2007 2008 NSTAC ISSUE REVIEW ENHANCING NATIONAL SECURITY AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS THROUGH The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Issue Review A Comprehensive Review of Issues Addressed Through May 2008 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Table of Contents 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Table of Contents Executive Summary i Active Issues National Coordinating Center 3 Emergency Communications and Interoperability 9 International Communications 15 Global Infrastructure Resiliency 21 Commercial Communications Reliance on the Global Positioning System 23 Network Security 27 Standing Issues Legislation and Regulation 33 Research and Development 43 Previously Addressed Issues Automated Information Processing 49 Commercial Network Survivability 51 Commercial Satellite Survivability 53 Common Channel Signaling 57 Electromagnetic Pulse 59 Energy 61 Enhanced Call Completion 67 Financial Services 71 Funding of NSTAC Initiatives 73 Globalization 75 Industry Government Information Sharing and Response 77 Industry Information Security 81 Influenza Pandemic 83 Information Assurance 85 Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection 89 Intelligent Networks 93 International Diplomatic Telecommunications 95 International National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications 97 Last Mile Bandwidth Availability 99 National Coordinating Mechanism 103 National Information Infrastructure 105 National Research Council Report 109 National Telecommunications Management Structure 111 Table of Contents t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Network Convergence 113 Network Security 123 Obtaining Critical Telecommunications Facility Protection During a Civil Disturbance 135 Physical Security of the Telecommunications Network 137 Response to September 11 2001 Terrorist Attacks 141 Termination of Cellular Networks During Emergency Situations 143 Telecommunications Industry Mobilization 145 Telecommunications Service Priority 147 Telecommunications Service Priority Carrier Liability 149 Telecommunications Systems Survivability 151 Underground Storage Tanks 153 Wireless Security 155 Wireless Services Including Priority Services 159 Appendix A – NSTAC Implementing and Governing Documentation Charter of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee A-3 Bylaws of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee A-5 Executive Order 12382—President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee A-9 1983 Correspondence from the U S Department of Justice Antitrust Division A-11 Appendix B – NSTAC Membership The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Membership as of July 22 2008 B-3 Appendix C – 2007–2008 NSTAC Executive Report to the President Executive Report on the 2008 Meeting of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee – May 1 2008 C-3 Attachment 1 Report Recommendations to the President from the 2008 Meeting of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee – May 1 2008 C-13 Attachment 2 Attendance of Members at the 2008 Meeting of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee C-15 Appendix D – Acronyms Acronym List D-3 mxmoizm 33 32 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Executive Summary Purpose This edition of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee  NSTAC Issue Review provides a comprehensive report of issues addressed by the NSTAC from its first meeting in December 1982 to its most recent meeting on May 1 2008 For each active and previous issue addressed by the NSTAC the Issue Review provides the following information when applicable names of the investigating groups length of time required for the investigation issue background a synopsis of actions and recommendations measures resulting from NSTAC recommendations reports issued and members of the current active investigating groups Since May 1 2008 following the completion of the NSTAC 2007-2008 cycle the National Communications System NCS has worked with the NSTAC the Department of Homeland Security and the Executive Office of the President to forward NSTAC recommendations to the President and to Federal Government departments and agencies for potential adoption As each of these recommendations move forward the NSTAC Issue Review will annually update the status of each recommendation to provide industry Government and the public updated information on issues important to national security and emergency preparedness NS EP communications Background On September 13 1982 President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order E O 12382 establishing the President’s NSTAC The NSTAC a presidentiallyappointed advisory body comprised of up to 30 senior executive level representatives from the communications hardware software and security services banking and aerospace companies provides the President with a unique source of NS EP communications policy expertise Several factors influenced the establishment of the NSTAC at that time including the divestiture of AT T increased Government reliance on commercial communications and the potential impact of new technologies on communications supporting NS EP requirements 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Executive Summary Appendix A of this document includes E O 12382 as well as additional NSTAC implementing and governing documentation Appendix B provides a listing of current NSTAC members as of May 1 2008 Since its inception the NSTAC has advised seven administrations on issues pertaining to the reliability and security of communications technologies and their impact on the Nation’s ability to protect its critical infrastructures—issues vital to America’s security and economic interests Today members of the communications and information technology industries as well as the Federal Government recognize the NSTAC as a model for industry Government collaboration NSTAC accomplishments include many substantive recommendations to the President leading to enhancements of the Nation’s NS EP communications capabilities critical infrastructure policies and increased safeguards to the Nation’s communications infrastructure During the past 25 years the NSTAC has worked cooperatively with the NCS an interagency consortium of Federal departments and agencies that serves as the focal point for NS EP communications planning for any crisis or disaster and provides staff support and technical assistance to the committee By virtue of its mandate to address NS EP communications issues the NSTAC’s partnership with the NCS is unique in two ways 1 it facilitates industry involvement with both the defense and civil agencies comprising the NCS and 2 it regularly sustains interaction between industry and the NCS member departments and agencies through the National Coordinating Center NCC the Communications Information Sharing and Analysis Center ISAC the Network Security Information Exchange NSIE process and most recently through the Communications Sector Coordinating Council which serves as a point of contact for its counterpart the Government Coordinating Council The NSTAC’s perspective and its experiences with a wide range of Federal departments and agencies make the committee a key strategic resource for the President and his national security and homeland security teams in their efforts to protect our Nation’s critical infrastructures in today’s dynamic and evolving environment i Executive Summary t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Membership on the NSTAC’s primary working body—the Industry Executive Subcommittee IES — consists of one representative from each company appointed by his or her NSTAC Principal The IES holds regular meetings to consider issues analyses and or recommendations for presentation to the NSTAC Principals and in turn to the President and assists in the formation of task forces and working groups as directed by the committee to address specific issues requiring in-depth analyses providers have taken to manage those risks In addition the GIRTF completed the NSTAC Report on Network Operations Centers and continues to investigate the issue of risk to Internet protocol NS EP communications traffic during times of network congestion From May 2007 to May 2008 the NSTAC operated the following subordinate task forces and working groups ff The National Coordinating Center Task Force remained active and as a follow-on to the NSTAC Report to the President on the National Coordinating Center in partnership with the Office of Cybersecurity and Communications established a “tiger team” to examine the consolidation of the NCC the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team and the Information Technology-ISAC ff The Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force initiated an examination of how communications technologies should be integrated into the Federal Government’s emergency communications planning to support NS EP activities and to recommend a future direction to ensure survivable and interoperable communications architecture for responders ff The International Task Force examined the current international NS EP communications environment to evaluate present U S operational strategies policies and frameworks for international collaboration and prepare recommendations to the President to promote U S NS EP interests in emerging international network security efforts ff The Global Infrastructure Resiliency Task Force GIRTF continued to develop operational recommendations to improve the overall resiliency of the global communications infrastructure by reviewing relevant operations and practices associated with network operational centers examining risks inherent in such operations and outlining the steps that service ii ff The Global Positioning System Working Group initiated the examination of the commercial communications reliance on Global Positioning System GPS and the possible impacts that a long term loss or disruption of GPS could have on the commercial communications industry ff The Network Security Scoping Group NSSG conducted two primary analytical exercises as part of its initial analysis to scope future NSTAC work in the area of network security including 1 a study of current and previous NSTAC Federal Government and standards-making bodies’ activities in the area network security and 2 a comprehensive listing of network security issues of concern to the NSTAC in the form of a Terms of Reference document As a result of this analysis work the NSSG identified and described the issues of immediate concern in three scoping documents ff The Legislative and Regulatory Task Force continued to review and analyze legislative and regulatory activities affecting the NS EP community In addition the group examined the distributed denial-of-service cyber attacks against the Republic of Estonia as well as analyzed the Office of the Director of National Intelligence’s Annual Threat Assessment which described the potential for cyber attacks against U S networks and the Nation’s information infrastructure ff The Research and Development Task Force RDTF focused on analyzing identity management IdM to determine the impact on NS EP communications and performed a gap analysis that determined that the best role for the NSTAC is to continue to monitor and examine the development of IdM standards in the international community In addition the RDTF has begun preparations for the 2008 Research and The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Development Exchange Workshop to be held at the Motorola Inc facilities in Schaumburg Illinois on September 25–26 2008 Many NSTAC recommendations result in operational activities that enhance NS EP communications and information systems For example in its first set of recommendations to the President the NSTAC suggested the establishment of the NCC an industry and Government coordination center for day-to-day operational support to NS EP communications In addition the NSTAC assisted the Office of the Manager NCS in developing and eventually implementing the Telecommunications Service Priority System—one of the NCS’ most utilized priority service programs Furthermore an NSTAC recommendation also resulted in the establishment of separate NSTAC and Government NSIEs which meet regularly to address the threat of electronic intrusions and software vulnerabilities as well as to discuss mitigation strategies to protect the Nation’s critical communications and information systems Finally the NSTAC recommended the development of an access and credentialing program to assist private sector companies gain access to Federal disaster sites following an event of national significance In response to this recommendation the Department of Homeland Security developed in partnership with Federal State and local Government entities as well as a private sector company an access standard operating procedure SOP to ensure that private critical infrastructure responders receive priority access to disaster areas The access SOP has been adopted by the State of Georgia and has been distributed to a broader community including the Homeland Security Advisors and the National Association of Regulatory Commissioners 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Executive Summary Copies of NSTAC reports pertaining to the issues addressed in this document are available through National Communications System Department of Homeland Security 245 Murray Lane Mailstop 8510 Washington DC 20528 www ncs gov nstac nstac html nstac1@dhs gov Appendix C of this document contains the 2008 NSTAC Executive Report to the President which includes summaries of the May 2008 NSTAC open and closed sessions as well as recommendations made to the President during the 2007–2008 NSTAC Cycle May 2007–May 2008 iii 375 5 8 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee National Coordinating Center Investigation Group Period of Activity National Coordinating Mechanism Task Force December 1982 – November 1984 Telecommunications System Survivability Task Force March 1986 – June 1989 National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications Vision Task Force October 1996 – April 1997 Operations Support Group April 1997 – September 1999 Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection Task Force September 1999 – May 2000 National Coordinating Center Task Force December 2004 – July 2007 Issue Background Following the divestiture of the AT T monopoly in 1982 the telecommunications industry and the Federal Government collectively developed the concept of a national coordinating mechanism NCM by which the public and private sectors could coordinate national security and emergency preparedness NS EP telecommunications efforts A year later the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC recommended the creation of the National Coordinating Center NCC as the operational arm for the NCM Consequently in 1984 President Ronald Reagan called for the establishment of the NCC within the National Communications System NCS via Executive Order 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Function Since that time threats to the NS EP telecommunications infrastructure have changed significantly heightening the importance of daily coordination between industry and Government In 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues May 1998 President Bill Clinton released Presidential Decision Directive PDD 63 Protecting America’s Critical Infrastructures a critical infrastructure protection CIP directive calling for among other things industry participation in the Government’s efforts to ensure the security of the Nation’s infrastructures After studying the directive the NSTAC recommended the NCC be designated the Telecommunications Information Sharing and Analysis Center ISAC as the NCC had already been performing similar functions in preparation for the Year 2000 rollover efforts The NCC played a key role in maintaining and reestablishing NS EP communications during and after the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001 In March 2003 the NCC became part of the Department of Homeland Security DHS as a result of the transfer of the NCS from the Department of Defense DOD Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 Critical Infrastructure Identification Prioritization and Protection issued in December 2003 succeeded PDD-63 and established a new national policy for Federal departments and agencies to identify and prioritize U S critical infrastructure and key resources and to protect them from terrorist attacks As DHS continues to grow and evolve the NCC must also periodically reconsider its structure organization and approach to keep pace with rapid legal and regulatory changes Currently the NCC finds itself with three distinct missions ff Serving the White House and NCS Member Agencies through its NS EP mission ff Serving DHS through its CIP mission and ff Fulfilling information sharing requirements through its information sharing and analysis function History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The NSTAC emphasizes the importance of industry Government coordination on NS EP telecommunications—a role NSTAC accepted 25 years ago In its first report to the President in May 1983 the NSTAC recommended the development of the NCC—the operational arm for the 3 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review NCM approved by Government a year earlier to assist industry and Government in coordinating NS EP telecommunications services in times of emergency In 1984 the NSTAC followed this first report with its National Coordinating Mechanism Implementation Plan to assist the Government in determining how best to execute the coordinating mechanism Since that time the NSTAC has periodically revisited the NCC both conceptually and operationally to evaluate its mission information sharing procedures and overall effectiveness as changes occurred in the threat policy and technological environments facing the telecommunications industry For instance in 1987 the committee’s Telecommunications Systems Survivability Task Force reviewed Government actions taken on the NCM recommendations and determined that the recommendations were carried out effectively Furthermore the task force determined that NCS member organizations’ representation in the NCC should continue In the NCC Intrusion Incident Reporting Criteria and Format Guidelines the NCC Vision Task Force established standardized reporting criteria and outlined steps to improve NCC electronic intrusion report collection processing and distribution In 1997 the Operations Support Group OSG worked closely with the NCS member organizations and NCC industry representatives to develop a common framework for assessing the center’s ongoing role in NS EP telecommunications In its OSG Report the NSTAC recommended that the President establish a mechanism within the Federal Government with which the NCC could coordinate on intrusion incident information issues and with which NSTAC groups could coordinate the development of standardized reporting criteria In 1999 the Information Sharing CIP Task Force investigated potential recommendations to be made in support of the goals outlined in PDD-63 As a result the NSTAC issued numerous recommendations to the President including the development of mechanisms and processes for conducting protected operational information sharing the designation of the NCC as the Telecommunications ISAC the necessary continued interaction with Government leaders responsible for PDD-63 implementation and the expansion of participation in the Telecommunication 4 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ISAC during subsequent phases to include a broader spectrum of information technology IT and communications industry companies As a result the Federal Government officially established the NCC as the Telecommunications ISAC in January 2000 Following the October 21 2004 NSTAC Principals’ Conference Call the committee established the National Coordinating Center Task Force NCCTF to examine how best to balance both traditional network and cyber concerns and the changing national security environment to include homeland security concerns within the NCC moving forward Specifically the principals requested that the task force examine the future mission and role of the NCC including ff How should the industry members of the NCC continue to partner with Government ff How should the NCC be structured relative to the dual missions of CIP and NS EP ff How does the new DHS Sector Coordinating Council SCC approach affect the NCC Throughout 2005 and early 2006 the NCCTF deliberated on numerous issues focusing its discussions on the NCC’s organizational structure information sharing and analysis leadership incident management and response and international mutual aid To gain additional insight into incident management and information sharing practices in particular the task force co-hosted an all-day incident management subject matter expert meeting with the Next Generation Network Task Force on August 30 2005 The task force also internalized lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina response and recovery efforts including those derived from the White House on improved industry and Government coordination in the drafting of The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned Report Of particular interest and concern to the task force following Hurricane Katrina were questions related to the role of the NCC and the NCS in NS EP telecommunications planning and incident response as entities within the new DHS and command and control issues associated with Emergency Support The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Function ESF 2—Communications support agencies The task force determined that better delineation of roles and responsibilities especially with regard to data reporting and the prioritization and escalation of requests would improve incident response and establish clearer points of contact to address issues reduce duplication of effort and improve focus on fulfilling missions Based on the NCCTF’s analysis of issues facing the NCC the NSTAC recommended that the President ff Direct the Secretary of Homeland Security the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy OSTP the Secretary of Defense and other ESF-2 Federal support agencies to develop and implement policies and procedures with respect to 1 managing and escalating requests from the NCC and 2 the delineation of authorities and responsibilities when the government invokes ESF-2 ff Direct the OSTP and the Homeland Security Council to join with the Communications SCC and the IT-SCC to support an industry-led task force with the primary goal of planning a regional communications and IT coordinating capability in the Gulf Coast and Southeastern regions prior to the 2006 hurricane season Subsequently the task force will determine the best approach for a long-term regional communications and IT coordinating capability that can serve all regions of the Nation The task force should primarily be made up of industry representatives as well as Federal State and local Government representatives ff Direct the Secretary of Homeland Security to expand the NCC to include both communications and IT companies and organizations The NCC would be a cross sector industry Government facility with a round-the-clock watch which would be brought up to full strength during emergencies ff Direct the Secretary of Homeland Security to engage the private sector in CIP activities by increasing the flow of threat information to the private sector 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues facilitating private sector participation in impact analyses and clarifying policies for the protection of private sector information ff Direct the Secretary of Homeland Security to improve the ESF-2 emergency response training and exercise program with a focus on enhancing coordination among industry members and Federal State and local responders during incidents of national significance This program should focus on sector interdependencies for both physical and cyber threats and would aim to produce actionable results Industry involvement must occur from the earliest planning stages ff Encourage the Secretary of Homeland Security to improve the Federal Government’s cyber response strategy to delineate roles and responsibilities of Government and the private sector in the National Response Plan NRP now the National Response Framework NRF aligning communications and cyber operations centers and enhancing relationships with international computer emergency readiness teams ff Direct the Secretary of Homeland Security and other Government stakeholders to examine the value derived from the NCC collaboration and if sufficiently supported commit the resources necessary to strengthen and support the organization and its mission To further these recommendations the NCCTF developed an action item roadmap to assist the NCC in its efforts to address new issues and challenges over the next five years In 2007 the NCCTF reviewed the recommendations from its 2006 report and developed a status report to provide an update on the implementation of the NCC Roadmap for the Future Based on the NCCTF’s analysis of the progress-to-date against the NCC Roadmap for the Future the task force provides the following observations to DHS on next steps 5 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review ff Continued success of the NCS process can be assured by updating the memoranda of agreement between the NCS member departments and agencies and providing expert detailees to the NCS and NCC ff The NCS should formalize its relationships with DOD including watch functions by entering into memoranda of understanding and or developing joint standard operating procedures for enhanced coordination in the future including routine testing and the exercising of capabilities ff Annual updates on the status of the NCC Roadmap to the NSTAC by the NCS Manager should ensure the NSTAC Principals remain engaged in the important partnership ff A new membership structure reflecting the diversity of the expanding NCC membership implemented by the NCC Manager should enhance the level of trust amongst the membership ff As the NCC Manager carefully monitors the level of information sharing in the NCC it will ensure the organization remains a trusted environment ff As the NCC evolves industry and Government members should continually assess the NCC and its NS EP mission while continuing to provide value to all partners involved Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The NCS initiated numerous efforts to address the recommendations in the NSTAC Report to the President on the National Coordinating Center Most significantly the DHS Office of Cybersecurity and Communications established a “tiger team” to examine the consolidation of the NCC the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team and the IT-ISAC as the NSTAC recommended In addition DHS addressed several of the NSTAC’s recommendations through the development of the NRF which replaced the NRP and the ESF-2 Annex In particular the NRF and ESF-2 Annex clarify the roles and responsibilities of the coordinating agency primary agencies and support agencies The revised ESF-2 Annex also designates the 6 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Federal Emergency Communications Coordinator FECC to lead ESF-2 efforts when activated The NCS is further revising the ESF-2 Operations Plan and job aids and providing input into the joint field office standard operating procedure to provide additional clarity on FECC leadership of ESF-2 In addition the NCC is working to increase the involvement of its industry members in training and exercise opportunities such as the annual ESF-2 training and large scale exercises including Cyber Storm II Top Officials TOPOFF IV and the National Level Exercise NLE 02-08 The 2007 ESF-2 Spring Training Conference in New Orleans Louisiana received extensive support from companies within the Telecommunications ISAC Industry representatives participated as liaisons instructors and demonstration hosts Industry representatives also assisted NCS exercise planners to develop the exercise injects that defined ESF-2 involvement in TOPOFF IV Cyber Storm II and the NLE 02-08 During Spring 2008 the NCS focused its training efforts on developing a certification program for FECCs who will lead ESF-2 response during an incident For more information regarding the NCC’s development please see the National Coordinating Mechanism Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection and the Industry Government Information Sharing and Response sections in the Previously Addressed Issues section of this NSTAC Issue Review Reports Issued National Coordinating Mechanism Report May 1983 National Coordinating Mechanism Implementation Plan Final Report January 1984 Telecommunications Systems Survivability Review of Government Actions in Response to NSTAC-Recommended Initiatives June 1988 Operations Support Group Report December 1997 Information Assurance Policy Subgroup of the Information Infrastructure Group and the National Coordinating Mechanism Subgroup of the Operations Support Group Joint Report Information Assurance December 1997 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Operations Support Group Report June 1999 Microsoft Corporation Mr Paul Nicholas Mr Philip Reitinger Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection Report May 2000 Nortel Dr John Edwards NSTAC Report to the President on the National Coordinating Center May 2006 Qwest Communications International Incorporated Mr Thomas Snee National Coordinating Center Status Report on the National Coordinating Center Roadmap for the Future June 2007 Raytheon Company Mr Frank Newell National Coordinating Center Task Force Membership Science Applications International Corporation Mr Henry Kluepfel Operations Support Group Report September 1998 Verizon Communications Mr James Bean Chair Sprint Nextel Corporation Mr John Stogoski Vice Chair AT T Incorporated Mr Harry Underhill BellSouth Corporation Ms Cristin Flynn Goodwin Currently with Microsoft Corporation The Boeing Company Mr Robert Steele Computer Sciences Corporation Mr Guy Copeland CTIA – The Wireless Association Mr Christopher Guttman-McCabe Juniper Networks Mr Robert Dix Lockheed Martin Corporation Dr Allen Dayton Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Mr Richard Krock Telcordia Technologies Ms Louise Tucker United States Telecom Association USTelecom Mr David Kanupke VeriSign Incorporated Mr Michael Aisenberg Other National Coordinating Center Task Force Industry Participants AT T Incorporated Mr Kent Bowen Mr James Bugel Mr Thomas Hughes Ms Rosemary Leffler George Washington University Dr Jack Oslund Sprint Nextel Corporation Mr Lee Fitzsimmons Telecommunications Industry Association Mr Daniel Bart Mr David Thompson Qwest Communications International Incorporated Mr Jon Lofstedt 7 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Verizon Communications Incorporated Ms Ernestine Gormsen Mr Roger Higgins National Coordinating Center Task Force Government Participants Defense Information Systems Agency Mr Richard Bourdon Ms Hillary Morgan Department of Energy Mr John Greenhill Department of Homeland Security Mr Brian Carney Mr Jeffrey Glick Mr Charles Lancaster Mr Michael Lombard Mr Donald Smith Ms Christina Watson Federal Reserve Board Mr Charles Madine Joint Staff J6 MAJ Susan Camoroda now Lieutenant Colonel General Services Administration Mr John Migliaccio Mr Thomas Sellers Office of Management and Budget Ms Kimberly Johnson Office of Science and Technology Policy Ms Linda Haller Sloan Mr Mark LeBlanc 8 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Emergency Communications and Interoperability Investigation Group Period of Activity Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force January 2006 – September 2007 Issue Background Over the course of three months in the summer fall of 2005 Hurricanes Katrina Rita and Wilma battered the U S Gulf Coast region destroying homes and communities as well as entire portions of the telecommunications infrastructure The destruction posed unprecedented communications challenges and revealed a lack of sufficient operability and interoperability among the multiple public and private response and recovery organizations supporting emergency communications situations Hurricane Katrina alone impacted an area approximately 90 000 square miles wide disrupted service to approximately 3 million phone lines and disabled first responder communications in multiple parishes Restoration efforts were severely hindered by the lack of access prioritization to commercial networks for first responders These powerful lessons magnified the importance of Government vigilance in leveraging a full suite of communications capabilities to protect and ensure national security and emergency preparedness NS EP telecommunications in the future History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations In response to concerns regarding the sufficient operability and interoperability of emergency communications systems during the 2005 hurricane season the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC established the Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force ECITF to develop recommendations regarding short-term interoperability solutions for responders in advance of the 2006 hurricane season In addition the committee requested that the task force investigate how a complete suite of communications technologies 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues including wireline terrestrial wireless broadcast and satellite communications should be integrated into the Federal Government’s emergency communications planning and how they can more effectively support NS EP activities and to identify rapidly deployable interoperability solutions and recommend a strategic direction for the future that can assure a more survivable and interoperable nationwide communications architecture for responders Based on the ECITF’s initial analysis in March 2006 the NSTAC provided short-term recommendations in a Letter to the President on Emergency Communications and Interoperability outlining emergency communications and interoperability issues and identifying immediately applicable actions to improve responder communications capabilities Specifically the NSTAC recommended that the President direct the Department of Homeland Security DHS to ff Establish a uniform protocol working with Federal State and local governments that can dynamically identify their emergency management coordinators’ contact information especially during times when regular contact information changes due to event situations and a capability to share that information with DHS ff Accelerate efforts to create an initial deployable communications capability for the Gulf Coast region in accordance with Recommendation 37 of the February 2006 report The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned ff Formally integrate the National Communications Systems’ NCS NS EP priority programs into the National Emergency Communications Strategy NECS pursuant to Recommendation 34 of the Lessons Learned Report The ECITF continued to refine and expand on the letter’s recommendations and published the NSTAC Report to the President on Emergency Communications and Interoperability in January 2007 In the report the NSTAC recommended that the President in accordance with responsibilities and existing 9 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review mechanisms established by Executive Order 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions ff Expand use of Deployable Communications Capabilities Direct DHS to incorporate into its emergency communications plans and programs rapidly deployable interoperable mobile communications solutions that will provide reliable communications to emergency responders in the event of a regional catastrophic failure involving complete or significant loss of communications infrastructure The President should also direct DHS to expand and enhance the use of the Wireless Priority Service WPS program in an area s of catastrophic critical infrastructure loss and or damage through multi-carrier WPS end-to-end solutions that facilitate the rapid restoration of essential wireless network elements ff Enhance the Telecommunications Service Priority TSP Program for Wireless Networks Direct DHS and other responsible Federal agencies to explore enhancements to the TSP program to accommodate expanded requests from NS EP users of wireless telecommunications services at critical sites The President should also direct Federal agencies and encourage State and local agencies to fully utilize the existing provisions of TSP and to apply for the enhanced wireless TSP coverage provisions as they are developed for use at their critical sites ff Establish a Uniform Protocol to Identify Emergency Management and Coordinators’ Contact Information Direct DHS with support from the NCS and the National Coordinating Center to establish a uniform protocol working with Federal State and local government organizations that can dynamically identify their emergency management and coordinators’ contact information especially during times when regular contact information changes due to event situations and a capability to share that information with DHS The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ff Improve NS EP Policy to Support Emergency Communications Modernize existing NS EP policy guidance to clarify and consolidate Federal Government emergency communications roles and responsibilities Specifically additional Presidential policy guidance is required to • Clearly delineate the NS EP and emergency communications roles and functions of the NCS the National Cyber Security Division NCSD and the new Office of Emergency Communications OEC as established by the DHS Appropriations Act of 2007 and any other DHS organization such as the Science and Technology Directorate and the Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA with a role or responsibility in the area of emergency communications • Preserve and maintain critical NS EP functions and capabilities that support the national leadership and • Ensure executive oversight across the Federal Government for a fully coordinated integrated and interoperable emergency response communications function and capability ff Include Critical Elements in the National Emergency Communications Strategy NECS and the National Emergency Communications Plan NECP Incorporate the following critical elements in the development maintenance and execution of the NECS and associated implementation guidance and directing DHS and other responsible Federal agencies to incorporate the elements into the NECP • Large-Scale State and Regional Shared Public Safety Networks and Federal grants • Yearly benchmarks for achieving defined interoperability objectives • Nationwide outreach to support emergency response communications • Consolidation of operations centers to increase coordination and situational awareness and 10 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee • Identification of specific private-sector emergency communications and interoperability support roles ff Address Emergency Communications in the Converged Environment To encourage responsive emergency communications capabilities in the converged environment establish and incorporate the following capability objectives into the NECS and associated implementation guidance and also direct DHS to incorporate the capability objectives into the NECP • Support for a significantly expanded user base • Full leveraging of network assets • Internet protocol based interoperability • Assured access for key users through priority schemes or dedicated spectrum • National scope with common procedures and interoperable technologies • Deployable elements to supplement and bolster operability and interoperability • Resilient and disruption-tolerant communications networks • Network-centric principles benefiting emergency communications and • Enhanced communications features Upon publication of the NSTAC Report to the President on Emergency Communications and Interoperability the NSTAC conducted outreach activities such as informational briefings by the ECITF leadership on the report’s findings and recommendations to educate emergency responder stakeholder communities including Federal State and local government entities non-governmental organizations and private sector organizations The NSTAC also used comments from the Executive Office of the President EOP to frame the future NSTAC work strategies and in discussions with EOP sponsors who 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues solicited specific NSTAC assistance in evaluating how Internet Protocol-enabled capabilities and technologies might play a role in enhancing emergency communications interoperability Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations As a result of the devastation caused during the 2005 hurricane season and informed by the NSTAC’s associated recommendations DHS in conjunction with other Federal agencies has undertaken several actions to ensure successful emergency communications for future emergencies In relation to the NSTAC recommendation to create a deployable communications capability for the Gulf Coast region in accordance with the February 2006 Federal response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned recommendation 37 DHS and the Department of Commerce announced the release of the Public Safety Interoperable Communications Grant Program providing nearly $1 billion in grant funding to States and urban areas to improve interoperable communications capabilities including deployable communications December 3 2007 was the deadline for submissions of each State and Territory’s Investment Justification and their State-wide Communications Interoperability Plans The submissions are currently under DHS review In addition the NCS is working with the Department of Justice DOJ Wireless Management Office to include the DOJ’s Satellite Mutual Aid Radio Talkgroup for the Satellite Priority Service pilot offering The pilot offering will provide reliable communications independent of public switched telephone network infrastructure damage to Federal State and local emergency responders at all levels of Government in a disaster region In order to enhance the TSP Program for Wireless Networks the NCS has taken concrete steps to address the needs of the priority services which were highlighted by hurricanes Katrina Rita and Wilma Specifically the NCS outreached further to expand the coverage and capabilities of the Government Emergency Telecommunications Service GETS WPS and TSP-user knowledge by increasing awareness of the priority services and educating 11 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review State and local governments Regarding the NSTAC recommendation on expanded TSP for wireless users the NCS recommended that the NCS Committee of Principals’ Priority Services Working Group research and consider the feasibility of the NSTAC recommendation Efforts relating to the utilization of the existing TSP program include assigning 65 257 TSP codes to the wireless carriers since 2001 to ensure land lines that support cell towers have restoration priority Work continues with Federal State and local partners resulting in an increase of over 100 000 TSP assignments over the past five years In order to establish a uniform protocol for the identification of Federal State and local Government emergency management and coordinators’ contact information the NCS identified the Emergency Support Function ESF 2—Communications related emergency management and coordinator’s contact information which was considered and addressed as an element of the NCS ESF-2 Operations Plan and the updated Gulf Coast emergency communications plans In addition the NCS increased its visibility and outreach efforts at the State and local level through in-region placement of NCS support personnel with specific State local coordination responsibilities FEMA regions IV VI and VIII have this representation through contractor personnel In the other FEMA regions the NCS continued to leverage its partnership with representatives from the General Services Administration in their role as communications regional managers Finally the NCS continues to coordinate with the Federal Communications Commission’s Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau in its mission to address public safety homeland security national security emergency management and preparedness and disaster management in order to achieve more effective distribution and sharing of contact information The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee restoration FEMA as the primary agency for tactical communications response efforts and NCSD and the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team as the coordinating agency for a cyber incident In addition the NCS provided comments to the EOP regarding NCS Directive 3-10 Minimum Requirements for Continuity Communications Capabilities developed the accompanying NCS Manual 3-10-1 Guidance for Implementing NCS Directive 3-10 which is now final and developed the draft NCS Handbook 3-10-1 Guidance for Improving Route Diversity within Local Access Networks which is currently out for comment Furthermore National Security Presidential Directive 51 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 20 National Continuity Policy established the National Continuity Coordinator to the President In order to include critical elements in the NECP and address emergency communications in the converged environment the OEC is leading the development of the NECP in cooperation with State local and tribal Governments Federal departments and agencies emergency response providers and the private sector One of the key inputs into the NECP is the NSTAC Report on Emergency Communications and Interoperability including the critical capability objectives identified by the NSTAC The NECP is being coordinated with industry through the Communications Sector Coordinating Council In addition the Telecommunications Industry Association provided additional input into the NECP with the final version of the report due to Congress in July 2008 The NCS is also working to engineer and deploy a pilot satellite augmentation service to the GETS WPS whereby backup satellite service for approximately 70 emergency operation centers and other critical communications sites will be made available and include additional routing enhancements in the Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN The Satellite Priority Service will be resilient to PSTN damage Reports Issued The NCS is working to improve NS EP policy to support emergency communications by clarifying the roles and responsibilities in disaster response scenarios Specifically the National Response Framework ESF-2 Annex designates NCS as the primary agency for communications infrastructure 12 Letter to the President on Emergency Communications and Interoperability March 2006 NSTAC Report to the President on Emergency Communications and Interoperability January 2007 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force Membership Sprint Nextel Corporation Mr John Stogoski AT T Incorporated Mr Jim Bugel Co-Chair Telcordia Technologies Incorporated Ms Louise Tucker Motorola Incorporated Mr Michael Alagna Co-Chair VeriSign Incorporated Mr Michael Aisenberg Bank of America Corporation Mr Roger Callahan Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr James Bean The Boeing Company Mr Robert Steele Other Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force Industry Participants Computer Sciences Corporation Mr Ray Lehr CTIA – The Wireless Association Mr Rick Kemper AT T Incorporated Mr Kent Bowen Mr Thomas Hughes Ms Rosemary Leffler Mr Harry Underhill Lockheed Martin Corporation Dr Allen Dayton Intelsat Ltd Ms Sallye Clark Lucent Technologies Incorporated Mr Bernie Malone Nortel Mr Michael Stolker Microsoft Corporation Mr Paul Nicholas Sprint Nextel Corporation Mr Lee Fitzsimmons Ms Allison Growney Nortel Dr Jack Edwards Northrop Grumman Corporation Mr Peter Hadinger Qwest Communications International Incorporated Mr Thomas Snee Raytheon Company Mr Frank Newell Rockwell Collins Incorporated Mr Ken Kato Telecommunications Industry Association Mr Daniel Bart George Washington University Dr Jack Oslund Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force Government Participants Department of Defense Ms Hillary Morgan Department of Homeland Security Mr William Fuller Science Applications International Corporation Mr Henry Kluepfel 13 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Federal Communications Commission Mr Walter Johnston General Services Administration Mr Jim Russo National Telecommunications and Information Administration Mr William Belote Mr Thomas Hardy Mr Charles Hoffman 14 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee International Communications Investigation Group Period of Activity Network Group April 1997 – September 1999 Convergence Task Force June 2000 – June 2001 Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Task Force June 2001 – March 2002 Next Generation Networks Task Force May 2004 – May 2006 International Task Force May 2006 – August 2007 Issue Background For many years global communications networks have functioned in a period of transition as customer demands and business imperatives catalyzed the convergence of traditional circuit switched networks with broadband packet-based Internet Protocol IP networks to create the telecommunications industry’s Next Generation Network NGN Although the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC expects the complete evolution to the NGN to take several years this evolving network infrastructure which includes wireless wireline and IP technologies will alter the way governments and private industry meet their national security and emergency preparedness NS EP communications needs In fact the emergence of the NGN has already effected change in a profound way Many network service providers now have the capability to carry voice video text and data transparently to numerous categories of end-user devices a key characteristic of the NGN Mobile phones able to access an array of Web-based services represent only one example of this enhanced ability 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues The scale scope and character of the NGN fundamentally changes the way government and service providers must plan for prioritize and ultimately deliver NS EP communications NGN networks which are largely packet-switched networks differ greatly from legacy circuit-switched networks For example packet-switched environments place control capabilities at the network “edge” and rely heavily on intelligent devices to execute key functions In this new environment NS EP and critical business communications will be subject to an increased number of cyber threats based on inherent vulnerabilities and interdependencies known or expected to exist in the NGN With these changes network operators infrastructure custodians and NS EP users must determine how best to meet NS EP user requirements on the NGN The transition to the NGN also presents challenges for ensuring the security and availability of NS EP communications In addition to the vulnerabilities that arise due to the packet-switched nature of the NGN some vulnerabilities that already existed in legacy networks will persist or worsen in the NGN For example the enhanced interconnectedness of the NGN can be exploited by hackers to provide rapid and far-reaching propagation of malicious payload attacks Another vulnerability is the emulation of network control messages Unlike legacy networks which used separate paths to divide network control messages from normal network payload NGN architectures have network control messages co-existing with normal payload traffic providing more open access to hackers to interfere with these messages These and other vulnerabilities create complex risk scenarios for NS EP communications in an NGN environment which also depends on other infrastructures such as the electric power industry A further challenge is the global nature of the NGN and thus methods for managing incidents of national significance may require international cooperation To ensure NS EP functions remain a priority in the transition to the NGN these concerns must be addressed At the same time the NGN offers significant improvements for the delivery of NS EP communications capabilities as bandwidth and 15 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review software continue to improve New communications capabilities including greater access to data and new services will better support NS EP functions in critical ways enabling first responders for example to obtain real-time access to voice data and video necessary for the most effective completion of their jobs The NGN will also naturally increase network robustness and resiliency by the nature of its mesh architecture offering many possible paths for service and redundancy of equipment and servers To achieve the benefits of such new capabilities and greater resiliency and to speed and enhance the transition to NGN solutions must be found that address NS EP functional requirements especially for security and availability Doing so requires forward-looking action by industry and Government The NGN interconnects with worldwide networks which are themselves developing into a global seamless infrastructure to deliver communications services across national borders This global interconnectivity brings with it inherent risks as information passes over parts of the network that are more diverse in security architecture and management particularly in some foreign network segments and infrastructures These foreign network entities may be more vulnerable to intrusion deliberate disruption or accidental damage The U S communications infrastructure is now dispersed across numerous companies and organizations and spans the telecommunications and information technology industries With the emergence of this converged global network additional operational security concerns related to access and remediation during system disruptions are emerging affecting the delivery of NS EP communications This convergence now prompts governments and critical infrastructure private-sector owners to reevaluate how NS EP communications needs are being met today and in the future The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Internet Report Examination of the National Security and Emergency Preparedness Implications of Internet Technologies Report published in June 1999 the NSTAC examined three key transition factors—the extent to which NS EP operations depend on the Internet the network control element vulnerabilities associated with the Internet and their ability to cause a severe disruption of Internet service and how Internet reliability availability and service priority issues applied to NS EP operations In its June 2001 Convergence Report the NSTAC furthered its network transition-related work to specifically analyze the potential security and reliability vulnerabilities associated with converged networks Its Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Report released in March 2002 addressed public network policy and technical issues related to network disruptions the security and vulnerability of the converged network control space and needed countermeasures to mitigate against these vulnerabilities Issues presented by convergence also arose during the committee’s examination of the resiliency of networks supporting the financial services sector to physical disruptions In 2005 and 2006 the NSTAC looked at five fundamental areas of examination 1 NGN description 2 NGN service scenarios and user requirements 3 end-to-end services provisioning 4 NGN threats and vulnerabilities and 5 incident management on the NGN The committee offered recommendations to the President in March 2005 on issues that could be addressed quickly to improve NS EP communications and in March 2006 made its final recommendations in the areas of identity management coordination on common operational criteria for NGN NS EP end-to-end services research and development technology lifecycle assurance and trusted technology resilient alternate communications agreements standards policy and regulations incident management on the NGN international policy and first responders History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations NSTAC has an extensive history of examining the NS EP implications of the transition of the Nation’s telecommunications networks to the NGN environment and providing the President with forward looking and innovative recommendations In its 16 Building on prior work at the NSTAC XXIX Meeting in May 2006 the committee requested an in-depth examination of the NS EP implications of international communications The NSTAC’s prior body of work as well as the analyses in this inquiry suggested that 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NS EP communications requirements can be achieved only if industry and Government infrastructure stewards collaborate to develop policies and best practices responsive to the international communications environment Based on this investigation the NSTAC issued its Report to the President on International Communications during cycle XXXI For further detail on the efforts of the NSTAC related to the NGN please see the Network Convergence section in the Previously Addressed section of this NSTAC Issue Review As a result of international NS EP communications concerns voiced at the NSTAC XXIX Meeting in connection with the NSTAC’s NGN study the NSTAC established the International Task Force ITF The ITF examined international incident management and operational protocols as well as the policy frameworks related to the use of NS EP services over the global communications infrastructure These policy and operational issue areas are particularly critical in light of expanding U S Government-initiated collaboration with key allies and global trading partners the international nature of the network provider and threat environment surrounding cyber incidents and increasing threat to and dependency on internationally significant infrastructure operated by various foreign entities • Ensure private sector participation in developing the framework to leverage extensive expertise and existing relationships • Support the use of identity management solutions that address NS EP requirements for normal operations and all-hazards crisis response and • Examine with the help of private sector partners existing U S laws and policies that could prevent service providers and other stakeholders from taking the necessary proactive measures to restore service and prevent harm to NS EP users for government essential operations during a crisis ff In the interim task Federal Agencies to expand relationships and response coordination using formal and reciprocal agreements with Allied governments to include participation from selected international service providers and other stakeholders into existing joint U S Government and private-sector response and coordination processes and entities such as the U S Computer Emergency Readiness Team and the National Coordinating Center Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The NSTAC’s resulting Report to the President on International Communications recommended that the President in accordance with responsibilities and existing mechanisms established by Executive Order 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions ff Task the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate international planning and development with the appropriate Federal Agencies for adoption of a global framework incorporating operational protocols and response strategies The framework must accomplish the following • Address physical and cyber events that would disrupt the availability of critical global infrastructure services The National Communications System Committee of Principals formed the International Communications Working Group ICWG to examine issues raised by and relating to the NSTAC Report to the President on International Communications and to work in concert with the private sector to assess how to implement NSTAC recommendations The ICWG will assess the broad range of issues and requirements inherent in the establishment and global adoption of a framework to enhance the resiliency of the global communications infrastructure Reports Issued Network Group Internet Report An Examination of the NS EP Implications of Internet Technologies June 1999 Convergence Report June 2001 17 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Report March 2002 Next Generation Networks Report Near Term Recommendations March 2005 Next Generation Networks Report March 2006 NSTAC Report on International Communications August 2008 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Microsoft Corporation Mr Phil Reitinger Esq BellSouth Corporation Mr David Barron Raytheon Company Mr Frank Newell Juniper Networks Incorporated Mr Robert Dix International Task Force Membership Other International Task Force Industry Participants VeriSign Incorporated Mr Michael Aisenberg Esq Chair Science Applications International Corporation Dr Marvin Langston Co-Vice Chair AT T Incorporated Ms Rosemary Leffler Co-Vice Chair Bank of America Corporation Mr Roger Callahan Boeing Company Mr Robert Steele Computer Sciences Corporation Mr Guy Copeland Qwest Communications International Incorporated Mr Kushal Jain Sprint Nextel Corporation Mr John Stogoski Telcordia Technologies Incorporated Ms Louise Tucker Esq Unisys Corporation Mr Shawn Anderson Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr James Bean British Embassy to the United States Dr Phil Budden Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure Ms Judy Baker Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure Mr Mike Corcoran Edison Electric Institute Mr Larry Brown Esq George Washington University Dr Jack Oslund Independent Electricity System Operator Canada Mr Stuart Brindley Industry Canada Ms Maggie Lackey Mr Robert Leafloor Microsoft Corporation Mr Paul Nicholas Nortel Dr Jack Edwards Qwest Communications International Incorporated Ms Katherine Condello Science Applications International Corporation Mr Hank Kluepfel 18 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues Sprint Nextel Corporation Ms Allison Growney Symantec Corporation Mr Wesley Higaki Telcordia Technologies Incorporated Mr Bob Lesnewich VeriSign Incorporated Mr Anthony Rutkowski Esq International Task Force Government Participants Central Intelligence Agency Mr Tom Donahue Department of Homeland Security Ms Kathy Blasco Mr Kelvin Coleman Mr David Delaney Ms Liesyl Franz Mr Charles Lancaster Mr Thad Odderstol Mr Andrew Purdy Esq Ms Jordana Siegel Ms Christina Watson Mr Will Williams Department of Commerce Mr Dan Hurley Department of Defense Mr Thomas Dickinson Mr Mark Hall Mr Andrew Kimble Department of State Mr David Chinn Ms Michelle Markoff Federal Communications Commission Mr Richard Hovey Federal Reserve Board Mr Chuck Madine 19 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Global Infrastructure Resiliency February 2008 the task force completed the NSTAC Report on Network Operations Centers also designated For Official Use Only to address DOD’s concerns Investigation Group Period of Activity Global Infrastructure Resiliency Working Group August 2006 – October 2006 Global Infrastructure Resiliency Task Force May 2007 – Present The EOP asked the NSTAC to examine concerns regarding the risk if any to Internet Protocol IP NS EP communications traffic during times of network congestion Specifically the EOP solicited NSTAC’s recommendations to determine the best manner for IP NS EP traffic to traverse the network assuming network congestion occurs The task force continues to investigate this issue Issue Background The increasing dependence on and the vulnerability of the global communications infrastructure highlights the importance of establishing mitigation measures for critical services and protection measures to ensure critical national security and emergency preparedness NS EP telecommunications functions in the event of a catastrophic disruption to the global communications infrastructure Reports Issued History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations AT T Incorporated Mr Thomas Hughes Chair Ms Rosemary Leffler Due to these concerns the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC formed the Global Infrastructure Resiliency Working Group in response to a request from the National Security Council to develop operational recommendations to improve the overall resiliency of the global communications infrastructure The group developed the NSTAC Report on Global Infrastructure Resiliency in October 2006 a sensitive report designated For Official Use Only The NSTAC reestablished the Global Infrastructure Resiliency Task Force GIRTF in May 2007 to address requests from the Department of Defense DOD and the Executive Office of the President EOP Specifically DOD raised concerns regarding the risk to national security associated with the provisioning of network management services to domestic service providers from international network operations centers NOC As a result the GIRTF reviewed relevant operations practices associated with NOCs examined risks inherent in such operations and outlined the steps that service providers have taken to manage those risks In NSTAC Report on Global Infrastructure Resiliency October 2006 NSTAC Report on Network Operation Centers February 2008 Global Infrastructure Resiliency Task Force Membership Bank of America Corporation Mr Roger Callahan The Boeing Company Mr Robert Steele Computer Sciences Corporation Mr Guy Copeland Intelsat General Mr Sterling Winn Juniper Networks Mr Robert Dix Vice Chair Microsoft Corporation Mr Paul Nichols Nortel Networks Corporation Dr Jack Edwards 21 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Qwest Communications Ms Kathryn Condello Mr Thomas Snee Science Applications International Corporation Mr Hank Kluepfel Sprint Nextel Corporation Ms Alison Growney Vice Chair Telcordia Corporation Ms Louise Tucker Verizon Wireless Mr Jim Bean Mr Mike Hickey Other Global Infrastructure Resiliency Task Force Industry Participants George Washington University Dr Jack Oslund Microsoft Corporation Ms Cheri McGuire Mr Phillip Reitinger Sprint Nextel Corporation Ms Maria Cattafesta Verisign Inc Mr William Gravell Mr Tony Rutkowski Verizon Communications Inc Mr Marcus Sachs Mr Frank Sally 22 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Global Infrastructure Resiliency Task Force Government Participants Department of Defense Mr R J Arneson Ms Catherine Creese Ms Hillary Morgan Department of Homeland Security Mr Will Williams Federal Communications Commission Mr Gregory Cook Federal Reserve Board Mr Wayne Pacine The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Commercial Communications Reliance on the Global Positioning System Investigation Group Period of Activity Commercial Satellite Survivability Task Force December 1982 – April 1984 June 1988 – March 1990 Satellite Task Force September 2003 – January 2004 Global Positioning System Working Group July 2007 – February 2008 Issue Background The U S Government’s commitment to provide and maintain civil space‑based positioning navigation and timing services such as Global Positioning System GPS free of direct user fees for civil commercial and scientific uses has encouraged the rapid adoption of GPS-based solutions throughout the commercial communications industry In today’s environment GPS supports a broad range of commercial communications industry functions and applications the primary use of GPS in each industry segment is in support of the networks’ precise timing and synchronization requirements Companies selected and widely implemented GPS‑based solutions primarily because GPS provides an inexpensive globally‑available and highly reliable Stratum 1-quality reference source As the commercial communications network infrastructure continues to evolve toward a high‑speed all‑digital environment accurate timing and synchronization functions that support the infrastructure are becoming more critical History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations At the first formal meeting of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC on December 14 1982 the NSTAC agreed to emphasize commercial satellite communications survivability initiatives The NSTAC directed the 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues Commercial Satellite Survivability CSS Task Force Resource Enhancements Working Group to assess the vulnerability of the commercial satellite communications network and the enhancements to the national security and emergency preparedness NS EP telecommunications infrastructure that the use of commercial carrier satellites and Earth terminals could provide In June 1988 the NSTAC Industry Executive Committee reactivated the CSS Task Force to review the proposed objectives and implementation initiatives of the commercial satellite communications Interconnectivity Phase II Architecture and offer recommendations In March 1990 the NSTAC approved the final report of the reactivated CSS Task Force which concluded that the Commercial SATCOM Interconnectivity Phase II Architecture approach was reasonable and made several recommendations to the Government The terrorist attacks on September 11 2001 raised security concerns about the protection of the Nation’s vital telecommunications systems against threats and raised awareness that a Federal program did not exist to ensure NS EP communications via commercial satellite systems and services In response to a January 2003 request from the Director National Security Space Architect the NSTAC reviewed and assessed policies practices and procedures for the application of infrastructure protection measures to commercial satellite communications systems used for NS EP communications Specifically the NSTAC reviewed applicable documentation addressing vulnerabilities in the commercial satellite infrastructure and identified potential policy changes that would bring the infrastructure into conformance with a standard for mitigating those vulnerabilities As a part of its review the NSTAC also considered GPS timing capabilities and developed initial findings and a recommendation for further study of GPS-related issues At the 2007 NSTAC Meeting Ms Frances Fragos Townsend Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism requested that the 23 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review NSTAC begin a scoping effort to further evaluate the commercial communications infrastructure’s reliance on GPS Ms Townsend called for the NSTAC to present its findings and recommendations for White House evaluation In response to this request the NSTAC formed a working group composed of industry and Government representatives to review findings from the March 2004 NSTAC Satellite Report on GPS vulnerabilities within the commercial satellite infrastructure as well as the findings and recommendations of the August 2001 Vulnerability Assessment of the Transportation Infrastructure Relying on the Global Positioning System prepared by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center The working group also examined the commercial communications reliance on GPS and the possible impacts that loss or disruption of GPS could have on the commercial communications industry including its reliance on GPS for synchronizing local timing clocks The NSTAC found that the Federal Government’s commitment to provide and maintain free civil space‑based positioning navigation and timing GPS services promotes vast commercial communications industry adoption of GPS-based solutions supporting a wide range of industry functions and applications The NSTAC also found that short‑term loss or disruption of GPS will have minimal impact on the commercial communications infrastructure and its operations with the exception of wireless Enhanced 911 E911 Phase II requirements Short-term loss or disruption of GPS signals will affect the ability of E911 dispatchers to determine accurate location information In addition the NSTAC determined that the precise consequences of medium-to-long-term GPS loss or disruption will vary based on multiple factors The NSTAC noted that a complete and catastrophic loss of GPS over an extended period of time for example more than one month and its affect on a large geographic area such as nationwide continental global is extremely unlikely The NSTAC determined that due to the improbability of such an event overall impact is more difficult to ascertain The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee As a result of its findings the NSTAC recommended that the President direct the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense DOD to ff Include various GPS outage scenarios in future planned disaster recovery exercises in coordination with the commercial communications industry The National Communications System NCS will consider opportunities in fiscal year 2009 exercise season to entertain incorporation of GPS outage scenarios in its Tier 1 exercise planning Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The NCS reviewed the NSTAC report and plans to work with DOD to incorporate GPS outage scenarios and particularly a long-term and widespread GPS disruption scenario in future exercises Reports Issued Issue Papers for Commercial Communications Satellite Systems Survivability Initiatives March 1983 Commercial Satellite Communications Survivability Report prepared by the CSS Task Force Resource Enhancements Working Group May 1983 Addendum to the Commercial Satellite Communications Survivability Report May 1983 CSS Status Report April 1984 Final Report of the CSS Task Force December 1989 Final Report of the CSS Task Force Appendix A Technical Subgroup Report December 1989 Final Report of the CSS Task Force Appendix B Operational Subgroup Report December 1989 Final Report of the CSS Task Force Appendix C International Subgroup Report December 1989 Satellite Report March 2004 NSTAC Report to the President on Commercial Communications Reliance on the Global Positioning System February 2008 24 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Global Positioning System Working Group Membership Intelsat Limited Mr Richard DalBello Chair The Boeing Company Mr Marc Johansen Vice-Chair Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr James Bean Vice-Chair 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues Rockwell Collins Incorporated Mr Ken Kato Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr Roger Higgins Global Positioning System Working Group Government Participants Department of Homeland Security Mr Kelvin Coleman AT T Incorporated Mr Thomas Hughes Ms Rosemary Leffler Bank of America Corporation Mr Roger Callahan The Boeing Company Mr William Patrick Reiner Mr Robert Steele Intelsat Limited Mr Sterling Winn Lockheed Martin Corporation Mr Allen Dayton National Cable Telecommunications Association Mr Andy Scott Qwest Communications International Incorporated Ms Diana Gowen Mr Thomas Snee Science Applications International Corporation Mr Hank Kluepfel Sprint Nextel Corporation Mr Lee Fitzsimmons Ms Allison Growney Mr John Stogoski Raytheon Company Mr Bill Russ 25 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Network Security Investigation Group Period of Activity Network Security Scoping Group September 2007 – May 2008 Issue Background The interest in and concern about network and ecosystem security is increasing in the national security and emergency preparedness NS EP communications intelligence and defense communities as well as in agencies across the Federal Government Technological advances brought upon by the convergence of wireless wireline and Internet Protocol networks as well as increasing threats from more sophisticated adversaries are shifting the way the Government will need to respond to ensure NS EP communications services priority and reconstitution The United States’ Information and Communications Technology ICT infrastructure is increasingly targeted for exploitation and potentially for disruption or destruction by a growing number of state and non-state adversaries As cyber attacks and exploitation activity against U S networks have increased significantly and become more targeted and serious there is a need to address the security of U S networks Additionally there is a necessity to provide a complementary coordinated approach to critical infrastructure and key resources protection History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC principals emphasized the importance of reevaluating network security issues at the 2007 NSTAC Meeting Specifically members highlighted the complexity of global network security noting that the increasingly global interdependent and converged network environment has resulted in new challenges and threats for NS EP communications The NSTAC established its Network Security Scoping Group NSSG at the September 20 2007 NSTAC Industry Executive Subcommittee working session to 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues scope future NSTAC work in the area of network security The NSSG performed two primary analytical exercises as part of its investigation 1 a study of current and previous NSTAC Federal Government and standards-making bodies’ activities in the area network security and 2 a comprehensive listing of network security issues of concern to the NSTAC in the form of a terms of reference document The NSSG collaborated with the Executive Office of the President EOP to leverage its guidance and expertise in order to identify specific issue areas of immediate concern for further investigation In accordance with the National Security Presidential Directive 51 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 20 National Continuity Policy the NSSG coordinated with the EOP to focus on specific areas of the national ICT framework that support critical Government functions These functions are primarily responsible for ensuring that national security protection resources are maintained during a catastrophic emergency The NSSG identified three main areas of immediate concern in the area of network security ff “Core Network Security” issues pertain to the potential strengths and weaknesses of the core network The Nation’s communications core networks are a collection of multiple service providers’ networks that provide a high level of redundancy and availability of service due to interoperability and service agreements Congestion is a key issue for moving traffic in the core Congestion can be caused by failures of network segments which push additional traffic onto other routes as well as by malicious data flooding on network segments commonly called “denial of service attacks” or “botnet attacks ” Concerns about the operation of the core network revolve around ensuring service availability accurate delivery of content and security of information being delivered ff “End-to-End Network Defense” relates to meeting NS EP requirements and undertaking network defense in the extremely complex next generation networks NGN ecosystem where endpoints 27 Active Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review users applications services and networks are neither homogenous nor managed by a single entity While the NGN environment enables a variety of users and devices to more conveniently access the network it also presents more sources of vulnerability In this diverse landscape stronger mechanisms for ensuring trust and network management is needed to defend the end-to-end cyber ecosystem ff “Design Issues” include latent failure modes in network equipment The design of network equipment involves people and processes and potential corruption can occur at the various stages The latent failure modes deal with undocumented characteristics not discovered during functional acceptance testing These modes can result from incomplete or mistaken interpretation of the specification or malicious software or hardware capabilities skillfully hidden within the gear The key issue in this area is the ability to maintain the authenticity of the supply chain process which is extremely difficult with the evolving open connectivity and diversity of devices on the network The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The Boeing Company Mr Robert Steele Computer Sciences Corporation Mr Guy Copeland Juniper Networks Incorporated Mr Bob Dix Qwest Communications International Incorporated Ms Kathryn Condello Mr Tom Snee Raytheon Company Mr Frank Newell Telecordia Technologies Inc Ms Louise Tucker Science Applications International Corporation Mr Henry Kluepfel Sprint Nextel Corporation Ms Allison Growney Mr John Stogoski The NSSG presented the three issue area scoping documents at the 2008 NSTAC Meeting Unisys Corporation Mr Rick Roach Network Security Scoping Group Membership Other Network Security Scoping Group Participants Nortel Networks Corporation Dr Jack Edwards Chair AT T Incorporated Ms Rosemary Leffler Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr Jim Bean Vice Chair Mr Marcus Sachs Department of Defense Mr Anthony Bargar Microsoft Corporation Mr Jerry Cochran Vice Chair Department of Homeland Security Office of Infrastructure Protection Ms Cristina Watson AT T Incorporated Mr Tom Hughes EWA ITT Mr Michael Aisenberg Bank of America Corporation Mr Roger Callahan Federal Communications Commission Mr Richard Hovey 28 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Active Issues Science Applications International Corporation Mr Mark Lauver Sprint Nextel Mr Lee Fitzsimmons Unisys Corporation Mr Paul NiCandri USTelecom Mr Anthony Jones VeriSign Mr William Gravell Network Security Scoping Group Government Participants Department of Homeland Security Ms Sue Daage 29 msazm 5 8 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Standing Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Legislation and Regulation ff Assessment of Federal Critical Infrastructure Recommendations Investigation Group Period of Activity ff Information Sharing Funding and Regulatory Working Group December 1982 – December 1994 ff Transition to the Year 2000 ff Wireless Communications Legislative and Regulatory Group December 1994 – September 1999 Legislative and Regulatory Working Group September 1999 – February 2001 ff Convergence ff Foreign Ownership ff Cyber Crime Legislative and Regulatory Task Force February 2001 – Present Issue Background Laws and regulations govern the relationship between the Government and the public and provide the framework under which public and private entities conduct business Within the evolving telecommunications environment it is essential that legislation and regulation keep pace with technological changes to ensure continued fulfillment of national security and emergency preparedness NS EP requirements It is within this context that the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC review legal and regulatory activities that could impact NS EP services operations and communications and considers areas for which there is a need for further legislative and regulatory action History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The investigation of legislative and regulatory issues of consequence to NS EP communications comprises a key focus for the NSTAC Over the course of its existence the committee has examined the implications of numerous important topics including ff Telecommunications Act of 1996 Telecom Act ff Widespread Telecommunications Outages ff National Services Planning Process ff Potential Policy Conflicts with Homeland Security and NS EP Missions ff Open Source Information ff Support Anti-terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies SAFETY Act ff Defense Production Act DPA ff Legislative Concerns Associated with the 2005 Hurricane Season ff Telecommunications Circuit Route Diversity Policy ff Protected Critical Infrastructure Information ff Department of Homeland Security DHS Organization and ff Cyber and Network Security Policies A description of the NSTAC’s activities in each of these areas as well as the evolution of the task force follows Task Force Evolution At its inaugural meeting in December 1982 the NSTAC established the Funding and Regulatory Working Group FRWG to examine funding alternatives and regulatory issues for candidate enhancements to NS EP telecommunications The FRWG remained active to address additional issues of 33 Standing Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review a legislative and regulatory nature until 1994 when the committee decided to stand down the group until further issues arose requiring consideration The NSTAC later amended the name of the FRWG to the Legislative and Regulatory Group LRG that same year per the guidance outlined in the December 1994 NSTAC Industry Executive Subcommittee IES Guidelines however it did not re-activate the LRG again until January 1997 following the passage of the landmark Telecom Act Between 1997 and 2001 NSTAC renamed the LRG as the Legislative and Regulatory Working Group LRWG and tasked its members to serve as an ad hoc group to investigate issues and serve as a supplementary body to NSTAC task forces In February 2001 the committee again amended the task force’s name to the Legislative and Regulatory Task Force LRTF and formally established it as a standing body of the NSTAC Telecommunications Act of 1996 As the first major overhaul of telecommunications policy since 1934 the Telecom Act redefined competition and regulation in virtually every sector of the communications industry In response to passage of the Telecom Act and the resultant evolving telecommunications environment the NSTAC charged the LRG to examine legislative regulatory and judicial actions that potentially impact NS EP telecommunications placing particular emphasis on monitoring implementation of the Act In addressing this charge the LRG established a framework for analysis and in January 1997 began working closely with industry and Government to develop a common understanding of the NS EP implications of the new law Based on the analysis conducted by the task force the NSTAC found that the Telecom Act did not alter carrier responsibilities for the provision of NS EP services However the committee determined that continued change in the regulatory and industry structure warranted increased educational outreach efforts for new entrants and existing carriers with regard to their mandatory and voluntary obligations 34 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Widespread Telecommunications Outages At NSTAC XIX in March 1997 the Assistant to the President for Science and Technology asked the NSTAC to investigate the possibility of a widespread telecommunications outage Subsequently the LRG analyzed the legal and regulatory obstacles that would hinder service restoration during widespread major service outages As a result the NSTAC presented its related findings in its December 1997 report discussed during NSTAC XX The NSTAC found the most significant legal and regulatory obstacle to be the apparent uncertainty about who could expeditiously address carriers’ concerns regarding their compliance with relevant laws or regulations during emergency situations To further address this finding the NSTAC charged the LRG to examine options for enhancing communication on NS EP matters among industry the Federal Communications Commission FCC and other relevant Government organizations To that end the LRG investigated the role of the FCC Defense Commissioner investigated the need for an NS EP industry advisory body to the FCC on these issues documented the intergovernmental relationships between the FCC the National Communications System NCS and the Office of Science and Technology Policy with regard to NS EP responsibilities and worked jointly with the NSTAC’s Network Group’s Widespread Outage Subgroup to draft procedural guidelines to help telecommunications carriers resolve issues with the FCC when critical emergency telecommunications services needed to be restored in a timely manner National Services Planning Process In July 1997 the Network Reliability and Interoperability Council NRIC provided the FCC with a series of recommendations aimed at improving the planning process for National Services and deployable telecommunications services intended or required on a national or regional basis The NSTAC agreed that a National Services planning process as conceived by the NRIC could serve as an effective means for promoting NS EP telecommunications requirements Consequently the committee tasked the LRG to assess what actions the NSTAC should take to ensure that industry and Government consider NS EP requirements The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee during the National Services planning process During discussion at NSTAC XX the committee reviewed the task force’s findings and recommended that the IES continue to assess the development of the NRIC’s national services recommendations Following NSTAC XX the LRG established the National Services Subgroup to study the feasibility of defining NS EP telecommunications functions as National Services The subgroup submitted its National Services Subgroup White Paper to NSTAC XXI in September 1998 geared to facilitating public awareness of selected NS EP-critical telecommunications functions and capabilities The white paper also promoted the continued consideration of NS EP telecommunications service objectives by industry and Government during the future deployment of NS EP national services Assessment of Federal Critical Infrastructure Recommendations In October 1997 the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection PCCIP released its final report and recommendations on protecting the Nation’s critical infrastructures including the telecommunications infrastructure Following NSTAC XX the NSTAC charged the LRG to review the potential legislative and regulatory implications for NS EP telecommunications as a result of the PCCIP’s recommendations To address its charge the LRG conducted a preliminary analysis of Presidential Decision Directive PDD 63 Critical Infrastructure Protection which the President issued on May 22 1998 to support the PCCIP recommendations and to establish a national policy to eliminate vulnerabilities in the Nation’s critical infrastructures Based on the LRG’s findings the committee requested that the IES undertake a more detailed assessment of the planned implementation of PDD-63 and report back to it regularly on progress made Information Sharing Following NSTAC XXI and in response to information sharing policy outlined in PDD‑63 the NSTAC tasked the LRG to identify and assess the legal and regulatory obstacles to sharing outage and intrusion information To that end the LRG determined that identification and discussion of existing and proposed NS EP-related outage and intrusion information 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Standing Issues sharing mechanisms could provide additional insights to assist the group in assessing critical information sharing issues particularly those associated with the implementation of PDD-63 As a result and to better understand the information sharing environment and the entities involved in the process the NSTAC developed its Report on Telecommunications Outage and Intrusion Information Sharing which outlined the entities with whom telecommunications companies shared outage and intrusion information and reviewed potential legal barriers that could ultimately inhibit the information sharing process During NSTAC XXIII the NSTAC through its LRWG again examined information sharing issues—this time focusing on the impediments to information exchange especially critical infrastructure information CII sharing As a result the LRWG undertook an in-depth analysis of The Freedom of Information Act FOIA examining FOIA’s potential to hinder industry information sharing with the Government FOIA permits the public to request and gain access to records that Government departments and agencies maintain the disclosure of which could deter industry from sharing further information with the Government Although there are a number of exemptions to FOIA’s requirements for disclosure of information none of the exemptions clearly cover information pertaining to critical infrastructure protection CIP The LRWG met several times with Department of Justice DOJ officials to exchange views on perceived problems including liability and antitrust concerns and potential legal solutions As a result of the LRWG’s deliberations the NSTAC agreed with DOJ representatives on the need for a nondisclosure provision to protect “security-related” information voluntarily shared with the Government The LRWG shared its analysis with the NSTAC’s Information Sharing-CIP Task Force which addressed both the technical and legal and regulatory FOIA issues in its May 2000 Report on Information Sharing-Critical Infrastructure Protection The NSTAC furthered its information sharing work during the NSTAC XXIV and XXV cycles During this time the committee requested the LRTF to examine pending FOIA legislation from the 106th and 107th 35 Standing Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Congresses and to work with Congressional staff to determine the status and outlook of the legislation In response to the analysis conducted by the LRTF the NSTAC delivered a letter to President Bill Clinton on August 7 2000 requesting his support on legislation that would protect CIP information voluntarily shared with the Government from disclosure under FOIA and limit liability Following the NSTAC XXIV Meeting in June 2001 the NSTAC acknowledged the continued importance of the topic and resubmitted the letter to President George W Bush asking him to support such legislation On September 26 2001 President Bush replied that he supported a narrowly drafted exception to FOIA to protect information about corporations’ and other organizations’ vulnerabilities to information warfare and malicious hacking In a December 17 2001 letter to the President the NSTAC encouraged the President to continue to support information sharing legislation The LRTF continued to examine information sharing in the NSTAC XXVI and NSTAC XXVII cycles as well During these cycles Congress passed the CII Act which provided additional FOIA and liability protections for companies that voluntarily share critical infrastructure information with DHS Following enactment of the CII Act the NSTAC requested the LRTF to assess whether additional information sharing barriers remained and to examine other legal and non-legal barriers for the purposes of homeland security As a result of the LRTF’s analysis the NSTAC drafted its Barriers to Information Sharing Report in which it made a series of recommendations for improving the exchange of CII between industry and Government and for protecting voluntary CII that critical infrastructure owners and operators provide to the Government The CII Act called for the creation of a CIP program within DHS that would protect CII provided to the Department from public disclosure under FOIA and other mechanisms On April 15 2003 DHS published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking NPRM in the Federal Register on Procedures for Handling CII Given the implications for information sharing between the public and private sectors the LRTF began evaluating the NPRM and the program it proposed DHS issued its final rule on Procedures for 36 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Handling CII on September 1 2006 establishing the Protected CII PCII Program Office LRTF members noted many laudable provisions but remained concerned that the final rule was not sufficiently specific on whether information provided DHS under contract would receive PCII protections The task force requested the PCII Program Office provide clarification on this point The Year 2000 Readiness and Disclosure Act In 1998 with the nearing arrival of the new century the NSTAC tasked the LRG to examine relevant communications-related year 2000 Y2K issues particularly the success of the Year 2000 Readiness and Disclosure Act Y2K Act in urging greater information sharing within industry In response the LRG sent a letter to the NSTAC’s IES representatives seeking their companies’ comments on the Y2K Act and any additional legislative or regulatory actions that could facilitate Y2K-related information sharing and remediation Per request by the President’s Council on Y2K Conversion the NSTAC forwarded a summary of the committee’s findings in February 1999 Wireless Communications During NSTAC XXII the NSTAC charged the LRG to identify the barriers to the issuance of wireless telecommunications priority access rules by the FCC and to evaluate NSTAC’s level of continued support of the Cellular Priority Access Services now referred to as the Wireless Priority Service WPS During the course of the LRG’s examination the group learned that the NCS planned to implement a new approach for providing wireless priority access based on channel reservation causing the NSTAC to conclude its study However during NSTAC XXVI the LRTF again engaged in wireless communications issues when the Wireless Task Force requested assistance from the LRTF in assessing the legal and regulatory aspects of the FCC Report Order R O on Priority Access Service PAS The LRTF reviewed the R O and after carefully considering the merits of reopening the PAS rulemaking the task force concluded that revisiting the rules would be a lengthy process and could unintentionally slow the deployment of WPS As a result the NSTAC sent a letter to the President 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Standing Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee offering recommendations on how to facilitate the widespread deployment of wireless PAS In the letter the NSTAC commended the FCC for adopting a Second R O for PAS which indicates that carriers providing PAS shall have liability immunity from Section 202 of the Communications Act of 1934 The letter also stated that the FCC and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration should accelerate ongoing efforts to improve interoperability among Federal State and local public safety communications agencies The letter further encouraged the Administration to support full and adequate Federal funding for wireless PAS Convergence During NSTAC XXII the LRG reviewed convergence issues in light of legislative regulatory and judicial actions that might affect existing and future public networks and potentially impact NS EP telecommunications The LRG’s preliminary analysis of convergence revealed no significant implications for NS EP telecommunications During the NSTAC XXV cycle the NSTAC tasked the LRTF to undertake a further analysis of convergence issues examining whether the current legal and regulatory environment was adequate to ensure NS EP services in the converged and next generation networks NGN environment To accomplish its tasking the LRTF coordinated with participants in the Government’s Convergence Task Force to discuss the status of the Government’s work in the area of network convergence and the assurance of NS EP communications services The LRTF concluded that until the standards for packet-based services were established and the Government’s requirements in the evolving environment were certain new legislation or regulation was premature The task force also stated that the legal issues underlying the provisioning of NS EP priority services to the Federal Government in an NGN environment were extremely complex and might require further study Based on the convergence analysis conducted by the LRTF and the Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Task Force the NSTAC issued its Report on Network Security Vulnerability Assessments in March 2002 Foreign Ownership During NSTAC XXIII the NSTAC engaged the LRWG to conduct an examination of foreign ownership regulations and their possible impact on NS EP communications The task force examined domestic regulatory history and analyzed several mergers and acquisitions between domestic and foreign telecommunications carriers ultimately finding that the current regulatory structure satisfied the different interests of the industry and Government parties involved The LRWG concluded that it was unclear whether further statutory or regulatory changes would effectively enhance the role of national security issues in foreign ownership situations at that time The LRWG documented its findings in a working group paper and shared its analysis with the NSTAC’s Globalization Task Force GTF Based on the analysis conducted by the LRWG and the GTF the NSTAC issued its Globalization Report in May 2000 Cyber Crime At the request of the NSTAC during cycle XXVI the LRTF examined existing legal penalties for committing Internet attacks to determine whether those penalties should be strengthened or whether additional penalties were needed In its Report on Penalties for Internet Attacks and Cyber Crime the NSTAC concluded sufficient legal authority exists to penalize and deter those who commit cyber crimes The NSTAC also made additional recommendations for pursuing a well-rounded and proactive approach to combating cyber crime Potential Policy Conflicts with Homeland Security and NS EP Missions During the NSTAC XXVII cycle and in response to an NSTAC request the LRTF reviewed the policy landscape for national policies and regulations that could potentially conflict with homeland security and NS EP missions More specifically the LRTF examined telecommunications policy conflicts related to fuel storage water sector infrastructure critical facilities markings jurisdictional conflicts and common underground facilities The task force determined that policy conflicts existed due to the existence of overlapping and contradictory policies and regulations at the Federal State and local levels 37 Standing Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review In response to the LRTF’s analysis the NSTAC sent a letter to President Bush in October 2003 recommending that he ask the Homeland Security Council the National Security Council and Federal departments and executive agencies including independent agencies to undertake several activities These activities included evaluating proposed policies and regulations to ensure that homeland security and NS EP implications have been consolidated completing a review of existing policies and regulations for potential cross-sector conflicts with homeland security and NS EP priorities and working with DHS to promptly resolve any identified conflicts and implementing a framework to resolve multijurisdictional Federal State and local conflicts and if necessary recommend an appropriate legislative resolution Open Source Information In response to concerns that terrorists or other motivated adversaries could easily access sensitive information such as the location of critical telecommunications facilities on the Internet and use this information to plan an attack on the Nation’s telecommunications infrastructure the NSTAC tasked the LRTF to undertake an analysis of open source information The LRTF completed its analysis during the NSTAC XXVIII cycle and on April 8 2005 the NSTAC sent a letter to President Bush recommending various activities including the development and adoption of Web publishing and access guidelines by the Federal Government incorporating provisions that protect industry‑sensitive CII provided to the Government and the promulgation of Web publishing and access guidelines for dealing with sensitive but unclassified CII The LRTF’s work on open source information continued during the NSTAC XXIX cycle when the NSTAC during the March 10 2005 Principals’ Conference Call requested that the LRTF address the concern of open source information on academic web sites and report back to them about the advisability of scoping this issue After conducting its analysis the LRTF reported back to the Principals that the issue did not require further scoping 38 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee SAFETY Act During the NSTAC XXVIII cycle the LRTF initiated an examination of the NS EP telecommunications implications of the implementation of the SAFETY Act at the request of the committee The LRTF continued to monitor the implementation of the SAFETY Act in the NSTAC XXIX cycle reporting to the NSTAC periodically on the status of the efforts Defense Production Act During NSTAC XXVIII the NSTAC commissioned the LRTF to begin an examination of the NS EP implications of the DPA and the proposed amendments to the Act and to Executive Order E O 12919 National Defense Industrial Resources Preparedness During the NSTAC XXIX cycle the task force agreed to continue to monitor potential amendments to the DPA and to E O 12919 to ensure essential NS EP needs are met in any revision to law Legislative Concerns Associated with the 2005 Hurricane Season The 2005 hurricane season defined many of the committee’s legislative and regulatory priorities during the NSTAC XXIX cycle The Government’s response to Hurricanes Katrina Rita and Wilma prompted the NSTAC to request assistance from the LRTF to review the legal and regulatory environment in which Federal response took place The LRTF analysis revealed that several legislative mechanisms needed revision including the Robert T Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Stafford Act which the committee felt did not adequately provide assistance to telecommunications infrastructure providers TIP in disasters The task force also determined that difficulties carriers faced in obtaining security fuel water site access and billeting for workers could be mitigated if the Federal Government created a designation for “Emergency Responders Private Sector ” and included TIPs in that category Accordingly the NSTAC sent a letter to President Bush advising him to act no later than June 1 2006 to establish and codify the term “emergency responder private sector ” to include TIPs and ensure they receive non-monetary assistance including accessing restricted areas and obtaining fuel water power billeting and workforce and asset security by The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ff Directing DHS to modify the National Response Plan and its emergency support functions to designate TIPs as Emergency Responders Private Sector and to establish protocols and procedures for the way in which Federal State local and tribal Governments should work with TIPs before during and after a national disaster ff Issuing appropriate Presidential guidance to define Emergency Responders Private Sector under the Stafford Act and other authorities as appropriate to align with the broadened definition of national defense in the 2003 amendments to the DPA Specifically the guidance should make clear that key response personnel of critical telecommunications infrastructure owners and operators should be defined as Emergency Responders Private Sector and should receive non-monetary Federal assistance under the Stafford Act and ff Directing the Secretary of Homeland Security to work with Congress to align the Stafford Act and other appropriate legislative authorities with the DPA by codifying the designation of private sector TIPs as Emergency Responders Private Sector and by codifying the official interpretation that for-profit TIPs should receive Federal assistance Telecommunications Circuit Route Diversity Policy In April 2004 the NSTAC recommended the President direct appropriate departments and agencies to support the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ATIS National Diversity Assurance Initiative NDAI which sought to examine diversity assurance and ways to ensure it is maintained over time as well as best practices for NS EP organizations In its February 2006 final report on the NDAI ATIS found that because circuit diversity assurance cannot be offered as a commercially viable product the Government should revise existing Federal guidance on contingency planning and continuity of operations The LRTF agreed with the ATIS findings and during the NSTAC XXX cycle evaluated methods for disseminating the NDAI recommendations to NS EP stakeholders 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Standing Issues Cyber and Network Security Policy Issues During Summer 2007 the LRTF began an examination of the May 2007 Distributed Denial of Service DDoS cyber attacks against the Republic of Estonia While the attacks methods and technologies were typical of similar attacks the incident drew the attention of the international community because it was the first time attackers contributed to successfully disrupting a significant portion of a nation state’s networks Furthermore Estonian officials initially speculated that the attack may have been state‑sponsored raising questions of “cyber warfare ” though those assertions remain unproven The Estonia incident reaffirmed the conclusions in the NSTAC Report on International Communications that cybersecurity incident response requires more formal collaboration among the United States and its international partners which must be seamless and able to occur within a very short time frame The LRTF also found that an Estonian-like DDoS attack may not have a similar impact here in the United States as Estonia is almost totally dependent on the Internet for business-to-business and consumer-to-business interface with little brick and mortar or alternate means of service provision available to the citizenry The United States by comparison is not as Internet‑dependent Additionally U S service providers are able to re‑route traffic control bandwidth and address traffic as necessary on a customer‑specific basis to limit the impact of such attacks As the LRTF was conducting its examination the Office of the Director of National Intelligence ODNI released an Annual Threat Assessment describing the increasing number of cyber attacks against U S networks and the vulnerabilities of the Nation’s information infrastructure ODNI stated that the “ U S information infrastructure…increasingly is being targeted for exploitation and potentially for disruption or destruction by a growing array of state and non-state adversaries… ODNI assesses that nations including Russia and China have the technical capabilities to target and disrupt elements of the U S information infrastructure and for intelligence collection ” The LRTF believes that the 39 Standing Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review ODNI statement signals a paradigm shift in Federal network security and defense practices by asserting that sovereign nations are targeting U S networks The cyber attacks against Estonia and the Government’s new initiatives will likely have several implications on U S cybersecurity and defense policies As the Government takes steps to lay out its new approach to cybersecurity and cyber defense the LRTF remains ready to help analyze any necessary changes to the legal and policy framework Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations In the Barriers to Information Sharing Report the NSTAC advised the President that DHS should be the clearinghouse and dispenser of CII information and that CII Act protections should cover departments and agencies other than DHS In a related action on February 18 2004 DHS launched the PCII Program pursuant to the CII Act The PCII Program Office is part of the DHS Infrastructure Partnerships Division and serves as the clearinghouse and dispenser of CII On October 28 2003 in response to the NSTAC’s Letter to President Bush on National Policies and Regulations that Conflict with Homeland Security and NS EP Missions the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security confirmed that the staff of the Executive Office of the President had been tasked to convene a meeting with the other White House stakeholders to review the recommendations in the NSTAC’s letter and to analyze their impact to NS EP communications Furthermore the FCC’s Independent Panel Reviewing the Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Communications Networks released its Report and Recommendations to the FCC on June 12 2006 which endorsed NSTAC’s recommendation that telecommunications infrastructure providers be afforded emergency responder status under the Stafford Act In July 2006 Secretary Michael Chertoff confirmed to the NSTAC that DHS officials had been working closely with Congress to ensure that the committee’s emergency responder provisions would be sufficiently addressed in future legislation to be formally introduced by the Senate In addition DHS announced it had developed 40 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee in partnership with Federal State and local government entities as well as a private sector company an access standard operating procedure SOP to ensure that private critical infrastructure responders have priority access to disaster areas The access SOP had been adopted by the State of Georgia and has been distributed to a broader community including the Homeland Security Advisors and the National Association of Regulatory Commissioners Furthermore Section 607 of the Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of 2006 which was signed into law on October 13 2006 amends the Stafford Act by providing a list of essential services whose providers may be defined as “essential service providers ” Congress listed privately owned telecommunications among these services and declared that Federal agencies may not prevent essential service providers from accessing disaster sites or otherwise impede their efforts to conduct response and recovery of the telecommunications infrastructure “to the greatest extent practicable ” In addition as the NCS develops supporting documents for the National Response Framework such as the 15 planning scenarios and SOPs it will provide input regarding access security and fuel support for industry essential service providers The NCS will also include these issues in other documents it produces including the Emergency Support Function 2 Operations Plan and Job Aids Reports Issued Legislative and Regulatory Group Report December 1997 Legislative and Regulatory Group Report September 1998 Procedure for Problem Resolution with the Federal Communications Commission and the National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications During Emergency Telecommunications Disruptions September 1998 National Services Subgroup White Paper September 1998 Legislative and Regulatory Group Report June 1999 Telecommunications Outage and Intrusion Information Sharing Report June 1999 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Standing Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Letter to President Bill Clinton on Protection of Critical Infrastructure Information August 7 2000 Juniper Networks Mr Robert Dix Letter to President George W Bush on Protection of Critical Infrastructure Information June 2001 Lockheed Martin Ms Jennifer Warren NSTAC Report on Penalties for Internet Attacks and Cyber Crime April 2003 Microsoft Corporation Ms Cristin Flynn Goodwin NSTAC Report on the Barriers to Information Sharing September 2003 Nortel Networks Dr Jack Edwards Letter to President George W Bush on National Policies and Regulations that Conflict with Homeland Security and NS EP Missions October 16 2003 Northrop Grumman Corporation Mr Bruce Walker Letter and Addendum to President George W Bush on Open Source Critical Infrastructure Information April 8 2005 Letter and Report to President George W Bush on Federal Support to Telecommunications Infrastructure Providers During National Emergencies Designation as Emergency Responders Private Sector January 31 2006 Qwest Communications International Incorporated Ms Kathryn Condello Rockwell Collins Incorporated Mr Ken Kato Science Applications International Corporation Mr Hank Kluepfel U S Policy Considerations of the 2007 Cyber Attacks Against Estonia White Paper 2008 in progress Verisign Mr William Gravell NSTAC 2007–2008 Legislative and Regulatory Task Force Membership Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr James Bean Telcordia Technologies Incorporated Ms Louise Tucker Chair Other Legislative and Regulatory Task Force Industry Participants Sprint Nextel Corporation Mr Michael Fingerhut Vice Chair AT T Incorporated Mr Tom Hughes AT T Incorporated Ms Rosemary Leffler Bank of America Corporation Mr Timothy Nagle Mr Chris Stockley Bank of America Corporation Mr Roger Callahan The Boeing Company Mr Robert Steele Computer Sciences Corporation Mr Guy Copeland George Washington University Dr Jack Oslund Microsoft Corporation Mr Paul Nichols Mr Phil Reitinger 41 Standing Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Nortel Networks Mr Ray Strasbourg Qwest Communications International Incorporated Mr Thomas Snee Science Applications International Corporation Mr Henry Kluepfel Sprint Nextel Corporation Ms Maria Catafesta Ms Allison Growney Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr Michael Hickey Mr Marcus Sachs Legislative and Regulatory Task Force Briefers Department of Homeland Security Mr Rafael Nunez Department of Justice Mr Howard Cox Mr Donald Good Ms Mona Spivack Wildman Harrold Allen and Dixon LLP Mr William Cook Center for Strategic and International Studies Mr Jim Lewis National Academies Dr John Eisenberg Legislative and Regulatory Task Force Government Participants Department of Defense Ms Hillary Morgan Department of Energy Mr John Greenhill Department of Homeland Security Ms Christina Watson 42 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Federal Reserve Board Mr Wayne Pacine The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Research and Development Investigation Group Period of Activity Network Security Task Force February 1990 – August 1992 Network Security Group December 1994 – April 1997 Network Group Intrusion Detection Subgroup April 1997 – September 1999 Research and Development Exchange Task Force April 1997 – September 1999 Research and Development Task Force July 2003 – Present Issue Background Communications and information technology research and development R D advances the digital technologies that power critical national security and emergency preparedness NS EP capabilities A strong collaborative R D program advances the resilience of telecommunications and information systems Therefore the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC examines areas for future development and seeks to enhance coordination between the public and private sectors and the academic research community 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Standing Issues broad number of private sector companies academic institutions and key Government agencies with NS EP and or R D responsibilities such as the Office of Science and Technology Policy OSTP the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA the Department of Homeland Security DHS Science and Technology S T directorate and the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Over the course of the workshop participants endeavor to frame key policy issues identify and characterize barriers and impediments inhibiting R D discuss how stakeholders can cooperate and coordinate efforts as the communities of interest shift and develop specific and realistic recommendations for further action by key stakeholders and decision makers The RDX Workshops date back to 1990 when the growing prevalence of hacker incidents led to the formation of the NSTAC’s Network Security Task Force NSTF The task force’s purpose was to assess the threats to and the vulnerabilities of the public switched telephone network A key component of the task force’s work included examining R D issues related to security with a particular emphasis on improving commercially applicable tools In mid-1991 the NSTF identified six areas in which R D on commercially applicable security tools was needed and asked the Government to share information about its R D efforts in those areas The subsequent briefings provided by representatives of the National Security Agency and NIST to the NSTAC which constituted the NSTAC’s first RDX Workshop demonstrated that Government already had R D efforts under way in all of those areas History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations Periodically the Research and Development Task Force RDTF of the NSTAC’s Industry Executive Subcommittee IES conducts its Research and Development Exchange RDX Workshop the broad purpose of which is to stimulate and facilitate a dialogue among industry Government and academia on emerging security technology R D activities that have the potential to both positively and negatively affect the NS EP posture of the Nation To ensure inclusion of all stakeholders in the R D community the RDTF traditionally invites representatives from a NSTAC R D activities gained momentum again in March 1996 when the NSTAC’s Network Security Group NSG facilitated a seminar for industry and Government to discuss network security R D activities and issues The purpose of the seminar was threefold 1 provide a common understanding of network security problems affecting NS EP telecommunications 2 identify R D activities in progress to address those problems and 3 identify additional network security R D activities needed 43 Standing Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review The NSG identified four areas of interest for further investigation from the seminar—authentication intrusion detection integrity and access control—upon which it conducted the second RDX Workshop on September 18 1996 Because the objective was to facilitate meaningful discussion among participants participation at the workshop was limited to 50 people representing 15 companies and 11 Government organizations including one federally funded research and development center The committee limited industry representation to NSTAC member companies only In 1997 in response to a number of stimuli including the recommendations from the 1996 RDX Workshop the Network Group NG —formerly the NSG— conducted a study of intrusion detection technology R D and analyzed it in terms of meeting NS EP requirements As a result of the analysis the NSTAC made four recommendations to the President including the need to increase R D funding for control systems of critical infrastructures and to encourage cooperative development programs to maximize the use of existing R D resources in industry Government and academia The NSTAC’s recommendations reinforced prior committee recommendations to examine the need for and feasibility of collaborative R D approaches for security technology It also provided the basis for the concept of the third RDX Workshop Enhancing Network Security Technology R D Collaboration held in October 1998 at Purdue University’s Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance IA and Security to examine collaborative approaches to security technology R D The participants which for the first time included members of the academic community also discussed the need to train more information technology IT security professionals create large-scale test beds to test security products and solutions and promote the creation of IA Centers of Excellence in academia Deliberations at the RDX Workshop at Purdue University resulted in several findings and recommendations for future industry Government and academia work Discussions also noted three recommendations for future NSTAC consideration including the need to “conduct another R D Exchange in the spring of 2000 44 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee to continue the dialogue on the long-term issues associated with infrastructure assurance and network security ” such as new threats and convergence The third RDX Workshop also provided the model for all future workshops Held at the University of Tulsa in September 2000 the fourth RDX Workshop examined issues of transparent security in a converged and distributed network environment Attendees discussed the need to address the shortage of qualified information security professionals expand the number of universities participating in the IA Centers of Excellence program and promote best practices standards and protection profiles to enhance the security of the NGN Findings and recommendations from the workshop included the establishment of NSTAC task forces to address standards and best practices for network security The fifth workshop held in March 2003 at the Georgia Tech Information Security Center GTISC at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta Georgia explored the full range of telecommunications and information systems trustworthiness issues as they pertained to NS EP telecommunications systems Specifically the attendees examined trustworthiness from four different perspectives cyber and software security physical security integration issues and human factors From this event the RDTF developed seven specific findings including the need to clearly define the term NS EP in a post-September 11 2001 world characterized by a rapidly changing technology and threat environment and the need for a large-scale testbed that could be used as an environment to test NS EP systems and critical infrastructures To directly address the findings from the 2003 RDX Workshop during the NSTAC XXVII cycle the RDTF developed a “living” discussion paper providing the background for the policy components of the evolving definition of NS EP The RDTF also examined several large-scale public and private testbeds reviewing their capacity to test the telecommunications and information systems infrastructures for NS EP purposes As a result the NSTAC finalized recommendations for a joint collaborative distributed industry Government and 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Standing Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee academia pilot testbed that could advance the current state of NS EP and critical infrastructure protection integration activities analysis that determined the best role for the NSTAC is to continue to monitor and examine the development of IdM standards in the international community The sixth workshop held in Monterey California in October 2004 reconsidered the R D issues associated with trustworthy NS EP telecommunications addressed at the 2003 RDX Workshop and examined progress made unfinished work and new challenges Participants again focused on major cyber and software physical human factor and integration research issue areas and discussed the need for information exchange and collaboration efforts within the R D community The task force began preparations for the 2008 RDX Workshop to be held at the Motorola Inc facilities in Schaumburg Illinois on September 25–26 2008 Tentative topics for discussion include identity management emergency communications response networks defending cyberspace and converging and emerging technologies At the 2004 RDX Workshop participants resoundingly agreed that embedding strong ubiquitous authentication and identity management technologies into future networks was critically important As a result of this discussion the NSTAC is currently evaluating whether it should conduct an analysis of identity management security concerns unique to NS EP telecommunications The seventh and first-ever international workshop in Ottawa Ontario Canada in September 2006 focused on international multilateral collaborative R D to enhance security on the network Participants explored and prioritized critical issues related to international collaboration on communications and cyber R D that enhanced preparedness and security Participants identified and characterized barriers and impediments inhibiting multilateral collaborative research investments and discussed how international stakeholders can cooperate and capitalize on collective advancements As a result of the discussions the NSTAC began to conduct intense analysis of identity management IdM security concerns and increase education and awareness of the subject and strengthen collaboration amongst nations in regards to Research and Development initiatives During the 2007–2008 cycle the RDTF focused on analyzing IdM to determine the impact on NS EP communications The task force developed an NSTAC working definition of IdM and an inventory of existing IdM-related activities in the private and government sectors The RDTF performed a gap Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations Following the 2003 RDX Workshop in Atlanta Georgia the RDTF provided the Director OSTP with policy advice on specific areas of security technology R D that should be taken into account when providing input to the President’s fiscal year 2004 budget request The RDTF also provided its NS EP Definition Discussion Paper to the Executive Office of the President to utilize in on-going discussions on NS EP communications Reports Issued Network Security Research and Development Exchange Proceedings September 1996 Report on the NS EP Implications of Intrusion Detection Technology Research and Development December 1997 Research and Development Exchange Proceedings Enhancing Network Security Technology R D Collaboration October 20–21 1998 Research and Development Exchange Proceedings Transparent Security in a Converged and Distributed Network Environment September 28–29 2000 Research and Development Exchange Proceedings R D Issues to Ensure Trustworthiness in Telecommunications and Information Systems that Directly or Indirectly Impact National Security and Emergency Preparedness March 13–14 2003 NS EP Definition Discussion Paper April 2004 45 Standing Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Research and Development Exchange Proceedings A Year Later R D Issues to Ensure Trustworthiness in Telecommunications and Information Systems that Directly or Indirectly Impact National Security and Emergency Preparedness October 28–29 2004 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr James Bean Other Research and Development Task Force Participants The Critical Importance of Testbeds for NS EP R D May 2005 Research and Development Exchange Proceedings Leveraging Global Partnerships for the Security of Free Nations and All Sector Preparedness and Response September 21‑22 2006 Computer Sciences Corporation Mr James Zok Department of Homeland Security Ms Annabelle Lee Research and Development Task Force Membership Computer Sciences Corporation Mr Guy Copeland Chair Nortel Networks Corporation Dr John Edwards Co-Vice Chair Science Applications International Corporation Mr Henry Kluepfel Co-Vice Chair AT T Incorporated Ms Rosemary Leffler Bank of America Corporation Mr Roger Callahan The Boeing Company Mr Robert Steele Motorola Incorporated Mr Michael Alagna Microsoft Corporation Ms Cristin Flynn-Goodwin Northrop Grumman Corporation Mr David Dobbs Telecordia Technologies Incorporated Ms Louise Tucker VeriSign Incorporated Mr William Gravell 46 EWA-IIT Mr Michael Aisenberg Georgia Institute of Technology Dr Seymour Goodman Telecordia Technologies Incorporated Mr Robert Lesnowich Unaffiliated Dr Jack Oslund VeriSign Incorporated Mr Anthony Rutowski Verizon Communications Incorporated Mr Marcus Sachs 32 252 5 8me 5 8 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Automated Information Processing the NSTAC approved and forwarded the TSS Task Force findings and recommendations on AIP to the President Investigation Group Period of Activity Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations Automated Information Processing AIP Task Force December 1982 – December 1984 Issue Background The need to ensure a survivable AIP capability to support NS EP telecommunications prompted the NSTAC to initiate a study of the AIP issue on December 14 1982 The AIP Task Force addressed the issue for nearly 2 years History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations In July 1983 NSTAC II recommended that the President direct the National Security Council in conjunction with industry to identify essential NS EP functions and their dependence on AIP and to rank those functions in order of priority on a time-phased basis In April 1984 NSTAC III recommended that the President establish an AIP vulnerability awareness program within the Government On December 12 1984 NSTAC IV forwarded the following AIP recommendations to the President ff Establish a full-time management entity to implement the telecommunications AIP survivability effort ff Conduct AIP vulnerability awareness programs in conjunction with the private sector The TSS Task Force reviewed the Government’s responses to the NSTAC’s AIP recommendations The task force found the Commercial Network Survivability program was addressing the recommendations regarding AIP embedded in telecommunications but the Government had not implemented the recommendations on AIP for telecommunications operational support and AIP required to support NS EP functions in general The TSS Task Force recommended the Government consider the implications of all operational support AIP especially for network management restoration and reconstitution and that the Government implement an NS EP AIP awareness program The NSTAC approved the TSS Task Force’s findings and recommendations on AIP and forwarded them to the President on September 22 1988 Reports Issued Working Group Proceedings on AIP Survivability October 6 1982 AIP Task Force Report June 1983 Strategy and Recommendations for Achieving Enhanced NS EP AIP Survivability October 25 1984 Final Report Addendum May 1 1985 ff Develop NS EP AIP policy ff Initiate efforts to enhance the survivability of NS EP AIP in general and ff Provide the necessary funding and develop incentives for AIP survivability enhancements The TSS Task Force worked on the AIP issue It reviewed the Government’s responses to the NSTAC IV’s AIP recommendations On September 22 1988 49 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Commercial Network Survivability Investigation Group Periods of Activity Commercial Network Survivability CNS Task Force February 1984 – October 1985 Issue Background In September 1983 the NSTAC IES reviewed the issues associated with telecommunications systems survivability and decided its scope was too broad for a single task force to address The IES requested that the Resource Enhancements Working Group REWG and the Emergency Response Procedures Working Group ERPWG meet to discuss and refine the issues The REWG and ERPWG met on November 9 1983 They suggested establishing the CNS Task Force to develop and prioritize initiatives to enhance the survivability of the terrestrial portion of commercial carrier networks The IES initiated the assessment of the CNS issue on February 29 1984 It formed the CNS Task Force and instructed it to improve the survivability of commercial communications systems and facilities and identify initiatives to improve interactive emergency response capabilities among the commercial networks History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations On October 9 1985 the NSTAC forwarded five CNS recommendations to the President regarding u Specification of survivability requirements for NS EP services u Development of NS EP network architecture plans u Development of plans and procedures for network emergency operations u Acquisition and maintenance of databases and u Government participation in standards organizations 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President endorsed those initiatives and the OMNCS undertook a CNS program On November 6 1987 the NSTAC approved the TSS Task Force’s findings and recommendations on CNS and forwarded them to the President Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The TSS Task Force reviewed Government actions taken on the NSTAC’s CNS recommendations The task force found the Government’s actions focused on the highest threat level but the Government had taken no action on the CNS Task Force recommendation to form a joint industry and Government group to develop network architecture plans The TSS Task Force recommended that the CNS program be expanded to include the entire threat spectrum and all NS EP users The OMNCS established a CNS Program Office which engineered and implemented enhancements in the PSN for NS EP disaster recovery communications use during regional emergencies and national crises The CNS Program Office evaluated the effectiveness of those enhancements by modeling the anticipated effects of natural disasters and wartime scenarios using computer simulations and through proof-of-concept testing The OMNCS used its computer modeling capabilities and extensive database containing detailed information on the structure of the PSN to assess the CNS enhancements Enhancements included dedicated leased lines in the local exchange carrier networks to provide alternate survivable routes for NS EP communications The program office expected future enhancements to use advanced technology service offerings from those same carriers and from cellular service providers and competitive access providers The Mobile Transportable Telecommunications MTT program an associated effort demonstrated reconnecting isolated portions of the PSN using standard military radio equipment The MTT program performed these demonstrations with National Guard equipment and participation The CNS Program Office worked with other National Level NS EP Telecommunications Program NLP elements to 51 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review ensure interoperability of CNS network enhancements with other NLP component programs such as Commercial Satellite Command Interconnectivity and the Government Emergency Telecommunications Service In September 1994 the CNS program was terminated due to budget constraints Reports Issued CNS Task Force Interim Report December 6 1984 CNS Task Force Final Report August 1985 52 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Commercial Satellite Survivability Investigation Group Period of Activity Commercial Satellite Survivability CSS Task Force December 1982 – April 1984 June 1988 – March 1990 Satellite Task Force STF September 2003 – January 2004 Issue Background At its first formal meeting on December 14 1982 the NSTAC agreed to emphasize commercial satellite communications survivability initiatives The NSTAC directed the CSS Task Force Resource Enhancements Working Group to assess the vulnerability of the commercial satellite communications network and the enhancements to the NS EP telecommunications infrastructure that the use of commercial carrier satellites and Earth terminals could provide A separate CSS Task Force reviewed a set of specific satellite initiatives selected for implementation developed an implementation concept and prepared a report of its actions and recommendations for the NSTAC In June 1988 the NSTAC IES reactivated the CSS Task Force to review the proposed objectives and implementation initiatives of the commercial satellite communications SATCOM Interconnectivity CSI Phase II Architecture and offer recommendations The terrorist attacks on September11 2001 raised security concerns about the protection of the Nation’s vital telecommunications systems against threats and raised awareness that a Federal program did not exist to ensure NS EP communications via commercial satellite systems and services In January 2003 the Director National Security Space Architect requested that the President’s NSTAC consider embarking on a study of infrastructure protection measures for SATCOM systems In response the NSTAC’s IES formed the STF The STF was established to u Review applicable documentation that addresses the vulnerabilities of the commercial satellite infrastructure u Define potential policy changes that have to be made to bring the infrastructure into conformance with a standard for mitigating the vulnerabilities u Consider Global Positioning System timing capabilities during the deliberations u Coordinate this response with representatives from the NCS and u Draft a task force report with findings and Presidential recommendations History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The NSTAC concurred with this action in September 1988 At its first formal meeting on December 14 1982 the NSTAC established the CSS Task Force to review a set of specific satellite initiatives selected for implementation develop an implementation concept and prepare a report of its actions and recommendations for the NSTAC In March 1990 the NSTAC approved the final report of the reactivated CSS Task Force which concluded that the CSI Phase II Architecture approach was reasonable and made several recommendations to the Government In September 1988 the NSTAC concurred with the IES June 1988 reactivation of the CSS Task Force to review the proposed objectives and implementation initiatives of the CSI Phase II Architecture and offer recommendations 53 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review In March 1990 the NSTAC approved the final report of the reactivated CSS Task Force The report concluded that the CSI Phase II Architecture approach was reasonable and it recommended the Government u Include Ku-band assets in the CSI program to provide “access ” u Augment selected large Ku-band earth stations and control facilities to provide Ku-band interoperability u Use very small aperture terminal technology to restore selected trunking between interexchange carrier switches and local exchange carrier end offices and selected users in the United States to access the PSN via direct connection at an access tandem and u The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Report On the basis of its analysis and review of related policy issues the NSTAC offered the following recommendations to the President u Direct the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Director Office of Science Technology Policy to develop a national policy with respect to the provisioning and management of commercial SATCOM services integral to NS EP communications recognizing the vital and unique capabilities commercial satellites provide for global military operations diplomatic missions and homeland security contingency support u Fund the Department of Homeland Security to implement a commercial SATCOM NS EP improvement program within the NCS to procure and manage the non-Department of Defense satellite facilities and services necessary to increase the robustness of Government communications and u Appoint several members to represent service providers and associations from all sectors of the commercial satellite industry to the NSTAC to increase satellite industry involvement in NS EP Pursue investigations analyses and augmentations necessary to ensure NS EP telecommunications service can be extended from the United States to NS EP users overseas The NSTAC also approved several specific recommendations to the Government regarding the use and augmentation of satellite assets to achieve various types of connectivity Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations In January 2003 the Director National Security Space Architect requested that the President’s NSTAC conduct a study of infrastructure protection measures for SATCOM systems In response the NSTAC’s IES formed the STF to analyze and assess SATCOM systems’ vulnerabilities and make policy recommendations to the President on how the Federal Government should work with industry to mitigate vulnerabilities to the satellite infrastructure The TSS Task Force reviewed the Government actions taken on the NSTAC’s CSS Task Force Phase I recommendations and found that the CSI Program and the Industry Information Security Task Force were pursuing most of the CSS initiatives The TSS Task Force recommended that three aspects of the CSS initiatives be studied further Ku-band interoperability up-link jamming protection and transportable terminals The STF engaged broad participation from representatives of NSTAC member companies non-NSTAC commercial satellite owners and operators commercial satellite trade associations Government agencies and technical experts The STF concluded its analysis of satellite security in January 2004 and presented its findings in the STF The first CSS Task Force’s investigations resulted in the definition of 12 initiatives for improving the survivability and robustness of commercial satellite communications resources The investigations also resulted in the incorporation of the CSS Program Office established in November 1984 as the CSI 54 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Program Office in 1987 In addition the CSS Task Force approved the CSI as part of the National Level NS EP Telecommunications Program The CSI Program Office reviewed the CSS Task Force Phase II recommendations The CSI Program Office investigated satellite technologies such as Ku-band and enhanced capabilities such as connecting to local exchange carriers’ switches and providing PSN remote access to NS EP users as part of the CSI architecture development effort The projected CSI Phase II Architecture implementation date was in FY 96 but due to budget constraints the CSI program was terminated in September 1994 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Final Report of the CSS Task Force Appendix B Operational Subgroup Report December 1989 Final Report of the CSS Task Force Appendix C International Subgroup Report December 1989 Satellite Task Force Report March 2004 During its 2004 review of the National Space Policy the White House incorporated aspects of the STF report into the revised policy In particular aspects concerning ground and space links and potential points of failure were included in the revised policy In addition at the recommendation of the STF the President appointed PanAmSat Holdings Inc to the NSTAC to represent the commercial satellite industry Reports Issued Issue Papers for Commercial Communications Satellite Systems Survivability Initiatives March 21 1983 Commercial Satellite Communications Survivability Report prepared by the CSS Task Force Resource Enhancements Working Group May 20 1983 Addendum to the Commercial Satellite Communications Survivability Report May 20 1983 CSS Status Report April 15 1984 Final Report of the CSS Task Force December 1989 Final Report of the CSS Task Force Appendix A Technical Subgroup Report December 1989 55 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Common Channel Signaling Investigation Group Period of Activity Common Channel Signaling CCS Task Force April 1993 – January 1994 NS EP Panel March 1994 – March 1995 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues At the March 2 1995 IES Meeting the NS EP Group Chair explained that during the preceding year no significant outages had occurred during the group’s monitoring of the CCS network the panel’s name was changed to the NS EP Group in accordance with the December 1994 IES Guidelines The Chair concluded that if no significant outages occurred in the next quarter the group would discontinue monitoring the CCS network History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations Issue Background At the April 28 1993 IES Meeting the Operations Working Group NS EP Panel recommended that the IES establish a task force to investigate common channel signaling The task force would determine whether widespread long- duration CCS outages affecting multiple interconnected carriers were a significant risk to the public switched network and NS EP telecommunications The IES established the CCS Task Force to u Determine if there were failure mechanisms that could potentially lead to widespread long-duration CCS outages among multiple interconnected carriers u Evaluate the risk to NS EP user telecommunications The task force reported its conclusions and recommendations to NSTAC XVI on March 2 1994 The task force concluded that the CCS architecture was inherently reliable and that the probability of a large-scale long-duration multiple carrier CCS outage resulting from a failure condition propagated to other CCS networks presented a low risk to NS EP telecommunications The IES recommended to deactivate the task force and tasked the NS EP Panel to monitor CCS reliability for a year before reactivating or disbanding the task force After receiving this tasking the NS EP Panel developed plans for a February 1995 tabletop CCS restoration exercise In February 1995 the Network Operations Forum conducted the CCS restoration exercise thus fulfilling the obligations of the CSS Task Force charge Reports Issued u u If significant risk existed examine procedural or technological alternatives for mitigating it and Final Report of the Common Channel Signaling Task Force January 31 1994 Present appropriate recommendations to NSTAC XVI The CCS Task Force received informational briefings on the CCS architecture and on CCS network security incidents and concerns protocol changes the role of the Network Security Information Exchange in evaluating and determining CCS failures and the Network Reliability Council’s Signaling Network System Focus Team At NSTAC XVI March 2 1994 the IES deactivated the task force 57 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Electromagnetic Pulse Investigation Group Period of Activity Electromagnetic Pulse EMP Task Force September 1983 – October 1985 Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The TSS Task Force reviewed the Government actions taken on the NSTAC’s EMP recommendations It found that the Government had implemented nine of the EMP initiatives or was implementing them The TSS Task Force made the following recommendations u Industry and Government should continue to work together to implement the EMP initiatives u The Government should prepare an unclassified EMP handbook and u Industry consistent with cost should incorporate low-cost mitigation practices in its new upgrade programs Issue Background The NSTAC Industry Executive Subcommittee initiated the EMP assessment on September 27 1983 in response to a Government request for industry’s perspective on the options available to industry and Government for improving the EMP survivability of the Nation’s telecommunications networks The NSTAC approved the EMP study on April 3 1984 History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations On December 12 1984 the NSTAC forwarded the following recommendations on EMP to the President u Designate an appropriate Federal agency to serve as an industry point of contact for EMP mitigation efforts and information distribution u Support industry through its standards organizations in the development of electromagnetic standards that take the EMP environment into account and u Undertake a program to improve the EMP endurability of the Nation’s commercial electrical power systems On October 9 1985 the NSTAC approved the EMP Final Task Force Report and forwarded a recommendation to the President calling for a joint industry and Government program to reduce the costs of existing techniques for mitigating high-altitude electromagnetic pulse-induced transients and to develop new techniques for limiting transient effects The NSTAC approved the TSS Task Force’s findings and recommendations on EMP and forwarded them to the President on November 6 1987 The OMNCS designated its Office of Technology and Standards as the Federal office to serve as an industry and Government point of contact It used the American National Standards Institute T1Y1 Committee as a forum for developing electromagnetic standards in support of industry and issued an unclassified EMP handbook EMP Mitigation Program Approach NCS-TIB 87-17 The OMNCS received results from a simulated EMP test on an AT T PSN switch The OMNCS assessed the EMP impact on the PSN based on test results of transmission signaling and switching facilities EMP test analysis results showed little cause for concern regarding the physical EMP survivability of the PSN but revealed an increasing PSN vulnerability to EMP-induced switch and signaling upset Reports Issued EMP Task Force Status Report January 12 1984 EMP Final Task Force Report July 1985 59 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Energy Investigation Group Period of Activity Electromagnetic Pulse Task Force September 1983 – October 1985 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues In this environment the telecommunications and electric power sectors will increasingly be required to work together to ensure national security and emergency preparedness  NS EP services remain available to respond to terrorist incidents or natural disasters History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations Telecommunications System Survivability Task Force March 1986 – June 1989 Energy Task Force August 1988 – March 1990 October 1991 – May 1993 National Security and Emergency Preparedness Panel March 1994 – October 1994 Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependency Task Force January 2005 – December 2006 Issue Background For decades professionals in the telecommunications industry have been concerned with the potential impact a sustained power grid outage would have on the telecommunications network Events including the power outage in Eastern Canada in January 1998 the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001 the Northeast blackout in August 2003 and the devastating hurricane seasons of 2004 and 2005 continued to draw attention to the interdependencies between the two sectors and re-energized industry and Government efforts to find strategies to both dampen the impact of and mitigate against further occurrences In addition to man-made and natural threats to the infrastructure changing trends in telecommunications network design also raise questions about the continued reliance of the telecommunications sector on electric power sources With the growth of the next generation network the attendant increase in the use of wireless and mobile technologies and the dispersion of network elements the network and its users will increasingly rely on commercial electric service to supply the necessary power The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC consideration of the interdependencies between the telecommunications and electric power sectors began in 1983 with the committee’s response to a Government request for industry’s perspective on the options available to industry and Government for improving the electromagnetic pulse EMP survivability of the Nation’s telecommunications networks Based on the analysis conducted by its EMP Task Force the committee provided several recommendations to the President on the issue in its Electromagnetic Pulse Final Task Force Report In 1986 the Telecommunications Systems Survivability TSS Task Force initially reviewed the vulnerability of telecommunications to the loss of commercial electric power and presented the findings of its Telecommunications Systems Survivability Electric Power Survivability Status Report at the February 8 1987 NSTAC VII Meeting The TSS Task Force concluded the telecommunications industry would be extremely vulnerable to an extended electric power outage As a result the NSTAC recommended to the President that Government initiate a study to identify options for ensuring electric power survivability as it related to telecommunications As a follow-up to its vulnerability analysis the committee established the Energy Task Force which it charged with analyzing solutions to mitigate against the effects of electric power outages on telecommunications In 1988 the Energy Task Force with participation from the Department of Energy DOE the National Communications System NCS and the North American Electric Reliability Council undertook its activities examining interdependencies between the two sectors after a major earthquake 61 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review In October 1991 the NSTAC established a follow-on Energy Task Force and charged it to support the NCS in its efforts with DOE to develop criteria and a process for identifying critical industry NS EP telecommunications facilities that qualify for electric power restoration and priority fuel distribution Based on the task forces analysis the NSTAC issued its recommendations to the President on the issue in its Energy Task Force Final Report in 1993 On March 8 1994 the NS EP Panel discussed power outages that occurred during winter storms on the East Coast and during the Northridge earthquake and their effect on telecommunications The panel agreed that a call from the power companies would have alerted carriers to the impending rolling blackouts and the need to switch to an emergency backup power source Interdependency issues arose again as a result of extensive power and telecommunications outages during the hurricane season of 2004 in the southeast region of the United States Mr F Duane Ackerman then Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BellSouth and NSTAC Chair highlighted his concerns about the situation in his speech at the Research and Development Task Force’s October 2004 Research and Development Exchange Workshop in Monterey California Due to the dependence of the telecommunications network on electric power services Mr  Ackerman noted the need for enhanced and alternative emergency power technologies In addition as the network becomes increasingly distributed he noted that issues of reliability and ease of communication and coordination between the telecommunications and electric power industries will become increasingly important during natural disasters or terrorist incidents As a result in 2005 the NSTAC established the Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependency Task Force to further evaluate how the telecommunications and electric power sector interdependencies will affect the future of the telecommunications network The task force subsequently divided the work into two streams—an examination of the people and processes involved in 62 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee national security communications and restoration and an evaluation of the technological implications of future events Based on the completion of the first work stream the NSTAC issued its People and Processes Current State of Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependencies Report in January 2006 In the report the NSTAC recommended that the President direct his departments and agencies to ff Define and establish the term Emergency Responder within the National Response Plan NRP now the National Response Framework NRF and other appropriate plans guidance directives and statutes including other local State and Federal Government emergency plans ff Ensure key response personnel of critical infrastructure owners and operators in the telecommunications and electric power sectors be designated as Emergency Responders ff Include fuel supply security site access and other required logistical support to critical telecommunications and electric power infrastructures as part of the Emergency Responder planning process to ensure priority restoration to critical telecommunications and electric power ff Foster and promote effective emergency coordination structures to ensure reliable and robust communication between the two sectors and local regional State and Federal Governments • Review examples of proven priority restoration models at the State and regional levels Encourage States and metropolitan regions without effective models to improve and update their existing frameworks and • Encourage effective information sharing models at the local regional Emergency Responder level both in advance of a natural disaster and during the emergency restoration period When developing these models liability issues should be considered The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Throughout 2006 the NSTAC continued its examination of long-term interdependency issues Specifically the NSTAC defined the “long-term outage” LTO phenomenon—an interruption of communications and or electricity for a period long enough and within a large enough geographic region to hamper the provision of telecommunications and electric power even by alternative means Such an outage has not occurred in North America to date but could occur in any critical infrastructure and in the worst case have a cascading effect on other sectors The NSTAC focused its research on an evaluation of technological interdependencies that will affect telecommunications networks in the future Based on its investigation of the LTO phenomenon the NSTAC issued its final report The NSTAC Report to the President on Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependencies The Implications of Long-Term Outages in December 2006 In the report the NSTAC recommended that the President direct his departments and agencies to ff Commission a Government-funded cross sector and cross border engineering analysis of the North American telecommunications and electric power infrastructures with attention given to further international considerations to determine the interdependencies in LTO situations for both the current and the next generation network environment and to estimate the attendant costs of mitigation strategies including the following • Investigating how dependencies and interdependencies will be affected by technology and structural changes in both sectors and • Supporting exercises at the local State regional national and international level that investigate the dependencies and interdependencies between the two sectors during an LTO ff Analyze and evaluate current governance procedures applicable to an LTO to determine the appropriate transition from local to national management authority during an LTO Internet recovery issues as they relate to the convergence 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues of the telecommunications network should also be reviewed but such a review should not be limited to an LTO event ff To reduce dependencies between the sectors and maintain a minimum level of internal service availability during an LTO vigorously support selected science and technology applications including the following • Transformer Prototype Technology • Power Conservation Technology for Telecommunications and • Fuel Cell Technology ff In concert with industry support the advent and development of cross sector situational analysis tools to facilitate information sharing between industry and Government in advance of during and after an LTO ff As stated in the NSTAC Report to the President on People and Processes Current State of Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependencies continue to promote increased collaboration between both the telecommunications and electric power sectors and emergency management authorities at the local regional State national and international levels to facilitate recovery from an LTO Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations In response to the devastation caused by Hurricanes Katrina Rita and Wilma the Federal Communications Commission established the Independent Panel Reviewing the Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Communications Networks In its final report the Panel expressed support for the NSTAC’s recommendation to establish a national standard for credentialing telecommunications repair workers as well as its recommendation to designate telecommunications infrastructure providers as “emergency responders” under the Robert T Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act  Stafford Act the NRP now the NRF and other legislative documents as appropriate 63 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Access security and fuel support for industry essential service providers ESP is included in the Emergency Support Function ESF 2—Communications Annex of the NRF Furthermore Section 607 of the Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of 2006 which President George W Bush signed into law on October 13 2006 amended the Stafford Act by providing a list of essential services whose providers may be defined as ESPs The Act listed privately owned telecommunications among those services and declared that Federal agencies may not prevent ESPs from accessing disaster sites or otherwise impede their efforts to conduct response and recovery of the telecommunications infrastructure “to the greatest extent possible ” While the measure partially addresses the NSTAC’s concern about site access it does not clarify that telecommunications infrastructure providers may have access to non-monetary Federal resources during and following a disaster ESPs include both telecommunications and electric power professionals Additionally the Department of Homeland Security in partnership with Federal State and local Government entities as well as a private sector company developed an access SOP to ensure that private critical infrastructure responders receive priority access to disaster areas Out of state telecommunications and electric power service providers must meet the same criteria as local service providers including placement on the authorized list or having appropriate credentials The access SOP had been adopted by the State of Georgia and will be used a model for other States In an effort to engage State and local emergency managers NCS Regional Managers and Regional Communications Coordinators are involved in regional committees working groups and planning efforts such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency Regional Interagency Steering Committee meetings and Regional Emergency Communications Coordinator Working Group meetings Through these forums the NCS is working to ensure planning efforts include access security and fuel and compile existing plans that deal with these issues The NCS is posting the plans and procedures on the Homeland Security Information Network so that industry 64 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee partners can ensure their ESPs satisfy requirements to receive appropriate designations and are granted access to incident areas The NCS is also coordinating with ESF-13 Public Safety and Security and the Office of Infrastructure Protection’s regionally based Protective Security Advisors to address access security and fuel issues and provide input into their planning documents In July 2007 the NCS Committee of Principals COP established the Communications Dependency on Electric Power Working Group CDEP WG in response to recommendations in the President’s NSTAC Report on Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependencies As one of its activities the CDEP WG sponsored an LTO Workshop on April 8–9 2008 to examine the dependencies and interdependencies between the communications and electric power sectors and to shape the scope of a future Government engineering analysis The Workshop was organized into five topic areas covering ten task areas being investigated by the CDEP WG Attendees drafted recommendations during the Workshop on governance science and technology research and development the electric industry approach to LTO prevention and recovery situational analysis tools collaboration between the power and telecommunications sectors during an LTO and planning of an LTO in National exercises The CDEP WG will use the results of the workshop in drafting its final report to the COP The COP also established the Technical Assistance Team to build communications injects into NCS and COP member entities’ exercise programs which will likely include activities surrounding the need to facilitate access security and fuel for industry ESPs Reports Issued Electromagnetic Pulse Task Force Status Report January 1984 Electromagnetic Pulse Final Task Force Report July 1985 Telecommunications Systems Survivability Electric Power Survivability Status Report Energy Task Force Final Report August 1988 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Report on Earthquake Hazards June 1989 Energy Task Force Final Report February 1990 Energy Task Force Final Report Telecommunications Electric Service Priority and National Energy Strategy Review April 1993 The NSTAC Report to the President on People and Processes Current State of Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependencies January 2006 The NSTAC Report to the President on Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependencies The Implications of Long-Term Outages December 2006 65 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Enhanced Call Completion Investigation Group Period of Activity Industry Executive Subcommittee IES Funding and Regulatory Working Group FRWG Assured access June 1990 – September 1990 Regulatory aspect of call-by-call preferential treatment July 1993 – December 1993 Enhanced Call Completion ECC Task Force December 1990 – July 1992 ECC Ad Hoc Group July 1992 – August 1993 Issue Background Following its reactivation after NSTAC XI the NSTAC IES tasked the FRWG to investigate NS EP issues affecting assured access to the public switched network PSN During FRWG discussions with the Government the group agreed that assured access was only one component of the Government’s need for enhanced NS EP call completion The group defined assured access as priority access to transportation through and egress from the PSN for NS EP users when portions of the PSN were either physically isolated or too congested to permit unhindered access and call completion The FRWG prepared a study addressing the regulatory and technical components of assured access The study reported that at its initial meeting the FRWG concluded that the Government required enhanced call completion for NS EP traffic The FRWG members agreed however that they must further define the technical features of the issue before identifying regulatory issues On August 22 1990 the FRWG recommended that it establish an ECC Task Force to determine how existing and evolving technologies could best be exploited to enhance the priority access transport and egress of NS EP traffic The FRWG’s study also stated that the proposed task force should evaluate the Intelligent Networks Task Force Final Report and recommendations and coordinate its efforts with those of the OMNCS to avoid duplication Following the FRWG’s investigation of issues affecting assured access to the PSN by NS EP callers and its subsequent recommendations the NSTAC at its December 13 1990 meeting charged the IES to establish a task force to review the issue of enhancing call completion for NS EP users during periods of congestion Specifically the IES directed the task force to identify technical approaches and to recommend a plan of action for obtaining enhanced call completion in both the near and long term The ECC Task Force studied existing and evolving technologies that would provide the NS EP user PSN access and call completion without interruption with minimum delay and on a preferential basis during network damage or congestion During its 18-month investigation the task force identified 26 current or planned enhanced call completion features and defined their NS EP application availability and acquisition procedures The task force also determined the importance of the High Probability of Call Completion HPC standard in implementing an NS EP call identifier to provide call-by-call preferential treatment and to enhance existing PSN features At the July 17 1992 NSTAC XIV Meeting members approved the ECC Task Force’s report for forwarding to the President the two proposed recommendations to the President and the proposed NSTAC XIV charges to the IES In response to these charges the IES deactivated the ECC Task Force and established an ad hoc group to work with the Government to u Advocate and support approval of the HPC standard investigate potential ECC regulatory issues with the FRWG and implement ECC network capabilities At the August 2 1993 IES Meeting members approved the deactivation of the ECC Ad Hoc Group which had completed its work The group served as a forum for issues such as cellular priority access 67 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review preferential access for North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries and future broadband services It assisted the Government in its effort to obtain approval of the HPC standard—published as American National Standards Institute T1 631 in August 1993 The group also worked closely with the Government to develop ECC features demonstration scenarios It met with the GETS integrator and Government contractors to discuss demonstration plans and scenarios As part of its charge to inform the Government about ECC services affecting the National Level NS EP Telecommunications Program initiatives the group assisted the Government in developing educational materials such as the ECC Services Cost Benefit Analysis Report and the 1993 National Communications System NCS Member Agency Telecommunications Enhancement Handbook The group worked with the Government in addressing potential regulatory impediments to implementing enhanced call completion services It framed and defined significant elements in the call-by-call preferential treatment issue before forwarding the issue to the FRWG for its action The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee February 15 1994 and that reply comments be filed by March 1 1994 The OMNCS filed reply comments with the FCC on March 1 1994 requesting that the Commission issue a favorable opinion On August 30 1995 the FCC responded to the OMNCS regarding the call-by-call priority issue In its letter the FCC stated that the request for declaratory ruling filed on November 29 1993 was moot because lawful tariffs implementing the federally managed GETS program had gone into effect Call-by-call priority is a feature of the GETS program Therefore the FCC dismissed the petition for declaratory ruling without prejudice History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations On December 13 1990 NSTAC XII charged the IES to establish the ECC Task Force as a result of the FRWG’s investigation of assured access issues On July 17 1992 NSTAC members approved the ECC Task Force’s report for forwarding two proposed recommendations to the President u In July 1993 the FRWG responded to an April 14 1993 memorandum to the NCS Executive Agent directing the NCS to work with the FRWG to investigate potential regulatory issues arising from the implementation of enhanced call completion attributes for NS EP activities The FRWG explored whether the prohibition of undue preferences in Section 202 a of the Communications Act of 1934 as amended required a specific FCC regulation authorizing the provision of priority calling features to NS EP users of the PSN The FRWG determined FCC approval of preferential treatment would benefit both industry and Government Following IES approval the OMNCS forwarded a letter to the FCC requesting that the Commission issue an opinion regarding whether common carriers may provide call-by-call priority service for connecting emergency calls over the public switched network The FCC responded by issuing a Public Notice on January 7 1994 which requested that public comments be filed with the Commission by 68 The Government should take the following steps to enhance call completion for NS EP users • Take advantage of existing and emerging services features and capabilities in the PSN • Continue to support the near-term adoption of the HPC standard by the Exchange Carriers Standards Association T1 Committee • Investigate the NS EP advantages of a calling name delivery service • Work with NSTAC’s FRWG to investigate potential regulatory issues • Sponsor industry ECC forums to further define ECC and resolve implementation issues u The Government should use the ECC Task Force report as a reference for modifying or implementing current or future services and technologies In response to NSTAC XIV charges The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues the IES established the ECC Ad Hoc Group On August 2 1993 IES members deactivated the ECC Ad Hoc Group Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations In response to an NSTAC XIV recommendation from the ECC Task Force the White House issued a memorandum to the NCS Executive Agent on April 14 1993 directing the NCS to work with the FRWG to investigate potential regulatory issues arising from the implementation of ECC attributes for NS EP activities The FRWG sought to clarify whether prohibitions of undue preferences in the Communications Act of 1934 required a specific FCC regulation to authorize the provision of priority calling features to NS EP users of the public switched network The FCC resolved the issue on August 30 1995 when the FCC informed the OMNCS of its decision regarding the call-by-call priority issue Reports Issued Assured Access Issue Paper October 13 1989 Report on the FRWG Review of Assured Access November 7 1990 Final Report of the Enhanced Call Completion ECC Task Force July 1992 Final Report of the Enhanced Call Completion ECC Ad Hoc Group December 1993 69 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Financial Services 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues and the potential for resulting confusion when financial services institutions establish business continuity plans Investigation Group Period of Activity Financial Services Task Force FSTF March 2003 – April 2004 Issue Background In November 2002 the Federal Reserve Board FRB and BITS—a nonprofit industry consortium of the 100 largest financial institutions in the United States that focuses on issues related to security crisis management e-commerce payments and emerging technologies—briefed the IES of the NSTAC on the significant dependence of the financial services FS sector on the telecommunications infrastructure to support core payment clearance and settlement processes of financial institutions Given that dependence disruption of telecommunications services could hamper critical financial services processes potentially affecting the national economy To minimize operational risks and ensure the timely delivery of critical financial services the FRB recommended that the NSTAC analyze telecommunications infrastructure issues pertaining to network redundancy and diversity The NSTAC therefore established the FSTF to conduct the analysis during NSTAC Cycle XXVII History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The FSTF emphasized that the concept of resiliency and its components of diversity redundancy and recoverability are critical to understanding some of the NS EP issues currently challenging the FS and telecommunications industries The task force acknowledged that it is imperative for the FS sector to maintain diversity as a component of resiliency The primary challenges identified by the FSTF with respect to diversity were the failure of critical services resulting from loss of diversity the ability to ensure that diversity is predictable and continually maintained and the potential for lack of clear understanding of terms and conditions in telecommunications contracts or tariffs The FSTF recognized that without a real-time process to guarantee that a circuit’s path or route is static and stable an NS EP customer cannot be assured at all times that the diversity component of the resiliency plan will retain its designed characteristics However the telecommunications infrastructure was designed and engineered based on a business model directed at the general public When necessary networks have been modified or developed to meet specific needs at the customer level except where limited by the available technology or a customer’s willingness to purchase unique requirements The FSTF emphasized that all interested parties should support research and development activities for improving managed network solutions and alternative technologies as a potential means for achieving high resiliency for the FS customer base Targeted capital incentives should also be considered as a tool to encourage critical infrastructure owners including the FS sector to make the necessary investments to mitigate telecommunications resiliency risks to their business operations Appropriately structured capital recovery incentives for critical business operations could be used to accelerate immediate investments to mitigate vulnerabilities to critical NS EP operations The FSTF also noted that when different business continuity strategies cannot fully guarantee operational sustainability specifically engineered and managed efforts might be required The degree of assurance that a business operation deems adequate to achieve a high level of resiliency will dictate the decisions and the appropriate approach to be pursued To that end the task force concluded that cross-sector assessments or customer-provider assessments would remain useful tools to facilitate better understanding of the need for resiliency Indeed FSTF members acknowledged the importance of promoting mutual understanding among the FS and telecommunications sectors to 71 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review effectively address NS EP-related issues Both sectors pledged to continue in their efforts to engage members of their communities as well as the public sector in a constructive dialogue to foster mutual understanding of their operations and unique needs Furthermore the framework that the FSTF developed to analyze the dependencies of the FS sector on the telecommunications industry could be adapted to conduct risk assessments of other critical infrastructures On the basis of the FSTF report the NSTAC recommended that the President u Support the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions’ ATIS National Diversity Assurance Initiative and develop a process to • Examine diversity assurance capabilities requirements and best practices for critical NS EP customers and where needed • Promote research and development to increase resiliency circuit diversity and alternative transport mechanisms The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee u Continue to promote the Telecommunications Service Priority program as a component of the business resumption plans of financial services institutions u Promote research and development efforts to increase the resiliency and the reliability of alternative transport technologies u Examine and develop capital investment recovery incentives for critical infrastructure owners operators and users that invest in resiliency mechanisms to support their most critical NS EP telecommunications functions Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations In response to the FSTF report ATIS agreed to work with the FRB on an in-depth assessment of diversity assurance A final report on the assessment was completed in February 2006 Representatives from ATIS also visited the IES to brief them on the findings and recommendations discussed in the assessment Reports Issued Financial Services Task Force Report April 2004 u Support financial services sector initiatives examining • The development of a feasible “circuit-by-circuit” solution to ensure telecommunications services resiliency • The benefits and complexities of aggregating sectorwide NS EP telecommunications requirements into a common framework to protect national economic security u Coordinate and support relevant cross-sector activities e g standards development research and development pilot initiatives and exercises in accordance with guidance provided in Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 HSPD-7 u Provide statutory protection to remove liability and antitrust barriers to collaborative efforts when needed in the interest of national security 72 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Funding of NSTAC Initiatives Investigation Group Period of Activity Funding of NSTAC Initiatives FNI Task Force April 1984 – December 1984 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The FRWG reconvened March 1990 reviewed the NSTAC funding methodology and worked with the Enhanced Call Completion Task Force to develop an order-of-magnitude cost model for use by all task forces Reports Issued Issue Background NSTAC Funding Methodology October 25 1984 On April 3 1984 the NSTAC agreed to address the funding of NSTAC initiatives issue to determine the costs and benefits associated with its recommendations to the Government The purpose of FNI was to guide and prioritize NSTAC actions In August 1984 the FRWG established the FNI Task Force to investigate approaches to NSTAC funding mechanisms History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations On December 12 1984 the NSTAC approved the funding methodology developed by the FNI Task Force and instructed the IES to u Adopt the methodology developed by the FNI Task Force u Issue the funding methodology as guidance to all existing and future task forces and u Direct all task forces to determine costs benefits and applicable funding mechanisms for each recommended initiative The NSTAC instructed all NSTAC task forces and working groups to apply the FNI funding methodology to the recommendations they developed The FRWG assists all active and future NSTAC task forces when necessary in providing cost benefit estimates and proposed funding mechanisms for all recommended initiatives using the guidelines from the funding report 73 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Globalization Investigation Group Period of Activity National Information Infrastructure NII Task Force August 1993 – March 1997 Operations Support Group OSG April 1997 – September 1999 Information Infrastructure Group IIG April 1997 – September 1999 Globalization Task Force GTF September 1999 – May 2000 Issue Background In 1993 the NSTAC established an NII Task Force and charged it with examining the implications of the evolving U S information infrastructure for NS EP communications The NII Task Force observed that the NII’s connectivity to the emerging Global Information Infrastructure GII potentially presented both opportunities and risks for NS EP communications In its March 1997 report to NSTAC XIX the NII Task Force concluded that the pervasive and rapidly evolving nature of the GII necessitated a continuing effort by NSTAC task forces and working groups to track the GII’s implications for NS EP communications As a result the NSTAC IES tasked the OSG in April 1997 to monitor the U S information infrastructure’s global interfaces because of the potential for increased vulnerabilities adversely affecting the national interest Specifically the OSG gathered information on the International Telecommunication Union’s Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite Memorandum of Understanding In October 1998 the IES tasked the IIG to conduct a forward-looking analysis of the GII and associated NS EP opportunities and challenges During a reorganization of the IES and its working group structure in September 1999 the IES formed the GTF to continue to address the GII issue Specifically the IES tasked the GTF with developing a “picture” of the GII in 2010 identifying NS EP issues The GTF was also given two additional tasks that were global in scope assessing the security implications of foreign ownership of telecommunications networks and examining export policies dealing with the transfer of strong encryption products satellite technology and high-performance computers During the NSTAC XXII and XXIII cycles the IIG and GTF researched and gathered information from industry and Government experts on emerging space- airborne- and land-based communications systems and services These information gathering activities provided the GTF with the insights needed to characterize the GII in 2010 and draw conclusions about NS EP telecommunications preparedness Drawing on these insights the GTF was able to describe what physical network elements services and protocols might be prominently featured in 2010 paying specific attention to the global homogenization of communications capabilities expected improvements to quality of service and network assurance and the ubiquity and availability of advanced communications technologies as pertaining specifically to NS EP users The GTF documented its analysis in its May 2000 report to NSTAC XXIII Based on that analysis the NSTAC recommended that the President direct appropriate departments and agencies to u Conduct exercises in those areas and environments in which NS EP operations can be expected to take place to ensure that the required high-capacity broadband access to the GII is available and u Ensure that NS EP requirements such as interoperability security and mobility are identified and considered in standards and technical specifications as the GII evolves to 2010 75 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review and identify any specialized services that must be developed to satisfy NS EP requirements not satisfied by commercial systems In addition the LRWG assisted the GTF in assessing the security implications of foreign ownership of telecommunications networks The LRWG examined domestic regulatory history and conducted analyses of several mergers and acquisitions between domestic and foreign telecommunications carriers Through the case studies the group found that the current regulatory structure satisfied the different interests of the parties involved The LRWG concluded that it was unclear whether further statutory or regulatory changes would effectively enhance the role of national security issues in foreign ownership situations at this time The GTF May 2000 report to NSTAC XXIII includes the LRWG analysis of the issue Based on the GTF’s report the NSTAC recommended that the President u Ensure that the review process for commercial arrangements involving foreign ownership remains adequate to protect NS EP concerns as the environment evolves and becomes more complex Lastly addressing technology export the GTF compiled some basic information on the key technology export issue areas Given that technology progresses faster than export policy can keep up with it the GTF recommended continued monitoring of developing export policies and regulations The GTF also investigated guidelines to assist companies in understanding Government approval of technology sales The GTF completed its tasking to scope the issue of technology export concurring with the Government’s efforts to periodically reevaluate the limits placed on the export of technologies 76 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Reports Issued National Information Infrastructure Task Force Report March 1997 Operations Support Group Report September 1998 Information Infrastructure Group Report June 1999 Globalization Task Force Report May 2000 Global Infrastructure Report May 2000 Paper on Foreign Ownership Telecommunications and NS EP Implications May 2000 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Industry Government Information Sharing and Response Investigation Group Period of Activity National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications NCC Vision Task Force October 1996 – April 1997 Operations Support Group OSG April 1997 – September 1999 Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection IS CIPTF Task Force September 1999 – May 2000 Issue Background The NSTAC formed the National Coordinating Mechanism NCM Task Force in December 1982 to facilitate industry Government response to the Government’s growing NS EP telecommunications service requirements in the post-divestiture environment The task force submitted its final report the NCM Implementation Plan to the NSTAC on January 30 1984 That report led to formation of the NCC an emergency response coordination center that supports the Government’s NS EP telecommunications requirements Since 1984 threats to the NS EP telecommunications infrastructure changed significantly In response the NSTAC IES established the NCC Vision Task Force in October 1996 to consider the implications of the new environment for the functions performed by the NCC The IES charged the task force to determine whether the mission organization and capabilities of the NCC were still valid considering the ongoing changes in technology industry composition threats and requirements Following the IES group reorganization in April 1997 the task force became the NCC Vision Subgroup and later the NCC Vision-Operations Subgroup under the OSG 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues In 1997 the NSTAC also revisited the original concept for an industry Government mechanism to coordinate planning information sharing and resources in response to NS EP requirements Unlike the original NCM plan that applied to the telecommunications infrastructure this revised NCM concept involved linking all the Nation’s critical infrastructures e g telecommunications financial services electric power and transportation In July 1997 the OSG created the NCM Subgroup to explore the need for and feasibility of an NCM across infrastructures In May 1998 the President released PDD-63 a critical infrastructure protection directive calling for among other things industry participation in the Government’s efforts to ensure the security of the Nation’s infrastructures As it continued to refine the NCM concept the NCM Subgroup considered this Government initiative In September 1998 the OSG formed the Year 2000 Y2K Subgroup to address several Y2K issues raised at the NSTAC XXI meeting including the need for Y2K outreach efforts the need to emphasize contingency planning and restoration scenarios the potential for public overreaction to the Y2K problem and the lack of a global approach to handle Y2K problems that were international in scope The effort was a continuation of earlier efforts by the NCC Vision-Operations Subgroup which began a study of the NCC’s operational readiness and coordination capabilities for potential public network disruptions caused by the Y2K problem Following NSTAC XXII the IES tasked the OSG to examine potential lessons learned from Y2K experiences that could be applied to critical infrastructure protection efforts The OSG focused on the experiences of the NCC to determine how its operations during the Y2K rollover period translated into functions to be performed as ISAC in accordance with PDD-63 In addition the OSG continued to monitor enhancements to the NCC that ensured an electronic Indications Assessment and Warnings IAW capability to support the ISAC function 77 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review In September 1999 following a reevaluation of NSTAC working groups the IES created the IS CIPTF to examine mechanisms and processes for protected operational information sharing that would help achieve the goals of PDD-63 and further the role of the NCC as an ISAC for telecommunications In addition the IES directed the IS CIPTF to continue through outreach efforts interaction with Government leaders responsible for PDD-63 implementation History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations During 1997 the NCC Vision Subgroup worked closely with the NCS member organizations and NCC industry representatives to develop a common framework for assessing the NCC’s ongoing role The subgroup validated the original 10 NCC chartered functions and updated the NCC Operating Guidelines both written in 1984 for the current operational environment The subgroup also determined that an electronic intrusion incident information processing function could be integrated into the NCC’s activities In August 1997 the subgroup held an industry Government tabletop exercise to test the draft concept of operations for NCC intrusion incident information processing The OSG documented the subgroup’s activities and accomplishments in the OSG’s report to the December 11 1997 NSTAC XX Meeting The NSTAC approved the OSG’s NSTAC XX report and recommended that the President ff Establish a mechanism within the Federal Government with which the NCC can coordinate intrusion incident information issues and with which NSTAC groups can coordinate the development of standardized reporting criteria The NSTAC also endorsed NCC implementation of an initial intrusion incident information processing pilot based on voluntary reporting by industry and Government In 1998 the NCC modified its standard operating procedures to accommodate an electronic intrusion incident information processing capability With the OSG’s support and assistance the NCC began its 78 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee intrusion incident information processing pilot on June 15 1998 The NCC Vision-Operations Subgroup worked closely with the OMNCS and the Manager NCC as the NCC implemented the intrusion incident processing pilot which it completed in October 1998 In addition the NCC Vision-Operations Subgroup developed a paper the NCC Intrusion Incident Reporting Criteria and Format Guidelines to establish standardized reporting criteria and to outline steps in NCC electronic intrusion report collection processing and distribution The OSG report to NSTAC XXI includes the paper Leading up to NSTAC XX the NCM Subgroup met jointly with the Information Infrastructure Group’s IA Policy Subgroup and produced a joint report The report concluded that the revised NCM concept provided the framework for the Federal Government and the private sector to address solutions to infrastructure protection concerns The OSG included the joint report in its full NSTAC XX report which the NSTAC approved Specifically the NSTAC recommended that the President ff Direct the appropriate departments and agencies to work with the NCS and NSTAC in further investigating the NCM concept Subsequently IES representatives presented the revised NCM concept to senior Government officials to aid the Administration’s efforts to establish national policy on the protection of critical national infrastructures Throughout the NSTAC XXI cycle the OSG considered the infrastructure protection efforts of the Federal Government in conjunction with the enhanced role of the NCC IES and NCM Subgroup members met with members of the National Infrastructure Protection Center NIPC to address the role of industry in the Government’s new IA environment The Government created the NIPC in February 1998 as a national critical infrastructure threat assessment warning vulnerability law enforcement investigation and response entity The NIPC’s mission is to detect deter assess warn of respond to and investigate computer intrusions and The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee unlawful acts both physical and cyber that threaten or target the Nation’s critical infrastructures As a result of these meetings the NCC and NIPC began to develop processes to detail the flow of information between the two entities At the end of the NSTAC XXI cycle the OSG concluded that the NCC provided a model for all infrastructures by which information could be gathered analyzed sanitized and provided to the Government In addition regarding PDD-63 implementation the OSG concluded that more than one individual or entity would be needed to serve as the sector coordinator to represent the highly diverse information and communications sector The NSTAC approved the OSG’s September 1998 report to NSTAC XXI and recommended that the President direct the lead departments and agencies as designated in PDD-63 to ff Consider adapting the NCC model as appropriate for the various critical infrastructures to provide warning and information centers for reporting and exchange of information with the NIPC through the NCM process and ff Establish an industry Government coordinating activity to advise in the selection of a sector coordinator and provide continuing advice to effectively represent each critical infrastructure Following NSTAC XXI the OSG’s NCC VisionOperations Subgroup worked closely with the OMNCS and the Manager NCC as the NCC continued its electronic intrusion incident processing function The subgroup continued to assist the NCC in evaluating any needed revisions to the IAW reporting criteria and format guidelines The OSG’s NCC Vision-Operations Subgroup also assessed whether the NCC requires additional industry and Government participation within the NCC to widen the scope of expertise and operational personnel available to fulfill the IAW mission During the NSTAC XXII cycle the subgroup developed a list 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues of companies and Government departments and agencies for the Manager NCS to consider as candidates for participation in the NCC PDD-63 established the concept of an ISAC that would be a private sector entity responsible for gathering analyzing sanitizing and disseminating to industry private sector information related to vulnerabilities threats intrusions and anomalies affecting the critical infrastructures At the end of the NSTAC XXII cycle the OSG concluded that the NCC already performed the primary functions of an ISAC for the telecommunications sector and that industry and Government should establish it as such The OSG’s Y2K Subgroup investigated domestic and international Y2K preparedness and contingency planning efforts for the telecommunications infrastructure The subgroup held a number of informational meetings with Government representatives to address ongoing Y2K readiness and contingency planning efforts To understand public concerns about the Y2K problem the Y2K Subgroup also investigated the initiatives of grassroots Y2K community forums and those groups promulgating “doomsday” scenarios The subgroup’s findings are included in the OSG’s June 1999 NSTAC XXII report Based on that report the NSTAC recommended that the President ff Direct the President’s Council on Y2K Conversion and the Federal Government continue providing timely meaningful and accurate Y2K readiness and contingency planning information related to the information and communications critical infrastructures to State and local governments thereby enhancing the flow of information to the general public and community Y2K groups Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The NSTAC’s support for the evolving role of the NCC helped pave the way for the establishment of the NCC as an ISAC for telecommunications under the provisions of PDD-63 During 1997 the NSTAC advocated and later endorsed the NCC’s 79 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review implementation of an electronic intrusion incident reporting capability based on voluntary reporting by industry and Government In January 2000 the National Security Council agreed with the NSTAC’s 1999 conclusion that the NCC was performing the primary functions of an ISAC In March 2000 the NCC formally achieved initial operating capability as an ISAC for the telecommunications sector Following the October 21 2004 Principals Conference Call the NSTAC formed the National Coordinating Center Task Force NCCTF to examine the future mission and role of the NCC Please see the NCC section in the Active Issues section of this NSTAC Issue Review for further information Reports Issued Operations Support Group Report December 1997 Information Assurance A Joint Report of the IA Policy Subgroup of the Information Infrastructure Group and the NCM Subgroup of the Operations Support Group December 1997 Operations Support Group Report September 1998 Operations Support Group Report June 1999 80 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Industry Information Security 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Reports Issued The IIS Task Force Report Volume I November 1986 Investigation Group Period of Activity The IIS Task Force Report Volume II Appendices November 1986 Industry Information Security IIS Task Force August 1986 – September 1988 Status Report of the IIS Task Force October 1987 Issue Background Final Report of the IIS Task Force—Industry Information Protection Volume I June 1988 Based on widespread concern within the Government regarding the protection of sensitive but unclassified information the President requested that the NSTAC identify initiatives that would facilitate the protection of sensitive information processing systems On August 19 1986 the NSTAC IES established the IIS Task Force to develop industry’s perspective on the issue The original IIS Task Force defined and identified sensitive information categories the relationship between telecommunications and automated information systems an analysis methodology and areas for further investigation The IES then established a follow-on IIS Task Force to improve information security in telecommunications and automated information systems The IIS Task Force submitted its final report to the NSTAC on September 22 1988 It contained 10 conclusions and eight recommendations The NSTAC approved the report and forwarded it to the President Final Report of the IIS Task Force—Industry Information Protection Volume II Appendices June 1988 Final Report of the IIS Task Force Industry Information Protection Volume III Annotated Bibliography June 1988 History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations On September 22 1988 the NSTAC approved the IIS Task Force final report and forwarded it to the President Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The NSA continued and expanded the Protected Communication Zone program NSA developed standardized encryption modules for terminal unit platforms and reendorsed the Data Encryption Standard algorithm Federal agencies continued the information security education program 81 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Influenza Pandemic Investigation Group Period of Activity Pandemic Study Group July 2006 – January 2007 Issue Background An influenza pandemic has the potential to present an array of threats to the integrity of the Nation’s communications system Widespread contagion could incapacitate vital service workers and quarantine requirements could generate network overloads as a result of mass telecommuting Therefore contingency planning is key to the survivability of necessary national security and emergency preparedness NS EP services History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations At the request of the National Infrastructure Advisory Council NIAC and in response to a joint Department of Homeland Security and Department of Health and Human Services appeal for assistance the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC worked in partnership with the council to develop guidance for the Government on critical services that must be maintained across the Nation’s infrastructures in the event of a pandemic Consequently the NSTAC undertook the responsibility to formulate prioritization recommendations for the telecommunications infrastructure so that NS EP services that rely heavily on the sector can remain stable and usable under any circumstances Reports Issued The Prioritization of Critical Infrastructure for a Pandemic Outbreak in the Untied States Working Group NIAC Report January 2007 83 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Information Assurance Investigation Group Period of Activity Information Assurance Task Force IATF May 1995 – April 1997 Information Infrastructure Group IIG April 1997 – September 1999 Financial Services Task Force FSTF March 2003 – April 2004 Issue Background At the NSTAC XVII Meeting the Director of the National Security Agency briefed the NSTAC Principals on threats to U S infrastructures In the ensuing months the NSTAC’s Issues Group sponsored a number of meetings with representatives from the national security community law enforcement and civil departments and agencies to discuss information warfare defensive and IA issues At the May 15 1995 IES Working Session the members approved establishing the IATF to serve as a focal point for IA issues More specifically the IES charged the IATF to cooperate with the U S Government to identify critical national infrastructures and their importance to the national interest schedule elements for assessment and propose IA policy recommendations to the President The IATF worked closely with industry and Government representatives to identify critical national infrastructures and ultimately selected three for study electric power financial services and transportation To address the distinctive characteristics of those infrastructures the IATF established three risk assessment subgroups to examine each infrastructure’s dependence on information technology and the associated IA risks to its information systems Following NSTAC XIX the IES renamed the IATF the IIG and gave it the mission to continue acting as the focal point for NSTAC IA and CIP issues In investigating IA CIP issues the IIG worked closely with the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection and other Federal organizations concerned with examining physical and cyber threats to the Nation’s critical infrastructures Federal efforts in this arena culminated with the release of presidential policy guidance—PDD 63 Critical Infrastructure Protection May 22 1998 Subsequently PDD-63 implementation became a focal point for the IIG’s activities History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The IATF’s Electric Power Risk Assessment Subgroup completed its IA risk assessment report in preparation for the March 1997 NSTAC XIX Meeting In compiling information for this report the Electric Power Risk Assessment Subgroup met with representatives from eight electric utilities two industry associations an electric power pool equipment manufacturers and numerous industry consultants Based on these interviews the subgroup assessed the extent to which the infrastructure depends on information systems and how associated vulnerabilities placed the electric power industry at increased risk to denial-of-service attacks Based on the subgroup’s findings the NSTAC recommended that the President u Assign the appropriate department or agency to develop and conduct an ongoing program within the electric power industry to increase the awareness of vulnerabilities and available or emerging solutions u Establish an NSTAC-like advisory committee to enhance industry Government cooperation regarding regulatory changes affecting electric power and u Provide threat information and consider providing incentives for industry to work with Government to develop and deploy appropriate security features for the electric power industry The IIG’s Financial Services Risk Assessment Subgroup submitted its final recommendations in a report to NSTAC XX in December 1997 In compiling 85 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review information for this report the Financial Services Risk Assessment Subgroup conducted confidential interviews with institutions representing money center banks securities credit firms credit card associations third-party processors industry utilities industry associations and Federal regulatory agencies responsible for industry oversight The subgroup found that industry organizations treated security measures as fundamental risk controls—that a system of independent mutually reinforcing checks and balances within critical systems and networks was unique to the financial services industry providing a high level of integrity The subgroup concluded that at the national level the industry was sufficiently protected and prepared to address a range of threats However the subgroup identified security implications and potential vulnerabilities associated with the industry’s dependence on the telecommunications infrastructure being subjected to deregulation the integration of dissimilar information systems and networks resulting from mergers and acquisitions and the introduction of Web-based financial services Based on the Financial Services Risk Assessment Report the NSTAC recommended that the President u Assign to the appropriate department or agency the mission of identifying external threats and risk mitigation to the financial services infrastructure facilitating the sharing of information between industry and Government u Assign the appropriate department or agency the task of working with the private sector to develop a mutually agreeable solution for effective background investigations for sensitive positions u Assign the appropriate department or agency the task of monitoring the new emerging areas of electronic money and commerce including new payment services and u Ensure that the NSTAC continues to have at least one member from the financial services industry 86 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The IIG’s Transportation Risk Assessment Subgroup sponsored a workshop on September 10 1997 to discuss the transportation information infrastructure Topics included intermodal information dependencies industry Government information sharing transportation information infrastructure vulnerabilities and Government understanding of the transportation industry’s information infrastructure vulnerabilities The workshop held at Fort McPherson Georgia included representatives from many major transportation companies including airlines multimodal carriers rail highway mass transit and maritime The subgroup documented its findings in an Interim Transportation Information Risk Assessment Report to NSTAC XX in December 1997 The IIG continued to investigate transportation information infrastructure issues through the NSTAC XXII cycle As part of that effort the IIG worked with Department of Transportation representatives to conduct outreach meetings with transportation industry associations to better understand intermodal transportation trends The IIG also hosted another workshop on March 3 and 4 1999 in Tampa Florida which included representation from each transportation sector Participants discussed industry trends including increased reliance on information technology and the rapid growth of intermodal transportation Workshop findings were categorized into four areas 1 threats and deterrents 2 vulnerabilities 3 protection measures and 4 infrastructure-wide issues Based on the IIG’s final Transportation Risk Assessment Report the NSTAC recommended that the President u Continue support for the efforts of the Department of Transportation to promote outreach and awareness within the transportation infrastructure as expressed in PDD-63 Critical Infrastructure Protection As part of the above recommendation the NSTAC specifically recommended that the President and the Administration ensure support for the following activities 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee u Timely dissemination of Government information on physical and cyber threats to the transportation industry conclusions and recommendations were included in its June 1999 report to NSTAC XXII Based on that report the NSTAC recommended that the President u Government research and development programs to design infrastructure assurance tools and techniques to counter emerging cyber threats to the transportation information infrastructure u u Industry Government efforts to examine emerging industry-wide vulnerabilities such as those related to the Global Positioning System and In accordance with responsibilities and existing mechanisms established by E O 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions designate a focal point for examining the NS EP issues related to widespread adoption of EC within the Government and u u Future Department of Transportation conferences to simulate intermodal and where appropriate inter-infrastructure information exchange on threats vulnerabilities and best practices Direct Federal departments and agencies in cooperation with an established Federal focal point to assess the effect of EC technologies on their NS EP operations Following NSTAC XX the IIG formed an Electronic Commerce EC Cyber Security Subgroup to address two issues the short-term technical and time-sensitive issue relating to cyber security training and forensics and the long-term policy oriented high-level issue of the NS EP implications of EC In addressing the short-term issue the subgroup found that industry and Government needed a stronger partnership to establish appropriate levels of trust and understanding and to foster cooperation in addressing cyber security issues At the September 1998 NSTAC XXI meeting the NSTAC approved the subgroup’s study paper along with the IIG report and made the following recommendation u The President should direct the appropriate departments and agencies to continue working with the NSTAC to develop policies procedures techniques and tools to facilitate industry Government cooperation on cyber security To address the long-term issue the IIG continued to investigate the NS EP implications associated with the adoption of EC within industry and Government The group focused its efforts on issues associated with the changing business and security processes and policies necessary to implement EC The IIG’s At the NSTAC XXI Executive Session the U S Attorney General requested that the NSTAC and the DOJ work together to address cyber security and crime The IES determined that the projects DOJ suggested should not be addressed by the NSTAC at large but agreed that the NSTAC could help facilitate a partnership between the DOJ and individual corporations This agreement resulted in a meeting on March 5 1999 between the NSTAC chair and the Attorney General where they discussed the possibilities for industry and Government participation on mutually beneficial projects These efforts ultimately resulted in DOJ’s Cyber Citizen program Building on past NSTAC efforts in addressing IA and CIP issues the IIG continued to coordinate with Federal officials responsible for PDD-63 implementation during the NSTAC XXII cycle Specifically in accordance with the PDD-63 emphasis on public-private partnerships IIG members focused on sharing the lessons and successes of NSTAC and offering it as a possible model for other infrastructures Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations NSTAC advice to the President and the Administration has had significant applicability to PDD-63 implementation PDD-63 directs Federal 87 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review lead agencies to identify infrastructure sector coordinators within industry to provide perspective on CIP programs At NSTAC XXI in September 1998 the NSTAC concluded that more than one entity or sector coordinator would be required to represent the diverse information and communications sector In February 1999 following IES outreach to the Administration on the issue the Department of Commerce acted in concert with NSTAC advice and selected three industry associations to serve as sector coordinators for the information and communications sector PDD-63 also calls for the private sector to explore the feasibility of establishing one or multiple ISAC On the basis of the December 1997 NSTAC recommendation regarding a cross-infrastructure National Coordinating Mechanism IES representatives engaged in a dialogue with senior Administration officials on the prospects of creating multiple infrastructure-based ISACs That dialogue was important to the eventual decision to establish the National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications as an ISAC for telecommunications Finally PDD-63 emphasizes the importance of relying on nonregulatory solutions to address infrastructure vulnerabilities In satisfying this objective the Administration underscored the value of promoting industry standards and best practices to improve IA That approach is consistent with and follows on the December 1997 NSTAC XX recommendation regarding the creation of a private sector Information Systems Security Board 88 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Reports Issued Information Assurance Task Force Report March 1997 Electric Power Information Assurance Risk Assessment Report March 1997 Information Infrastructure Group Report December 1997 Financial Services Risk Assessment Report December 1997 Interim Transportation Information Risk Assessment Report December 1997 Cyber Crime Point Paper December 1997 Information Infrastructure Group Report September 1998 Cyber Security Training and Forensics Issue Paper September 1998 Information Infrastructure Group Report June 1999 Transportation Information Infrastructure Risk Assessment Report June 1999 Report on NS EP Implications of Electronic Commerce June 1999 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection Investigation Group Period of Activity Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection Task Force IS CIPTF September 1999 – March 2002 National Plan to Defend Critical Infrastructures Task Force NPTF June 2001 – September 2001 Issue Background In investigating Information Assurance issues the NSTAC worked closely with the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection and other Federal organizations concerned with examining physical and cyber threats to the Nation’s critical infrastructures Federal efforts in this arena culminated with the release of presidential policy guidance—Presidential Decision Directive PDD 63 Critical Infrastructure Protection May 22 1998 Subsequently PDD-63 implementation became a focal point for NSTAC activities Following a reevaluation of NSTAC subgroups in September 1999 the IES created the IS CIPTF to address information sharing issues associated with critical infrastructure protection CIP Specifically the IES directed the task force to among other things continue interaction with Government leaders responsible for PDD-63 implementation and examine mechanisms and processes for protected operational information sharing that would help achieve the goals of PDD-63 At NSTAC XXIV the National Coordinator for Security Infrastructure Protection and Counter-terrorism requested the NSTAC’s assistance in developing the Administration’s National Plan for Critical Infrastructure Protection The NSTAC’s IES established the NPTF to draft a response to the National Coordinator’s request Subsequently NPTF leadership met with National Security Council and Critical Infrastructure 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Assurance Office CIAO staff to discuss approaches for providing input to the national plan The chosen approach focused on providing input on capabilities for national information sharing analysis and dissemination to counter cyber threats History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations Building on outreach work conducted by the NSTAC Information Infrastructure Group during the NSTAC XXII cycle see the Information Assurance section in this NSTAC Issue Review the IS CIPTF continued to provide input to the Director CIAO on the National Plan for Information Systems Protection Version 1 0 This plan was the first major element of a more comprehensive effort by the Federal Government to protect and defend the Nation against cyber vulnerabilities and disruptions The IS CIPTF members shared industry concerns and developed a dialogue with the Government that helped to shape the plan In its May 2000 report to NSTAC XXIII the IS CIPTF provided NSTAC-recommended input to the plan regarding the National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications NCC as the Information Sharing and Analysis Center ISAC for the telecommunications industry In parallel with its work associated with the National Plan for Information Systems Protection Version 1 0 and as part of continuous efforts to share NSTAC expertise with industry and Government the IS CIPTF monitored the development of the Partnership for Critical Infrastructure Security The Partnership is an industry Government effort to raise awareness about critical infrastructure security and facilitates industry participation in the national process to address CIP Through individual NSTAC member company participation the NSTAC shared expertise successes lessons learned and experiences to further facilitate the development of the Partnership in support of PDD-63 objectives The IS CIPTF also examined mechanisms and processes for protected operational information sharing that would help achieve the goals of PDD-63 and further the role of the NCC as an ISAC for telecommunications See the Industry Government Information Sharing and Response section in this NSTAC Issue Review for a discussion of 89 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review how the NSTAC’s support for the evolving role of the NCC helped pave the way for the establishment of the NCC as an ISAC for telecommunications Specifically the task force examined the NCC’s historical experiences to determine how and what information is shared and the utility of information sharing for industry and Government As part of the study the IS CIPTF examined the NCC’s Year 2000 Y2K experiences for lessons learned that could benefit infrastructure protection efforts The task force also identified benefits of information sharing to both industry and Government The IS CIPTF also requested that the NSTAC’s Legislative and Regulatory Working Group LRWG examine the Freedom of Information Act FOIA as a potential impediment to information sharing and report its findings to the task force The LRWG’s work provided the task force with the background necessary to voice industry concerns about the need for legal provisions to protect critical infrastructure protection-related information from disclosure The IS CIPTF documented its findings in its report to NSTAC XIII in May 2000 The IS CIPTF concluded that historical and Y2K experiences demonstrate information sharing to be a worthwhile effort however for widespread information sharing over an extended period of time to take place legal operational and perceived impediments must be overcome Based on the IS CIPTF’s report the NSTAC recommended that the President u Support legislation similar to the Y2K Information and Readiness Disclosure Act that would protect CIP information voluntarily shared with the appropriate departments and agencies from disclosure under FOIA and limit liability At the May 16 2000 NSTAC XXIII Meeting a Government request was made for industry advice and recommendations for revision of the National Plan for Information Systems Protection During the NSTAC XXIV cycle the IS CIPTF developed a response based on the NSTAC’s experience with proven processes for industry and Government partnership at the 90 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee technical operational and policy levels Specifically the task force documented NSTAC findings related to the three broad objectives of Version 1 0 of the national plan—Prepare and Prevent Detect and Respond and Build Strong Foundations—that should be reflected in Version 2 0 of the plan In addition the task force proposed that a new broad objective—International Considerations—be included in the plan’s Version 2 0 The NSTAC approved the response and forwarded it to the President This information was also shared with the Information and Communications I C Sector Coordinators the U S Telecom Association the Telecommunications Industry Association and the Information Technology Association of America and the I C Sector Liaison NTIA The information was subsequently included in the I C Sector Report that NTIA forwarded it to the President in April 2001 During the NSTAC XXIV cycle the IS CIPTF also continued to address barriers to sharing CIP-related information including possible law enforcement restrictions on industry sharing network intrusion data with ISACs or similar information sharing forums The task force requested that the NSTAC and Government Network Security and Information Exchanges NSIE assist in investigating this issue The NSTAC NSIE representatives reported that historically they had not discussed intrusions into their networks and systems with anyone else after reporting them to law enforcement because case agents had told them that doing so might compromise the investigation of their cases In working with the Department of Justice the NSIEs found that although common practice discourages victims of such crimes from sharing information no laws or policies prohibit victims from discussing crimes against them even after they have reported them to law enforcement To address the situation the Chief Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section Department of Justice agreed to work with the law enforcement community to implement policies that encourage victims to share such information and to educate victims on those policies The NSIEs concluded that it would be necessary for the private sector to ensure that personnel The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee interacting with law enforcement on such cases are aware that they are permitted and encouraged to share this information for network security purposes using appropriate mechanisms At the June 6 2001 NSTAC XXIV meeting the National Coordinator requested the NSTAC’s assistance in developing the Bush Administration’s National Plan for Critical Infrastructure Assurance At that meeting Federal officials also briefed a new national initiative for information sharing and dissemination the Cyber Warning Information Network CWIN to the NSTAC as part of the discussion on national information sharing capabilities The IES formed the NPTF to discuss the proposed CWIN and develop further input to the national plan The NPTF held discussions with members of the Government’s CWIN Working Group to gain a better understanding of the CWIN initiative The NSTAC input to the national plan—based on the NPTF work—included an industry-based assessment of a national information sharing analysis and dissemination capability for addressing “cyber crises ” The assessment considered CWIN as a part of that larger national capability The NSTAC’s input focused on the need for a recognized authoritative national-level capability to disseminate warnings and facilitate response and mitigation efforts for cyber crises across the Nation’s infrastructures The NSTAC also concluded that key elements of such a capability spanning public and private sectors should include information collection and sharing information analysis dissemination of alerts and warnings and post-event analysis 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues NSTAC determined that industry and Government should develop communications mechanisms to link the ISACs to each other as well as with Government The NSTAC also found that infrastructures should consider alternative means for communicating during emergencies as appropriate to the sector For example the telecommunications industry developed an alerting and coordination mechanism which connects key elements of the sector and provides reliable and survivable communications in the event other communications mechanisms are unavailable or requirements warrant its use The NSTAC forwarded its report containing input on the national plan to the President in November 2001 Reports Issued Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection Task Force Report May 2000 The NSTAC’s Response to the National Plan April 2001 Information Sharing for Critical Infrastructure Protection Task Force Report June 2001 The NSTAC’s Input to the National Plan An Assessment of Industry’s Role in National Level Information Sharing Analysis and Dissemination Capabilities for Addressing Cyber Crises November 2001 The NSTAC recognized that conceptualizing the architecture for a national capability for addressing cyber crises is a complex undertaking Before a national capability can become fully operational industry and Government must address—individually and in collaboration—numerous policy legal financial operational and technical issues Nevertheless the NSTAC clearly determined that the ISACs should be leveraged by both industry and Government in building such a national capability and should serve as the Government’s primary means of interface with industry In addition the 91 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Intelligent Networks Investigation Group Period of Activity Intelligent Networks IN Task Force August 1989 – October 1991 History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations At NSTAC XIII October 3 1991 the NSTAC approved the following recommendation to the President in the IES Executive Report on Intelligent Networks u Issue Background The Telecommunications System Survivability Task Force selected IN as one of five study topics focused on determining the effect of new technologies on telecommunications systems survivability In June 1989 the NSTAC charged the IES with continuing the intelligent network effort on an interim basis pending review by the IES PWG Upon PWG recommendation that intelligent networks become a full task force the IES established the IN Task Force in August 1989 NSTAC XI extended the activities of the IN Task Force until NSTAC XII December 13 1990 To meet its charge the task force worked with the OMNCS to derive a set of desired NS EP user features and compared them with intelligent network services The task force determined the advantages and disadvantages of identified intelligent network services for NS EP telecommunications including interoperability considerations The IES extended the IN Task Force until NSTAC XIII to allow the OWG to work with the task force and the OMNCS to refine the recommendations in the task force final report The IN Task Force presented its final report and recommendations at the November 1990 IES meeting The IES referred the report to the IES OWG for evaluation The OWG’s New Technology Panel developed an executive report on INs in response to the IES charge to evaluate and refine the conclusions and recommendations of the IN Task Force Final Report NSTAC XIII directed the IES to disband the IN Task Force In its Executive Report to the President NSTAC offered to provide additional support to assist the Government in meeting the challenges of intelligent networks The Government should establish an IN Program Office to ensure advantages of evolving intelligent networks are incorporated into planning for and procurement of Government NS EP telecommunications Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The OMNCS established an Advanced Intelligent Networks AIN Program Office in its Office of Plans and Programs The primary objectives of the AIN Program Office are to u Identify AIN service needs for NS EP telecommunications u Determine the current status and planned capabilities of AIN technology u Demonstrate AIN capabilities supporting NS EP requirements u Assess the status of AIN standards activities and u Develop and implement a strategy for influencing the direction of AIN standards The AIN Program Office awarded a 5-year AIN NS EP contract to Bellcore to provide a mechanism for collecting IN and AIN data analyzing new technology developments and demonstrating AIN-based applications By meeting those objectives and obtaining pertinent information from Bellcore the OMNCS will help ensure NS EP telecommunications users benefit from the evolving AIN technology Reports Issued The IN Task Force Final Report The Impact of IN on NS EP Telecommunications November 7 1990 The Industry Executive Subcommittee Executive Report on IN October 3 1991 93 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues International Diplomatic Telecommunications Reports Issued Investigation Group Period of Activity IDT Task Force Final Report March 15 1984 IDT Task Force Interim Report to IES January 16 1984 International Diplomatic Telecommunications IDT Task Force September 1983 – December 1984 Issue Background National Security Decision Directive NSDD No 97 stipulates that U S Government missions and posts overseas must have the required telecommunications facilities and services to satisfy the Nation’s needs during international emergencies The National Communications System requested that the NSTAC advise the Department of State DOS on the vulnerability and risks inherent in overseas leased networks and offer remedial measures On September 27 1983 the NSTAC IES formed the IDT Task Force to study the issue and develop recommendations History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations In April 1984 the NSTAC forwarded the following recommendations on IDT to the President u Review vulnerabilities and risks at overseas diplomatic posts using the guidelines established by the IDT Task Force and u Establish a DOS point of contact to serve the telecommunications needs of foreign missions operating in the United States The NSTAC also instructed the IES to assist the DOS in determining the feasibility of using telecommunications resources owned by U S industries to support diplomatic requirements during international emergencies 95 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee International National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications u Develop recommendations for an U S international NS EP telecommunications plan of action using both Government and private sector telecommunications resources and capabilities to meet evolving U S international NS EP telecommunications needs Investigation Group Period of Activity Ad Hoc Group of the Industry Executive Subcommittee IES Plans Working Group PWG July 1990 – March 1991 Issue Background Effective worldwide communications directly influences the Nation’s ability to promote its national security interests in the global arena and to meet its international responsibilities Changes in the international environment will profoundly affect the telecommunications capabilities needed to support the U S NS EP posture Significant changes in the international telecommunications industry-Eastern European modernization U S carrier involvement in other countries and development of new technologies and international standards will also affect the means for providing the requisite capabilities During the last few years the industry Government NS EP telecommunications planning community demonstrated increasing interest in and concern about the international dimensions of NS EP telecommunications After considering a variety of potential problem areas the ad hoc group concluded that although modern telecommunications technologies are increasingly capable of supporting NS EP needs inadequate planning for using such technologies might impede the President’s ability to effectively react to international events The PWG concluded that the ad hoc group needed to refocus the issue and directed it to review the international NS EP telecommunications issue again with a sharper focus of the original charge The ad hoc group met several times and presented a revised set of proposed task force charges at the March 6 1991 PWG Meeting The PWG concluded that an international task force was not warranted but that the PWG Chair should send a letter to the Deputy Manager NCS advising of the ad hoc group’s findings and gauging NSTAC’s willingness to address the international issue if requested by the Government The Deputy Manager NCS forwarded a copy of the PWG Chair’s letter to NCS principals to convey the PWG’s willingness to assist the Government in its effort to enhance overseas NS EP communications Reports Issued Ad Hoc International Group of the IES Plans Working Group International National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Issue October 1990 The ad hoc group recommended to the October 24 1990 PWG meeting that it form a task force to u Identify and assess the biggest problem areas affecting future U S international NS EP telecommunications capabilities and 97 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Last Mile Bandwidth Availability Investigation Group Period of Activity Last Mile Bandwidth Availability Task Force LMBATF January 2001 – March 2002 Issue Background At the 23rd meeting of the President’s NSTAC on May 16 2000 the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Manager NCS addressed the inability of the Nation’s military and national security organizations to obtain the timely provisioning of high-bandwidth circuits at the local level referred to as the “last mile ” Subsequently in an October 2000 letter to the NSTAC Chair the NCS Manager asked the NSTAC to recommend what the Government could do to expedite the provisioning of “last mile” bandwidth or mitigate the provisioning periods for such services After scoping the key issues in coordination with Government the NSTAC’s IES formed the LMBATF at its January 18 2001 Working Session The task force was to examine the root causes of the provisioning periods how the Government might work with industry to reduce provisioning times or otherwise mitigate their effects and what policybased solutions could be applied to the provisioning of high-bandwidth circuits for NS EP services The task force included broad representation of NSTAC member companies and NCS departments and agencies During the remainder of the NSTAC XXIV cycle the LMBATF gathered data from both industry organizations and the Federal Government regarding their experiences with provisioning at the local level The task force also solicited input from telecommunications service providers on the processes for provisioning at the local level and the factors affecting provisioning periods Based on the input the LMBATF agreed that the scope of the study should apply to non-universally available services throughout the United States including fiber optics T1 and T3 lines integrated services digital network and digital subscriber line technologies 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The LMBATF concluded its analysis of the “last mile” provisionings during the NSTAC XXV cycle and presented its findings and recommendations in the March 2002 “Last Mile” Bandwidth Availability Task Force Report at NSTAC XXV The task force found that the provisioning periods for high-bandwidth services in the “last mile” are affected by a combination of complex factors such as intricate legislative regulatory and economic environments challenging site locations and contracting policies and procedures Furthermore while the Telecommunications Act of 1996 sought to encourage competition many carriers both incumbent and competitive are dissatisfied with the results This combined with a high level of marketplace uncertainty has reduced infrastructure investment by incumbents and competitors alike The task force also concluded that current Government contracting arrangements also create difficulties In many instances contracts are only vehicles for ordering services and do not represent a firm commitment on the part of the Government to purchase a service Because such commitments are not in place the carrier cannot be assured of recovering its infrastructure investment Furthermore when the business case warrants such investment carriers are limited by contracts’ failure to list the sites to be served or the types and quantities of services to be provided Problems also occur because Government contracts legally bind the prime contractor but make no explicit demands on subcontractors on which the prime contractor depends The Government is adversely affected by funding cycles that do not coincide with the time needed to obtain high-bandwidth services Funding is not allocated until the user identifies an immediate need and obtains approval However the deployment of high-bandwidth infrastructure often requires years of planning and coordination for allocating capital obtaining rights-of-way authority and installing service facilities The imperfect intersection of these inherently mismatched processes often results in lengthy provisioning periods 99 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review The negative consequences of the funding process are often exacerbated by a fragmented management structure In many cases project managers are responsible for separate portions of the network with no single entity responsible for planning or monitoring the provisioning of end-to-end service Overall project management is vital to effective network deployment systems integration and achievement of project goals Because telecommunications services are provided by a multitude of companies users must track service orders and manage the network from a centralized perspective The task force also studied whether the TSP System can be used to expedite “last mile” provisioning requests because TSP provisioning assignments are used by the NS EP community to facilitate the expedited installation of telecommunications circuits that otherwise could not be installed within the required time frame Although TSP seems to be an applicable solution for many NS EP “last mile” bandwidth requests TSP provisioning assignments can only be applied to services originating from new business requirements Therefore TSP provisioning cannot be used to replace or transfer existing services such as those associated with the contract transition Finally TSP cannot be used to make up for time lost because of inadequate planning or logistical difficulties According to these parameters many “last mile” provisioning requests are not eligible for the TSP System even if the requested service could be used for executing an agency’s NS EP mission An alternative for meeting Government organizations’ service requirements may be the implementation of alternative technologies to fulfill bandwidth requirements on a temporary or permanent basis Based on this analysis the LMBATF report recommended that the President in accordance with responsibilities and existing mechanisms established by Executive Order E O 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions and other existing authority 100 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee u Direct the appropriate departments and agencies in coordination with industry to reevaluate their communications service contracting and purchasing procedures and practices and take action to • Provide sufficient authority and flexibility to meet their needs consistent with current conditions • Allow long lead-time ordering and funding commitments based on projected requirements • Allow infrastructure funding where necessary for anticipated future needs or to accelerate installation so that customer requirements can be met • Share or assume risk for new service capital investment to ensure timely delivery • Allow and provide for performance incentives for all performing parties industry and Government organizational and individual • Require end-to-end project management of communications service ordering and delivery u Direct the Federal Government Chief Information Officers Council to propose and assist in implementing improved Government contracting practices for communications services that will enhance the availability of broadband services for the “last mile ” In support of the recommendations NSTAC “Last Mile” Task Force Report also suggested that both industry and Government encourage u Government contracting officers to engage all industry and Government representatives in joint planning sessions u Industry representatives to work with Government contracting officers in joint planning sessions The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee u u Use of a contract structure that makes all carriers involved in the delivery of the service parties to the contract with direct accountability to the Government contracting entity and 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Reports Issued “Last Mile” Bandwidth Availability Task Force Report to NSTAC XXV March 2002 Contracting practices that require end users to identify requirements and to communicate future needs to network providers End users and network providers should jointly identify complicating factors and discuss alternatives Finally the NSTAC “Last Mile” Bandwidth Availability Task Force Report encouraged Government to u Establish realistic service requirements and timelines and select the service options that meet its needs with acceptable risk u Convene a working group consisting of industry and Government stakeholders in the provisioning process to develop and recommend a streamlined approach to all aspects of the process including planning ordering and tracking The resulting proposal should be comprehensive simplifying steps and organizations as much as possible should share information appropriately at all points and should support flexibility in meeting end-user needs The working group should give strong consideration to a single Government database to support the process and a single point of contact such as a phone number or an e-mail address to ensure accuracy of information and provide exception handling and u Establish or contract for project managers who have all necessary management control tools at their disposal access to pertinent information and experience responsibility and authority for obtaining and overseeing delivery of the end-to-end service The LMBATF concluded its activities upon NSTAC approval of its report 101 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee National Coordinating Mechanism Investigating Group Period of Activity National Coordinating Mechanism NCM Task Force December 1982 – November 1984 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Please see the NCC section in the Active Issues section as well as the Industry Government Coordination and Response section in this NSTAC Issue Review for a fuller discussion of recent NCC actions Reports Issued NCM Task Force Report May 16 1983 Issue Background NCM Implementation Plan Final Report January 30 1984 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC recognized the need to establish a mechanism for coordinating industry and Government responses to the Government’s national security and emergency preparedness NS EP telecommunication service requirements in the post-divestiture environment As a result NSTAC formed the NCM Task Force in December 1982 and charged it to identify and establish the most cost-effective mechanism to coordinate industry-wide responses to NS EP telecommunications requests History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The NSTAC forwarded a series of NCM recommendations to the President in 1983 and 1984 The National Coordinating Center NCC is the most significant result of these recommendations Established on January 3 1984 the NCC is a joint industry Government operations center that supports the Federal Government’s NS EP telecommunication requirements Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The Telecommunications Systems Survivability TSS Task Force reviewed Government actions taken on the NSTAC’s NCM recommendations and concluded that the NCM recommendations were carried out promptly and effectively The task force recommended continuing NCS member organizations’ representation in the NCC and continuing Government dissemination of NS EP information The NSTAC approved the TSS Task Force’s findings and recommendations on the NCM and forwarded them to the President on September 22 1988 The National Communications System member agencies’ representation in the NCC continues as does the Government’s dissemination of NS EP information 103 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee National Information Infrastructure Investigation Group Period of Activity National Information Infrastructure NII Task Force August 1993 – March 1997 Issue Background At the August 2 1993 IES meeting the Plans Working Group subsequently reestablished as the Issues Group recommended that a task force be established to address NS EP telecommunications issues related to the evolution of the U S information infrastructure The IES established an NII Task Force to provide a series of reports with recommendations to the President The task force’s charge was to u Identify in collaboration with Government potential dual-use applications of the NII and recommend Government actions u Identify potential NS EP implications of the NII and recommend Government actions u As a minimum address items identified by the Director OSTP at NSTAC XV for example security resiliency interoperability standards and spectrum u u Advise Government on technical and other considerations that will accelerate commercialization of a nationwide high speed network available to NS EP users and As a minimum address architectural policy and regulatory issues along with those research and development focus areas pilot demonstration projects and civil military telecommunications issues identified by OSTP and the National Economic Council The task force relied on The National Information Infrastructure An Agenda for Action released by the administration on September 15 1993 as a guide for its work This document called for the NSTAC to 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues continue to offer advice to the President on NS EP telecommunications issues work with the Federal Communications Commission’s Network Reliability Council subsequently renamed the Network Reliability and Interoperability Council and complement the work of the U S Advisory Council on the NII To better focus on its charge and coordinate with the Information Infrastructure Task Force and its committees the NII Task Force established three subgroups the Policy Subgroup the Applications Subgroup and the Future Commercial Systems and Architecture Subgroup The Policy Subgroup’s final report Approach to Security and Privacy on the NII summarized the findings of the subgroup in network security It made preliminary recommendations on ways to ensure that expansion and enhancement of the information infrastructure would be compatible with telecommunications security concerns The Applications Subgroup assessed NII applications that the Government was developing In doing so the subgroup developed criteria to select applications for increased emphasis The subgroup made a number of recommendations related to developing dual-use applications Additionally the subgroup established an Emergency Health Care Information Focus Group to address health-care-specific issues for the NII The subgroup chose this application area as a model for examining important information infrastructure application issues such as interoperability privacy and security The final report of the Future Commercial Systems and Architecture Subgroup addressed the architectural principles and trends and NS EP performance issues of the current and future NII It examined the NII from the perspective of three major components the public switched network broadcast networks and the Internet Additionally the Issues Group addressed the information infrastructure issue working with the OSTP to develop plans for an NII Symposium at the Naval War College NWC Newport Rhode Island 105 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review October 17 – 19 1994 The Issues Group planned the symposium with the OSTP in response to an NWC invitation to the NSTAC to participate in a communications-focused game designed to address the NII The NWC produced a non-attribution report for distribution to all participants and it is available to any interested parties upon request History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The task force presented its interim report at the NSTAC XVI Meeting on March 2 1994 The report provides the background on the task force’s establishment its activities and future direction and a summary that includes a proposed statement for the NSTAC XVI Executive Report The statement reiterates the task force’s commitment to assisting the President in ensuring it satisfies NS EP requirements on the NII The NSTAC approved both the report and the proposed statement for forwarding to the President The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Concept Paper which outlined the functions and processes of the ISSB and served as the centerpiece for an outreach effort undertaken to ascertain the viability of the ISSB model After contacting more than 100 major information technology companies industry associations Government agencies and major information technology users the NII Task Force determined that there was broad support for the ISSB concept and that industry should take the lead in its formation The task force presented its fourth and final report at NSTAC XIX on March 18 1997 The report focused on the ISSB initiative and the NS EP implications of the GII The NSTAC recommended the President endorse the private sector ISSB initiative Lastly the NSTAC approved a recommendation to sunset the NII Task Force Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The task force presented an NII Task Force Status Report at NSTAC XVII on January 12 1995 The report discussed the work of the task force’s three subgroups—the Policy Subgroup the Applications Subgroup and the Future Commercial Systems and Architecture Subgroup The status report also addressed the 12 recommendations culled from the individual subgroup reports The task force presented its third report to NSTAC XVIII on February 28 1996 The report included analysis and recommendations regarding three NS EP issues 1 the need for an NII Security Center of Excellence SCOE 2 the emerging GII and 3 Emergency Health Care Information The NSTAC approved forwarding recommendations to the President regarding the latter two issues Following NSTAC XVIII the IES charged the task force to further investigate the advisability of establishing a SCOE henceforth referred to as the Information Systems Security Board ISSB The task force conceptualized the ISSB as a private sector entity that would promote information systems security principles and standards to improve the reliability and trustworthiness of information products and services The task force developed the ISSB 106 The Information Technology Industry Council ITIC sponsored an effort to explore formation of the ISSB the ITIC hosted the first meeting of this group on January 21 1997 Following the meeting the Information Security Exploratory Committee ISEC a consortium of interested stakeholders met regularly to discuss the possibility of operationalizing the ISSB concept The ISEC issued its report in January 1998 in which it recommended that although it supported the concept of the ISSB studies revealed that establishment of such a board would be duplicative of private endeavors At the same time however the ISSB concept influenced the Clinton Administration’s policy on implementing Presidential Decision Directive 63 Critical Infrastructure Protection Specifically in an approach consistent with the NSTAC’s ISSB recommendation the Administration’s Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office underscored the value of promoting industry standards and best practices to improve infrastructure assurance The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Reports Issued NII Task Force Interim Report February 1994 NII Task Force Report January 1995 NII Task Force Report February 1996 NII Task Force Report March 1997 107 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee National Research Council Report Investigation Group Period of Activity National Research Council NRC Report Task Force August 1989 – March 1990 Issue Background In June 1989 the NSTAC noted that the NRC report Growing Vulnerability of the Public Switched Networks PSN Implications for National Security Emergency Preparedness differed from Telecommunications Systems Survivability Task Force findings The NSTAC therefore charged the IES with examining those differences and reporting back in early 1990 In response the IES formed the NRC Report Task Force and issued the following charges u If it agreed with the NRC report address what actions should be taken by industry to assist the Government in implementing the NRC’s recommendations u If it did not agree give the reasons why and the factors bearing on the differing perspectives of the IES and the NRC and u Comment on the report’s implications for interoperability 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The NRC Report Task Force agreed with some of the recommendations of the NRC report and believed that the issue of growing vulnerabilities of the PSN needed to be further addressed Therefore the IES established the Network Security Task Force In 1991 the NRC report attracted considerable attention in Congress and at the FCC due to recurring outages of the PSN The FCC established the Network Reliability Council on February 27 1992 to make recommendations to the FCC on improving network reliability The Network Reliability Council sponsored a symposium from June 10–11 1993 in Washington DC on industry’s best practices for avoiding and minimizing the risk and impact of future telephone network outages Reports Issued NRC Report Task Force Final Report March 1990 The task force issued its final report in March 1990 History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations In March 1990 the NSTAC approved the findings of the NRC Report Task Force Contrary to the NRC’s findings the task force concluded the PSN was growing more survivable This survivability stems from the increased network diversity provided by the existence of three major interexchange carriers the increased user demand for network service availability the deployment of robust network architectures and the incorporation of advanced transmission switching and signaling technologies The task force also noted that current technologies and competitive trends were enhancing network robustness 109 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee National Telecommunications Management Structure Investigation Group Period of Activity National Telecommunications Management Structure NTMS Task Force August 1986 – June 1989 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues the southwest and northwest regions provided additional capability The subcommittee also completed NTMS regional validations in Chicago Illinois during November 1992 in Atlanta Georgia during February 1993 and in Denver Colorado during April 1993 Reports Issued NTMS Implementation Concept Final November 1987 Issue Background On May 22 1986 the NSTAC concurred with the Government that there was a need for a survivable and endurable management structure to support NS EP telecommunications requirements and agreed that industry and Government should work jointly to develop such a capability As a result the NSTAC established the NTMS Task Force in August 1986 and charged it with assisting in developing an NTMS implementation plan History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations On November 6 1987 the NSTAC forwarded to the President its recommendation to approve the NTMS Implementation Concept The Executive Office of the President approved the concept on March 25 1988 The NCS opened the NTMS Program Office on June 17 1988 During the week of July 12–15 1988 the NCS conducted the NTMS trial exercise to determine the feasibility of the NTMS concept and funding requirements The NCS successfully tested the National Telecommunications Coordinating Network concept September 27–29 1988 The NCS completed the NTMS program plan in March 1989 and it is updated periodically The NSTAC disbanded the NTMS Task Force on June 8 1989 Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations Through the NCC industry provides advice and assistance in pursuit of NTMS operational capability The NCS established the COR NTMS Subcommittee to assist in achieving NTMS initial operational capability The NTMS program became operational with the implementation of the northeast region in October 1990 In September 1991 the activation of 111 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Network Convergence Investigation Group Period of Activity Network Group NG April 1997 – September 1999 Information Technology Progress Impact Task Force ITPITF September 1999 – June 2000 Convergence Task Force CTF June 2000 – June 2001 Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Task Force NS VATF June 2001 – March 2002 Next Generation Networks Task Force NGNTF May 2004 – May 2006 Issue Background Telecommunications carriers are implementing cost-effective packet networks to remain competitive in the evolving telecommunications marketplace and to support wide-scale delivery of diverse advanced broadband services However because of their large investments in circuit switched network infrastructure carriers are initially leveraging the best of both infrastructures resulting in a period of network convergence during the transition to the next generation network NGN In this evolving network environment the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC recognizes that industry and Government must strive to identify and remedy associated network vulnerabilities to ensure sustained critical communications capabilities of the national security and emergency preparedness NS EP community Accordingly the NSTAC established task forces to analyze various infrastructure security and operational vulnerabilities stemming from network convergence and to provide recommendations to mitigate the vulnerabilities 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations Following NSTAC XXII in June 1999 the Industry Executive Subcommittee IES created the Information Technology Progress Impact Task Force ITPITF to examine the potential implications of Internet Protocol IP network and public switched network PSN convergence on existing NS EP services such as the Government Emergency Telecommunications Service GETS and the Telecommunications Service Priority TSP and to prepare for a Research and Development Exchange Workshop RDX focusing on network convergence issues The ITPITF analyzed issues related to GETS functionality in IP networks The ITPITF determined that because IP networks do not have network intelligence features analogous to Signaling System 7 SS7 IP networks may not support activation of GETS access and transport control and features Furthermore without quality of service QoS features to enable priority handling and transport of traffic in IP networks GETS calls may encounter new blocking sources and be subject to poor completion rates during overload conditions The ITPITF concluded that as the NGN evolves telecommunications carriers’ SS7 networks will become less discrete and more dependent on IP technology and interfaces Therefore it will be necessary to consider the security reliability and availability of the NGN control space related to the provision and maintenance of NS EP service capabilities In addition the ITPITF analyzed potential implications of convergence on TSP services The ITPITF concurred with the oversight committee that TSP services remained relevant in converged networks as TSP assignments could still be applied to identifiable segments of the PSN However because TSP applies only to circuit switched networks a new program may be needed to support priority restoration and provisioning in end-to-end packet networks The ITPITF also examined evolving network technologies and capabilities that could support NS EP functional requirements in both converged networks and the NGN The ITPITF concluded that 113 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review QoS and other new NGN capabilities would require some enhancement to best satisfy specific NS EP requirements Based on the ITPITF’s May 2000 report to NSTAC XXIII the NSTAC recommended that the President in accordance with responsibilities and existing mechanisms established by Executive Order E O 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions direct the appropriate departments and agencies in coordination with industry to ff Promptly determine precise functional NS EP requirements for convergence and the NGN and ff Ensure that relevant NS EP functional requirements are conveyed to standards bodies and service providers during NGN standards development and implementation Additionally the ITPITF recommended that the NSTAC XXIV work plan include an examination of the potential NS EP implications related to possible security and reliability vulnerabilities of the control space in the NGN On September 28–29 2000 the President’s NSTAC co-sponsored its fourth RDX The event was co-sponsored by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy OSTP and conducted in conjunction with the Telecommunications and Information Security Workshop 2000 held at the University of Tulsa in Tulsa Oklahoma The purpose was to exchange ideas among representatives from industry Government and academia on the challenges posed by network convergence Discussions of convergence issues at the workshop and the RDX led to the following conclusions ff There is a shortage of qualified information technology IT professionals particularly those with expertise in information assurance and or computer security 114 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ff Developing a business case for security poses difficult challenges in the commercial sector and there is a need to offset the high costs and high risks associated with R D in security technology ff Given the complexity and interdependence introduced to networks by convergence and the proliferation of network providers and vendors best practices standards and protection profiles that help to ensure secure interoperable solutions must be evenly applied across the NGN and ff There is a need to enhance R D efforts to develop better testing and evaluation programs to reduce the vulnerabilities introduced by malicious software From these conclusions the participants at the RDX offered several recommendations for consideration by the Government and the NSTAC These recommendations focus on improving network security in a converged and distributed environment Specifically the Government should ff Establish and continue to fund Government programs to encourage increasing the number of graduate and undergraduate students pursuing study in computer security disciplines ff Increase the funding and support to the National Security Agency and other Government agencies to facilitate the certification of additional Information Assurance IA Centers of Excellence to train and educate the next generation of information technology security professionals ff Develop tax credits and other financial incentives to encourage industry to invest more capital in the research and development of security technologies ff Expand partnerships on critical infrastructure protection issues by encouraging more representatives from academia and State and local Governments to participate and The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ff Invest in R D programs that encourage the development of best practices in NGN security such as improved testing and evaluation broadband protection profiles and NGN security standards To support the Government the NSTAC should ff Consider the issues of best practices and standards in its report to NSTAC XXIV ff Consider the evolving standards of due care legal issues discussed at the R D Exchange including linked or third party liability and new privacy legislation and regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and ff Conduct another RDX in partnership with one or more of the IA Centers of Excellence to discuss the difficulties in and strategies for both increasing the number of qualified IT security professionals and enhancing the academic curricula to meet the security challenges of the NGN Beginning in September 2000 the Convergence Task Force CTF analyzed issues related to the potential security and reliability vulnerabilities of converged networks Based on briefings received from industry and Government representatives the CTF concluded that the public switched telephone network PSTN is becomingly increasingly vulnerable as a result of its convergence with packet networks Of particular concern to the CTF was the interoperation of the intelligent network of the PSTN with IP networks via existing gateways The CTF noted that malicious attacks on these gateways could impact overall network availability and reliability Members suggested that possible remedies for these vulnerabilities include signaling firewalls implemented at network gateways and embedded security capabilities defined through standards The CTF determined that additional analysis of these security vulnerabilities is required to gain further understanding of the possible consequences of the evolving NGN Such an analysis should include examination of the convergence of wireless data networks with the PSTN 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Furthermore it was agreed that the NGN must offer the NS EP community quality of service reliability protection and restoration features analogous to those of the PSTN To achieve this the CTF suggested that Government foster strong working relationships with NGN carriers and work to specify security requirements in packet network procurements in an effort to attain network reliability commensurate with that of the PSTN In response to concerns expressed by prominent Government officials the CTF also examined issues of possible single points of failure in converged networks and associated possibilities of widespread network disruptions Through examination of related past NSTAC reports and participation in a National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications single point of failure exercise the CTF members determined that a scenario could not be envisioned even in the converged network environment in which a single point of failure could cause widespread network disruption Members found it more likely that any single points of network failure would have only local or “last mile” impacts However the CTF concluded that unforeseen points of failure precluded definitive assertions regarding the implausibility of a national level network failure The CTF also found that converged network vulnerabilities and possible points of failure could impact service availability and reliability essential to NS EP operations rather than creating network component failures Members suggested sharing detailed network data among industry Government and academia was needed to further understand converging networks and achieve more accurate network modeling and simulation techniques to analyze vulnerabilities and their impacts The CTF also examined the ongoing standards development efforts supporting NS EP priority requirements in the converged network Group members concluded that as the NGN evolves to offer more advanced broadband services the Government must remain actively involved in the relevant standards bodies’ activities to help define and ensure the consideration of NS EP requirements in the IP environment The CTF further encouraged the Government to remain actively involved in working 115 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review group activities related to NS EP issues including the Internet Engineering Task Force and the International Telecommunications Union Based on the CTF’s June 2001 report to NSTAC XXIV the NSTAC recommended that the President direct the appropriate departments and agencies in coordination with industry to ff Specify network security service level and assurance requirements in contracts to help ensure reliability and availability of NS EP communications during network convergence and in the developing NGN ff Ensure that standards bodies consider NS EP communications functional requirements during their work addressing network convergence issues including security of PSTN-IP network SS7 control traffic and development of packet network priority services ff Plan and participate in additional exercises examining possible vulnerabilities in the emerging public network PN and subsequent NS EP implications on a national and international basis and ff Utilize the Telecom-ISAC to facilitate the process of sharing network data and vulnerabilities to develop suitable mitigation strategies to reduce risks Additionally the CTF recommended that the NSTAC XXV work plan include the following tasks ff Examine the NS EP security and reliability implications of the convergence of wireless data networks with the PSTN and traditional wireless networks ff Support the efforts of the Government Subgroup on Convergence as requested by the Government in accordance with NSTAC’s charter and 116 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ff Further examine converged network control space-related vulnerabilities including those of signaling and media gateways and analyze possible NS EP implications Following NSTAC XXIV in May 2001 the IES formed the Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Task Force NS VATF and charged the group to address public network policy and technical issues related to ff Network disruptions particularly distributed denial of service DDoS attacks ff Security and vulnerability of the converged network control space including wireless network simulation and testing standards and consequence management issues and ff Needed countermeasures e g functional requirements to address the issues above The NS VATF noted that the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have renewed concerns regarding physical threats to the PN While the telecommunications infrastructure had not been a direct target of terrorism it could be in the future Therefore the NS VATF concluded that Federal State and local Government assistance related to preventing mitigating and responding to such an occurrence should be coordinated through the Telecom-ISAC In addition to the enduring physical threat to the Nation’s networks the NS VATF concluded that cyber attacks present a growing threat to the security of U S information systems and consequently to the critical communications of the NS EP community As cyber network attack techniques increase in sophistication and intruders continue using DDoS techniques to exploit vulnerabilities cyber attacks will likely cause greater collateral impacts to NS EP communications Because of this threat environment the NS VATF concluded that industry and Government should continue participating in ISACs to develop and implement unified and centralized capabilities to respond to attacks as they are occurring The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The NS VATF also concluded that additional steps are necessary to enhance the security of the control space of the evolving PN As network convergence continues malicious attacks focusing on the network control space are increasingly feasible therefore industry and Government cooperation is necessary to address control space vulnerabilities and implement remedial tools The NS VATF also encouraged industry and Government support of the NSIE efforts to develop a cross-industry security posture that could help provide a foundation for protecting the control space of the emerging PN The NS VATF also expressed concern about security issues affecting NS EP communications transiting wireless networks and technologies including the security of the interoperation of wireless and wireline networks—and more specifically activities addressing the wireless access protocol The task force also concluded that Government should deploy wireless local area networks with higher levels of security and consider policies that would reduce the risks of using personal area network devices On the basis of its analysis the NS VATF stated that some of the best strategies for countering vulnerabilities of the critical telecommunications infrastructure involved ff Increasing Government participation in standards bodies and developing a coordinated Governmentwide approach to standards development ff Specifying security standards in contracts and purchase orders This process would result in more commercial off-the-shelf products and services which the Government can then procure at reduced cost and ff Increasing stakeholder awareness of cyber vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies including strong cyber security and response plans 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The NS VATF concluded that the PN and its services supporting NS EP users would continue to be at risk from increasingly technologically sophisticated well-coordinated threat sources Therefore industry and Government must continue to work together to devise countermeasures and strategies to help mitigate the impacts of physical and cyber attacks on the PN and other critical infrastructures Based on the NS VATF’s March 2002 report to NSTAC XXV the NSTAC recommended that the President direct the appropriate departments and agencies in coordination with industry to ff Coordinate and prioritize through the TelecomISAC Government assistance to industry to protect the Nation’s critical communications assets and to mitigate the effects of an attack as it is occurring ff Encourage and adequately support the development and adoption of baseline standards and technologies including version 6 Internet Protocol Security and the Emergency Telecommunications Service scheme to help bolster core security and reliability of the NGN ff Support the NSIEs’ efforts to develop a crossindustry security posture that could help provide a foundation for containing the control space of the emerging public network ff Work with standards bodies to ensure consideration of NS EP communications functional requirements while addressing the security of the interoperation of wireless and wireline networks and more specifically activities addressing wireless access protocol ff Ensure that all wireless local area networks used by the Government meet the highest level of security standards available with priority given to those supporting NS EP missions and ff Develop policies and procedures to support the use of personal area network devices while reducing their risk of compromise 117 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Following the NSTAC XXVII Meeting held on May 19 2004 the NSTAC Principals created the Next Generation Networks Task Force NGNTF to conduct an examination of NS EP requirements and emerging threats on the NGN As an initial step the NGNTF assembled a group of subject matter experts SMEs and government stakeholders in August 2004 to determine how best to meet the task’s significant objectives As a result of the meeting the group identified five fundamental areas of examination 1 NGN description 2 NGN service scenarios and user requirements 3 end-to-end services provisioning 4 NGN threats and vulnerabilities and 5 incident management on the NGN In response to government stakeholder questions during the meeting the NGNTF agreed to undertake a quick turn around report on the near term actions that could be undertaken to reduce the impact of network transition issues on NS EP communications and to identify areas where immediate government involvement was needed to foster activities in areas such as NGN standards and systems development activities that may be proceeding without consideration of NS EP needs Based on the near-term analysis conducted by the NGNTF the Committee offered the following recommendations to the President in March 2005 ff Use existing and appropriate cross-Government coordination mechanisms to track and coordinate cross-agency NGN activities and investment ff Explore the use of Government civilian and Department of Defense DOD networks as alternatives for critical NS EP communications during times of national crisis ff Use and test existing and leading-edge technologies and commercial capabilities to support NS EP user requirements for security and availability ff Support the development and use of identity management mechanisms including strong authentication 118 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee ff Study and support industry efforts in areas that present the greatest NS EP risks during the period of convergence including gateways control systems and first responder communications systems ff Review the value of satellite systems as a broad alternative transmission channel for NS EP communications ff Participate more broadly and actively in the NGN standards process in partnership with the private sector in the following areas web services directory services data security network security management and control systems and ff Focus on developing cohesive domestic and international NS EP communications policy and conduct inter-governmental discussions on NS EP communications The NGNTF then turned its attention to the longer-term taskings leveraging significant involvement from industry and government SMEs involved in the day-to-day transition of the NGN and creating working groups to address each issue area Ultimately the NSTAC based upon the work of the NGNTF agreed upon nine recommendations the implementation of which they believed would support the ability of the NGN to meet NS EP functional requirements while also providing greater capabilities to NS EP users The NSTAC Principals approved the following recommendations to the President in March 2006 ff Identity Management Direct the Office of Management and Budget OMB the Department of Commerce DOC and the Department of Homeland Security DHS to work with the private sector in partnership to build a federated interoperable survivable and effective identity management framework for the NGN that 1 includes a common assurance taxonomy that addresses NS EP requirements and is usable in both the Government and commercial domains 2 minimizes identity “silos” identity stores containing usernames and passwords that is not The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee or cannot be used by another applications allows federation between the Government and commercial domains and supports use of Government issued credentials for identification on the NGN 3 meets other NS EP requirements including priority access to NS EP communications services 4 supports broad use of commercial technology along with existing and emerging protocols and standards and 5 includes explicit protections for privacy ff Coordination on Common Operational Criteria for NGN NS EP End-to-End Services Direct the Office of Science and Technology OSTP with support from the collective National Communications System NCS agencies to establish a Common Operational Criteria development framework to meet NS EP user requirements on the NGN This would be a joint industry-Government initiative to ensure NS EP communications capabilities in the NGN environment and would include the creation of a regular NGN summit with annual reporting that would enable telecommunication information technology IT industry sector and Government stakeholders to 1 develop and coordinate common NGN planning activities 2 measure progress of NGN-related efforts and 3 recommend and monitor programs that would foster NS EP capabilities within the NGN including initiatives concerning • A priority regime for both encrypted and unencrypted packets supported by a set of standards specifying how that priority is to be translated end to end among the different networks connected to the NGN consistent with a user’s NS EP authorization and required class of service and • NGN designs that respond to NS EP requirements including supporting a mixed protocol operational environment during the transition into IP version 6 peer-to-peer networks and systems for independence from centralized infrastructure meshed networks for resiliency and deployability and IP Security for authentication and confidentiality 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues ff Research and Development R D In support of the prior recommendation direct OSTP with support from other relevant agencies especially the Science and Technology Directorate of DHS the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST and DOD to establish and prioritize within the Federal Government initiatives that will foster collaborative and coordinated R D supporting the Common Operational Criteria and accelerate demonstrations of critical NGN NS EP-supporting capabilities or technology among NGN telecommunication IT and service providers ff Technology Lifecycle Assurance and Trusted Technology Direct OMB OSTP DOD DHS and DOC to drive comprehensive change in the security of NS EP information and communications technology through policy incentives and research supporting the development and use of 1 technology lifecycle assurance mechanisms and 2 innovative trusted technologies that reduce the presence of intrinsic vulnerabilities ff Resilient Alternate Communications Direct OMB and DHS in accordance with their respective authorities to ensure that Federal agencies are developing investing in and maintaining resilient alternate communications for the NGN environment Specifically DHS and OMB should require that NS EP communicators including incident managers and emergency responders plan for communications resiliency especially by examining alternative or substitute access methods to the NGN to address specific threat scenarios which methods can augment and possibly replace at least temporarily damaged or diminished access to the communications infrastructure ff Agreements Standards Policy and Regulations Direct DHS the Department of State and DOC including NIST and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration to engage actively with and coordinate among appropriate domestic and international entities to ensure that the relevant policy frameworks support NGN NS EP capabilities These policy frameworks are 119 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review established through Agreements Standards Policies and Regulations ASPR As part of the Common Operational Criteria development framework these agencies should continuously monitor the entire lifecycle of ASPR associated with ensuring NS EP capabilities to identify and act on opportunities to enhance ASPR address their vulnerabilities and eliminate potential impediments to providing NS EP capabilities in a globally-distributed NGN environment ff Incident Management on the NGN Direct DHS to establish an inclusive and effective NGN incident response capability that includes a Joint Coordination Center incorporating and modeled on the National Coordinating Center NCC for all key sectors but particularly both the Communications and IT Sectors and supporting mechanisms such as a training academy and a collaboratively developed broadly participatory and regularly evaluated exercise program This capability should be enhanced by an appropriate R D program ff International Policy Direct departments and agencies to develop cohesive domestic and international NS EP communications policy consistent with the recommendations in this report in particular 1 developing intergovernmental cooperative mechanisms to harmonize NS EP policy regimes in participating countries consistent with the recommendations in this report 2 establishing the rules of engagement for non-United States U S companies in NS EP incident response in the U S and 3 addressing how information sharing and response mechanisms should operate in the international NGN environment ff First Responders Direct DHS and other appropriate Government agencies to assist first responders and public safety organizations in making the transition to the NGN which will provide them with greater capabilities but will also be a challenge to achieve given their limited resources and legacy systems 120 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations Based on NSTAC recommendations the NCS is actively participating in various standards bodies to ensure consideration of NS EP functional requirements during convergence and in the NGN The NCS is contributing to activities of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization over Networks ETSI TIPHON group ETSI TIPHON is examining several security issues related to convergence including identification and authentication procedures for emergency calls and issues related to cyber attacks and malicious intrusion into networks The NCS is also active in International Telecommunication Union Standardization Sector efforts regarding recommendation E 106 Description of the International Emergency Preference Scheme IEPS IEPS recognizes the requirement for priority communications among Government civil and other essential users of public telecommunications services in crisis situations IEPS which is similar to GETS would give authorized users priority access to and transport of NS EP-related calls on an international basis within the PSTN and integrated services digital network infrastructures Citing findings of the ITPITF on March 9 2001 the National Coordinator for Security Infrastructure Protection and Counter-terrorism established in conjunction with OSTP an interagency Convergence subgroup under the Counter Terrorism and National Preparedness Information Infrastructure Protection Assurance Group The purpose of this Convergence Working Group CWG was to address issues associated with the convergence of the voice and data networks and the implications of this convergence on NS EP telecommunications services The associated policy legal security and technical issues were previously identified in a Report of the CTF dated December 29 2000 The CWG issued its final report on February 14 2002 In addition the NCS currently has representation on several key standards organizations including the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ATIS the Internet Engineering Task Force the The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee International Telecommunications Union ITU and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project in support of standard solutions The NCS Standards Branch contuse to provide leadership to and be actively involved in supporting NS EP Priority Service requirements in national and international standards organizations to influence the standards organizations to include enhancements to the standards that benefit the NS EP community The NCS also continues to take every opportunity to test and prototype leading-edge technologies and commercial capabilities supporting NS EP requirements such as NS EP scenarios prototyped in Global MultiService Forum MSF interoperability events The NCS continues to participate in the MSF meetings and coordinate with industry regarding NGN NS EP priority services that can be prototyped and demonstrated in the international multi-carrier environments of the MSF2008 Global Interoperability Event The NCS plans to provide NGN Broadband Video Priority Services and other capabilities by prototype and a series of progressive demonstrations for different classes of traffic The bandwidth prioritization concept is being considered as part of the NS EP NGN broadband priority services and a white paper together with a demo plan and proposed schedule is being prepared for funding considerations The NCS has initiated the development of the Next Generation Priority Services Experimental Testbed Environment to prototype and ensure that next generation emergency telecommunications services will operate end-to-end In addition the NCS is currently utilizing modeling prototyping and standards development to assist with an IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS Industry Requirement IR process that includes service providers vendors and standards bodies The IM SIR process will support defining of NS EP requirements for the NGN Furthermore the NCS initiated the IMS NGN Architecture Industry Review to develop requirements for next generation priority services in support of the NS EP mission The 2007 NS EP IP IMS Core Network IR for NGN GETS Phase 1 Voice Service was issued December 21 2007 A two-day NS EP IMS Access Network IR kickoff meeting was held with 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues industry March 4–5 2008 and addressed the NCS’s plan to work with the industry to develop industry requirements for NS EP priority voice and broadband services for seven different access technologies Following the NSTAC XXIX Meeting held on May 9 2006 the NSTAC established the International Task Force to conduct an examination of the NS EP implications of international communications Please see the International Communications section in the Active Issues section of this NSTAC Issue Review for more information As the government response to the NSTAC Report on International Communications the NCS Committee of Principals voted to establish the International Communications Working Group ICWG in the fall of 2007 The ICWG will assess the broad range of issues and requirements inherent in the establishment and global adoption of a framework to enhance the resiliency of the global communications infrastructure Reports Issued Network Group Internet Report An Examination of the NS EP Implications of Internet Technologies June 1999 Information Technology Progress Impact Task Force Report on Convergence May 2000 Research and Development Exchange Proceedings Transparent Security in a Converged Network Environment September 2000 Convergence Task Force Report June 2001 Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Task Force Report March 2002 Next Generation Networks Task Force Report Near Term Recommendations March 2005 Next Generation Networks Task Force Report March 2006 121 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Network Security Investigation Group Period of Activity Network Security Task Force NSTF February 1990 – August 1992 Network Security Information Exchange NSIE June 2001 – Present Network Security Standards Oversight Group NSSOG August 1992 – January 1995 Network Security Steering Committee NSSC August 1992 – December 1994 Network Security Group NSG December 1994 – April 1997 Network Group NG April 1997 – September 1999 Embedded Interoperable Security Issue Scoping Group EISISG June 1999 – November 1999 Protecting Systems Task Force PSTF September 1999 – May 2000 Internet Security Architecture Task Force IS ATF April 2002 – April 2003 Operations Administration Maintenance and Provisioning OAM P Standard Working Group February 2003 – August 2003 Issue Background Network security issues lie at the core of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee’s NSTAC work on behalf of the President The NSTAC initiated in-depth review of network security issues in February 1990 when the committee’s Industry Executive Subcommittee IES established the NSTF to address the National Security Council’s concern about the vulnerability of the Nation’s telecommunications networks to 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues intentional software disruptions or manipulations that could threaten national security and emergency preparedness NS EP communications Having completed its original task the IES reestablished the NSTF at the December 1990 NSTAC Meeting and charged it to work closely with and in support of the Government Network Security Subgroup GNSS In June 1991 the NSTF established the NSTAC NSIE The task force submitted its final report and recommendations to the NSTAC on July 17 1992 On August 26 1992 the IES deactivated the NSTF and established the NSSC and the NSSOG The NSSOG completed its task and disbanded in January 1995 The IES subsequently renamed the NSSC the NSG in accordance with the December 1994 IES Guidelines In April 1997 the IES realigned its groups and renamed the NSG the NG In September 1999 the IES restructured and created the PSTF to accomplish the tasking formerly assigned to the NG During the NSTAC XXVI cycle the IES created the IS ATF to develop policy recommendations with respect to the vulnerabilities in pervasive software and protocols critical to the operation of the Internet In 2002 the NSTAC’s NSIE and the Government NSIE established the Security Requirements Working Group SRWG to examine the security requirements for controlling access to the public switched network in particular with respect to the emerging next generation network Members of the SRWG representing a cross-section of telecommunications carriers and vendors developed an initial list of security requirements that would allow vendors Government departments and agencies and service providers to implement a secure telecommunications network management infrastructure The SRWG developed this initial list of security requirements as a consensus document and submitted it as a contribution to the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ATIS Committee T1– Telecommunications Working Group T1M1 5 OAM P Architecture Interface and Protocols for consideration as a standard 123 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review Representatives from T1M1 5 the NSTAC NSIE the Government NSIE and T1M1 liaison organizations further refined the initial document and developed the standard entitled Operations Administration Maintenance and Provisioning Security Requirements for the Public Telecommunications Network A Baseline of Security Requirements for the Management Plane Committee T1 approved the standard T1 276-2003 in July 2003 During the NSTAC XXVII cycle the IES created the OAM P Standard Working Group to further examine the standard and develop conclusions and recommendations for action The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee u Correct the legislative deficiencies affecting the capability to gather evidence about computer crimes and to prosecute and convict computer criminals who target computers that support the national telecommunications infrastructure In February 1994 the Government and NSTAC NSIEs sponsored a Network Security Symposium These groups designed the symposium to inform attendees of the potential threats to and vulnerabilities of the public switched network PSN from computer intruders Subject matter experts from industry Government and law enforcement presented information History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations On July 17 1992 the NSTAC approved the Network Security Task Force Final Report The report recommended that the President u u Publicly support the NSTAC network security initiative and Establish a Government focal point for coordination on network security standards The NSTAC also endorsed both the NSSOG and a strong network security information exchange among industry companies The NSTAC formed its NSIE in 1991 paralleling a GNSS effort to create a Government NSIE The joint meetings of the NSTAC and Government NSIEs remain a unique industry and Government forum where representatives exchange information on network threats and vulnerabilities in a trusted nondisclosure environment The IES established the NSSOG and the NSSC in response to NSTAC XIV charges to continue network security activities The IES established the NSSC as a permanent IES working group with oversight responsibility for network security activities At the March 2 1994 NSTAC XVI meeting the NSSC updated its assessment of the risk to the PSN and noted its plans to strengthen the NSTAC NSIE and expand its membership On June 28 1994 the Government and NSTAC NSIEs sponsored a network firewalls workshop The workshop provided an overview of firewall technologies addressed strategies for mitigating vulnerabilities discussed firewall uses and applications and reviewed case histories In October 1994 the NSSOG released a technical report focusing on network security standards issues for the PSN In its report the NSSOG categorized 12 recommendations on policy procedural and technical issues important to promoting interoperability mitigating current or future threat scenarios implementing realistic solutions and or addressing a range of technologies or architectures At the January 12 1995 NSTAC XVII meeting the NSTAC approved the NSSOG report and recommended that the President u On May 27 1993 the NSSC recommended that the President 124 Task the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST and other Government organizations to support industry in the development of standards recommended in the NSSOG report 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee At the February 28 1996 NSTAC XVIII meeting the NSTAC approved the NSG’s findings with respect to determining NSTAC’s potential contributions to developing a middle-ground security technology solution The NSTAC also presented the findings of a report entitled An Assessment of the Risk to the Security of Public Networks which was co-authored by the Government and NSTAC NSIEs On September 11 1996 the Government and NSTAC NSIEs sponsored a symposium on securing data networks This event continued successful efforts by the NSIEs to share lessons learned about network security with a broader audience through workshops and analytical reports Also in September 1996 the NSG sponsored the Network Security Research and Development R D Exchange The event’s purpose was to analyze R D activities ongoing in both the public and private sectors and to address issues of authentication intrusion detection and access control from the capabilities management perspective In November 1996 the NSG organized the Forward-Looking Analysis Panel to consider the impact of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 on network security and NS EP telecommunications services The panel addressed issues such as carrier interconnection collocation and open network architecture The Federal Communications Commission’s FCC Network Reliability and Interoperability Council NRIC considered the panel’s input and subsequently included it in the NRIC’s final report At the March 18 1997 NSTAC XIX meeting the NSG reported on its work to address the impact of the changing regulatory and technological environment on NS EP telecommunications services The NSG also reviewed its recent activities in the areas of R D intrusion detection and forward-looking network control security analysis At the meeting the NSG outlined the efforts of the newly established Intrusion Detection Subgroup IDSG and its charge to explore a more cooperative approach to developing enhanced intrusion detection tools The NSG concluded by addressing the activities of the NSIEs and noted that the NSTAC NSIE expanded its membership from nine to twenty Following NSTAC XIX the NG’s IDSG assessed network intrusion detection R D activities to determine whether NS EP considerations required additional efforts Working with industry groups the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA and other Government groups the IDSG identified the current state of intrusion detection research The IDSG subsequently provided a report to NSTAC XX in December 1997 detailing its findings and recommendations for the President to consider in promoting the R D of intrusion detection technologies The NSTAC accepted and approved the report and recommended that the President u Promulgate a national technology policy to address intrusion detection u Establish an interagency working group for intrusion detection u Increase R D funding for intrusion detection for network control systems vital to continued operation of critical infrastructures and u Encourage cooperative development programs The NG established another subgroup following NSTAC XIX to respond to a request by Dr John Gibbons then Assistant to the President for Science and Technology Dr Gibbons asked NSTAC to determine the likelihood of a widespread telecommunications outage identify industry plans in place for intercarrier coordination to respond to such an outage and describe how telecommunications service providers and the Government would cooperate to assure the President that restoration priorities would meet the national interest The NG established the Widespread Outage Subgroup WOS to focus on these issues and provided a report to NSTAC XX reflecting its findings The WOS determined that given the limited precedent for telecommunications outages of such magnitude there was a low probability of a widespread sustained outage of public telecommunications service In December 1997 the NSTAC approved the WOS report and recommended that the President 125 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u u Direct the appropriate Federal departments and or agencies to work with industry to improve intercarrier coordination plans and procedures Encourage the FCC to maintain a Defense Commissioner at all times to help industry and Government overcome legal and regulatory impediments to a rapid and orderly restoration of service during a widespread telecommunications outage u Task the appropriate Federal departments and agencies to work with industry to advance the state-of-the-art for software integrity and u Direct the expansion of Government R D efforts to address the most significant vulnerabilities of new and evolving telecommunications technologies and services Following NSTAC XX the NG examined the readiness of the telecommunications industry to ensure continuity of service through the millennium change focusing on NS EP and the national telecommunications infrastructure The NG surveyed telecommunications service providers equipment vendors system integrators industry forums addressing the Year 2000 Y2K problem and vendors providing Y2K solutions The NG concluded that significant efforts were underway in both industry and Government to eradicate the Y2K problem within the Nation’s telecommunications infrastructure However given the extent and complexity of the Y2K software augmentation there were no guarantees that Y2K measures would anticipate and or prevent every problem In September 1998 the NSTAC approved the NG’s Year 2000 Problem Status Report and recommended that the President u Direct appropriate departments and agencies to develop contingency plans to u Respond to Y2K-induced service impairments of the Government’s NS EP customer premises equipment CPE functions and applications 126 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee u Fulfill mission-critical NS EP responsibilities in the event of Y2K induced PN service impairments u Direct his Y2K focal point to ensure the coordination of the Government’s requests for Y2K readiness information from the telecommunications industry Following NSTAC XXI the NG continued the tasking from the NSTAC XX meeting to examine how NS EP operations might be affected by a severe disruption of Internet service In conjunction with the gap analysis effort by the Office of the Manager National Communications System OMNCS NG members provided their individual perspectives on the Public Network PN Alternatives Analysis Report developed by the OMNCS During this cycle the NG continued to oversee the NSTAC NSIE and worked toward facilitating the exchange of network security R D information between industry and Government The R D effort subsequently resulted in an NG-sponsored R D Exchange in October 1998 held in collaboration with activities sponsored by Purdue University’s Computer Operations Audit and Security Technology COAST Laboratory and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE The exchange focused on two themes The first theme examined how industry and Government can better collaborate on R D The second examined the growing convergence of telecommunications and the Internet The attendees overwhelmingly agreed on the need to identify potential centers of excellence in industry Government and academia and provide them with appropriate long-term funding to promote the development of computer and network security professionals disciplines and programs Equally important was the need to establish large-scale testbeds to promote joint research develop and verify metrics and evaluate security products and address other technical needs in network security and information assurance The Government and NSTAC NSIEs completed an after-action report on the workshop The Insider Threat to Information Systems A Framework for Understanding and 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Managing the Insider Threat in Today’s Business Environment The workshop was held in June 1998 The after-action report provided for sharing lessons learned in this vital area of insider threat that is affecting both industry and Government In addition the NSIEs completed their 1999 Assessment of the Risk to the Security of the Public Network The NSIEs concluded that the 1995 findings regarding the overall vulnerabilities of the PN were still valid Old vulnerabilities were still being exploited even though fixes were readily available Vulnerabilities in many of the PN’s diverse technologies including Signaling System 7 SS7 Intelligent Networks IN Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM and Synchronous Optical Network SONET remained unaddressed The interconnectivity among technologies and networks had not merely persisted but had become even greater than it was in 1995 Between 1995 and 1999 three major factors exacerbated the overall vulnerability of the PN the Telecommunications Act of 1996 Telecom Act changing business practices and the Y2K problem Control Protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP networks also called intranets for mission-critical NS EP operations at this time because of significant security and reliability concerns associated with the Internet In June 1999 the NSTAC approved the NG’s report and the following recommendations u • Work with the NS EP community to increase understanding of evolving Internet dependencies • Work with key Internet organizations and standards bodies to increase awareness of NS EP requirements In addition the NSTAC NSIE revised its charter to bring it in line with how the NSIEs function The NSIEs are primarily information sharing bodies in the area of network vulnerabilities and threat analysis In June 1999 the NG completed its work on the Internet Report An Examination of NS EP Implications of Internet Technologies The report addressed the following three objectives 1 examine the extent to which NS EP operations will depend on the Internet over the next 3 years 2 identify vulnerabilities of network control elements associated with the Internet and their ability to cause a severe disruption of Internet service applying lessons learned from NSTAC’s similar studies of the PSN and 3 examine how Internet reliability availability and service priority issues apply to NS EP operations The NG concluded that the NS EP community’s direct dependence on the Internet for mission critical operations was modest Departments and agencies with NS EP responsibilities were using the Internet mostly for outreach information sharing and electronic mail The NS EP community was more inclined to depend on dedicated Transmission Recommend that the President in accordance with responsibilities and existing mechanisms established by Executive Order 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions direct the establishment of a permanent program to address NS EP issues related to the Internet The program should have the following objectives • Interact with the appropriate Internet organizations and initiatives to investigate develop and employ NS EP-specific Internet priority services such as end-to-end priority routing and transport • Examine the potential impact of IP network-PSN convergence on PSN specific priority services u Recommend that the President direct the appropriate Government departments and agencies to use existing industry Government partnership mechanisms to increase awareness of NS EP requirements within key Internet organizations and standards bodies In addition the NSTAC directed the IES to examine the potential impact of IP network-PSN convergence on PSN-specific NS EP priority services including Government Emergency Telecommunications Service GETS and Telecommunications Service Priority TSP 127 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review Following the NSTAC XXV Meeting on March 13 2002 the IES again focused on network and Internet security issues At the meeting the Special Advisor to the President for Cyberspace Security discussed the serious threats posed by vulnerabilities within the Domain Name Servers and the Border Gateway Protocol In response to these concerns the NSTAC created the ISATF to develop recommendations to the President on how to identify and remediate vulnerabilities in pervasive software protocols define the “edge” elements of the Internet and determine ways that the NSTAC could integrate its efforts to define and monitor significant critical infrastructures supporting the Internet with other industry activities In its First Steps in Identifying and Remediating Vulnerabilities in Pervasive Software Protocols report the ISATF analyzed five stages relevant to identifying and remediating vulnerabilities in pervasive software and protocols prevention detection information sharing analysis and correction In the area of prevention the task force advocated aggressive public-private research and development activities and cited the need to develop adequate alert and warning systems to support the operations of information sharing and analysis centers The task force also identified barriers to the effective detection of vulnerabilities such as the myriad number of forums devoted to detection and the lack of standardization in reporting procedures Next the task force emphasized that significant barriers to information sharing exist such as the Freedom of Information Act FOIA and liability concerns and advocated the creation of legislation that would ease the sharing of critical information The ISATF also concluded that the analysis functions within industry that detect and publish vulnerabilities appear to be adequate but the Government may find some benefit in better leveraging available synergies by consolidating Government-funded analysis centers where appropriate Finally the task force observed that while many organizations are successfully correcting and remediating vulnerabilities they fail to utilize a streamlined method for expeditiously disseminating corrected information to the telecommunications and Internet service provider ISP communities 128 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Based on the findings of the ISATF report the NSTAC recommended that the President direct the appropriate departments and agencies in coordination with industry to u Consolidate Government-funded watch center operations of agencies and departments dedicated to the detection and dissemination of information related to Internet vulnerabilities into one organization to create a more efficient and effective collaborative industry Government information-sharing partnership u Establish a lead organization within the Department of Homeland Security DHS to coordinate with industry a process for warning notification coordination and remediation of widespread problems in a national emergency u Recognize the need to involve all aspects of the Internet in the process of identifying significant vulnerabilities including the web hosting network access provider backbone and ISP communities u Fund efforts related to identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities in the most critical protocols or software that key sectors of the Nation’s infrastructure rely upon and u Promote and support legislation to address FOIA antitrust and liability concerns regarding information shared by industry for the purposes of critical infrastructure protection Additionally the ISATF made other recommendations focused on developing a process for the Internet community both private and public to share information within its component communities and within the larger telecommunications and Internet infrastructure context At the NSTAC XXV Meeting participants also expressed concern over the ability to defend the Internet by protecting the edges of the Internet against attack or exploitation In response to these concerns the IES tasked the ISATF to provide guidance on how to define the edge of the Internet The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Through detailed analysis the ISATF determined that because the Internet is not a single network but a network of interconnected networks there is no single definition of the edge as the definition depends on perspective The ISATF also noted that there are many different ways to define the edge that include but are not limited to the following all systems that contain Internet Protocol IP addresses that do not route IP packets the composition of information systems and zones of responsibility for network operators versus end-users In addition the group noted that emphasis should focus not on defining the edge of the Internet but on defending the Internet as the adoption of a single definition of the edge could prevent critical security precautions from being addressed in other areas Based on the ISATF’s analysis the NSTAC recommended to the President that u The Government should continue its work to identify the critical national security and emergency preparedness missions and functions supporting those missions that rely on the Internet and encourage the parties responsible for those missions to ensure that they are adequately protected through redundancy and alternative capabilities u Industry standards bodies software vendors equipment vendors network operators and end-users of all products and services that make up the Internet should ensure that these products have built-in baseline security features and that these capabilities are appropriately configured and kept current and u The Government should work with Internet security experts and standards bodies to develop a standard set of key warnings and indicators that all service providers can use as a baseline to measure security threats The NSTAC’s OAM P Working Group recognized that Executive Orders Presidential directives and Presidential commissions have specified infrastructures as national assets that are critical to the defense and economic security of the United States 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Telecommunications is one of these critical infrastructures Security for the network management functions controlling this infrastructure is essential Many standards for network management security exist however compliance is low and implementation is inconsistent across the various telecommunications equipment and software providers In addition service providers are specifying contradicting requirements for products which results in inconsistent vendor feature sets and potentially higher costs for vendors Finally as the telecommunications industry transitions to a converged network environment new security challenges emerge and threats in the public network become threats in the management and control planes Previous NSIE security assessments of the public network have also documented the management plane’s vulnerabilities and susceptibility to intruder attacks Because an increasing number of networks are closely tied to intranets these networks are susceptible to hacker threats Furthermore the lack of standards to address this issue enables intruders to penetrate vulnerabilities and further deteriorate the telecommunications networks Therefore an urgent need exists for this baseline standard to provide much-needed security mechanisms for telecommunications carriers and vendors to implement The OAM P Standard Working Group reviewed T1 276-2003 and concluded that the current standard addresses only one aspect such as the management plane of an overall end-to-end security solution T1 276-2003 addresses security for network element management system and element management system equipment only it does not specifically address security for other equipment such as customer premises equipment Apart from the T1 276-2003 requirements the current standard assumes that effective hardware and software controls provided by the operating system protect the data and resources being managed In addition the OAM P Standard Working Group developed recommended to the President that 129 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u The National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST review the T1 276-2003 standard If a review finds a conflict between the T1 276-2003 standard and existing Federal Information Processing Standards and NIST publications NIST should make these conflicts known to the appropriate standards bodies u Federal departments and agencies be encouraged to use the T1 276-2003 standard in requests for proposals as appropriate and u Through the DHS encourage officials responsible for other infrastructures to consider the elements of the T1 276-2003 standard as a baseline for security requirements and adapt appropriate requirements for their respective infrastructure Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations In response to an NSTAC XIV charge to continue network security activities the IES established the NSSC and the NSSOG The IES charged the NSSC to u Oversee the NSIE and recommend NSIE follow-on activities u Establish and oversee the NSTAC NSSOG u Continue involvement in R D information exchange u Represent the NSTAC on NSIE matters to the FCC Network Reliability Council subsequently renamed the Network Reliability and Interoperability Council and the Manager NCS and u Support other network security issues as required The IES charged the NSSOG to establish and prioritize industry objectives for network security standards to support NS EP capabilities and to work with the standards community to provide guidance and motivation to develop and accept industry-wide standards 130 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee In response to recommendations at NSTAC XV Congress included provisions in the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 that expanded the law’s applicability to telecommunications operations administration maintenance and provisioning systems However the Act did not fully address the concerns that prompted NSTAC’s recommendations Congress subsequently passed the National Information Infrastructure NII Protection Act of 1996 which provides measures to strengthen Federal laws against computer crime As the IDSG focused primarily on R D issues related to intrusion detection technology the Government was exploring broader R D issues In particular the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection PCCIP examined R D issues affecting the security of all critical infrastructures NSTAC’s findings and recommendations are consistent with those resulting from the PCCIP’s work Further Presidential Decision Directive PDD 63 assigned the Office of Science and Technology Policy OSTP responsibility for coordinating R D agendas and programs for the Government through the National Science and Technology Council Since NSTAC XX three events occurred to address the WOS’s recommendations First the OMNCS began expanding the National Telecommunications Coordination Network NTCN to provide a mechanism to support intercarrier coordination in the event of a widespread outage Second the FCC designated a Defense Commissioner and industry and Government developed procedural guidelines to help telecommunications carriers resolve issues with the FCC Third Government began focusing more attention on R D and the need to advance the state-of-the-art equipment for software integrity and address the most significant vulnerabilities of new and evolving telecommunications technologies and services Following NSTAC XXI the Government took measures to make critical Government systems Y2K compliant and to develop contingency plans to deal with any potential system failures that might occur NSTAC’s Year 2000 Problem Status Report issued in September 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 1998 influenced the President’s Council on Year 2000 Conversion on the need to develop comprehensive contingency plans to mitigate any potential harmful effects on the Nation’s NS EP posture for each individual organization to consider how it focuses its network security efforts among these four components and ensure that it employs a strategy that is optimal for its own needs In response to the recommendation from the NSTAC’s June 1999 Network Group Internet Report An Examination of the NS EP Implications of Internet Technologies the OMNCS established a permanent program to address NS EP issues related to the Internet The Priority Services and Internet Technology and Standards program actively promotes NS EP requirements among pertinent standards bodies including the Internet Engineering Task Force the European Telecommunications Standards Institute and the International Telecommunication Union The PSTF subsequently identified a number of common themes among the organizations providing input to the study as well as some barriers that may impede the ability of an organization to implement an optimal focus among the four components While the PSTF gathered a representative sample of data to reflect a broad range of industry perspectives the PSTF determined that it did not have sufficient information to adequately reflect the Government’s perspective Consequently the PSTF decided to provide a status report to NSTAC XXIII in May 2000 and recommended that the IES consider including in the NSTAC XXIV work plan the following task Following NSTAC XXII in June 1999 the NSTAC tasked the IES to develop recommendations for the President regarding how the Government can optimally focus its efforts to enhance the security of the Nation’s NS EP telecommunications and information technology systems The IES subsequently formed the PSTF to address this task The PSTF’s objective was to examine current network security strategies to determine whether alternative strategies might more effectively diminish risk and if appropriate develop recommendations regarding those alternatives The PSTF based the methodology for its study inpart on a model of network security developed by the IDSG in 1997 The IDSG identified four basic components of network security prevention detection response and mitigation Using this model the PSTF sought to answer the question Could the risk to network security be more effectively reduced by changing the relative focus of network security efforts among these four components While the PSTF initially expected to find an optimal focus that might apply to all organizations analysis of the data yielded a different answer such as security is not a “onesize-fits-all” proposition While it is not feasible to specify an optimal focus among prevention detection response and mitigation that will be suitable for all organizations it is reasonable u Based on the preliminary analysis and general observations of the PSTF report complete the analysis of the focus of network security efforts by seeking a broader range of input from Government and academia as well as additional input from industry At the NSTAC XXII meeting the Honorable John Hamre Deputy Secretary of Defense discussed the need for open dialogue between industry Government in the current era of dynamic technological change Dr Hamre requested NSTAC’s assistance to “tackle the much deeper more complicated problem which is how do we embed security in depth in the infrastructure upon which we the Government depend and upon which you and your customers depend ” NSTAC’s IES subsequently began to scope this issue to determine how to respond to Dr Hamre’s request The IES tasked the EISISG to determine the depth and breadth of this request and provide the IES with a recommended action plan The scoping concluded through briefings and various interactions with industry and Government that the NSTAC can help in two distinct ways 131 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Promote the Federal Government’s efforts to work with industry to accomplish their mission of incorporating electronic commerce into their operations and Network Security Task Force Final Report July 1992 Individually support and participate in existing successful industry and Government forums Network Security Standards for the Public Switched Network Issues and Recommendations October 1994 Following the recommendation of the NSTAC based on the ISATF’s recommendation to establish a lead organization within the Department to coordinate with industry regarding threat warnings and notifications DHS created the Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate which was reorganized in 2005 into other directorates within the Department to identify and assess intelligence information concerning threats to the United States issue warnings and take preventative and protective action against those threats Moreover DHS consolidated the watch center capabilities of several Federal Government agencies under its auspices An Assessment of the Risk to the Security of Public Networks Government and NSTAC NSIEs December 12 1995 The U S Congress included a provision section 214 in the Homeland Security Act of 2002 establishing the protection of voluntarily shared critical infrastructure information Report on the Likelihood of a Widespread Telecommunications Outage December 1997 u u The National Cyber Security Partnership NCSP Task Force 4 Working Group 5 designated a liaison to work with T1M1 as they explore technical standards and Common Criteria T1 276-2003 will be one of the many standards that will be considered as the NCSP works to secure cyberspace In addition the International Telecommunication Union is developing an international standard based on the requirements outlined in T1 276-2003 Finally the General Services Administration required compliance by all Federal departments and agencies with the American National Standard T1 276-2003 on OAM P security requirements for the management plane NSTAC NSIE Report on Deficiencies in Federal Laws on Computer Crime April May 1993 Report of the Network Security Group Research and Development Exchange September 18 1996 Network Security Group Forward Looking Analysis Panel Proceedings November 19 1996 Local Number Portability and Its Implications for the Public Switched Network An NSIE White Paper July 1997 Software Integrity An NSIE White Paper July 1997 Report on the NS EP Implications of Intrusion Detection Technology Research and Development December 1997 The Insider Threat Legal and Practical Human Resources Issues An NSIE White Paper April 1998 The Insider Threat to Information Systems A Framework for Understanding and Managing the Insider Threat in Today’s Business Environment An NSIE White Paper June 1998 The President’s NSTAC Research and Development Exchange Proceedings Enhancing Network Security Technology R D Collaboration October 1998 An Assessment of the Risk to the Security of the Public Network April 1999 Reports Issued Network Group Internet Report An Examination of the NS EP Implications of Internet Technologies June 1999 Network Security Scoping Task Force Report Report of the Network Security Task Force October 1990 Protecting Systems Task Force Report on Enhancing the Nation’s Network Security Efforts May 2000 132 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues First Steps in Identifying and Remediating Vulnerabilities in Pervasive Software Protocols April 2003 Defining the Edge of the Internet June 2003 Operations Administration Maintenance and Provisioning OAM P Security Requirements for the Public Telecommunications Network A Baseline of Security Requirements for the Management Plane August 2003 133 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Obtaining Critical Telecommunications Facility Protection During a Civil Disturbance Investigation Group Period of Activity NS EP Panel September 1993 – April 1994 Issue Background The April 1992 civil disturbance in Los Angeles identified the need for standardized guidelines in requesting the protection of critical telecommunications facilities In response to the problems noted the NS EP Panel met with California State Federal Government and telecommunications industry representatives in San Francisco The meeting participants generally agreed that emergency response personnel were not sufficiently prepared to respond to the crisis that overwhelmed local law enforcement and fire protection services Telecommunications industry representatives discussed their difficulties in obtaining protection for their facilities while other participants acknowledged they had been confused about whom to contact and who had authority during the widespread civil unrest Because the President declared the crisis to be a Federal emergency points of contact and authorities changed causing some confusion Participants raised this issue at the meeting and questioned how to obtain critical telecommunications facility protection during a Federal emergency DOJ and Department of Defense DOD representatives briefed the panel on the roles of the DOJ the National Guard and active duty military personnel during national emergencies As a result of the meeting the NCC working closely with the NS EP Panel agreed to develop guidelines to assist emergency planners during their preparations for and response to civil disturbances The NS EP Panel and the NCC developed the 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues document in close coordination with the California Office of Emergency Services and the California Utilities Emergency Association In May 1994 the NCC and the NS EP Panel issued Guidelines for Obtaining Protection of Critical Telecommunications Facilities During Civil Disturbances The document serves as a guide for telecommunications industry emergency planners when discussing their facility protection needs with local State and Federal authorities On October 4 1995 the NS EP Panel conducted an industry Government Critical Telecommunications Facilities Protection exercise simultaneously at three separate locations using video teleconferencing linking sites in Arlington Virginia Oakland California and Los Angeles California The exercise provided an opportunity for key emergency response planners at the local State and national levels to develop working relationships gain a better understanding of the many planning factors required by each participant and define the critical steps in the protection process Participants noted this exercise helped clarify the lines of communication when requesting protection from the city to county to State to national levels and helped clarify the various roles and responsibilities of the organizations involved The activity also highlighted planning shortfalls that required correction to streamline the protection process The NS EP Panel identified two key issues for inclusion in the Guidelines for Obtaining Protection of Critical Telecommunications Facilities During Civil Disturbances document 1 adding procedures for transitioning from Federal control back to State control and 2 discussing the legal aspects of federalized versus non-federalized troops In an October 1996 conference call participants of the industry Government exercise discussed options for clarifying the federalization issues The NS EP Panel added new language to the document indicating that both federalized and non-federalized National Guard troops each with different chains of command may participate in restoring and 135 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review maintaining law and order In addition the panel added a section authorizing the Secretary of Defense to determine when Federal military forces should withdraw from the disturbance area and when National Guard units would return to State control Reports Issued Guidelines for Obtaining Protection of Critical Telecommunications Facilities During Civil Disturbances May 1994 Protection of Critical Facilities Exercise After-Action Report December 1995 136 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Physical Security of the Telecommunications Network Investigation Group Period of Activity Plans Working Group December 1990 – September 1991 Vulnerabilities Task Force May 2002 – February 2003 Trusted Access Task Force April 2003 – April 2004 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues on physical security policy operational procedures and methods The study also documented past NCS efforts regarding physical security of NS EP telecommunications facilities sites and assets and relevant conclusions and recommendations of those past efforts The study concluded that current industry Government activity and past NCS documents demonstrated industry and Government had made substantial progress in addressing the physical security of telecommunications facilities sites and assets According to the study physical security was well planned and managed in general After reviewing the information in this study the NSTAC concluded that the document required no further NSTAC action at that time Issue Background The United States Government recognizes the telecommunications sector as a critical component of national security and emergency preparedness NS EP services and the potential for risk due to the growing reliance on the availability of telecommunications resources by the Government other critical infrastructures and the general public Like all other critical infrastructures in the United States the communications infrastructure remains vulnerable to physical attacks that could significantly damage a facility or free standing component of the network severely enough to interrupt service History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations On December 13 1990 at NSTAC XII an NSTAC Principal questioned the physical security of the public switched network due to issues surfaced by a National Research Council report on the growing vulnerability of the Nation’s communications network As a result the NSTAC established and tasked the Plans Working Group PWG with investigating the committee’s growing concerns related to physical security of the telecommunications infrastructure In response the PWG in conjunction with the National Communications System NCS Office of the Joint Secretariat prepared a physical security study that examined current industry Government activities including results from a questionnaire given to the National Coordinating Center’s industry representatives The NSTAC again addressed physical security concerns during the business and executive sessions of the NSTAC XXV Meeting at which time the Principals again raised concerns related to the physical security of the telecommunications infrastructure in the wake of the attacks against the United States on September 11 2001 As a result the NSTAC chartered the Vulnerabilities Task Force VTF to examine possible risks associated with the concentration of critical telecommunications assets in telecom hotels and Internet peering points as well as vulnerabilities involving equipment chain of control and trusted access procedures to telecommunications facilities The VTF concluded that while the telecommunications infrastructure is inherently vulnerable to physical attack the existence of multiple interconnection facilities such as telecom hotels has helped to disperse telecommunications assets over numerous locations thereby reducing service impacts caused by the loss of any one facility The task force acknowledged that the physical destruction of individual critical telecommunications facilities could disrupt service at the local level and restrict access to the infrastructure Therefore site by site mission critical risk analyses are the only way for organizations to identify possible vulnerabilities that could affect critical functions supporting those missions 137 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review The VTF also addressed the Government’s concern that the telecommunications infrastructure may be especially vulnerable because trusted physical access is granted to individuals requiring entrance to sites where critical telecommunications assets are concentrated During its deliberations the task force stressed how the nationwide web of telecommunications assets has become far too extensive to ensure full access control to prevent tampering While owners can secure critical sites and equipment to the extent possible with electronic locks padlocks fences alarms security cameras and the like access control remains an important issue because the loss of or damage to a site housing numerous critical telecommunications assets could have local or “last mile” impacts and adversely affect NS EP services Primary factors influencing the efficacy of access control procedures include individuals with malicious intent the omnipresent insider threat the lack of a standard personal identification and background check capabilities and a lack of universally applied access control procedures and best practices Furthermore the VTF addressed chain of control issues regarding the security of products and services delivered to critical locations The task force concluded that although security will remain a priority no policy actions are deemed necessary at this time However if networks become reliant on commodity equipment this could become an issue for consideration In response to the analysis conducted by the VTF and to mitigate any risks associated with concentration of assets such as telecom hotels the NSTAC presented four consecutive reports to the President titled Chain of Control Telecom Hotels Trusted Access and Internet Peering Security with specific recommendations on measures to be undertaken to secure the telecommunications industry In direct response to the work delineated in the Trusted Access Report the NSTAC established the Trusted Access Task Force TATF and charged it to examine how industry and the Government can work together to address concerns associated with implementing a national security background check program for access to key facilities 138 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee In response to the NSTAC’s earlier findings in this area the TATF further examined the concerns that the telecommunications infrastructure may be vulnerable because trusted physical access is granted to individuals who require entrance to sites where telecommunications assets are concentrated without ensuring that the individual does not pose a threat to the facility or infrastructure The task force proposed that a national standard for personnel screenings using Federal databases such as the program used by the Department of Homeland Security’s DHS Transportation Security Administration TSA may be beneficial for industry in mitigating threats to the telecommunications infrastructure The TATF also examined the need for a standard industry-wide certificate-based picture identification ID card The group noted that the creation of such a card would further solidify the security of the Nation’s telecommunications infrastructure and also assist in the identification of those employees who have passed the national screening In an emergency or crisis the credential will also expedite recovery efforts by helping to easily identify personnel who are needed at the site During the May 2004 NSTAC XXVII Meeting the Assistant Secretary for Infrastructure Protection DHS emphasized the importance of the group’s work and commented on the need for short-term initiatives that could be undertaken to increase security at numerous upcoming National Special Security Events NSSE and could also be used as the basis for long-term perimeter access guidelines As a result the TATF with the assistance of the NCC’s Information Sharing and Analysis Center ISAC member companies proposed the establishment of a pilot program to pre-screen against Federal terrorist lists Government databases a small group of industry employees who may need access to physical sites or critical information concerning NSSEs and associated critical facilities The TATF deemed the United States Secret Service USSS the most appropriate resource for conducting industry screenings on the specified personnel due to their role in planning NSSEs The pilot screening program produced a list of key lessons learned as well as several human resources concerns from industry The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Based on the TATF’s analysis the NSTAC recommended that the President direct the appropriate departments and agencies to 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Response Plan the Government should continue to support the screening program coordinated by the NCC ISAC with screenings facilitated by DHS and the USSS ff Coordinate with industry to • Implement and support a standardized screening process for industry to voluntarily conduct screenings on persons who have regular and continued unescorted access to critical telecommunications facilities e g switching facilities including telecommunications employees and vendors suppliers and contractor staff including – Modeling such a program after the current TSA program by including different relative background investigation levels for various facilities and personnel types – Partnering with DHS through TSA to upon request from industry conduct screenings for industry personnel working at critical private telecommunications facilities and – Working with NRIC to develop industry best practices defining specific criteria for determining which telecommunications employees should be subject to screenings • Make available a standard “tamper-proof ” certificate-based picture identification technology to enable the positive identification of screened individuals at critical sites and to support both physical and logical access for such individuals to critical telecommunications facilities and the networks and information concerning them by building on the ongoing work of the General Services Administration’s Federal Identity Credentialing Committee • Build on the recommendations in the NCC ISAC report Preparing for a National Special Security Event to develop a national plan for controlling access at the perimeter of an NSSE or a disaster area To facilitate the development of a national perimeter access plan to be incorporated in the National ff Partner with the ISACs across infrastructures to implement screening credentialing and access control policies mirroring those recommended for the telecommunications infrastructure for all critical infrastructures Actions Related to NSTAC Recommendations In accordance with the NSTAC’s recommendations and the NCC’s Preparing for a National Special Security Event Report the Government implemented a pilot program to coordinate industry access for the 2005 Presidential Inauguration In addition in a related effort the NCS developed in early 2006 in partnership with Federal State and local Government entities as well as a private sector company an access standard operating procedure SOP to ensure that private critical infrastructure responders have priority access to disaster areas The access SOP has been adopted by the State of Georgia and is currently being used as an example for other States In addition the State of Georgia SOP has been distributed to a broader community including the Homeland Security Advisors and the National Association of Regulatory Commissioners Currently a number of State and local governments have begun developing procedures for granting access into disaster areas by private sector organizations The NCC has received copies of these plans from several States and is currently working with the Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA to identify other State plans This is an iterative process that requires continuous interaction between Federal Government and various levels of regional and State municipalities The NCS also sends representatives to quarterly Regional Interagency Steering Committee meetings in the FEMA regions to complete a survey of the States on their credential programs and access SOPs 139 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Reports Issued IES Plans Working Group A Review of Physical Security September 1991 Vulnerabilities Task Force Report Chain of Control March 2003 Vulnerabilities Task Force Report Telecom Hotels March 2003 Vulnerabilities Task Force Report Trusted Access March 2003 Vulnerabilities Task Force Report Internet Peering Security April 2003 Trusted Access Task Force Report Screening Credentialing and Perimeter Access Controls Report January 2005 140 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Response to September 11 2001 Terrorist Attacks Investigation Group Period of Activity September 11 “Lessons Learned” Ad Hoc Group October 2001 – December 2001 Issue Background The terrorist attacks of September 11 2001 required industry and Government to marshal resources at the national State and local levels to support response and recovery efforts A critical part of those efforts was the restoration of emergency telecommunications services and the provisioning of communications to emergency response personnel The National Communications System and the NCC in partnership with NSTAC companies played a major role in ensuring a quick response and recovery of telecommunications capabilities in the wake of the September 11th attacks Subsequently in response to a request from the Special Advisor to the President for Cyberspace Security the NSTAC formed the September 11th “Lessons Learned” Ad Hoc Group to provide an industry perspective on lessons learned in responding to the September 11th tragic events The NSTAC Chair discussed the ad hoc group’s analysis in its December 12 2001 letter to the President History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations After identifying nearly 40 policy and operational lessons learned from the September 11 2001 response the ad hoc group narrowed its focus to the following issues access procedures to disaster sites communications procedures and industry representation within the NCC The major issue dealt with procedures for access to disaster sites affected by the attacks Specifically inconsistent access control procedures for moving telecommunications equipment and personnel into and out of the World Trade Center disaster area created confusion and presented obstacles for the telecommunications companies engaged in the restoration of the infrastructure Procedures were 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues revised each time a new authority took responsibility for managing access to the disaster area Depending on the phase of the response local responders State authorities or Federal personnel were in control The invocation of both crisis management i e law enforcement officials treated the disaster area as on ongoing crime scene and consequence management measures served to complicate the access control issue even further Based on the ad hoc group’s analysis the NSTAC recommended that the President direct the appropriate departments and agencies to lead a national effort to examine remedies to perimeter access control issues The NSTAC determined that these remedies should consider overlapping jurisdictions and result in consistent processes and procedures for incorporation into the Federal Response Plan and State and local emergency response plans The objective was to ensure that any future national response efforts to unanticipated attacks would be fully planned and coordinated and consistently carried out without delay Additionally the ad hoc group addressed communications procedures during emergencies The events of September 11 2001 demonstrated the need for standard procedures to improve communications among decision makers operational personnel and other stakeholders during emergencies Such procedures would have to take into account the severity of the emergency the classification of the communications the location of the communicators and the telecommunications capabilities available among other factors The ad hoc group found that the requisite operational procedures were already developed and in place at the NCC including procedures related to the NCC’s Telecom-ISAC function The NSTAC had consistently identified ISACs as the appropriate focal points for coordinating communications among industry players and between industry and Government in the new threat environment Consequently the ad hoc group concluded that the telecommunications industry should work through NCC representatives to address communications requirements during emergencies 141 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review The ad hoc group also analyzed NCC industry representation The group acknowledged that the NCC must maintain proper industry representation to meet operational challenges in the evolving threat and technology environments In the aftermath of the September 11 2001 attacks the NS EP community reaffirmed the critical role wireless communications plays in response to national emergencies Similarly Internet services were deemed to be increasingly important in disaster response and central to the mission-critical operations of business and Government agencies Accordingly the ad hoc group examined the mix of industry representation in the NCC and found that NCC members represented 1 the majority of the wireless carrier market share 2 more than half of the Internet backbone provider market and 3 a minority of the Internet access provider market The ad hoc group concluded that augmenting Internet access provider membership in the NCC could help the NCC better address potential network security issues Such issues included the threat of distributed denial of service attacks and software viruses launched by end users via dial-up connections to the network As part of its lessons learned analysis the ad hoc group reviewed previous NSTAC recommendations recognizing that the NSTAC’s cumulative work could provide valuable information related to ensuring reliable infrastructure services and securing the Nation’s critical facilities The group also recognized that the sharing of such information had gained new importance with the national focus on homeland security Previous NSTAC studies selected for review by the group were in the areas of cellular priority access energy service priority protection of critical facilities public network convergence and vulnerabilities and national information sharing analysis and warning The group concluded that such studies and associated recommendations could demonstrate best practices for use by other organizations concerned with the physical and cyber security of critical infrastructures supporting multiple sectors Reports Issued NSTAC Letter to the President December 17 2001 142 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Termination of Cellular Networks During Emergency Situations To facilitate more coordinated action the NSTAC recommended that the President direct his departments and agencies to Investigation Group Period of Activity ff Work to implement a simple process building upon existing processes with the Department of Homeland Security DHS and National Communications System NCS coordination enabling the Government to speak with one voice provide decision makers with relevant information and provide wireless carriers with Governmentauthenticated decisions for implementation and Cellular Service Shutdown Ad Hoc Working Group August 2005 – January 2006 Issue Background As a direct result of the bombings that took place in the London transportation system in July 2005 U S authorities initiated the shut down of cellular network services in the Lincoln Holland Queens and Brooklyn Battery Tunnels The Federal Government based this precautionary measure on the suspicion that similar attacks might also be perpetrated in the tunnels leading to and from New York City Though the decision was rooted in vital security concerns the resulting situation undertaken without prior notice to wireless carriers or the public created disorder for both Government and the private sector at a time when use of the communications infrastructure was most needed Shortly following these activities the National Coordinating Center NCC hosted a teleconference to discuss the need to develop a process for determining if and when cellular shutdown activities should be undertaken in the future in light of the serious impact these efforts could have had not only on access by the public to emergency communications services during these situations but also on public trust in the communications infrastructure in general History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations These actions highlighted within the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC community the need for a process to ensure that future similar decisions meet the Nation’s security goals and ensure the protection of critical infrastructures Consequently on August 18 2005 the NSTAC established a Principal level task force to formulate on an expedited basis recommendations to effect efficient coordinated action between industry and Government in times of national emergency ff Achieve rapid implementation through the Homeland Security Advisor of each State in conjunction with the NCS and the Office of State and Local Government Coordination DHS The group concluded its activities upon NSTAC approval of the Letter and recommendations in January 2006 Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations In support of the recommendations the NCS approved Standard Operating Procedure SOP 303 “Emergency Wireless Protocols EWP ” on March 9 2006 codifying a shutdown and restoration process for use by commercial and private wireless networks during national crises Under the process the NCC will function as the focal point for coordinating any actions leading up to and following the termination of private wireless network connections both within a localized area such as a tunnel or bridge and within an entire metropolitan area The decision to shutdown service will be made by State Homeland Security Advisors their designees or representatives of the DHS Homeland Security Operations Center Once the request has been made by these entities the NCC will operate as an authenticating body notifying the carriers in the affected area of the decision The NCC will also ask the requestor a series of questions to determine if the shutdown is a necessary action After making the determination that the shutdown is no longer required the NCC will initiate a similar process to reestablish service The NCS continues to work with the Office of State and Local 143 Previously Addressed Issues t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Government Coordination at DHS and the Homeland Security Advisor for each State to initiate the rapid implementation of these procedures The Government Emergency Telecommunications Service GETS and Wireless Priority Service WPS Program Management Office PMO has been assisting the NCC to develop an EWP training and awareness briefing The GETS WPS Regional Outreach Coordinators have been trained to deliver the EWP outreach to augment the NCC and industry efforts to make sure State and local entities are aware of SOP 303 Reports Issued NSTAC Cellular Shutdown Letter to the President January 2006 144 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Telecommunications Industry Mobilization formation of the Joint Industry Government TIM Group which began addressing TIM subjects on January 29 1986 Investigation Group Period of Activity History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations Telecommunications Industry Mobilization TIM Task Force June 1985 – June 1989 Issue Background Recognizing the prominent role of the telecommunications industry in a national mobilization the NSTAC formed the TIM Task Force and instructed it to develop an issue statement Meanwhile the OMNCS developed the NS EP Telecommunications Plan of Action to implement relevant portions of E O 12472 and National Security Decision Directives 47 and 97 The plan approved by the NCS Committee of Principals COP in 1985 included an action to provide Government leadership in telecommunications industry mobilization planning activities In September 1985 the TIM Task Force identified the following mobilization subjects as needing further study u Telecommunications service surge requirements u Personnel issues u Maintenance of stockpiles and inventories u Dependence on foreign sources u Dependence on other infrastructure systems u Industry and Government mobilization management structure and u Jurisdictional issues The TIM Task Force recommended a industry and Government forum be established to assess the seven TIM subject areas In December 1985 industry and Government concurred with the The NSTAC approved and forwarded to the President the Joint TIM Group’s reports Personnel Issues and Dependence on Foreign Sources on November 6 1987 and approved and forwarded to the President the reports Government and Industry Mobilization Management Structure and Maintenance of Stockpiles and Inventories on September 22 1988 On June 8 1989 the NSTAC approved and forwarded to the President the Joint TIM Group’s final reports on Telecommunications Service Surge Requirements Dependence on other Infrastructure Systems and Jurisdictional Issues a final report with overall recommendations on telecommunications industry mobilization The NSTAC then disbanded the Joint TIM Group Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The original Energy Task Force further defined the TIM recommendations on energy issues including underground storage tank regulations The National Security Council and the Executive Office of the President initiated a review of overall national security mobilization preparedness The Federal Emergency Management Agency implemented several TIM recommendations as part of the Graduated Mobilization Response Plan The OMNCS Office of the Joint Secretariat developed a plan of action involving all NCS member organizations designed to track implementation of the TIM recommendations The plan included identification of task responsibilities a time-phased work plan and a schedule of status reports The Baseline Mobilization program involved assigning “lead” organizations to follow up and take actions necessary to implement each TIM recommendation during a 3-year period with 36 tasks distributed among the NCS member organizations In September 1993 the OMNCS Office of the Joint Secretariat issued its Final Report on TIM Recommendations The report presented the actions taken by various NCS 145 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review member agencies on 11 recommendations having a significant and immediate effect on NS EP telecommunications The remaining 25 recommendations while of considerable importance were of somewhat lesser significance relative to their immediate impact on NS EP telecommunications The telecommunications industry had substantially implemented those recommendations and the report addressed them The OMNCS believed that the agencies assigned to implement the recommendations had responded favorably and that the TIM program could be considered a success The OMNCS also believed that further formal monitoring of the TIM program was not necessary Reports Issued Volume I TIM Issue Statement September 5 1985 Volume II Background and Supporting Material September 5 1985 Personnel Issues September 1987 Dependence on Foreign Sources October 1987 Government and Industry Mobilization Management Structure June 1988 Maintenance of Stockpiles and Inventories June 1988 Telecommunications Service Surge Requirements January 1989 Dependence on Other Infrastructure Systems April 1989 Assessment of TIM Capabilities V I April 1989 TIM Subject Reports V II April 1989 Jurisdictional Issues April 1989 Exercise Participation April 1989 Final Report on TIM Recommendations September 1993 146 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Telecommunications Service Priority Investigation Group Period of Activity Telecommunications Service Priority TSP Task Force December 1984 – December 1990 Issue Background In December 1984 the NSTAC identified TSP as an urgent issue because of the need for a system that authorized both priority provisioning and restoration of NS EP services for Federal State and local governments and private users The TSP System replaced the Restoration Priority RP System which covered only the restoration of Federal Government inter-city and private lines The NSTAC IES established the TSP Task Force on February 21 1985 to advise and assist the OMNCS in developing the TSP System specifically regarding provisioning restoration maintenance legal and regulatory issues History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The task force worked closely with the OMNCS in the development of the TSP System and provided assistance with its implementation Specifically the task force had a significant advisory role in creating the Petition for Rulemaking and Proposed Federal Communications Commission FCC Rules for the TSP System The task force also assisted the TSP Program Office in establishing the initial TSP System Oversight Committee charter The NCS Council of Representatives COR TSP Subcommittee and the TSP Task Force drafted and approved the charter in February 1990 and the DOD and the General Services Administration GSA approved the charter in November 1990 Subsequently adoption of an amendment occurred in April 1991 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues the establishment of the TSP Oversight Committee On March 29 1990 the TSP Task Force recommended that the Manager NCS appoint the following initial members to the TSP Oversight Committee AT T Contel McCaw Cellular MCI Bellcore Sprint GTE State of California State of South Carolina Department of Transportation Federal Emergency Management Agency DOD GSA Department of Energy Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration and the FCC The NSTAC approved the membership list and delegated future industry TSP Oversight Committee membership nominating authority to the IES Additionally the task force assisted in developing the documentation that made the TSP System operational The task force helped create the TSP Service Vendor Handbook which provides operational details of the TSP System that service vendors will use as guidance for implementation and operation of TSP The task force developed the TSP Information Guide a TSP primer for small telephone companies published by the United States Telephone Association in December 1989 Furthermore the task force had a significant advisory role in creating NCS issuances on TSP procedures Specifically the task force helped develop NCS Directive 3-1 which clarified the responsibilities of and procedures for all TSP System entities The task force also assisted in the development of the TSP Service User Manual which provided a set of guidelines for all users of the TSP System The task force presented its final report at NSTAC XII in December 1990 including a recommendation to the President which stated that the Federal Government should continue to support and administer the TSP System as defined in NCS Directive 3-1 Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The task force had a role in both the creation of the TSP Oversight Committee and the selection of Oversight Committee members During the week of September 28 through October 3 1987 the TSP Task Force and NCS COR met and discussed the operational framework for the TSP System including TSP System implementation began on September 10 1990 The implementation plan included a 2 5-year period for transition from the RP to the TSP System The TSP System became fully operational on March 9 1993 147 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review Today the TSP Oversight Committee continues to meet on a biannual basis Likewise the OMNCS continues to provide the operational support for the TSP System Reports Issued TSP Information Guide December 1989 published for the TSP Task Force by the U S Telephone Association now the U S Telecom Association TSP Service Vendor Handbook NCSH 3-1-2 July 1990 Final Report of the TSP Task Force September 1990 148 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Telecommunications Service Priority Carrier Liability Investigation Group Period of Activity Industry Executive Subcommittee IES Funding and Regulatory Working Group FRWG November 16 1990 – January 31 1991 Issue Background The Federal Communications Commission Telecommunications Service Priority TSP Report and Order authorizes telecommunications carriers to install or restore NS EP telecommunications on a priority basis over services that do not serve NS EP requirements The FRWG reviewed this issue to further define the protection against liability offered by the TSP Report and Order One area of concern identified by the working group was 911 service The working group concurred that the TSP Report and Order offered adequate protection to carriers The FRWG also observed that services provided under contract rather than through tariffs may not be protected by the TSP Report and Order language The FRWG reached the following conclusions u The TSP Report and Order offered sufficient protection against liability charges arising from the disruption of non-NS EP user tariffed services u The TSP Report and Order had not fully defined the legal ramifications of preempting a contracted versus a tariffed service and u Carriers should develop internal policies for preempting non-NS EP users On March 15 1991 the FRWG reported its findings to the IES The IES concurred with the FRWG’s findings 149 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Telecommunications Systems Survivability Investigation Group Period of Activity Telecommunications Systems Survivability TSS Task Force March 1986 – June 1989 Issue Background The NSTAC developed the TSS issue in December 1982 to address all aspects of the telecommunications survivability question The Commercial Satellite Survivability CSS and Commercial Network Survivability CNS issues evolved from the NSTAC’s initial focus on TSS On March 6 1986 the NSTAC IES established the TSS Task Force and directed it to determine whether NSTAC recommendations had inconsistencies whether the recommendations met the Government’s NS EP telecommunications policy requirements and whether the Government effectively responded to the recommendations In early 1987 the NSTAC charged the TSS Task Force to assess the impact of new technologies on telecommunications survivability The TSS Task Force concluded that no serious inconsistencies or gaps existed among NSTAC recommendations and the recommendations sufficiently met the Government’s NS EP telecommunications policy objectives The NSTAC forwarded to the President the TSS Task Force recommendation to initiate a study to identify options for ensuring survivable electric power The TSS Task Force completed reports on Government actions taken in response to NSTAC recommendations from the CNS CSS and Electromagnetic Pulse Task Forces and submitted them to the NSTAC on November 6 1987 The task force submitted similar reports on automated information processing and the National Coordinating Mechanism to NSTAC IX on September 22 1988 The NSTAC approved these reports and forwarded them to the President on the respective dates The TSS Task Force also completed an assessment of the applicability of network management technology to NS EP 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues telecommunications survivability which the NSTAC forwarded to the President on September 22 1988 The TSS Task Force assisted the OMNCS in developing the Federal Government’s policy on essential line service ELS On June 8 1989 the NSTAC approved the TSS Task Force’s final report and disbanded the task force The NSTAC also directed the IES to proceed with the study of intelligent networks and virtual networks usefulness for enhancing network survivability which the TSS Task Force initiated pending review of the issue by the IES Plans Working Group PWG History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations The NSTAC approved the TSS Task Force’s final report and disbanded the task force on June 8 1989 Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations The TSS Task Force’s electric power recommendations led to the establishment of the original Energy Task Force and the intelligent networks study led to the establishment of the Intelligent Networks Task Force The IES through the OWG NS EP Panel provides a continuing evaluation of the overall progress and direction of TSS The NS EP Panel identifies any new concerns relating to TSS advises the OWG of areas requiring NSTAC or NCS actions or study monitors the status of general survivability of telecommunications systems and reports periodically on the status of TSS to the OWG As part of the CNS program the OMNCS Office of Plans and Programs monitored network management developments including local exchange carrier network management capabilities In addition members assigned to the OMNCS Office of Technology and Standards Network Management and Technology Planning task assessed the effects of congestion on NS EP telecommunications and how expert systems could improve network management for NS EP telecommunications The NCS continued to encourage compliance with NCS Notice 3-0-1 NS EP ELS which recommended that Federal departments and agencies having NS EP telecommunications missions consider obtaining ELS to increase their probability of obtaining a timely dial 151 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review tone The Department of Energy was directed to implement several Energy Task Force recommendations Reports Issued TSS Industry Responses to May 13 1983 Questionnaire September 1983 TSS Task Force–Subgroup 1 Review September 1986 TSS Task Force–Review of Power September 1986 TSS Task Force–Review of Security September 1986 TSS Network Management Report June 21 1988 TSS Review of Government Actions in Response to NSTAC-Recommended Initiatives June 21 1988 TSS Electric Power Survivability Status Report August 9 1988 TSS Task Force Final Report Telecommunications System Survivability–Assessment and Future Directions May 2 1989 152 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Underground Storage Tanks developing UST requirements The FRWG developed a paper outlining the UST issue and recommended the following Investigation Group Period of Activity u Industry Executive Subcommittee Funding and Regulatory Working Group FRWG April 1990 – March 1991 Issue Background In 1988 the Energy Task Force voiced concerns that the Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulations on underground fuel storage tanks would encourage telecommunications carriers to reduce the amount of fuel available for their backup generators The EPA regulations 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 280 originally proposed in April 1987 included standards for maintaining the integrity of the tank protecting against spill and overfill and detecting leaks The telecommunications industry modified or replaced several thousand underground storage tanks UST pursuant to these regulations and added detection monitoring systems The Energy Task Force considered the implications of the regulations and concluded that if the telecommunications industry complied with the new EPA regulations the public switched network might not have enough backup fuel storage capacity in all locations to operate through normal power outages The Energy Task Force recommended that the Government grant a national security waiver from those parts of the regulations that affected NS EP telecommunications providers A waiver of EPA UST regulations should not be pursued The waiver would not make a significant contribution to meeting Government backup power needs because companies were already pursuing their own UST programs State and local regulations would be addressed regardless of any Federal waiver and telecommunications companies would probably not use Federal waivers unless mandated by the Government The FRWG supported the implementation of an Energy Task Force recommendation u Government should specify an NS EP backup fuel requirement in cooperation with industry Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations At the December 12 1990 NSTAC XII Meeting members agreed with the recommendation not to pursue a waiver of EPA UST regulations Reports Issued Energy Task Force Final Report February 1990 The FRWG received briefings from the EPA and support staff on EPA UST regulations The FRWG also investigated UST regulations at the Federal State and local levels The group also surveyed several local exchange carriers and interexchange carriers to determine UST policies and procedures The survey revealed that industry was reviewing the UST requirements as a result of the EPA regulations and that companies used several criteria when 153 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Wireless Security Investigation Group Period of Activity Wireless Task Force WTF April 2002 – January 2003 Issue Background Numerous wireless technologies are being used with greater regularity to transmit voice data and video in support of NS EP operations However there are increasing concerns that wireless communications could expose NS EP users to new security threats and vulnerabilities As such the NS EP community needs to understand its security requirements and identify potential wireless vulnerabilities Challenges exist at many levels including product design wireless standards and wireless Internet convergence First the wide use of commercial off-the-shelf products and legacy equipment by the NS EP community is an important consideration because these devices and equipment were not designed with NS EP security requirements in mind and sometimes without security features at all Second interoperability issues arise from the implementation of different security models and standards—for instance there are several conflicting policies either established or in development designed to inhibit or prohibit the use of particular wireless capabilities and connectivity to classified networks and computers Third the extension of the Internet into the wireless domain adds new security challenges At the NSTAC XXV Meeting held on March 13 2002 participants discussed the topic of security vulnerabilities in wireless communications devices and networks Since subscribers use wireless technologies to transmit voice data and video in support of NS EP operations meeting participants agreed that the NS EP community needed to identify its security requirements and understand potential wireless vulnerabilities After an initial scoping of wireless security and other related wireless issues 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues the NSTAC IES formed the WTF at its April 18 2002 meeting The IES tasked the WTF to determine how the NS EP user can operate in a secure environment and to provide conclusions and recommendations to the President regarding wireless security History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations To adequately discuss these subjects and formulate actionable recommendations designed to help offset wireless threats and vulnerabilities the WTF agreed to 1 define the terms “wireless” and “wireless security ” 2 identify NS EP wireless users’ unique requirements 3 compile a list of wireless vulnerabilities and threats and 4 where known identify mitigation approaches to address wireless vulnerabilities and threats The task force used the expertise of subject matter experts from NSTAC member companies as well as other information technology companies industry associations and Government participants throughout its study of wireless security After defining NS EP user requirements the task force identified advantages to using wireless systems for NS EP communications as well as vulnerabilities and threats that must be addressed before using wireless capabilities for mission-critical NS EP communications The WTF’s findings concurred with other prevalent studies which determined that any vulnerabilities that exist in conventional wired and computer communications and networks are applicable to wireless technologies The WTF concluded that there is a range of wireless security which varies from effective practical security on the commercial wireless networks to significantly less security on the public wireless networks As such an NS EP agency must ensure that its NS EP communications are secured appropriately for its mission The WTF also agreed that the extent to which these vulnerabilities have been or can be addressed would be a function of the degree to which organizations with experience in security issues manage the network 155 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The WTF concluded its analysis of wireless security in January 2003 and presented its findings in its WTF Report on Wireless Security The task force found that wireless security challenges exist at many levels including product design wireless standards and wireless Internet convergence Based on its analysis of issues related to wireless security the NSTAC offered the following recommendations to the President u Direct Federal departments and agencies using microwave communications facilities to address unprotected link security vulnerabilities In addition advise State and local Governments and other critical infrastructure providers of the vulnerability of unprotected microwave communications as part of the homeland security initiative and u u Establish policies regarding the public availability and dissemination of Federal critical infrastructure information such as the policies on Internet availability of the FCC and the Federal Aviation Administration databases of tower locations Direct Federal departments and agencies to construct mitigation and alleviation policies regarding wireless vulnerabilities and further consider the applicability of the recent wireless security policies of the NIST and the Department of Defense to all Federal departments and agencies u Direct Government chief information officers to immediately emphasize enterprise management controls with respect to wireless devices to ensure that appropriate security controls are implemented given that the banning of wireless devices is counterproductive and ignores the efficiency that such devices brings to users u Direct Federal departments and agencies to work in concert with industry to develop security principles and to resolve security-related deficiencies in wireless devices when employed by NS EP users u Direct Federal departments and agencies using wireless communications to address wireless security threats and vulnerabilities and to consider the end-to-end security of their respective communications and information system capabilities u Direct Federal departments and agencies using wireless communications to purchase and implement fully tested and compliant secure wireless products and services u Direct appropriate staff to advocate funding initiatives for replacing non-secure analog with secure digital NS EP equipment and systems 156 At a December 2 2002 IES Meeting briefing the Chair of the President’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Board requested that the WTF consider examining the security of Internet-enabled wireless communications devices and the efficacy of installing anti-virus software for wireless telephones since such devices are becoming increasingly more integrated with computing functions In response to the Administration’s request the WTF scoped the issue The WTF reported a number of observations on the security of Internet-enabled wireless devices in its Wireless Task Force Findings Security of Internet-Enabled Wireless Devices January 2003 The task force agreed that it is a serious issue which is not limited exclusively to “wireless” or “third generation” wireless devices because any device connected to the Internet can be attacked The WTF concluded that although the tasking referenced wireless specifically the NSTAC has already studied the larger issue as it relates to the convergence of telecommunications networks and the Internet The complete findings based on the task force’s initial scoping were forwarded to NSTAC stakeholders for review The WTF concluded its activities upon NSTAC approval of its reports and finalization of its findings on the security of Internet-enabled wireless devices The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations NSTAC wireless security recommendations were formed after considerable collaboration with experts from industry and the Government The recommendations were provided to and well received by other technical and policy advisory groups For example the Network Reliability and Interoperability Council NRIC VI which assures homeland security optimal reliability interoperability and interconnectivity of and accessibility to the public telecommunications networks maintained close coordination with NSTAC efforts and recommendations NRIC’s best practices and recommendations complemented NSTAC findings regarding wireless security principles and the resolution of security-related deficiencies in wireless devices Reports Issued Wireless Task Force Report Wireless Security January 2003 Wireless Task Force Findings Security of Internet-Enabled Wireless Devices January 2003 157 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Wireless Services Including Priority Services Investigation Group Period of Activity Wireless Low-Bit-Rate Digital Services Task Force W LBRDSTF March 1991 – October 1991 Wireless Services Task Force WSTF December 1991 – September 1995 Legislative and Regulatory Task Force LRTF February 2001 – Present Wireless Task Force WTF April 2002 – January 2003 Issue Background At its March 15 1991 meeting the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee’s NSTAC Industry Executive Subcommittee IES established the Wireless Low-Bit-Rate Digital Services Task Force W LBRDSTF to address Office of the Manager National Communications System OMNCS concerns about the possible adverse effects of developments in the rapidly evolving wireless telecommunications sector that would impact the public switched network’s ability to handle secure voice and data communications The OMNCS recommended that the task force’s charge be to 1 define the scope of the issues regarding wireless services and 2 advise the Government on how to minimize any adverse effects of emerging digital mobile communications standards and technologies on mobile national security and emergency preparedness NS EP users On October 3 1991 in its final NSTAC XIII report the W LBRDSTF concluded that no Government organization existed for defining NS EP requirements for wireless digital communications In addition the task force determined that compatibility problems existed between certain existing and developing voice data devices for example secure telephone unit STU -III analog and the emerging digital wireless network Based on 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues the task force’s report the NSTAC recommended that the Government determine the appropriate organization to address and monitor wireless digital interface issues Accordingly the Government tasked the OMNCS Wireless Services Program Office WSPO with the responsibility In December 1991 following the establishment of the WSPO the IES approved the establishment of a follow-on Wireless Services Task Force WSTF The IES tasked the WSTF to provide an industry perspective to the WSPO and to assist in developing a plan of action for addressing NS EP wireless issues This included identifying Government requirements and developing a white paper to support standards activities The IES also instructed the task force to continue its investigation into wireless services supporting NS EP To that end the task force surveyed the evolving wireless services environment and identified and assessed candidate solutions that would ensure interoperability and connectivity among wireless services and between wireless and non-wireless systems The WSTF in conjunction with the OMNCS WSPO and the Federal Wireless Users Forum addressed methods for incorporating priority access into wireless systems for NS EP use In addition they determined the potential for emerging wireless technologies to complement existing communications support in the Federal Response Plan FRP Emergency Support Function ESF #2 Communications The WSTF established the Cellular Priority Access Services CPAS subgroup in July 1994 to investigate technical administrative and regulatory issues associated with the deployment of a nationwide priority access capability for NS EP cellular users On March 2 1995 the IES instructed the WSTF to determine the NS EP implications of and scope the future task force involvement in wireless technologies These technologies include land mobile radio specialized mobile radio mobile satellite services personal communications services and mobile wireless access to data networks 159 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review At its September 22 1995 meeting the IES placed the WSTF on standby status until needed by the Government At that meeting the IES also voted to place the CPAS subgroup under the direction of the NS EP group Since then the subgroup has assisted in developing CPAS forms and a manual for the administration of CPAS Additionally the subgroup monitored the development and modifications of standards and regulatory issues relevant to CPAS which is now referred to as Wireless Priority Service WPS The NSTAC revisited WPS issues during the NSTAC XXVI cycle March 2002–April 2003 After scoping current wireless issues related to NS EP users the IES formed the Wireless Task Force WTF to study issues relating to the ubiquitous rollout of WPS at its April 18 2002 meeting In addition to analyzing the impediments to the ubiquitous rollout of WPS the IES detailed the task force to study how WPS can be promoted publicly and explore non-device specific and secure solutions for deploying WPS History of NSTAC Actions and Recommendations At the October 3 1991 NSTAC XIII Meeting the NSTAC approved the following W LBRDSTF recommendations to the President u The Government should establish a focal point supported by the National Security Agency NSA and the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST to address and monitor wireless digital interface issues and u The Government should formulate policies at a high level to ensure that all wireless digital service acquisition activities take NS EP needs into account The NSTAC reconvened the task force following the establishment of the WSPO At the March 4 1994 NSTAC XVI Meeting the NSTAC approved the WSTF report and forwarded recommendations to the Government on pursuing implementation of a single nationwide priority 160 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee access capability for NS EP users and expanding the FRP ESF#2 planning process to make more effective use of wireless technologies and services At the NSTAC XVII Meeting held on January 12 1995 the task force reported on its activities in the areas of wireless interoperability and cellular priority access At the NSTAC XVIII Meeting the WSTF presented its task force report and recommendations on the NS EP implications of land mobile radio specialized mobile radio mobile satellite services personal communications services and wireless data to the President The report had several recommendations related to the Government continuing to actively exploit emerging technologies in support of NS EP activities by working at the international Federal State and local levels in defining wireless requirements Additionally the subgroup submitted the Cellular Priority Access Services Subgroup Report which recommended the Government continue to gain a consensus on CPAS regulatory administrative and technical issues to finalize a comprehensive CPAS implementation strategy At the NSTAC XXV Executive Breakfast on March 13 2002 Senator Robert Bennett R-UT requested that the NSTAC revisit the issue of WPS and further examine obstacles to the ubiquitous rollout of WPS In response to this charge the NSTAC tasked the WTF with assessing the issues related to the ubiquitous deployment of WPS The WTF closely monitored the deployment of WPS noting that the ubiquitous deployment of the program had not been achieved for a variety of operational technical funding and regulatory reasons WTF members agreed that the ubiquitous nationwide deployment of WPS would be achieved through the inclusion of all wireless technologies in the solution set satellite back-up capabilities and the participation of large and small wireless carriers Members also cited inadequate Government funding lack of liability protection for carriers and technological limitations as additional impediments to the ubiquitous rollout of WPS Lastly the WTF determined the need for an effective WPS outreach 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee campaign to State and local Governments smaller wireless carriers private sector critical infrastructure protection providers and the general public Providing these entities with timely and accurate information would dispel misconceptions regarding the WPS program and facilitate the inclusion of WPS in various NS EP homeland security contingency and disaster recovery plans • Smaller carriers—Educating them on WPS and encouraging their involvement in the program • Private sector critical infrastructure providers—Facilitating greater awareness of the WPS program and enabling improved contingency and disaster recovery programs • The general public—Detailing the benefits WPS provides for public safety and homeland security As a result of this analysis the NSTAC offered the following recommendations to the President u u u u u Encourage the development of WPS solutions for all wireless technologies e g cellular personal communications service third generation networks paging and other wireless data services to maximize WPS coverage increase ubiquity and give NS EP users the flexibility to handle a variety of emergencies and disasters • Stockpiling WPS-enabled phones for large-scale distribution to NS EP users during emergencies Reaffirm that the Federal Communications Commission’s FCC Second Report and Order R O on Priority Access Service PAS does extend liability protection to wireless priority solution providers equivalent to liability protection found in wireline priority communications programs Encourage and support adequate funding for the development and deployment of a multi-technology and multi-carrier WPS program including a satellite backup capability to continue through WPS full operational capability and later generations and integration with the Government Emergency Telecommunications Service GETS Direct the appropriate departments and agencies to conduct outreach and educational campaigns regarding WPS and its role in homeland security specifically targeting • State and local Governments—Emphasizing the role of WPS in homeland security and the importance of expediting zoning and siting requests from wireless carriers including the use of Government sites and buildings to increase WPS coverage and ubiquity Direct the National Communications System NCS Government agencies and departments and organizations with NS EP missions to implement proactive policies regarding the implementation and use of the WPS program including • Monitoring WPS usage following distribution of WPS handsets to protect against fraud and abuse • Developing a WPS directory assistance function enabling NS EP users to locate one another during emergencies u Direct the NCS and Government agencies and departments involved in WPS planning and program management to address the technical limitations of wireless and other network technologies that may have a negative impact on the assurance reliability and availability of an end-to-end WPS solution These limitations include but are not limited to • Insufficient commercial capacity available to support NS EP users • Technical infeasibility of offering wireless priority at the network egress within the initial operating capability time frame • Processing limitations of Signaling System 7 SS7 during periods of congestion 161 Previously Addressed Issues t 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review • Security vulnerabilities resulting from the convergence of voice and data networks and the SS7 • Challenges associated with the integration of GETS with WPS In addition the WTF worked jointly with the Legislative and Regulatory Task Force LRTF to assess the legal and regulatory concerns with WPS during the NSTAC XXVI cycle Specifically they addressed whether the FCC should revise the Second R O for PAS The NSTAC reviewed the R O and on January 22 2003 sent a letter to the President offering recommendations on PAS In the letter the NSTAC commended the FCC for adopting a Second R O for PAS which indicates that carriers providing PAS shall have liability immunity from Section 202 of the Communications Act states that the FCC and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTIA should accelerate on-going efforts to improve interoperability between Federal State and local public safety communications agencies and encourages the Administration to support full and adequate Federal funding for PAS Actions Resulting from NSTAC Recommendations A Memorandum of Understanding established the WSPO as the Government focal point within the OMNCS Technology and Standards Division now the OMNCS Technology and Programs Division with full-time participation from NSA and NIST On October 19 1995 the OMNCS through the WSPO submitted a CPAS Petition for Rulemaking to the FCC to authorize the nationwide CPAS service After two years of soliciting comments from industry on the CPAS Petition for Rulemaking the FCC adopted the First R O for PAS on August 6 1998 The OMNCS worked on CPAS implementation through four parallel approaches modifying cellular standards to incorporate CPAS encouraging the FCC to issue CPAS rules developing CPAS administrative processes and stimulating competitive interests of service providers to implement the CPAS capability 162 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee On July 3 2000 the FCC adopted the Second R O for PAS establishing the regulatory administrative and operational framework enabling commercial mobile radio service providers to offer WPS to NS EP personnel The R O also provided WPS priority levels and qualifying criteria to be used as the basis for all WPS assignments In their rulemaking the FCC determined that 1 WPS was in the public interest 2 WPS offering should be voluntary 3 carriers should have limited liability if uniform operating procedures were followed and 4 the NCS is responsible for day-to-day administration of the program After the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001 the NS EP community had a renewed interest in fully implementing WPS and White House personnel directed the NCS to establish an active program A WPS-like solution was made available in Salt Lake City in time for the 2002 Olympic Winter Games and the NCS launched an immediate solution in May 2002 in the greater metropolitan areas of Washington DC and New York City As a result of the NCS integration into the Department of Homeland Security DHS WPS is now offered through the DHS Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection IAIP Directorate WPS is offered in most major metropolitan markets on the Global System for Mobile Communications platform The initial carrier for WPS is T-Mobile which will reach full operating capability in 2004 In addition the WPS program expanded to additional GSM carriers in 2004 including AT T Wireless Cingular and Nextel There are also plans to expand WPS to be offered on the Code Division Multiple Access platform in the future Reports Issued Wireless Low-Bit-Rate Digital Services Task Force Final Report Towards National Security and Emergency Preparedness Wireless Low-Bit-Rate Digital Services September 1991 Wireless Services Task Force Report January 1994 Emerging Wireless Services Report September 1995 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2006-2007 NSTAC Issue Review u Previously Addressed Issues Cellular Priority Access Services Subgroup Report September 1995 Wireless Task Force Report Wireless Priority Service August 2002 163 NSTAC Implementing and Governing Documentation 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix A The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Charter of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee I Official Designation Under Executive Order 12382 dated September 13 1982 and Executive Order 13316 dated September 30 2003 this Committee is officially designated the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee “the Committee” II Membership and Organization telecommunications aspects affecting national security and emergency preparedness Key policy statements include but are not limited to Executive Order 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions and National Security Decision Directive Number 97 NSDD-97 “National Security Telecommunications Policy ” B The committee’s officers will have the following responsibilities A Membership and organization will be in accordance with Executive Order 12382 dated September 13 1982 B There will be an Executive Secretary who will be the Manager National Communications System under section 10 e of the Federal Advisory Committee Act as amended 5 U S C App II 1 The Chair will convene preside at and adjourn all meetings at his discretion with the advance approval of the Executive Secretary However the Chair will also be obliged to adjourn any meeting the Executive Secretary advises him to adjourn when the Executive Secretary determines an adjournment to be in the public interest C The Committee will provide such guidance and direction as is necessary and appropriate to ensure the effective functioning of any subcommittee so established Except where a special rule applicable to such subcommittees appears in an amendment to this Charter the provisions of this Charter shall apply with necessary changes appropriate to subcommittees to the subcommittees D The Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission will be invited to participate in the activities of the Committee and its subcommittees Agencies and officials of the Executive Branch may also be invited to participate III Objective Scope of Activity and Duties A The Committee will function in accordance with Section 2 of Executive Order 12382 dated September 13 1982 The Committee will provide information and advice to the President on all 2 The Vice Chair will act as Chair in the absence of the Chair 3 The Executive Secretary who will be the Manager National Communications System will attend all meetings and will advise the Chair to adjourn or will adjourn any meeting when the Executive Secretary determines it is in the public interest The Executive Secretary will invite agencies and officials from the Executive Branch to attend the meetings as he deems appropriate The Executive Secretary will prepare the minutes of each meeting the accuracy of which the Chair will certify and that will at a minimum contain a record of the membership present and the members of the public who participate in the meeting including the interests and affiliations they represent a description of matters and materials discussed and the conclusions if any A-3 Appendix A t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review reached and the rationale for any recommendations made by members of the Committee The Executive Secretary will also maintain copies of all reports which the Committee receives issues or approves The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee B The estimated annual cost of operating the Committee and its subcommittees is $2 6 million including travel expenses per diem contractor support and staff support C The Department of Homeland Security in its C The Committee may consult with interested parties agencies interagency committees or groups of the United States Government and with private groups and individuals as the Committee decides is necessary or desirable capacity as Executive Agent for the National Communications System will supply staff and support functions for the Committee The estimated annual personnel staffing of such functions is 7 5 staff years excluding contract support D The NSTAC will address all matters pertaining to National Security Emergency Preparedness NS EP Communications Cyber and Telecommunications The NSTAC will coordinate NS EP communications interdependency issues with the National Infrastructure Advisory Council VI Meetings and Termination A The Committee will meet approximately every 12 months in person and otherwise at the call of the Chair Subcommittees will meet as necessary for their assigned responsibilities IV Official to Whom the Committee Reports B Under Executive Order 13385 A The Committee will report in writing to the President of the United States through the Secretary of Homeland Security in his capacity as Executive Agent for the National Communications System by Executive Order 13286 dated February 28 2003 dated September 29 2005 effective September 30 2005 the Committee will terminate on September 30 2007 unless formally determined to be in the public interest to continue it for an additional period A continuing need for the advice offered by this Committee is anticipated B The Committee and any subcommittees established by the Committee will work with the Office of the Manager National Communications System and appropriate representatives from National Communications System member organizations C Any subcommittee established by the Committee will report to the Committee V Estimated Costs and Staff Support A Members of the Committee will serve on it without any compensation for their work and in accordance with Section 3 of Executive Order 12382 dated September 13 1982 A-4 VII Filing Date December 14 2005 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix A The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Bylaws of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Adopted Amended Amended Amended Amended July 20 1983 June 8 1989 January 12 1995 April 18 2000 April 7 2003 coordination examines legislative and regulatory issues oversees network security activities provides feedback on the status of NSTAC recommendations and directs and oversees the work of subordinate Groups The IES shall report to the NSTAC and the subordinate Groups shall report to the IES Article I Organization and Operation Article II The National Security and Section 1 Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC shall be organized and operate in accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act as amended 5 U S C App 2 Executive Order 12382 13 September 1982 the Charter of the NSTAC and these Bylaws Section 1 The members of the NSTAC shall be appointed by the President in accordance with the provisions of Section 1 a of Executive Order No 12382 dated 13 September 1982 Section 2 The provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act as amended 5 U S C App 2 Executive Order No 12382 13 September 1982 and the Charter of the NSTAC shall govern in the event of any conflict between the provisions thereof and these Bylaws Section 3 The NSTAC shall be supported by an Industry Executive Subcommittee IES The IES is authorized to form subordinate Groups titled Working Groups Task Forces or other appropriate title necessary to carry out the direction provided by the NSTAC and to develop recommendations for the NSTAC in accord with the NSTAC Charter and the IES’s mission The purpose of the IES is to advise the NSTAC on matters concerning procedures plans and policies for the telecommunications and information systems that support national security and emergency preparedness The IES shall meet approximately one month before and one month after an NSTAC Meeting At additional Working Sessions of the Subcommittee of the whole the IES shall carry out its role as the NSTAC’S principal working body The IES performs the following functions identifies plans and defines NSTAC issues strengthens industry and Government Membership Section 2 Each member of the NSTAC shall have the authority to appoint one member of the IES The same individual may represent an industry entity on the IES and on one or more subordinate Groups Except as provided in Article II Section 5 the membership of the subordinate Groups shall consist of IES members elected by the IES for a term of two NSTAC cycles Section 3 Only NSTAC entities may be represented on the IES or subordinate Groups Section 4 Members of the NSTAC may not designate alternates Members of the IES or any subordinate Group may designate an alternate Such designation must be in writing with a copy provided to the Office of the Manager National Communications System OMNCS An alternate shall have the privileges of a member Section 5 Consistent with any applicable security clearance requirements any member of the IES or his or her duly designated alternate may be accompanied at any meeting by advisors Any member or alternate may authorize an adviser to speak on behalf of the member or alternate A-5 Appendix A t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Article III Chair and Voting Section 1 The Chair and Vice Chair of the NSTAC shall be appointed by the President in accordance with the provisions of Section 1 b of the Executive Order No 12382 dated 13 September 1982 Section 2 The Chair of the IES shall be the Deputy Manager of the National Communications System and not number in the count for a quorum nor vote on issues before the IES At an IES Working Session the IES member from the NSTAC Chair’s company shall chair the Working Session The Chairs of subordinate Groups formed by the IES will be appointed by the IES Working Session Chair Section 3 A quorum of the Committee the IES or subordinate Group is required to vote on issues being addressed Except as set forth in Section 5 a quorum is constituted by the presence of more than half of the membership of the Committee IES or subordinate Group The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Article IV Minutes and Reports Section 1 Committee records will be maintained as set forth in the Federal Advisory Committee Act 5 U S C App 2 Section 2 A written summary will be prepared for each IES meeting and meeting of the IES Working Session Summaries of the meetings will be prepared by the OMNCS and forwarded to members of the meeting body and other participating entities to review for accuracy and completeness Section 3 A consolidated annual report of results of all NSTAC activities shall be prepared and distributed to all members and to any Federal Government entity upon request Other reports shall be prepared as directed by the NSTAC Section 4 All reports except minority reports shall be prepared by the OMNCS and forwarded to the members for review and comment at least 15 days prior to final distribution Section 4 Only members of the NSTAC the IES or subordinate Group may vote All issues will be decided and recommendations or decisions made by a majority vote of those members present at any NSTAC IES or subordinate Group meeting Section 5 Minority reports may be prepared by any industry member s and forwarded to the OMNCS The OMNCS will attach the minority report to the majority report Section 5 Article V Absent a request for a recorded and or secret ballot vote all votes shall be by either a show of hands or by voice vote Any member may request a recorded and or secret ballot vote at any time With or without a quorum at a meeting the Chair of the IES or subordinate Group may conduct a recorded vote by mail at any time absent objections of any member In the case of a mail vote a quorum is constituted by receipt of votes from more than half of the membership A non-response from an IES or subordinate Group member will be considered a vote in the affirmative A-6 Issue Development Section 1 Issues for consideration by the NSTAC may be suggested by any Government or industry entity or any other person The OMNCS will prepare suggested issues into issue papers for consideration by the IES Section 2 The IES will review all issue papers and recommend to the NSTAC their approval or disapproval for further consideration or recommend such other action as is deemed necessary For issues sent to a subordinate Group for study analysis and or the development of recommendations or options the IES will provide guidance and direction as necessary The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix A Section 3 Studies analyses recommendations or options developed by any subordinate Group shall be submitted to the IES by report or briefing for consideration prior to presentation or submission to the NSTAC Article VI Amendment of the Bylaws Section 1 Amendment of the Bylaws may be proposed by any member of the NSTAC at any time Such amendments may be adopted or dismissed only by majority vote of the NSTAC Section 2 An amendment to the Bylaws shall become effective immediately following its adoption A-7 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix A Executive Order 12382—President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Amended by Executive Order 12454 as of December 29 1983 and Executive Order 13286 as of February 28 2003 By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution of the United States of America and in order to establish in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act as amended 5 U S C App I an advisory committee on National Security Telecommunications it is hereby ordered as follows Section 1 Establishment a There is established the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee which shall be composed of no more than 30 members These members shall have particular knowledge and expertise in the field of telecommunications and represent elements of the Nation’s telecommunications industry Members of the Committee shall be appointed by the President b The President shall annually designate a Chairman and a Vice Chairman from among the members of the Committee b The Committee shall provide information and advice to the President through the Secretary of Homeland Security regarding the feasibility of implementing specific measures to improve the telecommunications aspects of our national security posture c The Committee shall provide technical information and advice in the identification and solution of problems which the Committee considers will affect national security telecommunications capability d In the performance of its advisory duties the Committee shall conduct reviews and assessments of the effectiveness of the implementation of Presidential Directive National Security Council 53 PD NSC-53 National Security Telecommunications Policy e The Committee shall periodically report on matters in this Section to the President and to the Secretary of Homeland Security in his capacity as Executive Agent for the National Communications System Section 3 Administration a The heads of Executive agencies shall to the c To assist the Committee in carrying out its functions the Committee may establish appropriate subcommittees or working groups composed in whole or in part of individuals who are not members of the Committee extent permitted by law provide the Committee such information with respect to national security telecommunications matters as it may require for the purpose of carrying out its functions Information supplied to the Committee shall not to the extent permitted by law be available for public inspection Section 2 Functions b Members of the Committee shall serve without a The Committee shall provide to the President through the Secretary of Homeland Security among other things information and advice from the perspective of the telecommunications industry with respect to the implementation of Presidential Directive 53 PD NSC-53 National Security Telecommunications Policy any compensation for their work on the Committee However to the extent permitted by law they shall be entitled to travel expenses including per diem in lieu of subsistence A-9 Appendix A t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review c Any expenses of the Committee shall to the extent permitted by law be paid from funds available to the Secretary of Homeland Security Section 4 General a Notwithstanding any other Executive Order the functions of the President under the Federal Advisory Committee Act as amended 5 U S C App I except that of reporting annually to the Congress which are applicable to the Committee shall be performed by the Secretary of Homeland Security in accord with guidelines and procedures established by the Administrator of General Services b In accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act as amended the Committee shall terminate on December 31 1982 unless sooner extended A-10 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix A Antitrust Division Office of the Assistant Attorney General Washington D C 20530 June 1 1983 Lt Gen William J Hilsman Manger National Communications System Washington D C 20305 Dear General Hilsman In response to your May 2 1983 letter to Ronald G Carr the Antitrust Division has reviewed the April 18 1983 draft report of the NSTAC Emergency Response Procedures Working Group on the establishment of a National Coordinating Mechanism In particular the Division focused on the proposed functions of the National Coordinating Mechanism NCM as set out in Section 6 “Conclusions ” of the draft report and Annex B The views expressed in this letter are preliminary and respond to your suggestion that we provide general guidance to the Funding and Regulatory Working Group prior its June 2 1983 meeting In summary we believe the functions of a National Coordinating Mechanism if carried out along the lines suggested in Chapter 6 and Annex B pose no significant competitive problems that would rise to the level of a possible Antitrust violation if such activities were carried out in a manner designed to minimize any anticompetitive potential and if the appropriate government agencies retain the responsibility for necessary procurement and regulatory decisionmaking As we understand it the NCM would have four organizational components Overall policy would be set by a General Forum “an industry-wide organization with widespread membership” which would meet semi-annually to provide the opportunity for members of the communications industry to discuss National Security-Emergency Preparedness NS EP needs Subordinate to the General Forum would be two standing committees 1 the Technical Planning Committee which would focus on matters involving technical interoperability 2 the Operations Planning and Policies Committee which would focus on those involving operating methods and procedures relating to NS EP A National Coordinating Center NCC would be responsible for day to day planning activities and for responding to NS EP requirements as they occur The NCC would consist of an operations center located at a government facility and be staffed with representatives of the National Communications System and “selected representatives of the industry ” Carriers not physically present would remain in electronic contact with the NCC Lastly a Secretariat would be responsible for administrative coordination and support According to Appendix B the NCM would appear to have four types of functions The first would be to provide a coordination point for dealing with communications emergencies including service disruptions This activity includes development of the “watch center” operations of the NCC technical analysis damage assessments of service disruptions and coordination or direction of prompt restoration of telecommunication services Items 1 2 4 7 The second basic function would be to coordinate and assist in the provision of time sensitive NS EP service requests Items 8 11 The third category is a broader planning function in which the NCM would assist in the development of technical standards and network planning to meet NS EP needs and to assist the overall development of each carrier’s network so as to insure that NS EP needs are A-11 Appendix A t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee taken into consideration Items 3 9 10 Finally the NCM would provide a mechanism to supply the government and potentially other carriers with critical information about resources available to meet NS EP needs or emergency requirements Items 5 6 The following discussion of these functions including the issue of the appropriate scope industry membership in the NCM and its component activities is based on the descriptions set out in the draft report From the description it would appear that the NCM although sponsored and supported by the government would largely function as a joint activity among potentially competing members of the telecommunications industry The antitrust laws do not prohibit collective activity between competing members of an industry simply because they are competitors Instead the question asked by the antitrust laws is whether or not the collective activity at issue has the probable effect of lessening competition in the markets at issue In the case of the NCM the proposed essential elements recommended by the Working Group do not appear to do so Rather they would enable the industry to provide collectively that which each member of the industry could not provide individually i e a nationwide interoperable system of independent carrier networks in which the resources of all are available to meet this Nation’s NS EP needs Consequently the key focus of any antitrust and competitive analysis is on the methods and procedures by which the essential objectives are implemented 1 Membership Under the Sherman Act if joint facilities established by competing firms become essential to participating effectively in markets served by venture’s participants participation in the activity on reasonable terms by all competing enterprises may be mandated To the extent that participation in the NCM would confer a competitive advantage therefore exclusion by industry members of competing firms might be of concern As we understand the proposal however the scope of the NCM and its components would be established by the Government to meet public NS EP needs not private interests In such a circumstance the decision to limit membership in a particular activity should be made by responsible government agencies rather than by industry participants themselves limiting possible antitrust concerns In turn the criteria utilized by the sponsoring government agencies should be designed to promote as broad as possible participation in the group with membership in any activity restricted only to the minimum extent necessary to achieve the objectives of such an activity e g limiting physical presence at an NCC to numbers that prevent the NCC from becoming an operationally unmanageable undertaking In this regard we note that the government as “the purchaser” of NS EP services should have every incentive to maximize industry participation and limit participation if at all only to ensure that the benefits of the NCM are maximized 2 Coordination of Service Disruptions and Similar Emergencies As we understand it the goal of this function is to ensure that existing communications requirements can be maintained in the face of disruption of the network of one or more carriers as a result of e g equipment failure natural disasters sabotage or war The goal of the NCM in this activity would not be to process service orders to meet added requirements but to assure that services already ordered by government agencies and the private sector can be provided in the face of adversity On the facts as set out above there would appear to be few if any competitive or antitrust issues at stake in this type of activity to the extent the actual restoration and back-up processes do not have the effect of disadvantaging any particular carrier Consequently the procedures involved should minimize any possibility that the services of any carrier will be unreasonably excluded from the backup and restoration process 3 Coordination of Additional NS EP Requirements Under this function the NCM would assist the government in obtaining a quick coordinated industry response to time-sensitive NS EP requirements such as the provision of additional circuits and equipment to areas hit by a disaster or for Presidential travel or military mobilization requirements As we understand it this activity is different from that just described because it A-12 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix A would result in new government orders for additional services or equipment Here the competitive and antitrust risks are greater in that if appropriate safeguards are not adopted the NCM could theoretically serve as a mechanism for allocating government orders among competing firms to the detriment of the government’s interest Such an allocation could result if for example firms represented at the NCC decided among themselves who would bid for a particular circuit order when several of them could do so or if failure to have a representative at the NCC would mean that a particular firm as a result of procedures agreed on by the carriers present at the NCC would not have the opportunity to bid on the circuit request These theoretically possible competitive problems could be minimized to the extent that the relevant government agencies make the procurement decisions and establish the appropriate bidding processes for emergency telecommunications with the NCM merely supporting those processes and providing a mechanism coordinating an end-to-end response once the government’s procurement decisions were made What should be avoided therefore is the adoption by participating carriers themselves of practices that would undercut the ability of government procurement officers to obtain such benefits of competition as procurement regulations envisioned in the circumstances at issue So long as the NCM merely facilitates actions desired by government agencies in their capacity as a purchaser of communications services antitrust concerns would be minimized 4 Industry Standard-Setting and Planning Standard setting to promote interoperability is widespread across a broad spectrum of American commercial activity including the communications industry Under the antitrust laws such standard-setting processes pose few problems if access to the standard setting bodies are available to competing industry members whose products and services are affected by the standard-setting process and to the extent that reasonable procedures are utilized to assure that the competing firms will have the opportunity to present their views before such standards are collectively adopted Nevertheless both competitive and antitrust issues may be raised to the extent that such standard setting becomes a vehicle to place the products or services of a firm at a competitive disadvantage Where such actions are taken it can be alleged that the participants in the standard setting process undertook collective action to eliminate a competitor from the market Such actions should not give rise to antitrust liability to the extent that the actions in question represented reasoned and reasonable choices and were not undertaken for an exclusionary purpose In some cases however the adoption of standards by collective industry action e g for interoperability or interconnection may result in a choice that will confer relatively greater competitive benefits on one firm or technology Consequently competitive risks would be minimized to the extent that the standards adopted responded to specific NS EP objectives in a manner that maximized carrier flexibility to meet those standards 5 Information Sharing Finally the proposed NCM envisions that a limited amount of carrier information concerning available NS EP resources will be provided to the NCC It is also envisioned that a mechanism will be adopted by which individual carrier actions such as the introduction of new services or the planning of facility routes may be scrutinized so that the NS EP consequences of these carrier activities can be reviewed to enhance NS EP benefits The fundamental competitive and antitrust concerns regarding such information plans are to ensure that proprietary carrier information is not involuntarily disclosed to competitors and that voluntary sharing arrangements do not have the effect of reducing competition among carriers in the introduction of new services and the construction of new facilities Thus procedures should be adopted to foreclose potentially anticompetitive information disclosures For example it would appear preferable for each carrier to maintain its own inventory of spare circuits etc rather than to create a centralized data base of such information unless access to such a data base was strictly controlled and limited to the carrier concerned or to government employees Of course these concerns are A-13 Appendix A t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee minimized with respect to information that relates not to the overall commercial capabilities of each carrier but to purely emergency resources e g mobile facilities or the status of equipment dedicated to NS EP requirements In this regard the operating environment of the NCC should be designed to minimize opportunities for informal and unauthorized access by employees of one carrier to the proprietary information of other carriers In the same fashion the opportunities for disclosure of proprietary information to competing carriers in the process of planning new facilities should also be minimized For example it would appear prudent for carriers to obtain information from government employees as to appropriate routings for facilities and to base their actions independently upon such recommendations rather than for competing carriers to agree on facility routings particularly where the effect would be to require advance disclosure of construction plans to competitors In sum we believe that the proposals outlined in the draft Working Group report can form an appropriate basis for a National Coordinating Mechanism that will meet government NS EP requirements while minimizing competitive antitrust risks The Antitrust Division will continue to work closely with your staff the NSTAC and other federal agencies to assure that the NCM is implemented in a manner consistent with both our agencies’ legal and policy concerns Sincerely William F Baxter Assistant Attorney General Antitrust Division A-14 zmd 2533336 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix B The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Membership as of July 22 2008 Mr Edward A Mueller NSTAC Chair Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Qwest Communications International Inc Mr John T Stankey NSTAC Vice Chair Group President Telecom Operations AT T Inc Mr James F Albaugh President and Chief Executive Officer Boeing Integrated Defense Systems The Boeing Company Mr Gregory Q Brown President and Co-Chief Executive Officer Motorola Inc Mr Daniel J Carroll Jr Member Board of Directors Telcordia Technologies Inc Mr Ken Dahlberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Science Applications International Corporation Mr Howard L Lance Chairman President and Chief Executive Officer Harris Corporation Mr Michael W Laphen Chairman President and Chief Executive Officer Computer Sciences Corporation Mr Thomas Lynch Chief Executive Officer Tyco Electronics Ltd Mr Craig O McCaw Chairman Teledesic Corp Mr Ivan G Seidenberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Verizon Communications Inc Mr William H Swanson Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Raytheon Company Mr Joseph R Wright Jr Satellite Expert Intelsat Ltd Mr Mike S Zafirovski President and Chief Executive Officer Nortel Networks Corp Mr Walter B McCormick Jr President and Chief Executive Officer United States Telecom Association Mr Kyle E McSlarrow President and Chief Executive Officer National Cable and Telecommunications Association Mr Arthur E Johnson Senior Vice President Corporate Strategic Development Lockheed Martin Corp Mr Craig J Mundie Chief Research and Strategy Officer Microsoft Corp Mr Clayton M Jones Chairman President and Chief Executive Officer Rockwell Collins Inc Mr Donald J Obert Group Executive Network Computing Group Bank of America Corp Mr Scott G Kriens Chairman President and Chief Executive Officer Juniper Networks Inc Mr William A Roper Jr President and Chief Executive Officer VeriSign Inc B-3 33-8on 235 mxmoizm 8 5 3852 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix C Executive Report on the 2008 Meeting of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee – May 1 2008 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC met on May 1 2008 at the U S Chamber of Commerce in Washington D C The meeting focused on issues surrounding national security and emergency preparedness NS EP communications in this time of an increasingly global communications environment and increased threats to network security The NSTAC Principals met with Secretary Michael Chertoff Department of Homeland Security DHS Mr Robert Jamison Under Secretary for National Protection and Programs DHS Mr Kevin Martin Chairman Federal Communications Commission FCC and Ambassador David Gross United States Coordinator for International Communications and Information Policy Department of State DOS and other senior Government officials and reviewed NSTAC activities over the past cycle during the Open Session During the Closed Session the NSTAC Principals engaged in discussion with Mr Kenneth Wainstein Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Mr John Grimes Assistant Secretary for Network and Information Integration and Chief Information Officer Department of Defense DOD and a number of senior Administration officials This Executive Report summarizes those presentations and deliberations Also attached are the recommendations to the President from 2007–2008 NSTAC cycle Attachment 1 and an attendance list of NSTAC Principals Attachment 2 Mr Michael Laphen Computer Sciences Corporation and Mr William Roper VeriSign Inc Mr Mueller announced that he considers his appointment as Chair of the NSTAC a great honor and looks forward to the opportunity to work with the other Principals to provide NS EP advice to the President He recognized that the NSTAC has produced a remarkable body of work in its 26 year history and stated that the Committee has examined several significant issues over the last cycle alone including network security international communications commercial communications reliance on the global positioning system GPS and global infrastructure resiliency among others Mr Mueller noted that the NSTAC last met via conference call in February 2008 during which time the Principals reviewed and approved the NSTAC Report on Commercial Communications Reliance on the Global Positioning System and the NSTAC Report on Network Operations Centers and heard a preliminary update on the work of the Network Security Scoping Group NSSG He informed members that the Open Session will serve as an opportunity to hear remarks from some of the stakeholders Mr Mueller then recognized and welcomed the senior Government officials participating in the Open Session ff Secretary Chertoff Department of Homeland Security DHS 2008 NSTAC Open Session Call to Order Opening Remarks Mr Edward Mueller Qwest Communications International Inc and the NSTAC Chair called to order the 2008 NSTAC Meeting Open Session on May 1 2008 at 2 30 p m at the U S Chamber of Commerce in Washington D C Mr Mueller welcomed members of the NSTAC particularly the newly appointed Principals including Mr John Stankey AT T Inc and NSTAC Vice Chair ff Mr Jamison Under Secretary for National Protection and Programs DHS ff Mr Martin Chairman Federal Communications Commission FCC and ff Ambassador David Gross United States Coordinator for International Communications and Information Policy Department of State DOS C-3 Appendix C t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Remarks Secretary Michael Chertoff Secretary Chertoff thanked the members for their hard work during and prior to his time with DHS noting that the NSTAC is among the oldest and strongest examples of a valuable and effective Government-industry partnership Secretary Chertoff further commended the Committee for its work over the past year including the NSTAC’s reports regarding international communications commercial communications reliance on the global positioning system and network operations centers In response to the NSTAC Report on International Communications the National Communications System’s NCS Committee of Principals COP formed the International Communications Working Group ICWG to address the recommendations Secretary Chertoff informed the members that Mr Jamison will provide additional details regarding NCS activities to address other recent NSTAC recommendations Secretary Chertoff then provided an overview of DHS cybersecurity activities in response to National Security Presidential Directive 54 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 23 which was approved by the President on January 8 2008 The directive represents an aggressive high-priority effort to further protect Federal Government systems and reduce vulnerabilities protect against intrusions and better anticipate threats Secretary Chertoff stressed that private sector participation is critical to the success of any cybersecurity activity as the majority of cyber assets are privately owned To that end the Department has increased staffing for the U S Computer Emergency Readiness Team US-CERT which continues to work to communicate warnings to both the private and public sectors In addition DHS is working to expand the EINSTEIN Program to all Federal departments and agencies Moving forward the Federal Government will need to continue to facilitate coordination and information sharing with the private sector so that industry can best protect its assets Secretary Chertoff then encouraged the members to assist with recruiting efforts to ensure that the Department can attract the most talented cybersecurity experts and noted that there will be C-4 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee future opportunities for industry to share their expertise with Government through participation in work rotation programs Secretary Chertoff further encouraged the members to continue to monitor and address as necessary emergency preparedness issues He informed the Principals that the National Response Framework NRF became effective on March 22 2008 The NRF serves as a guide to how the Nation reacts in the event of a disaster or emergency no matter its size It identifies the key response principles roles and structures that organize national response He encouraged the members to review and provide feedback to the Department regarding the NRF In response to a Principal’s inquiry regarding the ability of first responders to communicate with each other Secretary Chertoff noted that both the Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA and the National Guard are prepared to deploy mobile communications assets when necessary In addition the Federal Government currently has access to technology that enables bridging and interfacing between technologies and the Department has started training efforts regarding the use of these technologies Secretary Chertoff further noted that the Department is working to address governance challenges to train communities to communicate using a common language A second member further inquired regarding Government capabilities to communicate emergency information to the public In response Secretary Chertoff stated that the FEMA Integrated Public Alert and Warning System has been activated in the Gulf Coast region and enables emergency messaging to be broadcast to the public via numerous technologies such as cell phones and text messaging However in order for this system to be deployed Nationwide States will need to obtain the necessary software Finally the Secretary emphasized that the Department is working to institutionalize its emergency response activities so that the new Administration can easily understand the goals of the current initiatives The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Remarks Mr Robert Jamison Mr Jamison thanked the Committee for its work to develop reports and recommendations to the President and noted that the Department values the critical perspective that industry provides He then welcomed the new NSTAC Chair and Vice Chair and informed the members that he is personally working to track progress against recent NSTAC recommendations Since 2004 the NSTAC has submitted 69 recommendations to the President and out of these recommendations 30 are currently being acted on by the NCS 33 are currently being monitored by the NCS and 6 are outside of the NCS scope Mr Jamison provided a highlight of the NCS activities and informed the members that in addition to the ICWG the NCS COP has also formed the Communications Dependency on Electric Power Working Group CDEP WG to address the recommendations in the NSTAC Report on Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependencies The CDEP WG recently hosted a Long-Term Outage Workshop and hopes to complete its report in the Summer 2008 Mr Jamison then announced that Mr Jim Madon was recently named Director of the NCS Mr Madon joins the NCS with a combined history of both public and private sector experience and should be a great addition to the NCS Remarks Mr David Gross Ambassador Gross began by thanking the NSTAC members for inviting him to participate in the 2008 NSTAC Meeting He noted his appreciation for the NSTAC’s recent work focusing on international communications and stated that four years ago when he first met with the NSTAC international communications issues were not a primary focus for the Committee He thanked the members for bringing international communications to the forefront of NSTAC’s agenda through the work over the past cycle relating to international communications and international network operations centers Ambassador Gross specifically referenced the NSTAC Report on International Communications as a key step to addressing the national security concerns associated with the United States’ current international collaboration strategies and policies He stated that DOS fully supports the NSTAC’s work in this area and will continue to assist the Administration with 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix C the implementation of these recommendations As an initial step the Department has agreed to Chair the NCS’ COP ICWG Ambassador Gross continued by outlining several of the Department’s international communications activities The Department is collaborating with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC to advance common economic goals and promote global information and communications technology security The OECD is working on confronting e-mail spam and malware while APEC is focused on combating cybersecurity and cyber crime Ambassador Gross noted that APEC and OECD are now jointly addressing these areas and that the Department is helping to facilitate these efforts Ambassador Gross noted that DOS has been similarly involved in the International Telecommunication Union’s ITU efforts to provide recommendations on identity management issues and develop cybersecurity standards He specifically mentioned how the Department has contributed to ITU Study Group Q 22 Report on Best Practices for a National Approach to CyberSecurity Ambassador Gross then spoke about the Department’s efforts to achieve and preserve global Internet freedom He described the importance of ensuring that countries particularly developing nations have access to Internet services and communications technologies He was pleased to announce that since 2000 a significant portion of world’s new Internet users have been located in developing nations Ambassador Gross continued remarking that even events in small remote countries have the ability to affect the United States He explained how globalization has begun to forge a link between the U S ’ domestic and national security interests Ambassador Gross closed by recognizing Ms Meredith Baker Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTIA Department of Commerce for her role coordinating with DOS on international communications matters He also acknowledged that Ms Baker recently announced that she will be resigning from her role with the NTIA C-5 Appendix C t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Remarks Mr Kevin Martin Chairman Martin thanked the NSTAC for the opportunity to speak and commended the NSTAC’s efforts to help protect the Nation’s critical infrastructures He acknowledged the challenge of maintaining reliable emergency communications as the public and private sector continues to integrate next generation technologies into the communications infrastructure Chairman Martin remarked that the FCC faces many challenges in maintaining secure and reliable emergency communications including 911 assurance voice over Internet Protocol effectiveness location accuracy of wireless service wireless device public safety notifications and fraudulent 911 calls To address these challenges Chairman Martin reported that the FCC strives to create a collaborative environment that enables critical infrastructure information sharing and emergency communications effectiveness Chairman Martin remarked that based on requirements under the Warning Alert and Response Network Act encompassed within P L 109-347 the Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of 2006 the FCC is working to extend additional next generation networks emergency services and alert capabilities to mobile devices during a national emergency Chairman Martin further remarked that the FCC is working to address public safety interoperability challenges As part of this effort the FCC is committed to creating a nationwide interoperable broadband network in the 700 megahertz band for public safety personnel He expressed disappointment that no bidder met the reserve price for the “D Block” of spectrum during the FCC’s 2008 spectrum auction which the FCC set aside to help establish the public safety network Moving forward the FCC is committed to exploring all options for this spectrum to help realize its goal Chairman Martin stated that the FCC’s Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau launched in 2006 is also developing policies aimed at enhancing public safety communications supporting emergency preparedness and response and acting as a repository for homeland security and public safety information for C-6 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee public safety organizations Chairman Martin noted that many of the Bureau’s primary concerns align with the NSTAC’s past and current work Most notably the Commission participated in both the NSTAC’s previous Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force and Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependency Task Force In addition the FCC maintains a disaster reporting system to track recovery efforts and is working closely with carriers regarding reporting requirements A member inquired regarding the FCC’s role in the new NRF Chairman Martin responded that the FCC has worked on several joint communications and interoperability grant programs with DHS and also helped the Department develop a set of best practices and carrier standards However he added that there is a need for a next generation networks broadband ability to support full interoperability and at this time many local communities do not have the resources to address this Ongoing NSTAC Work Mr Mueller turned the discussion to a review of the NSTAC’s ongoing work efforts At the beginning of the cycle there were seven active task forces 1 the National Coordinating Center Task Force NCCTF 2 the Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force ECITF 3 the International Task Force ITF 4 the Global Infrastructure Resiliency Task Force 5 the Legislative and Regulatory Task Force LRTF 6 the Research and Development Task Force RDTF and 7 the NSTAC Outreach Task Force NOTF During the course of the cycle the NCCTF the ECITF and the ITF completed their work and sunset as outlined in the work plan The NSTAC also established two new work efforts the GPS Working Group GPSWG and the NSSG The GPSWG was established to address commercial communications reliance on GPS and completed its work during the course of the cycle and sunset last month The NSSG was established to scope network security issues for further examination by the NSTAC Mr Mueller thanked the NSTAC Principals who served as The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix C champions for important NSTAC issues this cycle as well as those who will be supporting key NSTAC issues throughout the coming year stakeholders on telecommunications‑related NS EP activities on the Principals’ behalf Mr Johnson reviewed the NOTF’s mission which is to Research and Development Task Force ff Increase the awareness of NSTAC capabilities and products among key stakeholders including Federal Government personnel and industry academic and research communities Mr Laphen reported that during the past NSTAC cycle the RDTF focused much of its efforts on monitoring and analyzing identity management IdM issues to determine the impact on NS EP communications Mr Laphen noted that the task force developed a matrix that inventoried all known IdM‑related activities across the public and private sectors The task force received briefings from subject matter experts from the NCS Technology and Programs Division’s on its IdM activities and from the ITU Telecommunications Standardization Sector ITU-T on its IdM Focus Group’s gap analysis activities Mr Laphen added that the task force’s analysis determined that there is no current need for the NSTAC to undertake any additional IdM investigation Mr Laphen added however that the task force will continue to monitor and receive updates on regulatory and standards developments in the international community including the work of groups like the ITU-T Mr Laphen announced that the task force has initiated planning for the NSTAC’s 2008 Research and Development Exchange RDX Workshop which will be held at Motorola Inc at its facilities in Schaumburg Illinois on September 25–26 2008 Focus areas of the workshop will include IdM emergency communications response networks converging and emerging technologies and defending cyberspace Mr Laphen concluded by stating that throughout the upcoming cycle the task force will focus on finalizing preparations for the 2008 RDX Workshop and will continue to research emerging technologies that may impact the NS EP communications environment NSTAC Outreach Task Force Mr Arthur Johnson Lockheed Martin provided the Principals with an update on the NOTF’s ongoing activities Mr Johnson explained that the task force fosters information exchanges between key NSTAC ff Solicit feedback and input on NSTAC products and outreach initiatives from these critical stakeholders ff Promote the adoption of NSTAC recommendations by these stakeholders and ff Develop NSTAC-related materials and sponsor venues to enhance the interaction of NSTAC Principals and the Industry Executive Subcommittee IES with key stakeholders He stated that during the 2007–2008 NSTAC cycle the task force arranged meetings with key Government stakeholders from the Executive Office of the President DHS and DOD among others to discuss the recent NSTAC reports and recommendations The task force also promoted the Government’s adoption of recommendations from the NSTAC Report on Commercial Communications Reliance on the Global Positioning System and the NSTAC Report on Network Operations Centers Mr Johnson remarked that the task force was responsible for planning the New Principals’ Orientation which helped familiarize the new Principals with NSTAC processes and procedures The task force continues to create updated outreach materials such as the NSTAC Key Messages document the NSTAC brochure and the NSTAC background white paper for key stakeholders guest speakers and conference coordinators Specifically the NSTAC Key Messages document provides a brief history of the NSTAC and a description of its mission and several recent NSTAC efforts The NSTAC brochure highlights the current focus of the NSTAC consolidated in a single document and will be available soon C-7 Appendix C t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review Mr Johnson noted the task force will continue to work with its Government stakeholders to track the status of NSTAC recommendations and actively pursue outreach opportunities as they arise He encouraged Government industry academic and research communities to provide input to the task force Adjournment Mr Mueller acknowledged the work the IES and Mr Thomas Hughes AT T Inc and IES Working Session Vice Chair who execute the NSTAC’s day-to-day business and work plan and enable the NSTAC to provide the best possible advice to the President He thanked the Principals and the Government stakeholders for their participation and adjourned the NSTAC Open Session at 3 35 p m C-8 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix C Attachment 1 Report Recommendations to the President from the 2008 Meeting of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee – May 1 2008 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTAC performed an examination of the current international national security and emergency preparedness NS EP communications environment to— ff Evaluate the present U S operational strategies policies and frameworks for international collaboration and ff Prepare recommendations to the President to promote U S NS EP interests in emerging international network security efforts Recognizing NS EP communications’ evolving dependence on and interdependence with global infrastructures and to enhance the resiliency of the global communications infrastructure the NSTAC recommends that the President in accordance with responsibilities and existing mechanisms established by Executive Order 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions direct the following ff Task DHS to coordinate international planning and development with the appropriate Federal Agencies for adoption of a global framework incorporating operational protocols and response strategies The framework must accomplish the following • Address physical and cyber events that would disrupt the availability of critical global infrastructure services • Ensure private sector participation in developing the framework to leverage extensive expertise and existing relationships • Support the use of identity management solutions that address NS EP requirements for normal operations and all-hazards crisis response • Examine with the help of private sector partners existing U S laws and policies that could prevent service providers and other stakeholders from taking the necessary proactive measures to restore service and prevent harm to NS EP users for government essential operations during a crisis ff In the interim task Federal Agencies to expand relationships and response coordination using formal and reciprocal agreements with Allied governments to include participation from selected international service providers and other stakeholders into existing joint U S Government and private-sector response and coordination processes and entities such as the U S Computer Emergency Readiness Team and the National Coordinating Center Following a request from the Department of Defense DOD the NSTAC reviewed current operations associated with network operations centers NOCs examined risks associated with such operations and outlined the actions that service providers have taken to safeguard operations The following recommendations are consistent with prior NSTAC reports and provide further emphasis related to NOCs The NSTAC recommends to the President in accordance with responsibilities and existing mechanisms established by Executive Order 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions that the policy of the United States Government should be ff To share information including classified information with U S service providers that could affect the security practices employed by the industry related to NOCs and C-9 Appendix C t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review ff To undertake an information sharing process review to determine if the U S Government has the appropriate mechanisms responsibility designations and directives in place to allow for the sharing of such information The NSTAC performed an evaluation in response to a White House request for commercial communications industry findings on the commercial communications infrastructure’s reliance on the Global Positioning System GPS To gain current perspectives on the industry-wide use of GPS the NSTAC solicited information from its members other providers within the industry and several external subject matter experts Specifically the NSTAC requested information on 1 company and industry segment use of and reliance on GPS signals 2 impacts to networks and operations that would result from loss or degradation of GPS signals and 3 specific strategies implemented or planned to mitigate the impact of any GPS signal loss or degradation Overall industry members surveyed believe that their companies have taken measures to safeguard against those disruptions to the GPS signal that are likely to be encountered however to date no industry or Government exercise has sought to replicate the impact of a long-term or permanent GPS outage simultaneously on all industries The NSTAC recommends that the President direct the Department of Homeland Security and DOD to include various GPS outage scenarios in future planned disaster recovery exercises in coordination with the commercial communications industry C-10 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix C Attachment 2 Attendance of Members at the 2008 Meeting of the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee Mr Edward A Mueller Qwest Communications International Inc Mr Scott Kriens Juniper Networks Inc Mr Craig J Mundie Microsoft Corporation Mr John T Stankey AT T Inc Mr Howard L Lance Harris Corporation Mr Donald J Obert Bank of America Corporation Mr James F Albaugh Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Mr Michael W Laphen Computer Sciences Corporation Mr William A Roper VeriSign Inc Mr Daniel J Carroll Jr Telcordia Technologies Inc Mr Walter B McCormick Jr United States Telecom Association Mr William H Swanson Raytheon Company Mr Kenneth C Dahlberg SAIC Inc Mr Kyle E McSlarrow National Cable and Telecommunications Association Mr Joseph R Wright Jr Intelsat Ltd Mr Arthur E Johnson Lockheed Martin Corporation Mr Michael S Zafirovski Nortel Networks Inc C-11 323 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix D Acronym List AIN ��������������������Advanced Intelligent Networks AIP ��������������������Automated Information Processing ASPR ����������������Agreements Standards Policies and Regulations ATIS ������������������Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions CCS ������������������Common Channel Signaling CDEP WG ����������Communications Dependency on Electric Power Working Group CIAO ������������������Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office CII ��������������������Critical Infrastructure Information CIP ��������������������Critical Infrastructure Protection CNS ������������������Commercial Network Survivability COP ������������������Committee of Principals COR ������������������Council of Representatives CSI ��������������������Commercial SATCOM Interconnectivity CSS ������������������Commercial Satellite Survivability CTF �������������������Convergence Task Force CWIN ����������������Cyber Warning Information Network DARPA ��������������Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DDoS ����������������Distributed Denial of Service DHS ������������������Department of Homeland Security DOC ������������������Department of Commerce DOD ������������������Department of Defense DOE ������������������Department of Energy DOJ ��������������������Department of Justice DOS ������������������Department of State DPA ������������������Defense Production Act E O ��������������������Executive Order E911 �����������������Enhanced 911 EC ��������������������Electronic Commerce ECC ������������������Enhanced Call Completion ECITF ����������������Emergency Communications and Interoperability Task Force ELS ��������������������Essential Line Service EMP ������������������Electromagnetic Pulse EOP ������������������Executive Office of the President EPA ������������������Environmental Protection Agency ERPWG ��������������Emergency Response Procedures Working Group ESF �������������������Emergency Support Function ESP ������������������Essential Service Provider ETSI TIPHON �����European Telecommunications Standards Institute Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization over Networks EWP ������������������Emergency Wireless Protocols FCC ������������������Federal Communications Commission FECC ����������������Federal Emergency Communications Coordinator FEMA ����������������Federal Emergency Management Agency FNI ��������������������Funding of NSTAC Initiatives FOIA ������������������The Freedom of Information Act FRB ������������������Federal Reserve Board FRP ������������������Federal Response Plan FRWG ����������������Funding and Regulatory Working Group FS ���������������������Financial Services FSTF ������������������Financial Services Task Force GETS �����������������Government Emergency Telecommunications Service GII ��������������������Global Information Infrastructure GIRTF ����������������Global Infrastructure Resiliency Task Force GPS ������������������Global Positioning System GSA ������������������General Services Administration GTF �������������������Globalization Task Force GTISC ����������������Georgia Tech Information Security Center HPC ������������������High Probability of Call Completion HSPD ����������������Homeland Security Presidential Directive I C �������������������Information Communications IA ����������������������Information Assurance IAIP ������������������Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection IATF ������������������Information Assurance Task Force IAW ������������������Indications Assessment and Warnings ICT ��������������������Information and Communications Technology ICWG ����������������International Communications Working Group ID ����������������������Identification IDSG ������������������Intrusion Detection Subgroup IDT ��������������������International Diplomatic Telecommunications IEPS ������������������International Emergency Preference Scheme IES ��������������������Industry Executive Subcommittee IIG ��������������������Information Infrastructure Group IIS ��������������������Industry Information Security IN ����������������������Intelligent Networks D-3 Appendix D t 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review IP ����������������������Internet Protocol IS CIP ��������������Information Sharing Critical Infrastructure Protection ISAC ������������������Information Sharing and Analysis Center ISATF ����������������Internet Security Architecture Task Force ISEC ������������������Information Security Exploratory Committee ISP ��������������������Internet Service Provider ISSB ������������������Information Systems Security Board IT ����������������������Information Technology ITF ��������������������International Task Force ITIC ������������������Information Technology Industry Council ITPITF ��������������Information Technology Progress Impact Task Force LMBATF ������������Last Mile Bandwidth Availability Task Force LRG ������������������Legislative and Regulatory Group LRTF ������������������Legislative and Regulatory Task Force LRWG ����������������Legislative and Regulatory Working Group LTO ��������������������Long-term Outage MTT ������������������Mobile Transportable Telecommunications NAP ������������������Network Access Provider NCC ������������������National Coordinating Center NCCTF ��������������National Coordinating Center Task Force NCM ������������������National Coordinating Mechanism NCO ������������������National Coordination Office NCS ������������������National Communications System NCSD ����������������National Cyber Security Division NCSP ����������������National Cyber Security Partnership NDAI ������������������National Diversity Assurance Initiative NECP ����������������National Emergency Communications Plan NECS ����������������National Emergency Communications Strategy NERC ����������������North American Electric Reliability Council NES ������������������National Energy Strategy NG ��������������������Network Group NGN ������������������Next Generation Network NGNTF ��������������Next Generation Networks Task Force NII ��������������������National Information Infrastructure NIPC �����������������National Infrastructure Protection Center NIST ������������������National Institute of Standards and Technology NLE �������������������National Level Exercise NLP ������������������National Level Program NOC ������������������Network Operations Center NPRM ����������������Notice of Proposed Rulemaking NPTF ����������������National Plan to Defend Critical Infrastructures Task Force NRC ������������������National Research Council NRF ������������������National Response Framework NRIC �����������������Network Reliability and Interoperability Council D-4 The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NRP ������������������National Response Plan NS EP ����������������National Security and Emergency Preparedness NS VATF ������������Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Task Force NSA ������������������National Security Agency NSDD ����������������National Security Decision Directive NSG ������������������National Security Group NSIE ������������������Network Security Information Exchange NSSE ����������������National Special Security Events NSTAC ��������������National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NSTF �����������������Network Security Task Force NTIA ������������������National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTMS ����������������National Telecommunications Management Structure NWC ������������������Naval War College OAM P ��������������Operations Administration Maintenance and Provisioning ODNI �����������������Office of the Director of National Intelligence OEC ������������������Office of Emergency Communications OMB ������������������Office of Management and Budget OMNCS ��������������Office of the Manager National Communications System OS ��������������������Operating System OSG ������������������Operations Support Group OSTP ����������������Office of Science and Technology Policy OWG ������������������Operations Working Group PAS ������������������Priority Access Service PCCIP ��������������President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection PCII ������������������Protected Critical Infrastructure Information PDD ������������������Presidential Decision Directive PN ��������������������Public Network PO ��������������������Program Office PSN ������������������public switched network PSTN ����������������Public Switched Telephone Network PWG ������������������Plans Working Group QoS ������������������Quality of Service R D ������������������Research and Development R O �����������������Report and Order RDTF ����������������Research and Development Task Force RDX ������������������Research and Development Exchange RDXTF ��������������Research and Development Exchange Task Force REWG ����������������Resource Enhancements Working Group RP ��������������������Restoration Priority The President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee 2007-2008 NSTAC Issue Review u Appendix D S T ������������������Science Technology SAFETY Act �������Support Anti-terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act SATCOM ������������Satellite Communications SCC ������������������Sector Coordinating Council SCOE ����������������Security Center of Excellence SME ������������������Subject Matter Experts SOP ������������������Standard Operating Procedure SRWG ����������������Security Requirements Working Group SS7 �������������������Signaling System 7 Stafford Act ������Robert T Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act STF ��������������������Satellite Task Force STU �������������������Secure Telephone Unit TATF ������������������Trusted Access Task Force Telecom Act ������Telecommunications Act of 1996 TEPITF ��������������Telecommunications and Electric Power Interdependency Task Force TESP �����������������Telecommunications Electric Service Priority TIM ��������������������Telecommunications Industry Mobilization TIP ��������������������Telecommunications Infrastructure Providers TOPOFF ������������Top Officials TSA ��������������������Transportation Security Administration TSP �������������������Telecommunications Service Priority TSS ��������������������Telecommunications Systems Survivability USSS ����������������United States Secret Service UST �������������������Underground Storage Tanks W LBRDSTF ������Wireless Low-Bit-Rate Digital Services Task Force WPS ����������������Wireless Priority Service WSPO ��������������Wireless Services Program Office WSTF ����������������Wireless Services Task Force WTF ������������������Wireless Task Force Y2K ������������������Year 2000 Y2K Act ������������Year 2000 Readiness and Disclosure Act D-5 m ml m3 umnbm zmzn 0T mmocmjuxx Kcmm merino 00 Egg