS operational capabilities supporting these concepts Require EA to provide metrics and yearly deliverables to make this real for today's decision makers and operators Develop analysis tools that can capture lesson learned in a constant framework and can support future budgetary decisions needed to implement the evolving concept Who SecDef CJCS Cost Growing to $200M yr Our cost estimates are not very precise We do know that it cannot be done for tens of millions per year nor will it cost billions At least $100 million per year will be needed just to conduct the high quality LOEs AWEs essential to learn how to exploit the strengths and mitigate the weaknesses of the concept Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-6 EXEMPLAR EXECUTIVE AGENT STRUCTURE with CMC as EA VCJCS USD A T Senior Steering Cmte EA•CMC Secretariat Red Team Integrated Process Team IPT Service Ops Deps Jt Staff OSD CINCs Agencies Joint Concepts and Operational Architecture Group MCCDC TRADOC Services SOCOM USACOM - Voters Joint Acquisition Group MARCORSYSCOM Services SOCOM - Voters Joint LOEs Joint AWEs USACOM Unified Endeaver This example of a possible Executive Agent EA structure is similar to the one established for non-lethal weapons with the Commandant of the U S Marine Corps as the EA Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-7 ACCELERATE THE FIELDING OF THE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE Develop joint war fighter operational architecture that addresses - Operations concepts - Processes and procedures for information generation condition fusing use - Weapon sensor platform functional characteristics - Assignment of functions - Force structure Who Cost Who Mandate joint technical information architecture that - Addresses coherent data formats protocols message standards interfaces etc - Enables open systems - Building code for information architecture Implement Joint Information Infrastructure Systems Architecture - Migrate legacy systems - Integrate commercial systems Cost JCS lead w ith the EA for the expeditionary fire concept $10Ms USD A T and ASD C3I $2 3M I Who Services C4l Cost $1 5Bover5 years The Task Force recommends specific actions to accelerate the fielding of the information infrastructure We follow the recent and useful practice of dividing the information infrastructure into three inter-related architectures operational technical and systems An absolute necessary albeit not sufficient step is to enforce compliance to a joint technical information architecture The Army has made progress in this direction by using the Acquisition Executive's power to control funds We recommend a similar DoD-wide arrangement be established with the USD A T and ASD C3I as the enforcers of compliance in the joint area They would need a small group to advise them of the compliance issues as they arise and require resolution Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-8 SUPPORT EXISTING CANDIDATE ACTDs AND ATDS IMPORTANT TO THE CONCEPT • Fire and lethality - Rapid Force Projection Initiative RFPI counter MRL Fire and lethality • Information infrastructure - Battlefield Awareness and Data Dissemination Secure Personal Communication • Sensor systems and situational understanding - Combat ID Rapid Battlefield Visualization Semi-automated Image Processing Integrated Sensor Tasking Precision Target Identification Counter CC D Unattended Ground Sensors HAE MAE TUAV • Insertion extraction sustainment and survival - Joint Logistics ACTD Survivable Combat Vehicle • Exercises training and operations - Digitized battlefield MOUT Sea dragon • Non-Lethal Systems We are not making a blanket endorsement of all of these efforts only urging that on-going efforts that can support the expeditionary force concept be accounted for and supported The programs listed above vary considerably in their maturity Some have products already in the field MAE while others e g Sea Dragon exist only on paper Still others e g MOUT appear to need a stronger central role for concepts of operations to provide a comprehensive and coherent framework to evaluate technologies A major issue is the need for effective non-lethal systems for crowd control and suppressing others without casualties Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-9 INITIATE ACTDs AND ATDS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES INCLUDE Fire and lethality - Loiter weapons armed UAVs sea-based fire support e g long range guns dynamic force and fire management dial-a-lethal warheads new concepts for using long range aircraft e g arsenal aircraft Information Infrastructure - Tactical personal information ensemble communication payloads for UAVS urban comm nets Sensor systems and situational understanding - Sensor galaxy from satellites to smart UGS management CEC for ground war improved multimode sensors for FOPEN urban environments Enhanced JSTARS Insertion extraction sustainment survival - Stealth transport aircraft Team mobility vehicle GPS parafoil delivery nonlethal weapons stealth clothing treatments BW monitoring at a distance antisniper systems Exercises training and operations - Synthetic theater s of war at combat cell level IW Distributed force combat cell simulations stay-at-home and network training devices Finally we recommend the initiation of new ACTDs and ATDs More detail on these and other technology concepts is provided in Volumes 2 and 3 Volume 1 — Recommendations VI-10 Section VII Conclusions Volume 1 Conclusions VII-1 Volume 1 Conclusions VII-2 FOUR CRUCIAL ENABLERS • Fielding the information infrastructure - Robust communication • Turning situation awareness into situation understanding - Managing sensors information in a conceptual context • Making remote fires work - Managing ensemble of weapons important role loiterers inflight update • Operating in dispersed posture - Stealth mobility insertion sustainment The Task Force believes that substantial possibly revolutionary enhancements of the effectiveness of rapidly deployable military forces are feasible We believe that the concepts we explored in this study can be refined tested modified shaped and evolved into fielded capabilities over the next 10-20 years The Task Force believes that the technology can be brought to necessary maturity to support this time scale within reasonable resource expenditures The four enablers shown above complement each other A robust information infrastructure connecting all the elements of this distributed and mutually supportive force provides the basic foundation for the concept Augmenting any force with remote fires will enhance the force's effectiveness If remote fires are sufficiently effective and responsive they can substitute for the force's organic capability and by reducing weapons and ammo loads can lead to lighter and more rapidly deployable forces The remote fires will be provided by an ensemble of precision weapons delivered by manned and unmanned aircraft rockets missiles and guns Sea basing and long rang aircraft will be especially important to deal with the situation when in-theater on-theground resources are unavailable or limited severely Volume 1 — Conclusions VII-3 Greatly enhanced situation understanding is needed to effectively use this ensemble of remote fires This will require dynamically managing sensors and information in a CEClike rich internetted ensemble of geometrically and phenomenologically diverse sensors To the extent that this capability can turn fleeting observations into tracked targets it will allow much more efficient use of remote fires by offering more opportunities to strike when the targets are most vulnerable and minimize undesirable effects Enhanced situation understanding is also critical to the combat cell's ability to survive avoid firefights minimize fratricide which in turn allows the cells to function in their role as a contributor as well as a user of the situation understanding network To the extent that the remote fires help protect the combat cell from fire fights they also reduce the need for direct fire weapons This allows the combat cells to be lighter more agile and more useful in an C4ISR role which in turn contributes to the effectiveness of remote fires The enhanced situation understanding and robust wide band information infrastructure simultaneously enables more centralization and greater decentralized empowerment Success on the future dispersed battlefield will to a great extent depend on learning how best to dynamically manage additional degrees of freedom Volume 1 — Conclusions VII-4 MR SECRETARY and CHAIRMAN Invest in this vision and you will leave to your successors At the least a potent multiplier for standard force concepts and tactics • Through sensor and information management and more effective remote fire A good chance an even more dramatic increase in the effectiveness of rapidly deployable light forces • If the concept of distributed combat cells prove robust across a broad range of missions and enviomments Some possibility the foundation to a true revolution in military affairs and new dominant modes of warfare • Perhaps the next major step in the historical trend of increasing dispersal on the battlefield Volume 1 — Conclusions VII-5 Volume 1 Conclusions VII-6 Volume 1 Appendix A Appendix A Terms of Reference A-l Volume 1 Appendix A THE UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 3010 DEFENSE PENTAGON WASHINGTON DC 20301-3010 MAR ACQUISITION AND TECHNOLOGY f MEMORANDUM FOR CHAIRMAN DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD SUBJECT Terms of Reference--Defense Science Board Summer Study Task Force on Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority You are requested to form a Defense Science Board DSB Task Force to address Tactics and Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority The Task Force should focus on the concept of making relatively small the size TBD and rapidly deployable forces or teams --specially equipped trained and supported by remote sensors and weapons--able to accomplish missions heretofore only possible with much larger and massed forces The Task Force should address the following questions 1 What would be the realistic mission expectations for these small forces and how does this concept fit within larger military strategies and force employment 2 What operational and technical capabilities are necessary to greatly enhance team effectiveness flexibility and survivability 3 How and by what time frame can the DoD realistically expect to turn such a concept into an operational capability In developing its findings and recommendations the Task Force should • Develop an operational approach to the small team concept which considers command and coordination targeting and fires maneuver and mobility survivability and sustainment • Identify realistic missions to include offensive defensive and presence as a form of deterrence of adversaries and reassurances of friends Missions in built-up urban areas should be included • Assess vulnerabilities and potential adversary countermeasures • Examine innovative tactics such as the employment of national sensor systems UAV-based sensor and communication systems and long range precision fires directed by the small teams • Identify the necessary technical and operational capabilities for team insertion and extraction C3 and coordination sensors to detect and localize targets and provide situation awareness to deployed teams preferred remote weapons and platforms team survivability and the employment of stealth W • • Examine technical concepts and technologies which may impact these tactics and operations logistics in littoral areas eg arsenal ship unmanned tactical strike aircraft robotics and shallow water ASW Develop an evolutionary roadmap and schedule to realize the concepts to include investment priorities for technology CONOPS tactics and doctrine organization implications for training equipment and logistics the fit with coalition warfare estimates of cost and finally identification of potential obstacles to success The study will be jointly sponsored by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Under Secretary of Defense Acquisition and Technology Dr Ted Gold and Dr Don Latham will serve as Co-Chairmen of the Task Force COL John Fricas USA of the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense Advanced Technology and Col Ray Cole USMC Chief Land and Littoral Warfare Joint Warfighting Capabilities Assessment will serve as co-Executive Secretaries LTC T Van Horn USA will be the DSB Secretariat Representative The Task Force will be operated in accordance with the provisions of P L 92-463 the Federal Advisory Committee Act and DoD Directive 5105 4 the DoD Federal Advisory Committee Management Program It is not anticipated that this Task Force will need to go into any particular matters within the meaning of Section 208 of Title 18 U S Code nor will it cause any member to be placed in the position of acting as a procurement official Paul G Kaminski Appendix Study Participants and Organization Volume 1 - Appendix B-l Volume 1 - Appendix B-2 TACTICS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 21st CENTURY MILITARY SUPERIORITY TASK FORCE ORGANIZATION Dr Ted Gold Mr Don Latham Senior Military Advisory Panel GEN Dave Maddox USA RET GEN Paul Gorman USA RET Technology Mr Vince Vitto Crosscuttinq Concepts Dr Wayne O'Hern CONOPS Leading Edge Deployment LTG Jerry Granrud USA RET CONOPS Controlling Territory Maj Gen Ray Franklin USMC RET CONOPS Urban Warfare LtGen Bill Etnyre USMC RET Implementation Recommendations Dr Delores Etter Modeling Simulation and Analysis Maj Gen Jasper Welch USAF RET This DSB Task Force differed from most previous DSB studies in its size and composition This unusually large number of participants this was one of the largest DSB Task Forces ever reflected our desire to involve many minds and organizations in addressing how novel tactics and emerging technologies can enable new military capabilities Similarly the unusually large percentage of military personnel retired and active stemmed from the centrality of military concepts and operations in our tasking The enthusiasm effort and commitment of the participants Task Force Members and government advisors were exceptional The above chart shows the study organization for the summer session The group proved to be quite adaptable to reorganization several times during the months leading up to the summer session much of the work must be done in this preparatory phase as we sought to bring different perspectives to bear on the problem Five of the panels have produced reports These reports of the three CONOPS panels the technology panel and the Modeling Simulation and Analysis panel are contained in Volume 2 Volume 2 also contains work done for the Task Force by others the Army's TRADOC Analysis Center RAND the Institute for Defense Analyses the CIA and USSOCOM Inputs from the last two are found in the classified Part 2 of Volume 2 Volume 1 - Appendix B B-3 Volume 1 - Appendix B-4 DSB Summer Study Tactics and Technology st for 21 Century Military Superiority Chairmen Dr Theodore S Gold Dr Donald C Latham Members ADM Lee Baggett Jr USN RET Dr Seth Bonder Dr Joe Braddock LtGen Bruce Brown USAF Ret LtGen James Clapper USAF RET Dr Robert S Cooper LTG Marvin Covault USA RET Mr Jim Davis Dr Paul Davis LTG WR Etnyre USMC RET Dr Delores M Etter Dr Roger Fisher Dr John S Foster Mr Charles A Fowler Dr Michael S Frankel Maj Gen Ray Franklin USMC RET Dr Ron Fuchs Prof Brent Fultz GEN Paul F Gorman USA RET LTG Jerry Granrud USA RET Gen Al Gray USMC RET Dr Eugene Gritton Mr Dave R Heebner Dr George H Heilmeier LTG William J Hillsman USA RET Dr William G Howard Mr Dick Howe Dr Mim John Defense Science Board Member Volume 1 - Appendix B Mr Frank Kendall Dr Donald M Kerr Dr Herb Kottler Dr Ira Kuhn GEN Dave Maddox USA RET Dr Tom Meyer RADM Riley Mixon USN RET Mr Walter E Morrow Jr Mr John Nuckolls Mr Wayne O'Hern RADM Dave Oliver USN RET Mr Robert Pascal BG R W Potter USA RET Dr Robert L Rinne GEN Robert RisCassi USA RET Dr Gene Sevin Mr Neil Siegel Mr John P Stenbit GEN Carl Stiner USA RET Mr Mike Vickers Mr Vince Vitto Dr Abe Wagner Dr Richard L Wagner MajGen Jasper Welch USAF RET Gen Larry D Welch USAF RET Mr Bing West Dr George M Whitesides VADM JD Williams USN RET LTG John W Woodmansee USA RET Members Ex Officio B-5 Volume 1 - Appendix B-6 DSB Summer Study Tactics and Technology st for 21 Century Military Superiority Government Advisors Col George Aldridge USA Col Bob Awtrey USAF Maj Dave Bellamy USAF Dr Alfred Brandstein USMC Dr H Lee Buchanan DARPA CAPT Jack Cassidy USN Lt Col Mark Clusky USAF CDR Thomas Cosgrove USN Dr Bruce Deal OSD Mr Bob Doheny OSD Mr Ned Donalson DON Mr Terry Dunlevy DIA RADM Noel Dysart USN Mr Dan Flynn CIA Mr Randy Gangle USMC Lt Col Mark Gibson USMC Lt Col Terry Gordon USMC Dr Gus Grussendorf DON Mr Don Henry OSD BGen S Keith Holcomb USMC Col Douglas Hotard USAF LtCol Kip Hunter USAF COL Bob Killibrew USA Dr Thomas Killion DA LTC Mark Latham USA BGen Robert Magnus USMC LtCol Harold Massie USAF Maj Brian McNabb USAF BGen William Nyland USMC Mr Marion Oliver DON Mr Bob Reisman DA Maj Jim Riggins USAF CAPT John Roberts USN Dr Richard Root DON Mr Earl Rubright USCENTCOM Mr Tim Ryan DON Col Stan Shinkle USAF Dr Frank Shoup DON Mr Chuck Sieber OSD COL Mike Starry USA Dr Tom Tesch DON LtCol Bert Tussing USMC LtCol Mike Williams USAF Col Tony Wood USMC Maj Rich Ziebarth USAF Other Major Contributors In addition to the government advisors listed above the following devoted considerable time and effort to help the study Dr Gary Coe IDA MG Greg Giles USA LTG John Miller USA Volume 1 - Appendix B Dr Russell Richards MITRE Lt Gen Paul Van Riper USMC MG Robert H Scales USA Mr Richard Wright IDA B-7 Executive Secretaries Col Ray Cole USMC COL John Fricas USA COL Bob Reddy USA LTC T Van Horn USA Support Staff Col Ed Burke USAF RET Mr Christopher Bolkcom Dr Nancy Chesser Mr Hilton Hanson Col George McVeigh USAF Ret Volume 1 - Appendix B Dr Adrian Smith Mr Brad Smith Mr Jeff Thompson Ms Denise Strother-Ellis B-8 Appendix C Enabling Technologies 1996 KEY ENABLERS SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES Fires and Lethality Battlemanagement Command and Control Information Infrastructure Sensor Systems and Situational Understanding Insertion Sustainment and Extraction Force Survival Exercises and Training Urban Operations Nonlethal Weapons Volume 1 - Appendix C C-l Volume 1 - Appendix 0-2 TECHNOLOGY AREAS RECOMMENDED FOR FOCUS AND INVESTMENT BY LAST YEAR'S DSB SUMMER STUDY Intelligence surveillance reconnaissance Defensive information warfare Countering WMD - especially BW RISTA and precision strike Ballistic and cruise missile defense Strategic mobility Littoral ASW and counter mines Deep underground facilities MOUT and operations other than war The 1995 DSB Summer Study on Technology for 21st Century Military Superiority recommended the above areas for increased attention and investment Most of these areas remain relevant to the narrower - expeditionary force - focus of our current study Some of these relevant areas - littoral ASW countermine cruise and ballistic missile defense deep underground facilities BW defense strategic mobility - are not addressed in detail in our study either because they are beginning to receive adequate attention within DoD or are being addressed by other DSB efforts This appendix elaborates on the critical technology enablers for the expeditionary force concept It follows the organization of Chapter V and covers fires and lethality battle management and command and control information infrastructure sensors and situation understanding insertion sustainment and extraction ground forces survivability and exercises and training Because of the unique challenges they present military operations in urban terrain one of the recommended areas from last year's DSB study and nonlethal weapons are treated as a separate topics More detail on all these topics is provided in Volume 2 particularly Section VII and Volume 3 Volume 1 - Appendix C C-3 FIRES AND LETHALITY Critical Needs Assured easy-to-call multi-mode «$$ round based outside combat area Systems Comments • Guardian loitering armed fire UAV - Hundreds of munitions Sustaining hi-volume hi-rate Capable platforms • Munition Types - Loiter cruise hypervelocity delivery - Multi-effects warheads • • • Technological Enablers • Low $$ precision guidance • Light-wt multi-effect WH • Low $ light-wt propulsion • Emergency support hi-user confidence effective fires Galaxy of systems provides almost all Indirect Fires - need to manage the galaxy Mixes of delivery seekers effects - Inflight updates - Light WWol - Report back for BDA Foliage building penetration seekers There is a need for a new family of indirect fire weapon systems which can deliver precision fires against any tactical targets fixed or mobile from the air or surface-to-surface launched from stand off ranges of perhaps hundreds of miles to air delivered munitions from manned or unmanned aircraft at shorter ranges Some of those new weapons should be capable of in-flight update after launch to deal with newly developed target location data as the long range missiles are approaching their targets A further need is to also enable some weapons to loiter over the target area to deal with rapidly evolved critical targets or to deliver emergency fires to support combat cells under direct attack These new indirect fire weapon systems must be much less costly than today's weapons such as Tomahawk ATACMS and CALCM The management deconfliction and cost effective allocation of these indirect fire weapon systems will be intimately dependent on the quality and timeliness of supporting sensor data such as precise target locations classification and vulnerabilities plus assured real-time knowledge of all friendly forces locations status and movements In other words exquisite situation understanding is required to create effective remote fires For military operations in urban terrain MOUT unique new weapons and sensor systems are also required Volume 1 - Appendix C C-4 BATTLEMANAGEMENT COMMAND AND CONTROL Critical Needs Sophisticated decision aids commander's associate greatly improved humans interface to the information infrastructure semi-automated battlespace deconfliction in near real-time Systems JFACC After Next Battlefield Awareness Data Distribution BADD Common Operating Environment COE Command-Level Simulations Distributed and dynamic force management Automated course of action assessment tool Technological Enablers • • • Rugged low power low weight high performance displays many sizes Significant advances in decision aiding technologies Resource deconfliction and scheduling aids The Commanders' from theater to combat cell ability to observe orient decide and act can be gTeatly enhanced if the future BM C2 systems can • • • • • provide theater-wide sensor data fused together for a cleaner understanding of the operational situation provide this information to decision support tools provide modeling and simulation capability for execution analysis to fly the missions ahead of time provide robust communications with over-the-horizon connectivity to extend operations and the Commander's control both into and out of the theater and into and out of the cockpit and within and between combat cells be employed with less people time support tail and airlift facilitating rapid deployment and operations There are many systems currently under development that will go a long way to improving the BM C2 capability to support future military operations The JFACC after next ACTD is a DARPA program designed to provide an adaptive mission tailored system to support decision making for short-dwell targets and responsive battle damage assessment The Battlefield Awareness Data Distribution BADD ACTD is another DARPA program Volume 1 - Appendix C C-5 designed to address the issues of database mining and intelligent satellite communications broadcast dissemination based on warfighters requirements Additional effort will be needed on systems to allow command level simulation capability distributed and dynamic force management capabilities and automated course of action assessment tools These systems will require rugged low power high performance displays and intelligent software agents for decision deconfliction and scheduling of resources under a Commander's control Volume 1 - Appendix C C-6 INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE Critical Need Tailored information when and where required precision POS NAV common reference grid situation displays multi-mode services Systems Comments • Tactical information infrastructure Til Integrated fiber SATCOM wireless systems • Network of UAV's for robust connectivity • Network security is critical • Warfighter's personal information ensemble • Networked software agents to provide information fusion dissemination functions • Opportunity based on HAE UAV's and software Comm developments • Based on a commercial cellular and digital assistant technologies • Fundamental R D programs must be initiated Technology enablers • • • • Heterogeneous network integration and protocols Intelligent software agents Network security LPI AJ techniques for local communications To the maximum extent feasible the infrastructure takes advantage of commercial technology and networks by utilizing open-systems standards and protocols and minimizes the use of Service or function-unique hardware and software For applications where military-unique functions such as anti-jam low probability of intercept spectrum utilization etc are required military products will be developed or adapted to interface with the overall architecture Volume 1 - Appendix C C-7 SENSORS AND SITUATION UNDERSTANDING Critical Needs Shared comprehensive composite fire control quality understanding of the battleground - CEC for ground picture Systems Comments • Multimode All Weather Radar and EO IR Sensors • FOPEN MTI SAR Sensors • Long-range Chem Bio Warning and In-situ ID • Multi-source Integrated Data Bases for Exquisite Situation Knowledge • Autonomous Resource Allocation System for Sensor Galaxy Management • Very smart endurance UGS • UAV sensor platforms including micro air vehicles and helicraft • Tier 2 Tier 3- JSTARS U2 Limited Performance • No systems under development • Need lasers and microchip detectors • Many small program lacking coherence • No single office responsible for sensor coordination • Limited capability today Technological Enablers • Multimode Phased Array Radars • Hyperspectral EO IR Sensors • FOPEN Target ID Techniques • Multi-signature Fusion • Chem Bio Microchip Detectors • Agile Track Modes Successful operations with distributed combat cells will hinge largely on their ability to understand their environment with much greater detail and accuracy and over larger areas of concern than the enemy The three critical elements to achieve this dominance are the sensor systems the sensor management system and the information management system Current efforts to introduce new technologies into sensors and sensors into deployable systems must be expanded to address the ubiquitous situational understanding environment The recent focus has been on developing space based and airborne platforms for new sensor systems Attention should be given to the development of advanced phased arrays for SAR and MTI radars with agile mode selectivity and tracking capability In addition advanced hyperspectral electro-optical sensors must be developed Special attention must also be paid to the development of new technologies for detection tracking and identification of targets in low observable environments e g foliage penetration or seeing through walls chemical and biological weapon detection and detection and tracking of people In addition the cost and complexity of sensor platforms must be reduced by merging related sensor types into multifunctional systems for a given platform Simultaneously existing and emerging systems must be pushed toward miniaturization to reduce the size expense and logistical support of sensors and sensor platforms especially Volume 1 - Appendix C C-8 UAVs autonomous VTOLs and UGS and associated processing and control elements UGS technology in particular needs a much stronger push to develop both the sensors microchip detectors and the networks needed to bring the sensors together into capable sensor systems All sensor systems must be tested in realistic environments and developed to allow adaptation to the larger sensor and information management architectures The sensor management system must provide the dynamic allocation of disparate sensor resources to meet the needs of a spectrum of users The development and testing of allocation algorithms are required which accommodate sensor and platform performance and constraints The principal barrier in this case may be organizational since the sensor and processing assets are owned by the Services or special agencies and this function demands integration of all assets Joint testing elevates system wide priorities above the interests of the owning organization is critical for moving forward The overriding goal for the information management system is anyone can get what they need and get it at the right time This area represents the most significant technical and organizational challenge Considerably more research is needed in target identification and multi-dimensional data fusion At the next level the architecture for a responsive distributed robust system does not exist And finally any work focused on the situational understanding problem must be developed in parallel and integrated with the overall information infrastructure Volume 1 - Appendix C C-9 INSERTION SUSTAINMENT AND EXTRACTION Critical Needs More survivable air vehicle for long-range insertion and extraction non-port roll on roll off discharge capability assured resupply delivery to remote cells Systems Under Development • V-22 • Amphibious Cargo Beaching Lighterage ACBL New Concepts • Low Observable air platforms • Joint Precision Offset Delivery Systems JPODS • GPS Guided Powered Parafoil • Submarine delivered personnel and support Technological Enablers • VLO technologies • Totally different power generations capability ashore By the 21st Century even so-called third world nations and certainly nations such as Iran North Korea and Syria will possess potent air defenses and especially shoulder-fired weapons much more capable than today's SA-18 This means that the insertion sustainment and safe extraction of forces ashore by air will demand assured air superiority and suppression of air defenses at least during insertion sustainment and extraction operations The development of a VLO air vehicle as described earlier in this report would significantly enhance the capabilities and survivability of the U S to insert forces and sustain them under less than perfect air superiority and SEAD operations — at least for a while As an alternative to fossil fuel electric power generators self-contained fuel cells similar to those being considered for powering UUVs have potential to be made very stealthy generate large amounts of continuous power for approximately two weeks and more before refueling or thrown away and thus provide a reliable power source for the recharging of batteries of all types If reliable electric power sources were available in the theater then electric-powered utility vehicles to support the combat cells could be feasible New concepts for sustainment include precision air delivery using powered parafoil-like devices and the Landing Ship Quay Causeway LSQ C being designed for the Navy Volume 1 - Appendix C C-10 FORCE SURVIVAL Critical Needs Improved Survivability of Small Units and Individuals Systems • • Comments Individual - Weapons • High Power Microwave Rifle • Silent no signature weapons • Tagging Weapons • Non-lethal lethal Over Under shotgun - Personal information ensemble - Stealth combat clothing - Stimulants for endurance - Physical monitoring alarm system Combat Cell - Enduring situation understanding - Long endurance propulsion mobility vehicles with VLO - Reliable accurate urgent remote fires Technological Enablers • Robotics lightweight lethal individual weapons long endurance power sources VLO technologies For military operations in urban terrain MOUT combat cell survival can be significantly enhanced through the employment of robotic technology Tele-operated robots supporting combat cells in 2015 would be sufficiently human-like in appearance behavior to be the first to draw enemy fire when exposed carry sensors and weapons for countering snipers and be the first through the door in securing buildings New stealthy individual weapons weapons which can be used to tag targets stealth clothing and very capable unattended ground sensors are all part of the combat cell survivability ensemble Unfortunately today these technology areas are funded at very low levels and no robust program exists to see them into fielded capability Again the key enabler to combat cell individual survivability will be the ability to provide assured exquisite situation understanding For some terrain combat cell survivability will be strongly influenced by the ability of the cells to move covertly if possible using some form of powered vehicle Volume 1 - Appendix C C-ll EXERCISES TRAINING Critical Needs Significant changes to exercises training procedures and technologies will be necessary Systems Comments • Train using the Til • Train before enroute during operations on one system • Global access for distant learning • Total joint force training readiness diagnostics • On-call access to virtual situational training • Tailored exercises at home stations • Provide linkage between fielding of technologically advanced equipment the training necessary to optimize its employment • Increase use of unit mission rehearsal systems and individual simulators Technology Enablers Prototype joint combat and exercise training centers to learn not to prove virtual systems training diagnostics The training of the combat cells their leadership and the supporting air and naval forces as a tightly integrated joint force is of equal importance to the technological capabilities of the force Training methods will have to improve as rapidly as the weapons sensors and other capabilities that the force brings to bear in combat Innovative virtual reality simulators for the individual and combat cell which puts the soldier marine into the terrain dirt weather and other realities of combat must be developed Volume 1 - Appendix C C-12 URBAN OPERATIONS Critical Needs Extend situation awareness beyond enemy lethal zone robotics assistants improved non-LOS lethal and non-lethal weapons remote weapon basing personal protection personal information infrastructure Systems • • Reconnaissance micro UAV Robotics - Scout - Breacher - Barrier — Mule 3D personal location information infrastructure • Breaching weapon tunnel occupant detector • Assured communications in tunnels buildings • EO thru-wall chem bio detectors • Human mine booby-trap detect ID sensors lethal non-lethal weapons • Counter sniper system Technology Enablers • • • • Thru-wall human explosive sensors Micro EO sensors Non-LOS weapons Less-than-lethal munitions barriers Language assistance processors Squad-level firefinders 3D personal location system Technology can enable more effective urban operations in the future The virtual line of sight could be aided by such advances as through-the-wall radars non-line-of-sight weapons and small robotic and airborne assists for seeing and communicating around corners or obstructions In sorting noncombatants from combatants locally controlled airborne and ground assets with high resolution sensors to detect for example sniper fire and to provide accurate layouts and position especially inside buildings would allow much more effective pinpointing of the enemy To address mission objectives for minimizing collateral damage and neutralizing adversaries in the midst of non-combatants non-lethal weapons will be critical parts of the unit's tool kit UAVs with wingspans of a few centimeters could revolutionize airborne surveillance for the local unit over short ranges in both close terrain and urban environments The technical challenges for developing such a platform include small long life power sources and stable aerodynamics at the low Reynolds numbers characteristic of such a small vehicle Complementing the micro airborne platform are small ground robotic platforms disguised as commonplace articles litter construction materials etc These platforms and possibly some larger allow covert entry into buildings for mapping specialized detection communication links sentry duty seeing around corners — in short all those functions Volume 1 - Appendix C C-13 that represent significant risk to the individual warfighter as he enters an unknown constrained environment or needs someone thing to cover his backside Micro platforms without miniature sensors are of little interest However technology offers the promise of such sensors which include WMD sensing chemical biological nuclear and multi-spectral IR imagers There are many roles for non-lethal weapons in the urban environment including • • • • • • • • conducting operations in the presence of non-combatants and civilians neutralizing equipment and vehicles stopping moving targets for lethal kill reducing damage to facilities and buildings buying time evasion escape maintaining concealment covertness when the available lethal alternatives provide a location signature engagement escalation control neutralizing targets that cannot be engaged with explosives such as a WMD facility Volume 1 - Appendix C C-14 NON-LETHAL WEAPONS NLW WE'VE GOT THE BOOKENDS - WE'RE STARTING TO FILL THE SHELF Experience Base • Integrated Policy • Somalia Program • • NLW policy • Executive Haiti Bosnia 7 96 agent USMC • NLWLOEs • Existing • Added demos • • Joint CWC BWC inMOUT concepts and US Sea Dragon requirements • policy ACTDs acquisition constraints • Insertion into POM Simulation Effects MOEs Effectivenes Phenom • Bio-effects effects • Range models coverage Operational persistency models • Vulnerability Gaming to counterexpand measures mission spaci i Technologies • Mechanical • Chemical • Biological • Acoustic • EM • Supporting sensors delivery vehicles Leqend Existing Initiated but not mature or comp ete An assessment of the programmatic needs for NLW was made as part of the study and is summarized above In brief we've got the bookends i e at one end of the spectrum an OSD NLW policy was approved in July 1996 and at the other end numerous technologies at varying levels of maturity exist The other aspects required to flesh out a comprehensive development and deployment program are beginning to emerge In order to drive future technology development in a more focused manner a program in which the elements of operational experience test and simulation are combined with a thorough understanding of NLW effects and effectiveness is needed The objective is to transform the technology push of NLW to date into an iterative process with a much stronger operational needs dimension The snapshot status of these elements is summarized above and in the comments below Integrated Program With the March 1996 assignment of the Marine Corps as Executive Agent EA for the NLW Program the fragmented pieces of NLW development and acquisition are starting to be pulled together under a proposed structure of an Integrated Product Team organized around a Joint Concepts Requirements Group and Joint Acquisition Group and administered by a Joint NLW Directorate Multi-year funding Volume 1 - Appendix C C-15 profiles have been drafted and include currently unfunded requests for acceleration of technologies into the forces Experience Base Additional operational experience is growing with operations in Bosnia In a more structured approach dedicated exercises evaluating NLW use in Marine and joint Marine Army LOEs are underway In the context of more complex operational environments NLW test and evaluation are parts of the Marines' Sea Dragon ACTD and the joint Military Operations in Urban Terrain MOUT ACTD Questions being addressed across this spectrum of field experimentation and test include an assessment of platforms for NLW deployment new tactics techniques and procedures roles and effectiveness for emerging NLW technologies optimum mix of platforms and technologies calibration correlation of operational simulations expansion of NLW use to larger area mid-intensity conflicts Simulation Modeling and gaming are key elements to complement the limited insights provided by field test and actual conflicts Probably the major missing element of this aspect of the program is consensus on a set of Measure of Effectiveness MOEs that would help focus the development of both operational and technology requirements The inclusion of NLW options in gaming exercises should also become more common Volume 1 - Appendix C C-16 NONLETHAL WEAPONS - EFFECTS AND EFFECTIVNESS 100% Desired Effect Fatality 0% Intensity of dose Effects and Effectiveness Underpinning the model development is the need for the basic data that characterizes a given NLW technology with respect to its effects on targets both intended and unintended and the trade space of range coverage and persistency of effects The assessment of vulnerabilities and countermeasures to any option currently available or planned for deployment is also essential and to our knowledge is not yet being systematically pursued A set of new capabilities is needed to measure bio-effects more accurately to assess vulnerability and countermeasures and to develop appropriate simulation tools Until all these elements are developed and integrated into a robust program technology development is likely to remain ad hoc and insertion into the forces slower than desired One of the general principals for nonlethal weapons contained in DoD directive 3000 3 dated July 9 1996 recognized the risk of NLW use No NLW is required to have zero probability of fatalities or permanent injury but any NLW option should seek to strike a balance between low probability of fatalities permanent injury or collateral damage and high probability of desired effects The above figure illustrates the intent of this principle Volume 1 - Appendix C C-17 COMPENDIUM OF NONLETHAL WEAPONS Mechanical Kinetic energy projectiles fluids Binding agents sticky foam entanglements adhesives Conductive devices particles ribbons Obscurants fogs smoke Sabotage Devices filters coltrops coatings Acoustic Subsonic Sonic Ultrasonic acoustic projection jamming ultasound flash bang Electromaqnetic High Energy Particles X-Ray devices UV lasers Visible light lasers beams omni directional sources Microwave Deception Antipersonnel HPM Radio Wave EMP Directed Current stun cattle prod Vehicle support Chemical Material modifiers viscosity corrosive caustic embrittling depolymerization combustion soil cloud destabilizes Anti-biological calmatives gastrointestinal neuropharmacological irritants odors livestock agents herbicides Bioloqical Organic biocides Supporting Technoloqies Delivery Vehicles robot UAV Consuming organisms Sensors shock location WMD intrusion Pathogens Miscellaneous personal ID translators Several sources for descriptions and assessments of NLW technologies exist The most complete is the Survey of Limited Effects Weapons Munitions and Devices prepared by Battelle Columbus for USSOCOM and DARPA 2nd edition December 1995 Based on the taxonomy from a recent JAYCOR study for OASD SO LIC entitled Mission Applications for Non-Lethal Weapons July 1996 NLW technologies can be grouped as shown above With respect to maturity the technologies fall into roughly three categories 1 Off-the-shelf Examples include irritants KE devices such as stun guns and lowimpact weapons caltrops barriers and visible light sources 2 Relatively near term Included in this category are foams entanglements anti-traction fluids and mines based on non-lethal obscurants anti-biologicals etc 3 Longer term Acoustic and most EM technologies fall in this group Those classed in the first group have had some limited operational deployment in military environments but build on a richer experience base in security or law enforcement applications We are at relatively lower point on the operational learning curve for those technologies in the second group Some are being introduced into Marine Corps and Army Limited Objective Experiments LOEs with further plans for employment in ACTDs The third group is lagging even further behind in terms of operational concepts Volume 1 - Appendix C C-18 Almost all of the technologies suffer from an incomplete or nonexistent understanding of their biological effects In other words quantitative versions of the figure on page C-17 for each technology have not yet been fully developed Volume 1 - Appendix C C-19 Volume 1 Appendix 0-20 Appendix Glossary Volume 1 Appendix D-l Volume 1 - Appendix D-2 Glossary AAV AAV ACD ACTD AFATDS AFMSS AJ AOR APOD ASAS ASD C3I ASW ATACM ATD ATR AWACS Advanced Air Vehicle Autonomous Air Vehicle Advanced Concept Demonstration Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System Air Force Mission Support System Anti-Jam Area of Responsibility Air Point of Debarkation All Source Analysis System Assistant Secretary of Defense Command Control Communications and Intelligence Anti-Submarine Warfare Army Tactical Missile System Advanced Technology Demonstration Automatic Target Recognition Airborne Warning and Control System BADD BAT BDA BDE BM C2 BMIC BW Battlefield Awareness Data Dissemination Brilliant Anti-Tank Battle Damage Assessment Brigade Battle Management Command and Control Battlefield Integration and Management Cell Biological Warfare C2W C3 C4ISR CALCM CEC CFF COE CONOPS CONUS CINC CJCS CMC CSS CW Command and Control Warfare Command Control and Communications Command Control Communications Computers and Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance Conventional Air Launched Cruise Missile Cooperative Engagement Capability Call For Fire Common Operating Environment Concept of Operations Continental United States Commander in Chief Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Commandant Marine Corps Combat Service Support Chemical Warfare DARPA DCC DDR E Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Distributed Combat Cell Deputy Director for Research and Engineering Volume 1 - Appendix D D-3 DF DoD DRB DSB DTUPC Direction Finding Department of Defense Division-Ready Brigade Defense Science Board Design-to-Unit-Production-Cost EA EFP ELINT EO Executive Agent Explosively-Formed-Penetrator Electronics Intelligence Electro-Optical FOFAC FOGM FOPEN FRV FY Forward Observer Forward Air Controller Fiber Optic Guided Missile Foliage Penetration Future Reconnaissance Vehicle Fiscal Year GLONASS GPS Soviet Global Navigation Satellite System Global Positioning System HAE HUMINT High Altitude Endurance Human Intelligence IADS IDA INS IPT IR IR D rW Integrated Air Defense Systems Institute for Defense Analysis Inertial Navigation System Integrated Product Team Infrared Independent Research and Development Information Warfare JCS JFACC JPODS JSTARS JTF Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Force Air Component Commander Joint Precision Offset Delivery System Joint Systems Target Acquisition Radar System Joint Task Force LADAR LESTFOR LOCAAS LOS LPI LSQ A Laser Radar Leading Edge Strike Force Low Cost Autonomous Attack System Line-of-Sight Low Probability of Intercept Landing Ship Quay Causeway MAE MER MMICS MIRV Medium Altitude Endurance Munition Ejector Rack Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle Volume 1 - Appendix D D-4 ModSAF MOE MOF MOUT MTI Modified Synthetic Automated Forces Measure of Effectiveness Map of the Future Military Operation in Urban Terrain Moving Target Identification NCA NLT NLW National Command Authority No Later Than Non-Lethal Weapons OSD OUSD A T PDA POM PST Office of the Secretary of Defense Office of the Under Secretary of Defense Acquisition and Technology Personal Data Assistant Program Objective Memorandum Precision Strike Team RF RISTA Radio Frequency Reconnaissance Intelligence Surveillance and Target Acquisition SAR SATCOM SEAD SECDEF SEI SIGINT SKEET SOCOM SOF SPOD SWA Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite Communications Suppression of Enemy Air Defense Secretary of Defense Software Engineering Institute Signals Intelligence Anti-armor submunition Southern Command Special Operations Force Sea Point of Debarkation South West Asia TBMCS TII TMD TRAC TRADOC Theater Battle Management Core System Tactical Information Infrastructure Tactical Munition Dispenser TRADOC Analysis Center Training and Doctrine Command UAV UGS UHF USACOM USD A T UUV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Unattended Ground Sensors Ultra High Frequency United States Americas Command Under Secretary of Defense Acquisition and Technology Underwater Unmanned Vehicle VCJCS VLO VLS VTOL Vice Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Very Low Observable Vertical Launch System Vertical Takeoff and Landing Volume 1 - Appendix D D-5 WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction WSO Weapon System Of cer Volume 1 - Appendix D-6