0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 33 I GENEVA CONVENTION FOR THE AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF THE WOUNDED AND SICK IN ARMED FORCES IN THE FIELD OF 12 AUGUST 1949 CHAPTER I General Provisions Article 1 Respect for the Convention Article 2 Application of the Convention Article 3 Conflicts not of an international character Article 4 Application by neutral Powers Article 5 Duration of application Article 6 Special agreements Article 7 Non-renunciation of rights Article 8 Protecting Powers Article 9 Activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross Article 10 Substitutes for Protecting Powers Article 11 Conciliation procedure 36 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 39 CHAPTER II Wounded and Sick Article 12 Protection and care Article 13 Protected persons Article 14 Status Article 15 Search for casualties Evacuation Article 16 Recording and forwarding of information Article 17 Prescriptions regarding the dead Graves Registration Service Article 18 Role of the population CHAPTER III Medical Units and Establishments Article 19 Protection Article 20 Protection of hospital ships Article 21 Discontinuance of protection of medical establishments and units Article 22 Conditions not depriving medical units and establishments of protection Article 23 Hospital zones and localities 40 40 41 41 41 42 43 43 44 44 44 44 0031-0330 irl qxd 34 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 34 CONTENTS CHAPTER IV Personnel Article 24 Article 25 Article 26 Article 27 Article 28 Article 29 Article 30 Article 31 Article 32 Protection of permanent personnel Protection of auxiliary personnel Personnel of aid societies Societies of neutral countries Retained personnel Status of auxiliary personnel Return of medical and religious personnel Selection of personnel for return Return of personnel belonging to neutral countries 45 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 CHAPTER V Buildings and Material Article 33 Buildings and stores Article 34 Property of aid societies 48 48 CHAPTER VI Medical Transports Article 35 Protection Article 36 Medical aircraft Article 37 Flight over neutral countries Landing of wounded 49 49 49 CHAPTER VII The Distinctive Emblem Article 38 Emblem of the Convention Article 39 Use of the emblem Article 40 Identification of medical and religious personnel Article 41 Identification of auxiliary personnel Article 42 Marking of medical units and establishments Article 43 Marking of units of neutral countries Article 44 Restrictions in the use of the emblem Exceptions 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 CHAPTER VIII Execution of the Convention Article 45 Detailed execution Unforeseen cases Article 46 Prohibition of reprisals Article 47 Dissemination of the Convention Article 48 Translations Rules of application 53 53 53 53 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 35 CONTENTS CHAPTER IX Repression of Abuses and Infractions Article 49 Penal sanctions I General observations Article 50 II Grave breaches Article 51 III Responsibilities of the Contracting Parties Article 52 Enquiry procedure Article 53 Misuse of the emblem Article 54 Prevention of misuse Final provisions Article 55 Languages Article 56 Signature Article 57 Ratification Article 58 Coming into force Article 59 Relation to previous Conventions Article 60 Accession Article 61 Notification of accessions Article 62 Immediate effect Article 63 Denunciation Article 64 Registration with the United Nations 35 53 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 56 56 57 ANNEX I Draft Agreement Relating to Hospital Zones and Localities 58 ANNEX II Identity Card for Members of Medical and Religious Personnel attached to the Armed Forces 60 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 36 A GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS I GENEVA CONVENTION FOR THE AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF THE WOUNDED AND SICK IN ARMED FORCES IN THE FIELD OF 12 AUGUST 1949 CHAPTER I General Provisions Respect for the Convention1 ARTICLE 1 — The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present Convention in all circumstances Application of the Convention ART 2 — In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof Conflicts not of an international character ART 3 — In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply as a minimum the following provisions 1 Persons taking no active part in the hostilities including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those 1 The marginal notes or titles of articles have been drafted by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 37 WOUNDED AND SICK 37 placed hors de combat by sickness wounds detention or any other cause shall in all circumstances be treated humanely without any adverse distinction founded on race colour religion or faith sex birth or wealth or any other similar criteria To this end the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons a violence to life and person in particular murder of all kinds mutilation cruel treatment and torture b taking of hostages c outrages upon personal dignity in particular humiliating and degrading treatment d the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples 2 The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for An impartial humanitarian body such as the International Committee of the Red Cross may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force by means of special agreements all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the conflict ART 4 — Neutral Powers shall apply by analogy the provisions of the present Convention to the wounded and sick and to members of the medical personnel and to chaplains of the armed forces of the Parties to the conflict received or interned in their territory as well as to dead persons found Application by neutral Powers ART 5 — For the protected persons who have fallen into the hands of the enemy the present Convention shall apply until their final repatriation Duration of application ART 6 — In addition to the agreements expressly provided for in Articles 10 15 23 28 31 36 37 and 52 the High Contracting Parties may conclude other special agreements for all matters concerning which they may deem it suitable to make separate provision No special agreement shall adversely affect the situation of the wounded and sick of members of the medical personnel or of Special agreements 0031-0330 irl qxd 38 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 38 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 chaplains as defined by the present Convention nor restrict the rights which it confers upon them Wounded and sick as well as medical personnel and chaplains shall continue to have the benefit of such agreements as long as the Convention is applicable to them except where express provisions to the contrary are contained in the aforesaid or in subsequent agreements or where more favourable measures have been taken with regard to them by one or other of the Parties to the conflict Nonrenunciation of rights ART 7 — Wounded and sick as well as members of the medical personnel and chaplains may in no circumstances renounce in part or in entirety the rights secured to them by the present Convention and by the special agreements referred to in the foregoing Article if such there be Protecting Powers ART 8 — The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and under the scrutiny of the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the interests of the Parties to the conflict For this purpose the Protecting Powers may appoint apart from their diplomatic or consular staff delegates from amongst their own nationals or the nationals of other neutral Powers The said delegates shall be subject to the approval of the Power with which they are to carry out their duties The Parties to the conflict shall facilitate to the greatest extent possible the task of the representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers The representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall not in any case exceed their mission under the present Convention They shall in particular take account of the imperative necessities of security of the State wherein they carry out their duties Their activities shall only be restricted as an exceptional and temporary measure when this is rendered necessary by imperative military necessities Activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross ART 9 — The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned undertake for the protection of wounded and sick medical personnel and chaplains and for their relief Substitutes for Protecting Powers ART 10 — The High Contracting Parties may at any time agree to entrust to an organization which offers all guarantees of impartiality and efficacy the duties incumbent on the Protecting Powers by virtue of the present Convention 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 39 WOUNDED AND SICK 39 When wounded and sick or medical personnel and chaplains do not benefit or cease to benefit no matter for what reason by the activities of a Protecting Power or of an organization provided for in the first paragraph above the Detaining Power shall request a neutral State or such an organization to undertake the functions performed under the present Convention by a Protecting Power designated by the Parties to a conflict If protection cannot be arranged accordingly the Detaining Power shall request or shall accept subject to the provisions of this Article the offer of the services of a humanitarian organization such as the International Committee of the Red Cross to assume the humanitarian functions performed by Protecting Powers under the present Convention Any neutral Power or any organization invited by the Power concerned or offering itself for these purposes shall be required to act with a sense of responsibility towards the Party to the conflict on which persons protected by the present Convention depend and shall be required to furnish sufficient assurances that it is in a position to undertake the appropriate functions and to discharge them impartially No derogation from the preceding provisions shall be made by special agreements between Powers one of which is restricted even temporarily in its freedom to negotiate with the other Power or its allies by reason of military events more particularly where the whole or a substantial part of the territory of the said Power is occupied Whenever in the present Convention mention is made of a Protecting Power such mention also applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the present Article ART 11 — In cases where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected persons particularly in cases of disagreement between the Parties to the conflict as to the application or interpretation of the provisions of the present Convention the Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices with a view to settling the disagreement For this purpose each of the Protecting Powers may either at the invitation of one Party or on its own initiative propose to the Parties to the conflict a meeting of their representatives in particular of the authorities responsible for the wounded and sick members of medical personnel and chaplains possibly on neutral territory suitably chosen The Parties to the conflict shall be bound to give effect to the proposals made to them for this purpose The Protecting Powers may if necessary propose for approval by the Parties to the conflict a person belonging to a neutral Power or delegated by the International Committee of the Red Cross who shall be invited to take part in such a meeting Conciliation procedure 0031-0330 irl qxd 40 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 40 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 CHAPTER II Wounded and Sick Protection and care ART 12 — Members of the armed forces and other persons mentioned in the following Article who are wounded or sick shall be respected and protected in all circumstances They shall be treated humanely and cared for by the Party to the conflict in whose power they may be without any adverse distinction founded on sex race nationality religion political opinions or any other similar criteria Any attempts upon their lives or violence to their persons shall be strictly prohibited in particular they shall not be murdered or exterminated subjected to torture or to biological experiments they shall not wilfully be left without medical assistance and care nor shall conditions exposing them to contagion or infection be created Only urgent medical reasons will authorize priority in the order of treatment to be administered Women shall be treated with all consideration due to their sex The Party to the conflict which is compelled to abandon wounded or sick to the enemy shall as far as military considerations permit leave with them a part of its medical personnel and material to assist in their care Protected persons ART 13 — The Present Convention shall apply to the wounded and sick belonging to the following categories 1 Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict as well as members of militias or volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces 2 Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps including those of organized resistance movements belonging to a Party to the conflict and operating in or outside their own territory even if this territory is occupied provided that such militias or volunteer corps including such organized resistance movements fulfil the following conditions a that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates b that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance c that of carrying arms openly d that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 41 41 WOUNDED AND SICK 3 Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a Government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power 4 Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof such as civilian members of military aircraft crews war correspondents supply contractors members of labour units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces provided that they have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany 5 Members of crews including masters pilots and apprentices of the merchant marine and the crews of civil aircraft of the Parties to the conflict who do not benefit by more favourable treatment under any other provisions in international law 6 Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war ART 14 — Subject to the provisions of Article 12 the wounded and sick of a belligerent who fall into enemy hands shall be prisoners of war and the provisions of international law concerning prisoners of war shall apply to them Status ART 15 — At all times and particularly after an engagement Parties to the conflict shall without delay take all possible measures to search for and collect the wounded and sick to protect them against pillage and ill-treatment to ensure their adequate care and to search for the dead and prevent their being despoiled Whenever circumstances permit an armistice or a suspension of fire shall be arranged or local arrangements made to permit the removal exchange and transport of the wounded left on the battlefield Likewise local arrangements may be concluded between Parties to the conflict for the removal or exchange of wounded and sick from a besieged or encircled area and for the passage of medical and religious personnel and equipment on their way to that area Search for casualties Evacuation ART 16 — Parties to the conflict shall record as soon as possible in respect of each wounded sick or dead person of the adverse Party falling into their hands any particulars which may assist in his identification These records should if possible include Recording and forwarding of information 0031-0330 irl qxd 42 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 42 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 a designation of the Power on which he depends b army regimental personal or serial number c surname d first name or names e date of birth f any other particulars shown on his identity card or disc g date and place of capture or death h particulars concerning wounds or illness or cause of death As soon as possible the above mentioned information shall be forwarded to the Information Bureau described in Article 122 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12 1949 which shall transmit this information to the Power on which these persons depend through the intermediary of the Protecting Power and of the Central Prisoners of War Agency Parties to the conflict shall prepare and forward to each other through the same bureau certificates of death or duly authenticated lists of the dead They shall likewise collect and forward through the same bureau one half of a double identity disc last wills or other documents of importance to the next of kin money and in general all articles of an intrinsic or sentimental value which are found on the dead These articles together with unidentified articles shall be sent in sealed packets accompanied by statements giving all particulars necessary for the identification of the deceased owners as well as by a complete list of the contents of the parcel Prescriptions regarding the dead Graves Registration Service ART 17 — Parties to the conflict shall ensure that burial or cremation of the dead carried out individually as far as circumstances permit is preceded by a careful examination if possible by a medical examination of the bodies with a view to confirming death establishing identity and enabling a report to be made One half of the double identity disc or the identity disc itself if it is a single disc should remain on the body Bodies shall not be cremated except for imperative reasons of hygiene or for motives based on the religion of the deceased In case of cremation the circumstances and reasons for cremation shall be stated in detail in the death certificate or on the authenticated list of the dead They shall further ensure that the dead are honourably interred if possible according to the rites of the religion to which they belonged that their graves are respected grouped if possible according to the nationality of the deceased properly maintained and marked so that they may always be found For this purpose 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 43 43 WOUNDED AND SICK they shall organize at the commencement of hostilities an Official Graves Registration Service to allow subsequent exhumations and to ensure the identification of bodies whatever the site of the graves and the possible transportation to the home country These provisions shall likewise apply to the ashes which shall be kept by the Graves Registration Service until proper disposal thereof in accordance with the wishes of the home country As soon as circumstances permit and at latest at the end of hostilities these Services shall exchange through the Information Bureau mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 16 lists showing the exact location and markings of the graves together with particulars of the dead interred therein ART 18 — The military authorities may appeal to the charity of the inhabitants voluntarily to collect and care for under their direction the wounded and sick granting persons who have responded to this appeal the necessary protection and facilities Should the adverse Party take or retake control of the area it shall likewise grant these persons the same protection and the same facilities The military authorities shall permit the inhabitants and relief societies even in invaded or occupied areas spontaneously to collect and care for wounded or sick of whatever nationality The civilian population shall respect these wounded and sick and in particular abstain from offering them violence No one may ever be molested or convicted for having nursed the wounded or sick The provisions of the present Article do not relieve the occupying Power of its obligation to give both physical and moral care to the wounded and sick Role of the population CHAPTER III Medical Units and Establishments ART 19 — Fixed establishments and mobile medical units of the Medical Service may in no circumstances be attacked but shall at all times be respected and protected by the Parties to the conflict Should they fall into the hands of the adverse Party their personnel shall be free to pursue their duties as long as the capturing Power has not itself ensured the necessary care of the wounded and sick found in such establishments and units Protection 0031-0330 irl qxd 44 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 44 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 The responsible authorities shall ensure that the said medical establishments and units are as far as possible situated in such a manner that attacks against military objectives cannot imperil their safety Protection of hospital ships ART 20 — Hospital ships entitled to the protection of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea of August 12 1949 shall not be attacked from the land Discontinuance of protection of medical establishments and units ART 21 — The protection to which fixed establishments and mobile medical units of the Medical Service are entitled shall not cease unless they are used to commit outside their humanitarian duties acts harmful to the enemy Protection may however cease only after a due warning has been given naming in all appropriate cases a reasonable time limit and after such warning has remained unheeded Conditions not depriving medical units and establishments of protection ART 22 — The following conditions shall not be considered as depriving a medical unit or establishment of the protection guaranteed by Article 19 1 That the personnel of the unit or establishment are armed and that they use the arms in their own defence or in that of the wounded and sick in their charge 2 That in the absence of armed orderlies the unit or establishment is protected by a picket or by sentries or by an escort 3 That small arms and ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and not yet handed to the proper service are found in the unit or establishment 4 That personnel and material of the veterinary service are found in the unit or establishment without forming an integral part thereof 5 That the humanitarian activities of medical units and establishments or of their personnel extend to the care of civilian wounded or sick Hospital zones and localities ART 23 — In time of peace the High Contracting Parties and after the outbreak of hostilities the Parties to the conflict may establish in their own territory and if the need arises in occupied areas hospital zones and localities so organized as to protect the wounded and sick from the effects of war as well as the personnel entrusted with the organization and administration of these zones and localities and with the care of the persons therein assembled 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 45 WOUNDED AND SICK 45 Upon the outbreak and during the course of hostilities the Parties concerned may conclude agreements on mutual recognition of the hospital zones and localities they have created They may for this purpose implement the provisions of the Draft Agreement annexed to the present Convention with such amendments as they may consider necessary The Protecting Powers and the International Committee of the Red Cross are invited to lend their good offices in order to facilitate the institution and recognition of these hospital zones and localities CHAPTER IV Personnel ART 24 — Medical personnel exclusively engaged in the search for or the collection transport or treatment of the wounded or sick or in the prevention of disease staff exclusively engaged in the administration of medical units and establishments as well as chaplains attached to the armed forces shall be respected and protected in all circumstances Protection of permanent personnel ART 25 — Members of the armed forces specially trained for employment should the need arise as hospital orderlies nurses or auxiliary stretcher-bearers in the search for or the collection transport or treatment of the wounded and sick shall likewise be respected and protected if they are carrying out these duties at the time when they come into contact with the enemy or fall into his hands Protection of auxiliary personnel ART 26 — The staff of National Red Cross Societies and that of other Voluntary Aid Societies duly recognized and authorized by their Governments who may be employed on the same duties as the personnel named in Article 24 are placed on the same footing as the personnel named in the said Article provided that the staff of such societies are subject to military laws and regulations Each High Contracting Party shall notify to the other either in time of peace or at the commencement of or during hostilities but in any case before actually employing them the names of the societies which it has authorized under its responsibility to render assistance to the regular medical service of its armed forces Personnel of aid societies 0031-0330 irl qxd 46 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 46 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 Societies of neutral countries ART 27 — A recognized Society of a neutral country can only lend the assistance of its medical personnel and units to a Party to the conflict with the previous consent of its own Government and the authorization of the Party to the conflict concerned That personnel and those units shall be placed under the control of that Party to the conflict The neutral Government shall notify this consent to the adversary of the State which accepts such assistance The Party to the conflict who accepts such assistance is bound to notify the adverse Party thereof before making any use of it In no circumstances shall this assistance be considered as interference in the conflict The members of the personnel named in the first paragraph shall be duly furnished with the identity cards provided for in Article 40 before leaving the neutral country to which they belong Retained personnel ART 28 — Personnel designated in Articles 24 and 26 who fall into the hands of the adverse Party shall be retained only in so far as the state of health the spiritual needs and the number of prisoners of war require Personnel thus retained shall not be deemed prisoners of war Nevertheless they shall at least benefit by all the provisions of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12 1949 Within the framework of the military laws and regulations of the Detaining Power and under the authority of its competent service they shall continue to carry out in accordance with their professional ethics their medical and spiritual duties on behalf of prisoners of war preferably those of the armed forces to which they themselves belong They shall further enjoy the following facilities for carrying out their medical or spiritual duties a They shall be authorized to visit periodically the prisoners of war in labour units or hospitals outside the camp The Detaining Power shall put at their disposal the means of transport required b In each camp the senior medical officer of the highest rank shall be responsible to the military authorities of the camp for the professional activity of the retained medical personnel For this purpose from the outbreak of hostilities the Parties to the conflict shall agree regarding the corresponding seniority of the ranks of their medical personnel including those of the societies designated in Article 26 In all questions arising out of their duties this medical officer and the chaplains shall have direct access to the military and medical authorities of the camp who shall grant them the facilities they may require for correspondence relating to these questions 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 47 47 WOUNDED AND SICK c Although retained personnel in a camp shall be subject to its internal discipline they shall not however be required to perform any work outside their medical or religious duties During hostilities the Parties to the conflict shall make arrangements for relieving where possible retained personnel and shall settle the procedure of such relief None of the preceding provisions shall relieve the Detaining Power of the obligations imposed upon it with regard to the medical and spiritual welfare of the prisoners of war ART 29 — Members of the personnel designated in Article 25 who have fallen into the hands of the enemy shall be prisoners of war but shall be employed on their medical duties in so far as the need arises Status of auxiliary personnel ART 30 — Personnel whose retention is not indispensable by virtue of the provisions of Article 28 shall be returned to the Party to the conflict to whom they belong as soon as a road is open for their return and military requirements permit Pending their return they shall not be deemed prisoners of war Nevertheless they shall at least benefit by all the provisions of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12 1949 They shall continue to fulfil their duties under the orders of the adverse Party and shall preferably be engaged in the care of the wounded and sick of the Party to the conflict to which they themselves belong On their departure they shall take with them the effects personal belongings valuables and instruments belonging to them Return of medical and religious personnel ART 31 — The selection of personnel for return under Article 30 shall be made irrespective of any consideration of race religion or political opinion but preferably according to the chronological order of their capture and their state of health As from the outbreak of hostilities Parties to the conflict may determine by special agreement the percentage of personnel to be retained in proportion to the number of prisoners and the distribution of the said personnel in the camps Selection of personnel for return ART 32 — Persons designated in Article 27 who have fallen into the hands of the adverse Party may not be detained Unless otherwise agreed they shall have permission to return to their country or if this is not possible to the territory of the Party to the conflict in whose service they were as soon as a route for their return is open and military considerations permit Return of personnel belonging to neutral countries 0031-0330 irl qxd 48 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 48 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 Pending their release they shall continue their work under the direction of the adverse Party they shall preferably be engaged in the care of the wounded and sick of the Party to the conflict in whose service they were On their departure they shall take with them their effects personal articles and valuables and the instruments arms and if possible the means of transport belonging to them The Parties to the conflict shall secure to this personnel while in their power the same food lodging allowances and pay as are granted to the corresponding personnel of their armed forces The food shall in any case be sufficient as regards quantity quality and variety to keep the said personnel in a normal state of health CHAPTER V Buildings and Material Buildings and stores ART 33 — The material of mobile medical units of the armed forces which fall into the hands of the enemy shall be reserved for the care of wounded and sick The buildings material and stores of fixed medical establishments of the armed forces shall remain subject to the laws of war but may not be diverted from that purpose as long as they are required for the care of wounded and sick Nevertheless the commanders of forces in the field may make use of them in case of urgent military necessity provided that they make previous arrangements for the welfare of the wounded and sick who are nursed in them The material and stores defined in the present Article shall not be intentionally destroyed Property of aid societies ART 34 — The real and personal property of aid societies which are admitted to the privileges of the Convention shall be regarded as private property The right of requisition recognized for belligerents by the laws and customs of war shall not be exercised except in case of urgent necessity and only after the welfare of the wounded and sick has been ensured 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 49 49 WOUNDED AND SICK CHAPTER VI Medical Transports ART 35 — Transports of wounded and sick or of medical equipment shall be respected and protected in the same way as mobile medical units Should such transports or vehicles fall into the hands of the adverse Party they shall be subject to the laws of war on condition that the Party to the conflict who captures them shall in all cases ensure the care of the wounded and sick they contain The civilian personnel and all means of transport obtained by requisition shall be subject to the general rules of international law Protection ART 36 — Medical aircraft that is to say aircraft exclusively employed for the removal of wounded and sick and for the transport of medical personnel and equipment shall not be attacked but shall be respected by the belligerents while flying at heights times and on routes specifically agreed upon between the belligerents concerned They shall bear clearly marked the distinctive emblem prescribed in Article 38 together with their national colours on their lower upper and lateral surfaces They shall be provided with any other markings or means of identification that may be agreed upon between the belligerents upon the outbreak or during the course of hostilities Unless agreed otherwise flights over enemy or enemy-occupied territory are prohibited Medical aircraft shall obey every summons to land In the event of a landing thus imposed the aircraft with its occupants may continue its flight after examination if any In the event of an involuntary landing in enemy or enemyoccupied territory the wounded and sick as well as the crew of the aircraft shall be prisoners of war The medical personnel shall be treated according to Article 24 and the Articles following Medical aircraft ART 37 — Subject to the provisions of the second paragraph medical aircraft of Parties to the conflict may fly over the territory of neutral Powers land on it in case of necessity or use it as a port of call They shall give the neutral Powers previous notice of their passage over the said territory and obey all summons to alight on land or water They will be immune from attack only when flying on routes at heights and at times specifically agreed upon between the Parties to the conflict and the neutral Power concerned Flight over neutral countries Landing of wounded 0031-0330 irl qxd 50 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 50 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 The neutral Powers may however place conditions or restrictions on the passage or landing of medical aircraft on their territory Such possible conditions or restrictions shall be applied equally to all Parties to the conflict Unless agreed otherwise between the neutral Power and the Parties to the conflict the wounded and sick who are disembarked with the consent of the local authorities on neutral territory by medical aircraft shall be detained by the neutral Power where so required by international law in such a manner that they cannot again take part in operations of war The cost of their accommodation and internment shall be borne by the Power on which they depend CHAPTER VII The Distinctive Emblem Emblem of the Convention ART 38 — As a compliment to Switzerland the heraldic emblem of the red cross on a white ground formed by reversing the Federal colours is retained as the emblem and distinctive sign of the Medical Service of armed forces Nevertheless in the case of countries which already use as emblem in place of the red cross the red crescent or the red lion and sun1 on a white ground those emblems are also recognized by the terms of the present Convention Use of the emblem ART 39 — Under the direction of the competent military authority the emblem shall be displayed on the flags armlets and on all equipment employed in the Medical Service Identification of medical and religious personnel ART 40 — The personnel designated in Article 24 and in Articles 26 and 27 shall wear affixed to the left arm a waterresistant armlet bearing the distinctive emblem issued and stamped by the military authority Such personnel in addition to wearing the identity disc mentioned in Article 16 shall also carry a special identity card bearing the 1 The Government of Iran the only country using the red lion and sun emblem on a white ground advised Switzerland depositary State of the Geneva Conventions on 4 September 1980 of the adoption of the red crescent in lieu and place of its former emblem This was duly communicated by the depositary on 20 October 1980 to the States party to the Geneva Conventions 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 51 WOUNDED AND SICK 51 distinctive emblem This card shall be water-resistant and of such size that it can be carried in the pocket It shall be worded in the national language shall mention at least the surname and first names the date of birth the rank and the service number of the bearer and shall state in what capacity he is entitled to the protection of the present Convention The card shall bear the photograph of the owner and also either his signature or his finger-prints or both It shall be embossed with the stamp of the military authority The identity card shall be uniform throughout the same armed forces and as far as possible of a similar type in the armed forces of the High Contracting Parties The Parties to the conflict may be guided by the model which is annexed by way of example to the present Convention They shall inform each other at the outbreak of hostilities of the model they are using Identity cards should be made out if possible at least in duplicate one copy being kept by the home country In no circumstances may the said personnel be deprived of their insignia or identity cards nor of the right to wear the armlet In case of loss they shall be entitled to receive duplicates of the cards and to have the insignia replaced ART 41 — The personnel designated in Article 25 shall wear but only while carrying out medical duties a white armlet bearing in its centre the distinctive sign in miniature the armlet shall be issued and stamped by the military authority Military identity documents to be carried by this type of personnel shall specify what special training they have received the temporary character of the duties they are engaged upon and their authority for wearing the armlet Identification of auxiliary personnel ART 42 — The distinctive flag of the Convention shall be hoisted only over such medical units and establishments as are entitled to be respected under the Convention and only with the consent of the military authorities In mobile units as in fixed establishments it may be accompanied by the national flag of the Party to the conflict to which the unit or establishment belongs Nevertheless medical units which have fallen into the hands of the enemy shall not fly any flag other than that of the Convention Parties to the conflict shall take the necessary steps in so far as military considerations permit to make the distinctive emblems indicating medical units and establishments clearly visible to the enemy land air or naval forces in order to obviate the possibility of any hostile action Marking of medical units and establishments 0031-0330 irl qxd 52 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 52 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 Marking of units of neutral countries ART 43 — The medical units belonging to neutral countries which may have been authorized to lend their services to a belligerent under the conditions laid down in Article 27 shall fly along with the flag of the Convention the national flag of that belligerent wherever the latter makes use of the faculty conferred on him by Article 42 Subject to orders to the contrary by the responsible military authorities they may on all occasions fly their national flag even if they fall into the hands of the adverse Party Restrictions in the use of the emblem Exceptions ART 44 — With the exception of the cases mentioned in the following paragraphs of the present Article the emblem of the red cross on a white ground and the words “Red Cross” or “Geneva Cross” may not be employed either in time of peace or in time of war except to indicate or to protect the medical units and establishments the personnel and material protected by the present Convention and other Conventions dealing with similar matters The same shall apply to the emblems mentioned in Article 38 second paragraph in respect of the countries which use them The National Red Cross Societies and other Societies designated in Article 26 shall have the right to use the distinctive emblem conferring the protection of the Convention only within the framework of the present paragraph Furthermore National Red Cross Red Crescent Red Lion and Sun Societies may in time of peace in accordance with their national legislation make use of the name and emblem of the Red Cross for their other activities which are in conformity with the principles laid down by the International Red Cross Conferences When those activities are carried out in time of war the conditions for the use of the emblem shall be such that it cannot be considered as conferring the protection of the Convention the emblem shall be comparatively small in size and may not be placed on armlets or on the roofs of buildings The international Red Cross organizations and their duly authorized personnel shall be permitted to make use at all times of the emblem of the red cross on a white ground As an exceptional measure in conformity with national legislation and with the express permission of one of the National Red Cross Red Crescent Red Lion and Sun Societies the emblem of the Convention may be employed in time of peace to identify vehicles used as ambulances and to mark the position of aid stations exclusively assigned to the purpose of giving free treatment to the wounded or sick 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 53 WOUNDED AND SICK 53 CHAPTER VIII Execution of the Convention ART 45 — Each Party to the conflict acting through its commanders-in-chief shall ensure the detailed execution of the preceding Articles and provide for unforeseen cases in conformity with the general principles of the present Convention Detailed execution Unforeseen cases ART 46 — Reprisals against the wounded sick personnel buildings or equipment protected by the Convention are prohibited Prohibition of reprisals ART 47 — The High Contracting Parties undertake in time of peace as in time of war to disseminate the text of the present Convention as widely as possible in their respective countries and in particular to include the study thereof in their programmes of military and if possible civil instruction so that the principles thereof may become known to the entire population in particular to the armed fighting forces the medical personnel and the chaplains Dissemination of the Convention ART 48 — The High Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another through the Swiss Federal Council and during hostilities through the Protecting Powers the official translations of the present Convention as well as the laws and regulations which they may adopt to ensure the application thereof Translations Rules of application CHAPTER IX Repression of Abuses and Infractions ART 49 — The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation necessary to provide effective penal sanctions for persons committing or ordering to be committed any of the grave breaches of the present Convention defined in the following Article Each High Contracting Party shall be under the obligation to search for persons alleged to have committed or to have ordered to be committed such grave breaches and shall bring such persons regardless of their nationality before its own courts It may also if it prefers and in accordance with the provisions of its own legislation Penal sanctions I General observations 0031-0330 irl qxd 54 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 54 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 hand such persons over for trial to another High Contracting Party concerned provided such High Contracting Party has made out a prima facie case Each High Contracting Party shall take measures necessary for the suppression of all acts contrary to the provisions of the present Convention other than the grave breaches defined in the following Article In all circumstances the accused persons shall benefit by safeguards of proper trial and defence which shall not be less favourable than those provided by Article 105 and those following of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12 1949 II Grave breaches ART 50 — Grave breaches to which the preceding Article relates shall be those involving any of the following acts if committed against persons or property protected by the Convention wilful killing torture or inhuman treatment including biological experiments wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health and extensive destruction and appropriation of property not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly III Responsibilities of the Contracting Parties ART 51 — No High Contracting Party shall be allowed to absolve itself or any other High Contracting Party of any liability incurred by itself or by another High Contracting Party in respect of breaches referred to in the preceding Article Enquiry procedure ART 52 — At the request of a Party to the conflict an enquiry shall be instituted in a manner to be decided between the interested Parties concerning any alleged violation of the Convention If agreement has not been reached concerning the procedure for the enquiry the Parties should agree on the choice of an umpire who will decide upon the procedure to be followed Once the violation has been established the Parties to the conflict shall put an end to it and shall repress it with the least possible delay Misuse of the emblem ART 53 — The use by individuals societies firms or companies either public or private other than those entitled thereto under the present Convention of the emblem or the designation “Red Cross” or “Geneva Cross” or any sign or designation constituting an imitation thereof whatever the object of such use and irrespective of the date of its adoption shall be prohibited at all times By reason of the tribute paid to Switzerland by the adoption of the reversed Federal colours and of the confusion which may arise 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 55 55 WOUNDED AND SICK between the arms of Switzerland and the distinctive emblem of the Convention the use by private individuals societies or firms of the arms of the Swiss Confederation or of marks constituting an imitation thereof whether as trademarks or commercial marks or as parts of such marks or for a purpose contrary to commercial honesty or in circumstances capable of wounding Swiss national sentiment shall be prohibited at all times Nevertheless such High Contracting Parties as were not party to the Geneva Convention of July 27 1929 may grant to prior users of the emblems designations signs or marks designated in the first paragraph a time limit not to exceed three years from the coming into force of the present Convention to discontinue such use provided that the said use shall not be such as would appear in time of war to confer the protection of the Convention The prohibition laid down in the first paragraph of the present Article shall also apply without effect on any rights acquired through prior use to the emblems and marks mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 38 ART 54 — The High Contracting Parties shall if their legislation is not already adequate take measures necessary for the prevention and repression at all times of the abuses referred to under Article 53 Prevention of misuse Final Provisions ART 55 — The present Convention is established in English and in French Both texts are equally authentic The Swiss Federal Council shall arrange for official translations of the Convention to be made in the Russian and Spanish languages Languages ART 56 — The present Convention which bears the date of this day is open to signature until February 12 1950 in the name of the Powers represented at the Conference which opened at Geneva on April 21 1949 furthermore by Powers not represented at that Conference but which are parties to the Geneva Conventions of 1864 1906 or 1929 for the Relief of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field Signature ART 57 — The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible and the ratifications shall be deposited at Berne A record shall be drawn up of the deposit of each instrument of ratification and certified copies of this record shall be transmitted Ratification 0031-0330 irl qxd 56 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 56 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 by the Swiss Federal Council to all the Powers in whose name the Convention has been signed or whose accession has been notified Coming into force ART 58 — The present Convention shall come into force six months after not less than two instruments of ratification have been deposited Thereafter it shall come into force for each High Contracting Party six months after the deposit of the instrument of ratification Relation to previous Conventions ART 59 — The present Convention replaces the Conventions of August 22 1864 July 6 1906 and July 27 1929 in relations between the High Contracting Parties Accession ART 60 — From the date of its coming into force it shall be open to any Power in whose name the present Convention has not been signed to accede to this Convention Notification of accessions ART 61 — Accessions shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council and shall take effect six months after the date on which they are received The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate the accessions to all the Powers in whose name the Convention has been signed or whose accession has been notified Immediate effect ART 62 — The situations provided for in Articles 2 and 3 shall give immediate effect to ratifications deposited and accessions notified by the Parties to the conflict before or after the beginning of hostilities or occupation The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate by the quickest method any ratifications or accessions received from Parties to the conflict Denunciation ART 63 — Each of the High Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to denounce the present Convention The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council which shall transmit it to the Governments of all the High Contracting Parties The denunciation shall take effect one year after the notification thereof has been made to the Swiss Federal Council However a denunciation of which notification has been made at a time when the denouncing Power is involved in a conflict shall not take effect until peace has been concluded and until after operations connected with the release and repatriation of the persons protected by the present Convention have been terminated 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 57 WOUNDED AND SICK 57 The denunciation shall have effect only in respect of the denouncing Power It shall in no way impair the obligations which the Parties to the conflict shall remain bound to fulfil by virtue of the principles of the law of nations as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples from the laws of humanity and the dictates of the public conscience ART 64 — The Swiss Federal Council shall register the present Convention with the Secretariat of the United Nations The Swiss Federal Council shall also inform the Secretariat of the United Nations of all ratifications accessions and denunciations received by it with respect to the present Convention IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned having deposited their respective full powers have signed the present Convention DONE at Geneva this twelfth day of August 1949 in the English and French languages The original shall be deposited in the Archives of the Swiss Confederation The Swiss Federal Council shall transmit certified copies thereof to each of the signatory and acceding States Registration with the United Nations 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 58 ANNEX I DRAFT AGREEMENT RELATING TO HOSPITAL ZONES AND LOCALITIES ARTICLE 1 — Hospital zones shall be strictly reserved for the persons named in Article 23 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in the Armed Forces in the Field of August 12 1949 and for the personnel entrusted with the organization and administration of these zones and localities and with the care of the persons therein assembled Nevertheless persons whose permanent residence is within such zones shall have the right to stay there ART 2 — No persons residing in whatever capacity in a hospital zone shall perform any work either within or without the zone directly connected with military operations or the production of war material ART 3 — The Power establishing a hospital zone shall take all necessary measures to prohibit access to all persons who have no right of residence or entry therein ART 4 — Hospital zones shall fulfil the following conditions a They shall comprise only a small part of the territory governed by the Power which has established them b They shall be thinly populated in relation to the possibilities of accommodation c They shall be far removed and free from all military objectives or large industrial or administrative establishments d They shall not be situated in areas which according to every probability may become important for the conduct of the war ART 5 — Hospital zones shall be subject to the following obligations a The lines of communication and means of transport which they possess shall not be used for the transport of military personnel or material even in transit b They shall in no case be defended by military means ART 6 — Hospital zones shall be marked by means of red crosses red crescents red lions and suns on a white background placed on the outer precincts and on the buildings They may be similarly marked at night by means of appropriate illumination 0031-0330 irl qxd 2 3 2009 14 19 Page 59 FIRST GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1949 – ANNEX I 59 ART 7 — The Powers shall communicate to all the High Contracting Parties in peacetime or on the outbreak of hostilities a list of the hospital zones in the territories governed by them They shall also give notice of any new zones set up during hostilities As soon as the adverse Party has received the above-mentioned notification the zone shall be regularly constituted If however the adverse Party considers that the conditions of the present agreement have not been fulfilled it may refuse to recognize the zone by giving immediate notice thereof to the Party responsible for the said zone or may make its recognition of such zone dependent upon the institution of the control provided for in Article 8 ART 8 — Any Power having recognized one or several hospital zones instituted by the adverse Party shall be entitled to demand control by one or more Special Commissions for the purpose of ascertaining if the zones fulfil the conditions and obligations stipulated in the present agreement For this purpose the members of the Special Commissions shall at all times have free access to the various zones and may even reside there permanently They shall be given all facilities for their duties of inspection ART 9 — Should the Special Commissions note any facts which they consider contrary to the stipulations of the present agreement they shall at once draw the attention of the Power governing the said zone to these facts and shall fix a time limit of five days within which the matter should be rectified They shall duly notify the Power who has recognized the zone If when the time limit has expired the Power governing the zone has not complied with the warning the adverse Party may declare that it is no longer bound by the present agreement in respect of the said zone ART 10 — Any Power setting up one or more hospital zones and localities and the adverse Parties to whom their existence has been notified shall nominate or have nominated by neutral Powers the persons who shall be members of the Special Commissions mentioned in Articles 8 and 9 ART 11 — In no circumstances may hospital zones be the object of attack They shall be protected and respected at all times by the Parties to the conflict ART 12 — In the case of occupation of a territory the hospital zones therein shall continue to be respected and utilized as such Their purpose may however be modified by the Occupying Power on condition that all measures are taken to ensure the safety of the persons accommodated ART 13 — The present agreement shall also apply to localities which the Powers may utilize for the same purposes as hospital zones Front Number of Card Date of issue Eyes Hair Other distinguishing marks Height Signature of bearer or finger-prints or both 14 19 Surname First names Date of birth Rank Army Number The bearer of this card is protected by the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12 1949 in his capacity as Embosssed stamp of military authority issuing card Photo of bearer Reverse side 2 3 2009 for members of medical and religious personnel attached to the armed forces IDENTITY CARD Space reserved for the name of the country and military authority issuing this card ANNEX II 0031-0330 irl qxd Page 60