Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 wm- C9674g339 S pplement t9 Scientific Intelligence Report 2-57 omnmunous or 631mm TO THE ATOMIC ENEMY PROGRAM SINOP 2-123 1-57 15 April 1957 CENTRAL mrmm s AGENCY office of scientific Intelligence Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 c9674i339 t - Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 PREFACE This is one of a series-of six reports dealing'with the-activities of the German scientists who were imported into the Soviet Union in 19k to do work related to the development and expansion of the Soviet Atomic Energy Program - A summary report 2 57 Contributions of-German Scientists to the Soviet Atomic Energx Program January l9gT Secret deals with the overuall aspects of the German contributions See also Contributions of German Scientists to the Soviet Atomic'Energy Program - SUNGUL Secret 2 113 11-57 a Contributions of German Scientists to the Soviet Atomic Energy Program - AGUDZERI Secret 2-116 Contributions of German Scientists to the Soviet Atomic Energy Program - ELEKTROSEAL Secret Contributions of German Scientists to the Soviet Atomic Energy Program - DENINSKOYE Secret 2-33 v-s'r All information-presented herein has been obtained from the testimonies of returned German and Austrian scientists and technicians '5 Intelligence research ended 15 August 1956 -1131- Approved for Release 2018 12 03 000741339 cg 74i 39 for Release 2018 12 03 Pages 'Pnosmi 1 - 1 DISCUSSION 1 Introduction 1 Denertment I The von Ardenne Group 2 Denartment II-uThiessen 7 Department Group 10 Resehrch at Sinop during the Period October 1952 - March 1955 12 Ion Source Derelopment Projects at Sinop 13 APPENDIX A --Soviet Pereonnel Identified at Sinop 1S APPENDIX B FIGURES Following Page 1 Chart Organization of the Sinop Institute 2 2 Chart Organization of Department I 6 3- Ch rt 0f neoart'nent a I u Chart Organization of Department 10 5 Chart Organization of the Biological 12 6- 12 l-Zh - - Approved for Release 2018 1-2 03 C0674 i339 We g 1 'hrdenne group also contributed to the success of the Soviet atomic energy program ApprOVed for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 CONTRIBUTIONS or oer-determine the role played by the German scientists at Sinop in con tributing to the development of the Soviet atomic energy program d-nn-u- nu -- 1 German scientists-Thiessen and his group'atthe Sinop Institute from 19h5 to 1952 developed aryire mesh backed diffusion barrier which was of great importance to the Soviet atomic energy program being second only to the German uranium production work at Elektrostal 9_ - a 2 The electromagnetic isotope Separation resaarch carried out by the von Their efforts relieved the Soviet scientists from devoting considerable time to this particularly important phase of the research program 3 Steenbeck's research and development on the ultracentrifuge contributed to the overall atomic research-program in that his group investigated and reported on one feasible method of isotope separation h The ion source research and development by the von Ardenne group is be lieved to be the forerunner to the work on the Soviet accelerator program DISCUSSION Introduction The research institute at Sinop is one of the two main research institutes which the Soviets set up in the Sukhumi area to accommodate the German and Austrian scientists brought into the Soviet Union during l9h5 to work on their atomic energy program The Institute-was loaated some 2'to 2% miles south of Sukhumi'and approximately 3% miles northeast of Agudzeri the lecation-of the second institute in this area The Institute buildings rormerly an Intourist Hotel were located on an elevation some 650 yards from the shore of the Black Se This institute has been referred to as the Institute von Ardenne Joyekt Sinop and Obyekt In this report the institute is referred to as the Sinop institute as first contingent of German and Austrian contract scientists arrived at - the stitute in the fall of l9hS Manfred von Ardenne had previously been 5 do T uo d as the German scientific chief of the institute This small group Approved for'Release 2018 12 03 006741339 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 I I -ssn serve as laboratory assistants and technicians The Soviets carefully screened the inmates of all prisoner-of-war camps throughout $oviet occupied or controlled territories All prisoners with a_suitable background were further interviewed by some member of the German Sinop'staff Their qualifications here apparently presented to the German chiefs of the institute and in this manner the prisoners 1L were chosan and sent to the particular installation where they were to work The technicians thus selected for dork at Sinop began to arrive at the institute in l9h6 and in late 19h6 the Institute became operative Eventually these'POH's were offered the opportunity to sign contracts to continue working in the Soviet Union at higher salaries Many signed but others felt that signing such a contract would result in their being retained in the Soviet union for a longer period These prisoner technicians were retained at the Sinop installation'until late l9h9 before being released to camps for eventual repatriation The primary research assignment of Sinop ass-that of isotope separation The individual phases of the overall problem were divided between this institute and that at gudzeri Three specific problemslwere assigned for study at Sinop The entire program of the Institute was under the general supervision of Von Ardenne who was also personally responsible for the research being conducted on the problem of electromagnetic separation of isotopes Thiessen led the research directed toward the development and production of a diffusion barrier Steenbeok led all work being done on separation of isotopes by use of an ultracentrifuge Each of these items will he discussed beloy _0ther tasks were 1 the design - and construction of a desk type electron ndgroscope-of which only the electric components were completed in September 19h9 This work was done under the direction of Reibedanz the design of a cyclotron also under the direction of Reibedanz which was discontinued in l9h7 and 3 the study of the physiological and bio- logical effects of radiations upon plants and animals under the direction of Monks This last task was discontinued at Sinop when the Monks group was trans ferred to Sungul in 19h8 I The van Ardenne Group By the end of 19h5 Baron Manfred von Ardenne bad won the confidence of the Soviets who held him in high esteem as a scientist His colleagues however considered him to be a charleton and by no means an able scientist His main forte recognized vby all was his ability to organize a group of researchers and exploit their worh to his own advantage When the institute at Sinopfwas activated von Ardenne was installed as the chief German scientific director of the entire institute and held the specific position of Chief of Department I To this particular department was assigned the task of investigating the problem of electromagnetic separation of the isotopes in general and of the isotopes of uranium in particular when Department I was first established it consisted of Manfred von Ardenne - 2 - Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 cgs74 339_ 1 'eened rolled ' ewed ntly oners The in s were - Union act dl ta 19119 n The- and - The ienne h anbeck 1ge sign -ic rection be danz lio- 'ans- the and the to I Iowst name I Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 _ qa 5 IT O Ga I1 ESQ OBOE 5mm 0 a II mean- 2 1 21 von Ardenne DEPUTY DIRECTOR Bergengruen Suchland SECRETARY Felicitas Jahn Gtmar Friedreschk Franz Hagen Max Wied DEPARTMENT I DESIGN omce MAss I - MAss II HAUS ELECTRONICS LABORATORY See and 2 I DEPARTMENT II ELECTROOHEMIOAL LABORATORY LABORATORY PHYSICAL CHEMICAL INORGANIC CHEMICAL METALLURGICAL mommy MEASURING LABORATORY PHYSICS AND ELECTRICAL PRIVATE LAORATORY I590 gure 1 Figure I DEPARTMENT DIFFUSION SEPARATION TEAM I ULTRACENTRIFUGE TEAM II MAIHEMAIICAL CALCULATIONS MEASURING LABORATORY OFFICE ELECTRONICS mommy ISM gure a asaoo 2-55 SUPPORT FACILITIES ELECTRICAL woman HECHIINIGAL cues mamas SHOP Sea Fgwe 6 BIOCHEMICAL LABORATORY IOOLOGICAL LABORATORY BOTANICAL LABORATORY LABORATORY See gure 51 BIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 u u - w- - Fun-W I I 0 up an a- 1 i Approved for Release 2013 12 03 006741339 citation-i Jaeger and Rogsgenbuck This group was not sufficiently large to carry Ln assigned invostigatiom at the suggestion of von Ardenne Emil-Lorenz was innit-1y brought from Berlin Lo the Soviet Union and to the institute at Sinop 22 3 res-assigned to Ardennc who considered him as his uniVorsal engineer and grant notentinl help to the roun hrouga n the prisoner-of-war recruitment program the Ardenne group was further augmented by Dr Steudel Dr Lehmann I i-Eneller Dr Froehlich 'Terlings and Schmal as well as a large number of laboratory technicians and assistants To this group were also assigned a number oi Soviet scientists nmong whom were Demikhanov Chkuaseli Gusev and his'wife I The Soviets were no more than technicians hut were assigned as Soviet Scientists Steudel worked with Department I for only a short period of time and ci iar a violent argument with von Ardenne was transferred to the ultracentrii uge group under the leadership of Hex Steenbeck Dr Lehmann assumed responsibility for the Ceramic Laboratory and was assigned the task oi developing a suitable crucihlc'ior-use in a high intensity ion source Such as would be needed 1 or the electromagnetic separation project Emil Lorenz was made responsible for system design and construction 'r roehlich Uerling and Hueller were responsible for' the development or the high-voltage equipment necessary for the research and de- velopment of the ion source and electromagnetic separation apparatus uavu- w -- -- In the fall of 191 the owrall responsibility for the research set was transferred from the institute at Sinop at Leningrad This trans- fer an initiated chiefly as a result of having only a 60 ton magnet available at Sinop while there was a 200 ton magnet available at the Elektrosila plant at Lenin-grad The electromagnetic separation research work at Sinop not become merely a support project for the main research being conducted at Elektrosila than the project was transferred to Elektroaila German personnel were also trans- ferret so that the project remained one of German responsibility despite the change in location The Soviet personnel at Elektrosila acted only in the ca- oncity oi consultants uv r- q 221 1911 9 Professor Vekshi nskiy a Soviet high vacuum specialism initiated a nrogram at Ele n rosila He is reported to have been using U0 as his J'che material There was a free transfer of research data and information from in German research workers to Laboratory II but the Germans Twere allowed 110 12-1855 whatSOever to the results of the research being performedat Laboratory II to that of the work being conducted by the group under enshinskiy at EileZ-mrosila In fact the German scientists were denied the define library which were available at Leningrad thus necessitating their performing cue unnecessary rork - The research wort of the German scientists at Elektrosiln was committed in Win md the prom was returned to Lheiustitutu at Sinup Their there until they wore repatriated in 1955 was of only minor importance inso- the overall Soviet program was concerned They did considerable work on guns of two types 1 One suitable for pulse operation and 2 one 3 for continuous operation This work could have been used in some phafee Soviet high energy accelerator program new -3- Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 'mn - wo u- Approved for Release 2018 12 03 1 Li La' 1 the Germans at gluon iirst started the research on the development of an 80 ion source for use in an electromagnetic separation System they used UF as an tT- _sl source material This salt was heated in an oven to a tempera ure of from 330 to vapors thus produced were then passed into the ionization chamber The cathode of the chahber was a tungsten ribbon with a smooth emitting 'surface This source'produced ion currents of from 10 milliamperes to l milli- in amperes but there was very poor line definition Also there was a decimater 56 OScillation set up in the equipment and this proved to be a very-troublesome cu source of interference poi ch _In order to overcome some of the difficulties which they had encountered and ope to increase the ion current without a corresponding increase in the spectral The spread the research was carried into the field of higher temperatures and a dii metallic uranium source was brought into service The use of metallic uranium as fil a source required the use of crucibles that were able to withstand very high 'lit temperaturesj Fortunately Dr Lehmann of the Ceramic Laboratory had been Ame successful in hroducing high temperature crucibles made from thorium oxide and pre from beryllium oxide By making use of these newly deveIOped crucibles they were able to operate at temperatures of from 1600 to 180006 At this temperature the crucible'was sufficiently conductive to act as the anode One problem encountered by in this work was that of the gradual disintegration of the crucible walls caused inc largely by erosion and electrolytic action _ The molten metal rotated by the var action of the magnetic field would erode the crucible An electrolytic exchange was would further tend to contaminate the uranium melt with thorium or beryllium from Lab the crucible wall This caused also a formation of uranium oxide which would in still further contaminate the material of the source It is reported that this abl was partially overcame by the insertion of a tungsten wire through a hole bored abl in the bottom of the crucible - This wire which was fused'to the crucible would curl then act as the anode thus providing-essentially a point anode rather than one nif with the large area which was provided by the surface of the molten metal In early 19h the provisional high voltage and feeder installations for the 50 ton magnet at Sinop were replaced in an effort to stabilize the system The new installation provided a maximum of 60 kilovolts at 30 to ho milliamperes Even with the improvod system they were only able to get ion currents of 6 milli amperes to 8 milliampores a uranium evaporation rate of to hour and a line dispersion of only four millimeters due to the Small magent which was being used It was thought that it would be impossible they had to obtain ion currents higher than 6 to 8 milliam a relatively well defined line system Doubling of the arc ion current of 10 milliamperes with a corresponding decrease in line defi definition was so poor and the line so inhomogenous th 1 use in separation experiments This purformance servo - for having a larger magnet Since it was impractical larger magnetwat Sinop the entire basic project was transferred to Elektrosila at Leningrad in late l9h7 This was done to make it possible to utilize the 200 only ton magnet that was there for_further work on this project Some of the German him Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 CQ674L339 4 8 rent of a i 33 an ure of onizntian emitting milli- ter ome grad and 'al i a nium as gh son and ey were ure the ountered 3ausod a 1e hange mlrrom this nored would one the The silli- a per which went -etain an_ - ion he any sity il a le 200 'man Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 -- - I sis and technicians that had been working on the project at Sinop mere with the equipment and continued their work at Elektrosila a 1 first six months after the transfer of the project to Elektrosila were 5 - L in setting up the equipment perfecting the vacuum and working out bugs 5 i the entire system The magnet was a 200 ton magnet with a fixed pole i yumrution Its power supply was a power-pack capable of supplying a maximum 5 current of 1200 amperes at 50 volts The chamber which was placed between the ro E-z faces was made up of four brass sides and an iron top and bottom The 1 Jenner was 1200 3000 millimeters and was provided with all the proper rgnings for the insertion of components and for making the proper connections cil- filament energy requirement of some 15 kilovolt amps es and a capacity of 1500 liters per second for each pump at a pressure of 10 aTorn Each system used an eerican Kinney rotary pump-as a bashing pump Another rotary pump was used for pro-evacuation of the entire system 3 tter the installation was completed and the complete system checked out by late spring l9h8 the problem then became one of a desperate attempt to obtain increased positive currents and yet retain suitable line definition After trying various schemes an ion current of ten milliamperes with acceptable line definition Iv -ms achieved _ This compared favorably with the 15 milliamperes obtained by laboratory II in a device that-was limited stricthy to laboratory use However in 19h9 Laboratory II enclosed the entire length of the plasma column and were able to produce ion currents of about 50 milliamperes and still maintain accept- able line definition It has been reported that Laboratory II obtained'an ion current of some 200 milliamperes by the summer of 1950 Some of the more sig- nificant operational data as recalled by the chief sourCe are i 1200 amperes 11 volts 2hoo c 3 b Cathode ' 150 amperes 2 volts 5 Temperature of the focal spot of the melt 180000 d Main arc 0 5 to 0 6 amperes too to 500 volts 6 9 Auxiliary arc O h to 0 6 amperes to 1000 volts i f Positive current 50 to 60 milliamperes positive potential 35 KV g Evaporation rate 1 2 grams per ho i Source life 35 to ho hours - i Acceleration distance 12 to 1h millimeterS 3 Average path radius 90 centimeters k Aperture angle of fan 16 l Magnetic field 500' auss m Vacuum 2 to 5 x-lO Torr Pumping capacity 300 to 500 liters per second at 5 10 Torr 0 Separation factor 'hO I - When the Germans did the research they were obtaining a separation factor of only 20 This was later determined to be a result of the improper alignment or shinning of the magnet Vekshinskiy knew that the magnet was improperly shimmed -- ans v1 14 -5- s-E-e-a-s o 111 me In- Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 CQ6741339 A hut did not so inform the since an all out attempt was being made by most or the Soviet scientists to coupletezy isoredit the German scientists and their work Vehshinskiy himself took one o the orman produced ion sources and tested it with his own magnet which was properly shimmed and obtained a separation factor of to without any difficulty When the German scientists were being berated by the Soviets of the Ninth Directorate for having failed in their project Artsimovich revealed the subterfuge and protested against the unfair treatment of the Germans who were working on the problem ' The apparatus is reported to have had an efficiency of some 20 to 23 percent The remaining uranium could he recovered by periodic cleaning or the apparatus ngan On 1 August 1950 the German scientists working on the project at Elektrosila completed their work and wereareturned to Sinop shortly thereafter In 1952 a 200 ton magnet together with the necesaary power-packs and high voltage installations was noted to the institute at Sinop The installation was set up and research was started on improving the method of separating electro-_ magnetically isotopes of other economicalhv important metals The ion source used in this work was of the same type as that developed in the work at Elektrosila For the more easily evaporated metals positive currents up to some 250 milliamperes could be used and acceptable line definition maintained nun-n u The final disposition of the project for the deveIOpment of electromagnetic separation of uranium isotopes is unknown 'The Germans felt that the Soviets built no production plant making use of electronagneti separation process for obtaining having adopted the gaseous diffusion process for this part of their program It is possible however that they aremaking useof this process_ for production scale separation or isotopes of other metals Still another possibility'is that the process is used in conjunction with the gaseous diffusion separation process in some manner Since there is no evidence to indicate that the Soviets made direct application a - of the Separation process to their nuclear energy program it is questionable whether the work or the Sincp group of Germans made any great direct contribution to the success of the program The fact that the group was awarded' several bonuses and cash awardeindicates that they did contribute to the program in some manner 2 l Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 um Approved for Release 2018 12703 006741339 1 I I - mama to Eur- 7 swwuwu 3ang o' EgWOgg@RG rr er-e l lr 12 7 J 21 uni In ulnl I CHIEF Manfred van Ardenne Suchland I - I DESIGN OFFICE HAUS - MASS MASS SFECTROGRAPH ELECTRONICS A Ji lti l ii r UBURATURY I LABORATORY II - CHIEF Herbert Reihez s' Bernhard GHlH Denrikhano s CHIEF-allude Gerhard Jaeger Huben Darlings Kur l Baler DER CHIEF -Erir Naurw rEr Harman Schmal Fritz Schullt Alfred Emil Lorenz - Adolf Arler Frank Kurt Herlner Herbert Hnliasclr Heinz Mollau Paul Fialkorrz'rj Margot limbs Karl Heinn leiisr Harry ESruh'a CRUCIBLES1 ASSEMBLY Emil Lehmarm WEE Willi Roggen nruek Elli Schultz-Warl nghal - franz Purlmeler - 3 253m 2457 Approved for Rereasez 2018 12 03 006741339 - Approved for Release 2018 1203 C06741330 assist adolph Thiessen headed a group of German scientists at the Sinop ehich contributed heavily to the success 'of the Soviet gaseous diffusion isotope separation program s Starting early in 191 7 this group developed mesh-backed tubular barrier which-was put into pilot plant production in and was in full scale production by the and of 19119 This Thiessen barrier very probably need in One or more of the major Soviet gaseous diffusion Zarzts built after 19149 - he first Soviet barrier for gaseous diffusion of separation of uranium 155392155 was designed and built by the Soviets themselves without known German 3 31 3 This was a flat plate barrier probably made by etching a nickel alloy 5 This barrier gas used in the first Soviet gaseous diffusion plant at Verkhneivinsk sections of which were in operation in 19148 4 Earlyin 1911 the Soviets instructed the German groups at Sinop-and Agudzeri 0 develop tubular nickel'barriers _ This instruction may have stemmed from early Soviet recognition of the sealing and gas mixing problems likely to be encounter- cd with flat plate barrier or may simply have indicated a Soviet desire to explore an alternate approach to the problem -1 The barrier development at Agudzeri was assigned to Reinhold Reichmann who developed an extruded nickel tubular barrier prior to his death in 19h8 After Reichmann's death the further development of his barrier fell behind that of the I'hiessen barrier and the use of the barrier in plants was probably not i begun for more than two years after the Thiessen barrier was in full production - German sources differ in their opinions of the relative merits of Thiessen 1' and Reichnann-barriers The two appear to be quite similar in their separative characteristics The Thiessen barrier was certainly superior in mechanical strength and the Reichmann barrier was probably cheaper to produce Pilot plants for both types of barrier were started at Elektrostal near- I-Eoscow in 19% but the first successful Reichmann barrier pilot plant as 't-robably not in operation imtil 1951 Whether Reichmann barrier ever went into ull production is not positively known but awards in 1952 to Roi chmann s widow I and to Reichmann's Soviet successor Icrmin suggest that the Soviets gained substantial benefits from the development The full story of Reichmann barrier is told elsewhere in this paper and will not be repeated here It is of interest to note however that Thiessen was - j sells-d into the Reichmann barrier program after development of his own barrier 5 Sakai-lair in as that may well have contributed materially to 2 i- use barrier prayed The Thiessen barrier was relatively simple to produce although the expense of the ingredients complicated by uneconomical manufacturing methods made the i I Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 C0 674 1-33 9 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 - - - - I I 1-1 Thicssen barrier verr expensite -ho backing'o the barrier was a very fine nickel wire mesh which was initially grahaSed in East Germany The Soviets also purchased German machinery for making this mesh and presumably set up mesh manufacturing facilities in the Soviet Union Very large quantities of mesh were procured in East Germany from'lShE through 1952 came to an abrupt end The end of mesh procurement probe Thiessen barrier production The Reichmann barrier may have been substituted for Thiessen barrier in l95_ or some other barrier unknown to the German sources may have been adopted - when mesh procurement bly marked the end of Mesh procurement may have been resumed in early 1956 although the evidence of this is not quite conclusive to date If this production has been resumed it may signal a return to Thiessen barrier as more probably to some similar but 'res mesh backing for strength or for other charac- The nickel wire mesh was shipped from East Germany through transfer points where it-was made into one of Thiessen's assistants has described the process need to cut this mesh into rectandles at Elektrostal in l9h9 waldemar von -Haydell another member of the Thiessen group has described a different but almost equally inefficient cutting method used at Sinop and Elektrostel It was apparently necessary to cut the mesh with the weaVe resulting in the wastage of almost one half Erecker says that the bias cutting was necessary to sequent rolling operationg and other sources have 51 I of the completed tubes Efforts were made to decrease this loss through develop- ment of machine cutting methods but the only known development in 3 resulted in failure A May 1952 change in mesh specifications permitted more ir- 5 regularities in the mesh if these irregularities were confined to the outer edge 3 of the mesh bolts This change suggests that straight-across cutting may have been started then If'this suggestion is valid than it must be concluded that experiment was a failure since the mesh specifications reverted to their old standards in July 1952 - nil n- The mesh was cut on tables using metal templates and shears The rectangular pieces larger in area than the finished barrier -uere then placed in frames and sprayed with fine nickel powder The nickel powder was Obtained from the high temperature dec0mposition of nickel carbonyl gas another development of 1' the ThieSSen group The framed rectangles were sintered in ovens and then re- 3 moved from the frames and trimmed to'size A were bent into tubes and welded Nickel fittings were next welded on one end of these tubes and bellows were applied to the other end The tubes were i' then packed and shipped to unknown destinations presumably the Soviet gaseous diffusion plants in the Urals region The early Thiessen_barrier suffered from-susceptibility to uranium hexa- fluoride corresion un-uniformity of pore sizes and lack of-mechanical strengthApproved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 W9 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 306741339 I $80 1 - ea mama'urwiaw na sump A Thiessen Schilling INORGANIC CHEMICAL mmumwc usn mav um CHIEF Hans PRIVATE PHYSICAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY CHIEF- Peter A mm CHIEF- ludeg Gnslav Zfehl HeImuI Warm Ham Karl Much Susanne Killan Heinz Euien Marlin H5151 Sdmaase Hui Moth Erich Frank WilheIm lane 00 01th Thiasen Edmd Schqu Km IIanm - Irmzard SchumackerSIripIIn W Van Liam Bernhard Schmuck KIaus Wesson 2 Serial Iamafe chemists MBGRATDRY ORGANIC CHEMICAL UBORATOIEY amuse-mu uuoamav Werner I' llaladl Glrhard Ewart Wafraang Humbug Jueraan ZiezIet 2531 2-51 7 9 - Approved for Release 2018 12 03 00674133 1 co674i339 I can a Strin the l-tter po't of 19h$ 9nd Jirst quarter of 19h an annealing process ms devoloccd at Sinon which aresannbiy was incorporated into the post 19h glcitrostnl orcduction This ore one together with tho oascivization techniQues -gp ed out by Ikert at ozori and others so reduced corrosion that gee corrosion rate become small by mid-l9h9 The annealed barrier 29 p1 o much stronger than the old barrier had been It is not known whether the - Plgm of non-uniform pore sizes in the barrier was ever solved In the coring of 19h9ytso and three layer versions of the barrier uw rhvelooed at Simon These consisted of barriers made by success've scoli- nzianr or nickel condor of decreasing carticle sizes The different particle vs were separated for use in this orocess by repetitive sediment tion in a series of settling tanks Factory instructions were preoare for this process but it is not known if this method was ever_placed in troduction 0 n- - c the Thiessen group took part in later developments of aluminum barrier and o sedimented nickel condor barrier made without the use of nickel mesh backinr - ese cavelopments came close to the end of the time the Ihiessen group worked on a iled projects and the details of the developments and their subsequent acceptance or rejection by the Soviets are unknown Thiessen himself contributed individually to the success of the Soviet gaseous fusion program in addition to the contributions with which his group was associated v He visited Elektrostal several times in connection presumably with barrier production problems and acid at least one vist to the Soviet gaseous a - paup- diffusion plant at Verkhneivinsk to adVise in Connection with the serious early crodnction problems which areas there The success of this Thiessen visit was attested by Heinz Bernich - i After the rest of the original Thiessen group were taken off classified work - ihiessen himself continue to work in the-Sov1et atomic energy orogram for some time The specific nature of this continuing work is unknorn at presentC The contributions of Thiessen and of his group of German scientists at Sinop must be ranked high among the German contributions to the Soviet atomic energy nrogram Thiessen gave the Soviets their first successful tubular barrier and this barrier was used in at least one gaseous diffusion plant He also contributed to the development of Reichmann barrier and to the solutions of barrier production and uranium-235 production oroblems The of his contributions ranks 5 with or ahead of the gaseous diffusion theory contributions of Heinz Bernich the mass sneotograph developed by warmer Schcutze and even the uranium metal pro- 5 duction developed by Nickolaus Riehl and Guenther Nirths - Io- nun- Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 306741339 I I Estimated rates required for efficient isotope sen Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 Etoenheck Grout hcn Dr Hex Steenhock arrived sti inop ordinate himself to von srdenne as the chief of all res arch work at the institute Since this conflict was somewhat the same as had prevailed when Thiessen came to the institute it was handled in the same manner as was Thiessen'shcase Steenbeck was set up with a separate group and worked more or less independently of von Ardenne This was the third group to be set up and was thus referred to as the third deoertment or Denartment - in Decanter he refused to sub- hsn this so-called Steenhock was assigned as his main project struction of an ultracentrifuge that of uranium Steenbeck-Group or Department was organized the problem of development and con- would be capable of separating the isotopes anon initial investigation the ultracentrifuge appeared to the Germans to be an ideal system for the separation of isotopes The appealing coint is that the Separation-factor of such a system is a function of mass difference of the being studied rather than a function of the souare root of the ratio of the as is true in a gaseous diffusion system for isotope separation This bly the basis for the establishment of a Soviet research nrogrsm on sensratien of isotopes masses was proba- centrifugal is favorable as this system may seem the separation factor is not only a function of the macs difference but also a function of the kinetic energy of the isotopes due to the angular momentum developed in the ultracentrifuge Since the mass difference or mass ratio is so small in the case of the isotopes of uranium it is necessary that an extremely high angular velocity be developed in any ultracentrifuge to he used for separation of these isotopes The attainment of such extreme angular velocities caused much difficulty through rotor disintegration oration ranged from a very low initial test rate to a maximum of 150 000 revolutions var minute A rotor turning at the latter rate would disintegrate In addition nodes of vibration era passed in getting up to this steed which could be totally destructive if an imbalance existed in the'revolvine The initial rotors constructed by the Steenbeck group were made by winding metal foil strips around a removable core The strips were wound at an angle to the axis of rotation of the core Each layer was soldered thickness was built up cntil'a layer 0 2 millimeter thick was and a-total layer I constructed The rotors were h00 millimeters long and had an outer diameter of 0 millimeters The rotor of the first centrifuge constructed by tha group was driven by a specially constructed gear train The motor used in-this apparatus had an operat-_ ing limit of 5 000 revolutions per minute gear t-ein was so constructed as to injor' at maximum 6 rotation-of 80 000 rcvoiuLions per minute to the rotor Various metal foils were used in making these tests among them were copper brass nickel aluminum chromium silvor and gold The critical velocity was found to be approximately 100 000 revolutions per minute The research group was unable clan 'MLa Lr o 5 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 isotopes - - I - a human-w a qum 4 0 6 7 41313 9 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741333 V un 7 - u - 4 Figure 4 - ergemazmem @174 nae 11119112111 sump meme s - Steenbeck 1 van Bergen LABGRATDRY MATHEHAIICM CALCULATIONS DESIGN OFFICE ELECTRONICS Ruben Thinner Ebmhanf Match or Ferdinand Kafka atbed Maser Richard Jahann Mun rah Rudi Sahel cl Wilhelm Dames - gum her Zawad Brigitte Seal-um CHIEF- Andrey Iippe DIFFUSION I ULTRACENTHIFUGE - TEAM 1 IEAH - I CHIEF- Eberhard Shun cl Andrew Human Intel Guanine Zawad l Guzmiants Han Jed Mull levy Bhlis an Hawk Ira dune Melt Rudi Sche el Kfrvalidlts - Oz reich Res uraMs Kath er zs oei 2-57 - Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 ngv41339 - a I to accomplish the desired velocity with the gear train for driving the centrifuge and a diflbrent tyne drive to be develoned - A special aluminum alloy was developed for man The composition of this alloy is unknown but it was a form of durallqy tdur 3 aluminum This allov has cast into ingots and these ingots turned to a length of millimeter and on external diamet r of b millimeters The inner diameter mes anoreximately h millimeters thus providing walls 1 5 millimeters in thickh' i ness Although these new rotors would-permit a higher rotational velocity the motor driVen gear train would not provide hiaher velocities Therefore a 5 different drive system had to be developed and a high-frequency drive system was adonted Small permanent mutants were attached to th The rotors were then driven by a hirh continuous winding which was wrapped around the rotor -3nve initial velocities of 130 003 revolutions per minute but later developed a velocity of 150 000 revolution oer minute as a final uracturing more durable rotors The attainment of such high Velocities raised another problem The heat developed caused ordinary type hearings to fail I ihe high temperatures was neces ary At first iriled Other types of bearings used were teflon hearings air-bearings and magnetic bearings The degree of success achieved in any_of these projects is 3 'unknovn There have been reporte_that a work of this group on the problem of_ magnetic bearings not with no success A great interest was shown by the Soviets in all work in which teflon was inVOIVed Nothing is known of the work The initial work'sith the centrifuge was conducted on a batch 'basis but later in the program the research was changed to place more emphasis 5 tinuous feed process Steenbeck apparently had a difficult time explaining his many failures to the Soviets although he did manage to keep-the assignment with- in his group In the fall of 1952 the key p rsonne1 of the Steenbeck group were transferred to Leningrad iS_group is rumored to have worked on the mass production of ultra- centrifuge ance Stoenbeck underwent_major surgery it is doubtful that 53 5 3 3 other than to vigorously investigate one possible means of isotope separation 11- 339 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741 ME A 5' u the cool off periodi and i van Ar enne Froehlich Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 1952 - March 1955 Seas of the research groups 2 2- 9 13 at 511-1035 11 the beginning of heir- we 2-iitren1n'e Inbomtorgw-Toe eerivetion of pure gemnium and silicon was studied by and Rexer - 'etalluricel problems were studied by Riehl and Hepp Radiation stability of metale e216 phs tica was studied by several Soviet I I I EiguIin's Iabora'bo was done by Kepkov by von Oertzen Cyclotron study of acceleration of feet part1ch The construction of hlgh-frequency generators was acne cmcueseli e Iabomiory --i-iagnesio separation of done using a modified cyclotron This was the Bernhardt and Selma - peteesiun isotopes was cyclotron formerly by Isavev'a laboratory worked on the develoment and construction of a scintillation counter Critical mememen'ba of electron multipliei-a were done by Eermen Berhnerdt and Scnuben The dowelopnent of a detector for Hermann was done by 1 2th and Some - The development of the boron tri uoride nentron counter tube was undertaken by Schuber The Gavelomen n or aldynamzc elec'izroneter and a tritium measuring-set was pursued by Romanov end severe other Soviets Romanov had a very imaginative nine he started many projects but finished none Din-ins this time Zimer eooistecl by Waschlun and Rosmenn worked on the develoment or ionization chamber for alpha beta Efforts to develop plastic scintiuetors left to a study of radletion effects on in ating properties of plastics - -- Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 and game radiation measurements 2 11 CG67A13139 8 1 for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 Figun I NIT ell hi li INSTITUTE Devrienl Wilhelm Menke I I BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY Johann Pany won Ardenne MEDICAL LABORATORY CHIEF- Dr Kurt Rinlelgn ASST- Ellricde label Josef stula Gemini ZOOLOGIOAL LABORATORY Dr Wilhelm Ursula Jahn BOTANICAL Goldbach lemale assistant Sovjel GENETICS SECIION Dr summer Fuchs INSTRUMENT SECTION Hurst Schroade 25804 2-57 I Irll I 1 Approved for Release 2618 12 03 006741339 Figure 6 i I OF SUPPORT MISCELLANEOUS WORKSHOP GLASS BLOWERS 'SliDr WORKSHOP Arline Ernest wchheuller irrer Becker Harm Becker Emrn Alfred Beyer Helmul Darrick August - Bollinger lnquFaremarrJ Baerlel Hans Fuchul mm Flieerrer August j Hilly Lender auer Roman Karl Mueller Alfred semi Herman Dillrrald Harry Danielewshr' Herberl Gaedr clre Heinz Ranch Ollo Herr Peler Willi 03 Herberl Grlep Waller Siegling Plantar 'Illu-lh Erielr Hazenharlh Rudnll fllegrrer Kurt Icar blr nger Karl Karl 3 MW I'nu Gail-sailed Alfred Klein Sleglrr erl R Ramslerll Waller Hollrnann Walter Grawler Karl Helnz Sills Karl Heine Kellen Handle Olin Fallen Karl Weller 5 Kirnbarrer Franz Hembaelr Karl Richter Hans Arm Wlnrer Heinz I lampadr'us Hens Hminger Karl Schmidt Werner Gerda Heel lnuJ a Schrolre Wallzang F Odell Ferdinand liners Hans Schroeder Schilling Hans Kaehler Ernst Weber schnelder Allrerl Paul Heinz standing Clemens Arm Schumacl rer Carl 1 Wegner Artur Wenz Frirz Wall Herbert - Aproroved for Release 2018 12 03 306741339 C 6 4i339 I - an Iongzo rce_Development When the Germans that had'been sent from Sinop to Elektrosila Leningrad to work on the development of the ion source and its applications returned to Sinoc ey were set to work on many minor projects As 3 pment of the proton gun - In 1951 orders were given for the designing and constructing of a his voltage installation capable of produc ing'lOO kilcvolts-and 100 milliamperes and designed for continuous operation order for the development of the version of thernoton fum was delivered to Kurchatov in Moscow in the summer of 1953 This model-had the following specified ratings a EmiSSion'aperture 1 mm b Total positive current 100 millianperos c Proton increment 0 percent d Cathode life ours e Efficiency factor 100 percent It was later determined that the proton increment was only 25 percent and that there were actually very few protons present - With these developments the requirement for a longklife gas discharge cathode became apparent Freehlich was given the assignment of developing such a source The final Version has presented in the summer of 1952 and had the follow- ing characteristics a Evaporation rate 10' mass grams per hour b WPenning diacharge 1 3 amps 20 volts c Main discharge amps 120 volts d Source life 250 hours Ibon the completion of this proton source d this phase of the experimental work was abandons Other items of this some general nature anon which the Germans worked at a fine during the period from 1950 to 1955 war a Continuously'operated ion source - b collector system for the continuously operated ion source source for the production of triple and quadruple charged N-ions C on Operational characteristics of the multiple charged ion source as finally presented were - A klj-h I 39 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 0067413 an oil-n Huan- 1lr'n-hluan- - m- C0 61741333 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 1 Ii I I kl Gas oresaure ll a 5 re voltage p 3 10 17 - current 1 agnetic field 5 I Fulse frequ ncy frength 5300 carSteds 3 Pulse dur tion 100 mic Gas consumption 10 cc 5 I Power input '1 Kiloigtt our - 55 The Value of wo i j 1 toward the t1 Known but In a1 3 re Sovlet nuclear 3% of canduotin m1 Prgbapility it relieved the Sov1et scie gergy program 15 net g any ong and laborious research tasks lets or the necessity Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 - 4 3 3 9I Approved for ReleeseSoviet Personnel identified at Sinon Abshandadse I Demitriyev Pavel Petrovich Electrical Engineer Theoretical Physicist ibshelnva - Dubrov Medical Dect9r' - - Engineer bzyanidze Fedorenlco Electrical Engineer Administration Agrees Gerizontov Eerie Mathematician Admin in charge of Special terials Alikhanov I I I Fora nichenkoI I I Physicist 3 Nuclear Physicist Andreyeshchev 3 Grigonyan Nuclear Physibiet PhysiCist_ Andreyev Pavel P - ZIGusev hzrsi-cist - -Ph vsicist Andreyeva Anna Fedorovna Guseva I Unknown Hire of Andreyev were of Gusav scientiet Hokerevg Sr In Gutkin I IMVD Security Officer - Theoretical Mathematician Burdiynehvili A Iseyev Ivan Higheyiovich I - Physiqist Physicist Adminietra of Director Chaprov Ivan Mikheyloyich - I Kakabedze I I Mathematician 3 Chemist Chkuaseli I 3 - 'Kapenedze Physicist I Administration Chuknin '1Kaprov Engineer I i' I Physicist Demikhenov IRatch Aramovich- I I 3 Katkin Eiactrd ic Physicist ee trical Engineer Demirkhanov x 'Katov Plasma Physicist 3 Experimental Physicist - i5 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 L 1 i 39 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 0067413 Kezebeyn Electrical Engineer ervail Physicist Khelaya - Electro Physicist thomova Physician Khulilidze Dimitri Nucleer Physicist Kichigin Engineer Kirvalidze - Physicist semi-conductors Kochlavashvili Gen HUD 'rectbr of Institute Nuclear - Kbnograi Administrative Secretary Kovalenko Physicist Krasnov - High Frequency Engineer 3 Khzmin Administrative Directcr Lazarev - Electrical Engineer Levchehko Aleksandr _Chief of Personnel Lab II Nvuhunic Lomadze Et ri Chemieal Technician a - Lordkipanidze idninistrative akeimov Theoretical Physicist Nina Karlovna Chief Librarian Migulin Vladimir Vaesilyevich Electrophysicist Eirectord Mikheyev Ivan Ivanovich Chief of MVD Uhit at Sinop Mitrenin Eerie Petrovich Physicist _Solid State Oganisyan Uhknown Orlov MVD Escort aziashvm Yelena p Scientist Uhknoun Petrov' - MEchanic Pribitikov signer Prokudin Chemist Rasvin H b Col istrative Chief epin Physicist Rasigyan Physicist Humnnuv PhyBiCist High Frequency Specialist Rozman Josef Mironovich Physicist uII-u ma- n u - avast-w - - - - 0 339 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741 39 Lush 4 8 12 03 0067413_h_m_ __ 4% I 9 Approved for Release 201 My - Yelistratov Electriccl Engineer I I Rudanovskiy Engineer Ruderlkc Yelidn Technician Chemist Hudenkov - - Yemelayev Yuli an - i Unknown Technician Sex-03in Zhokhcv Aleksandr Vasilovich Administrative Secretary Mechanic 'Shchamba Nadezhda - Laboratory Assistant Physicist Shitikov Mechanic Shkualidze High Frequency Sla cialist Shuleshko Sascha Aleksandr Trifilevich' 'niatrative Soifer I Chemist Sokolova Chemist TopoLin I - Administrative chm 1 - i - TYemnikojr - Security I i E Viktorov Dar-1am - - l 1- Physicist - - - - - Vlcsenko -' Valentin Pavlovich Physicist Vol kov Vlmiimir'Voloctrc i'uvhuiuimi oznyuk Design Engineer i 339 I Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741 LAPL Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 C06741339 c0 61'4ji339l Q71 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 - Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 Approved for Release 2018 12 03 006741339 Approved for Release 2018 1 2 03 006741339 This document is from the holdings of The National Security Archive Suite 701 Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street NW Washington D C 20037 Phone 202 994-7000 Fax 202 994-7005 nsarchiv@gwu edu