IV Resolutions adopted on the reports of the Special Political Committee 77 Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and to designate the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space as the Preparatory Com- mittee for the Conference Having considered the part of the report of the Com- mittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space23 concerning its work in its capacity as Preparatory Committee for the Second United Nations Conference on the Explora- tion and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Noting with satisfaction that the Committee in its capacity as Preparatory Committee for the Conference has submitted detailed recommendations on the prepara- tion and organization of the Conference 1 Endorses the detailed recommendations sub mitted in paragraphs 84 to 115 of its report23 by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in its capacity as Preparatory Committee for the Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 2 Adopts the provisional agenda for the Confer ence as set out in paragraph 99 of the report of the Committee 3 Endorses in particular The recommendation of the Committee that the Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space should be held in the latter half of 1982 The recommendations of the Committee con- cerning the preparation and organization of the Confer- ence including the secretariat bureau and form of the Conference The recommendation of the Committee on the ceiling for the cost of the Conference 4 Requests the Committee to submit to the General Assembly at its thirty- fth session a recommendation on the venue of the Conference 5 Requests the Committee to continue with its pre- paratory work for the Conference 6 Requests the Secretary-General to make within the ceiling for expenditure established for the Confer- ence the necessary organizational and administrative arrangements as set out in the relevant paragraphs of the report of the Committee 89th plenary meeting 5 December 1979 34 68 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies The General Assembly Rea irming the importance of international co- operation in the eld of the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies and of promoting the rule of law in this eld of human endeavour Recalling its resolution 2779 XXVI of 29 Novem ber 1971 in which it requested the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its Legal Sub Committee to consider the question of the elaboration of a draft international treaty concerning the moon as well as its resolutions 2915 XXVII of 9 November 1972 3182 of 18 December 1973 3234 XXIX of 12 November 1974 3388 of 18 No- 23 O icial Records of the General Assembly Thirty-fourth Session Supplement No 20 34 20 sect II C vember 1975 31 8 of 8 November 1976 32 196 A of 20 December 1977 and 33 16 of 10 November 1978 in which it inter alia encouraged the elaboration of the draft treaty relating to the moon Recalling in particular that in resolution 33 16 it endorsed the recommendation of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space that the Legal Sub Committee at its eighteenth session should continue as a matter of riority its efforts to complete the draft treaty relating tot moon Having considered the relevant part of the report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in particular paragraphs 62 63 and 65 Noting with satisfaction that the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space on the basis of the deliberations and recommendations of the Legal Sub- Committee has completed the text of the draft Agree- ment Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Having considered the text of the draft Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 25 1 Commends the Agreement Governing the Activ- ities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies the text of which is annexed to the present resolution 2 Requests the Secretary-General to open the Agreement for signature and rati cation at the earliest possible date 3 Expresses its hope for the widest possible ad- herence to this Agreement 89th plenary meeting 5 December 1979 ANNEX Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies The States Parties to this Agreement Noting the achievements of States in the exploration and use of the moon and other celestial bodies Recognizing that the moon as a natural satellite of the earth has an important role to play in the exploration of outer space Determined to promote on the basis of equality the further development of co-operation among States in the exploration and use of the moon and other celestial bodies Desiring to prevent the moon from becoming an area of inter- national con ict Bearing in mind the bene ts which may be derived from the exploitation of the natural resources of the moon and other celestial bodies Recalling the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 26 the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects 23 and the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space Taking into account the need to de ne and develop the pro- visions of these international instruments in relation to the moan and other celestial bodies having regard to further pro- gress in the exploration and use of outer space Have agreed on the following 24 lbid sect II A 7 25 Ibid Supplement No 20 34 20 annex II 26 Resolution 2222 XXI annex 27 Resolution 2345 XXII annex 23 Resolution 2777 XXVI annex 29 Resolution 3235 XXIX annex 18 General Assembly Thirty-fourth Session Article 1 l The provisions of this Agreement relating to the moon shall also apply to other celestial bodies within the solar system other than the earth except in so far as speci c legal norms enter into force with respect to any of these celestial bodies 2 For the purposes of this Agreement reference to the moon shall include orbits around or other trajectories to or around it 3 This Agreement does not apply to extraterrestrial mate- rials which reach the surface of the earth by natural means Article 2 All activities on the moon including its exploration and use shall be carried out in accordance with international law in particular the Charter of the United Nations and taking into account the Declaration on Principles of International Law con- cerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations 0 adopted by the General Assembly on 24 October 1970 in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting in- ternational co-operation and mutual understanding and with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other States Parties Article 3 1 The moou shall be used by all States Parties exclusively for peaceful purposes 2 Any threat or use of force or any other hostile act or threat of hostile act on the moon is prohibited It is likewise prohibited to use the moon in order to commit any such act or to engage in any such threat in relation to the earth the moon spacecraft the personnel of spacecraft or man-made space objects 3 States Parties shall not place in orbit around or other trajectory to or around the moon objects carrying nuclear weap- ons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction or place or use such weapons on or in the moon 4 The establishment of military bases installations and forti- cations the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military manoeuvres on the moon shall be forbidden The use of military personnel for scienti c research or for any other peaceful purposes shall not be prohibited The use of any equip- ment or facility necessary for peaceful exploration and use of the moon shall also not be prohibited Article 4 I The exploration and use of the moon shall be the province of all mankind and shall be carried out for the bene t and in the interests of all countries irrespective of their degree of economic or scienti c development Due regard shall be paid to the interests of present and future generations as well as to the need to promote higher standards of living and conditions of economic and social progress and development in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations 2 States Parties shall be guided by the principle of co- operation and mutual assistance in all their activities concerning the exploration and use of the moon International co operation in pursuance of this Agreement should be as wide as possible and may take place on a multilateral basis on a bilateral basis or through international intergovernmental organizations Article 5 1 States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations as well as the public and the international scien- ti c community to the greatest extent feasible and practicable of their activities concerned with the exploration and use of the moon Information on the time purposes locations orbital parameters and duratiOn shall be given in respect of each mission to the moon as soon as possible after launching while informa- tion on the results of each mission including scienti c results shall be furnished upon completion of the mission In the case of a mission lasting more than sixty days information on con- duct of the mission including any scienti c results shall be given periodically at thirty day intervals For missions lasting 3 Resolution 2625 XXV annex more than six months only signi cant additions to such informa- tion need be reported thereafter 2 If a State Party becomes aware that another State Party plans to operate simultaneously in the same area of or in the same orbit around or trajectory to or around the moon it shall inform the other State of the timing of and plans for its operations 3 In carrying out activities under this Agreement States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General as well as the public and the international scienti c community of any phenomena they discover in outer space including the moon which could endanger human life or health as well as of any indication of organic life Article 6 1 There shall be freedom of scienti c investigation on the moon by all States Parties without discrimination of any kind on the basis of equality and in accordance with international law 2 In carrying out scienti c investigations and in furtherance of the provisions of this Agreement the States Parties shall have the right to collect on and remove from the moon samples of its mineral and other substances Such samples shall remain at the disposal of those States Parties which caused them to be collected and may be used by them for scienti c purposes States Parties shall have regard to the desirability of making a portion of such samples available to other interested States Parties and the international scienti c community for scienti c investigation States Parties may in the course of scienti c investigations also use mineral and other substances of the moon in quantities ap- propriate for the support of their missions 3 States Parties agree on the desirability of exchanging scienti c and other personnel on expeditions to or installations on the moon to the greatest extent feasible and practicable Article 7 1 In exploring and using the moon States Parties shall take measures to prevent the disruption of the existing balance of its environment whether by introducing adverse changes in that environment by its harmful contamination through the in- troduction of extra-environmental matter or otherwise States Parties shall also take measures to avoid harmfully a ecting the environment of the earth through the introduction of extra- terrestrial matter or otherwise 2 States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the measures being adopted by them in ac- cordance with paragraph 1 of this article and shall also to the maximum extent feasible notify him in advance of all place- ments by them of radio-active materials on the moon and of the purposes of such placements 3 States Parties shall report to other States Parties and to the Secretary-General concerning areas of the moon having special scienti c interest in order that without prejudice to the rights of other States Parties consideration may be given to the designation of such areas as international scienti c preserves for which special protective arrangements are to be agreed upon in consultation with the competent bodies of the United Nations Article 8 1 States Parties may pursue their activities in the explora- tion and use of the moon anywhere on or below its surface subject to the provisions of this Agreement 2 For these purposes States Parties may in particular Land their space objects on the moon and launch them from the moon Place their personnel space vehicles equipment facili- ties stations and installations anywhere on or below the surface of the moon Personnel space vehicles equipment facilities stations and in- stallations may move or be moved freely over or below the surface of the moon 3 Activities of States Parties in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article shall not interfere with the activities of other States Parties on the moon Where such interference may occur the States Parties concerned shall undertake consultations in accordance with article 15 paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Agreement IV Resolutions adopted on the reports of the Special Political Committee 79 Article 9 1 States Parties may establish manned and unmanned sta- tions on the moon A State Party establishing a station shall use only that area which is required for the needs of the station and shall immediately inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the location and purposes of that station Subse- quently at annual intervals that State shall likewise inform the Secretary-General whether the station continues in use and whether its purposes have changed 2 Stations shall be installed in such a manner that they do not impede the free access to all areas of the moon of person- nel vehicles and equipment of other States Parties conducting activities on the moon in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement or of article I of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 26 A rticie 0 1 States Parties shall adopt all practicable measures to safe- guard the life and health of persons on the moon For this pur pose they shall regard any person on the moon as an astronaut within the meaning of article of the Treaty 0n Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies26 and as part of the personnel of a spacecraft within the meaning of the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space 2T 2 States Parties shall offer shelter in their stations instal- lations vehicles and other facilities to persons in distress on the moon Article 1 I 1 The moon and its natural resources are the common heritage of mankind which nds its expression in the provisions of this Agreement in particular in paragraph 5 of this article 2 The moon is not subject to national appropriation by any claim of sovereignty by means of use or occupation or by any other means 3 Neither the surface nor the subsurface of the moon nor any part thereof or natural resources in place shall become property of any State international intergovernmental or non governmental organization national organization or non-gov ernmental entity or of any natural person The placement of personnel space vehicles equipment facilities stations and in- stallations on or below the surface of the moon including structures connected with its surface or subsurface shall not create a right of ownership over the surface or the subsurface of the moon or any areas thereof The foregoing provisions are without prejudice to the international regime referred to in paragraph 5 of this article 4 States Parties have the right to exploration and use of the moon without discrimination of any kind on the basis of equality and in accordance with international law and the provisions of this Agreement 5 States Parties to this Agreement hereby undertake to establish an international regime including appropriate pro- cedures to govern the exploitation of the natural resources of the moon as such exploitation is about to become feasible This provision shall be implemented in accordance with article 18 of this Agreement 6 In order to facilitate the establishment of the intema- tional r gime referred to in paragraph 5 of this article States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of the United Na- tions as well as the public and the international scienti c com- munity to the greatest extent feasible and practicable of any natural resources they may discover on the moon The main purposes of the international regime to be established shall include The orderly and safe development of the natural re sources of the moon The rational management of those resources The expansion of opportunities in the use of those resources An equitable sharing by all States Parties in the bene- ts derived from those resources whereby the interests and needs of the developing countries as well as the efforts of those countries which have contributed either directly or indirectly to the exploration of the moon shall be given special consideration 8 All the activities with respect to the natural resources of the moon shall be carried out in a manner compatible with the purposes speci ed in paragraph 7 of this article and the pro- visions of article 6 paragraph 2 of this Agreement A rliclt 12 1 States Parties shall retain jurisdiction and control over their personnel space vehicles equipment facilities stations and installations on the moon The ownership of space vehicles equipment facilities stations and installations shall not be af- fected by their presence on the moon 2 Vehicles installations and equipment or their component parts found in places other than their intended location shall be dealt with in accordance with article 5 of the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space 27 3 In the event of an emergency involving a threat to human life States Parties may use the equipment vehicles installa tions facilities or supplies of other States Parties on the moon Prompt noti cation of such use shall be made to the Secretary- General of the United Nations or the State Party concerned A rticle 13 A State Party which learns of the crash landing forced land- ing or other unintended landing on the moon of a space object or its component parts that were not launched by it shall inform the launching State Party and the Secretary- General of the United Nations Article 14 1 States Parties to this Agreement shall bear international responsibility for national activities on the moon whether such activities are carried out by governmental agencies or by non governmental entities and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions of this Agree- ment States Parties shall ensure that non-governmental entities under their jurisdiction shall engage in activities on the moon only under the authority and continuing supervision of the ap- propriate State Party 2 States Parties recognize that detailed arrangements con cerning liability for damage caused on the moon in addition to the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Ac tivities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies26 and the Con vention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects 223 may become necessary as a result of more extensive activities on the moon Any such arrangements shall be elabo- rated in accordance with the procedure provided for in article 18 of this Agreement Article 15 1 Each State Party may assure itself that the activities of other States Parties in the exploration and use of the moon are compatible with the provisions of this Agreement To this end all space vehicles equipment facilities stations and installa- tions on the moon shall be open to other States Parties Such States Parties shall give reasonable advance notice of a pro- jected visit in order that appropriate consultations may be held and that maximum precautions may be taken to assure safety and to avoid interference with normal operations in the facility to be visited In pursuance of this article any State Party may act on its own behalf or with the full or partial assistance of any other State Party or through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United Nations and in accordance with the Charter 2 A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not ful lling the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party is inter- fering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request consultations with that State Party A 80 General Assembly Thirty-fourth Session State Party receiving such a request shall enter into such con- sultations without delay Any other State Party which requests to do so shall be entitled to take part in the consultations Each State Party participating in such consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit the informa- tion received to all States Parties concerned 3 If the consultations do not lead to a mutually acceptable settlement which has due regard for the rights and interests of all States Parties the parties concerned shall take all measures to settle the dispute by other peaceful means of their choice appropriate to the circumstances and the nature of the dispute If dif culties arise in connexion with the opening of consulta- tions or if consultations do not lead to a mutually acceptable settlement any State Party may seek the assistance of the Secretarwaeneral without seeking the consent of any other State Party concerned in order to resolve the controversy A State Party which does not maintain diplomatic relations with another State Party concerned shall participate in such con- sultations at its choice either itself or through another State Party or the Secretary-General as intermediary A rticle I 6 With the eXCeption of articles 17 to 21 references in this Agreement to States shall be deemed to apply to any interna- tional intergovernmental organization which conducts space ac tivities if the organization declares its acceptance of the rights and obligations provided for in this Agreement and if a majority of the States members of the organization are States Parties to this Agreement and to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 26 States mem- bers of any such organization which are States Parties to this Agreement shall take all appropriate steps to ensure that the organization makes a declaration in accordance with the pro- visions of this article A rticle 17 Any State Party to this Agreement may propose amendments to the Agreement Amendments shall enter into force for each State Party to the Agreement accepting the amendments upon their acceptance by a majority of the States Parties to the Agree- ment and thereafter for each remaining State Party to the Agreement on the date of acceptance by it A rticle I 8 Ten years after the entry into force of this Agreement the question of the review of the Agreement shall be included in the provisional agenda of the General Assembly of the United Na- tions in order to consider in the light of past application of the Agreement whether it requires revision However at any time after the Agreement has been in force for ve years the Secretary-General of the United Nations as depository shall at the request of one third of the States Parties to the Agreement and with the concurrence of the majority of the States Parties convene a conference of the States Parties to review this Agree- ment A review conference shall also consider the question of the implementation of the provisions of article 11 paragraph 5 on the basis of the principle referred to in paragraph 1 of that article and taking into account in particular any relevant tech- nological developments Article 19 1 This Agreement shall be open for signature by all States at United Nations Headquarters in New York 2 This Agreement shall be subject to rati cation by signa- tory States Any State which does not sign this Agreement be fore its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may accede to it at any time Instruments of rati cation or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations 3 This Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit of the fth instrument of rati cation 4 For each State depositing its instrument of rati cation or accession after the entry into force of this Agreement it shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit of any such instrument 5 The Secretary-General shall inform all signa- tory and acceding States of the date of each signature the date of deposit of each instrument of rati cation or accession to this Agreement the date of its entry into force and other notices Article 20 Any State Party to this Agreement may give notice of its withdrawal from the Agreement one year after its entry into force by written noti cation to the Secretary-General of the United Nations Such withdrawal shall take effect one year from the date of receipt of this noti cation Article 21 The original of this Agreement of which the Arabic Chinese English French Russian and Spanish texts are equally authen- tic shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations who shall send certi ed copies thereof to all signatory and acceding States IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments have signed this Agree- ment opened for signature at New York on 31 34 90 Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Alfecting the Human Rights of the Papulation of the Occupied Territories A The General Assembly Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations as well as the principles and pro- visions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 32 Bearing in mind the provisions of the Geneva Con- vention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949 33 as well as of other relevant conventions and regulations Recalling all its resolutions on the subject in partic- ular resolutions 32 91 and of 13 December 1977 and 33 113 of 18 December 1978 as well as those adopted by the Security Council the Commission on Human Rights and other United Nations organs con cerned and by the Specialized agencies Having considered the report of the Special Com- mittee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Terri tories which contains inter alia public statements made by leaders of the Government of Israel 1 Commands the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories for its efforts in performing the tasks assigned to it by the General As- sembly and for its thoroughness and impartiality 2 Deplores the continued refusal by Israel to allow the Special Committee access to the occupied territories 3 Calls again upon Israel to allow the Special Com- mittee access to the occupied territories 4 Deplores the continued and persistent violation by Israel of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protec- tion of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949 and other applicable international instruments 31 The Agreement was opened for signature on 18 Decem- ber 1979 32 Resolution 217 A 33 United Nations Treaty Series vol 75 No 973 p 287 34 34 631