vowncraneD 10 _ U S NAVY RESPONSES TO INTERNATIONAL f INCIDENTS AND CRISES 1955 — 1975 U C Vol II — Summaries of Incidents and Responses U CENTER FOR NAVAL ANALYSES 1401 wiso Boulevard Angton Tigina 22200 Institute of Naval Studies By Robert B Mahoney Jr July 1977 Prepared for OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH Department of the Navy Arlington Virginia 22217 % OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS Op96 Department of the Navy Washington D C 20350 Sree a trm novote 78 c 0001 surer to Oriinldbnditennen ictemeatGenivie Cae Tats Bocith oe i oncemonr tans pepaipe® to oz aszztec0 ubouy DJ re rovn eomaonmmiens mfoniomnnmreizarim rerort nocusentamio race — U5 Navy Responses to International fcidents and memes Grizen 1955—1978 0 Vol 1 — Summaries of Incldent and Responses 0 Robert B Mahoney Jt noonrs—76—c—oo01 rmgargpparm mmm T0 Tilsos fostered Ainnon Viegas 22205 Weare morn Ecpariment ot me New Hider r Aligon Vigne thar feniirn Hib tei omurramer se commom ii fecrperes prep ifi ofthe Cite of Naval Operations p96 Bhagat Emeainen o be Nary NOR Washingn D C 20050 atone Cortires This Research Corteiboion does not necessurily represent the opinion ofthe Depeztment o th Navy ir cer venerrmmnor mm mmr nr mmnemy Hirers cortices implibious operations Coles cule management cone emergencies foreign polly International incite inomnatioel relations mazine corps miltary stemtegy naval operatome politicoomilacy attice Tex fhe rectod 1355—1975 the Nery and Marine Goape played an acive ote in e U wise mapemens diplomas responding to 99 Inaenicont Inclonie and Chives exctonire of the Viewam fers Pils Piper provider s commaey hiary or have pcratins fecunlng mon maloc trono in th Resyis operndions her the Mete Period factills implants to given o the enplayment of maior prcdection forces alrcrat carziers and ampithious units n these responses Bele descelp— ‘hors of th 59 Incidem and seoyomen ave also rroventad 90h 149 prmttiidit _ uncessited Unclansited weh sameeren mersmmmemeny contsitatore JM M Hil uith C Extheim volume 1 is an unclassified volume pending approval for public releuse entided Survey of Navy Crisis Operations © io rg R22 DC HH Gutn Sirk ano Uiclassitied Mpomkl — TAstE of contents Page Appendix C — Summaztes of Incidents and responses 1955—1978 wuss «sss s« G L G 90 — Appendix D Additonal events which ae not Included In the main Hint of rerpontad soon enn ens onncenn cnn cencnnconnencenes Dol D 9 Appendix R Profection aperatlon sou ssv ence 00ee00e m enne encenc een enne BoT Red ‘Append ® — USN and USMC responses to International evere 1919—1939 « FeI F—7 fs j o WNeASSEED s 0 CHA BNISSHEL Aresnonc o suimiARiRs of NCES Aub REsronsEs 19ss—1978 UNERBNERY PS @RRE U n APPENDIX C summAnits or mictrN‘Ts AND REsronES 19ss—1978 ‘This appendix presenta brief descriptions of the 99 Navy and Maine Corpe reaponses to International ncldents and czises analyzed in the body of the paper ‘The summaries re presented in chronological order Soarces are cled In the nsmmaztes In abreviated form e—g Gilmore Bendix‘ selected Anlyeta® These abieviations and the All tations are presented at the end of the aection c m Tus car navy resronses o mreRnwrionat moments Anp onises i9ss—r975 Date response began Response incidents use Aug Vieam evacuutions 19ss res Tachen Islands 195 reb Red Sen Mar Jordan ja Pro—Sez be Mogocco oct Suez Yar Nov Post Suez bee Cuban Civil Wer 1957 Apr Jordan Jun Ham — ja mo—r0c Aug Syzin bec Intonesia 195 Jin Verezucia May Lebanon Jun Lebanon Jun Quemey ja Jordanctsag ns Mar Posama May Bertin Crist ju mo—rce ja Lace Aug Panama weo pa dogs Nov Gustemala— Nicaragua ___ Bes Lace f This operation is ncluded because it was undervay on 1 Januazy 1955 ca Reush 5 ruGAKAEN r NEAL NCONADEN D NUPmILLt io TABLE C—1 Cond Date response began Responso incidems wet reb Gulf of Guines Congo Mar Laos Ape my or Pigs Jn Dominican Republic Jun Znciber Jn kovare Aug Berlin Crisis Nov Dominican Republic bee South Viewam wee An Dominican Republic n Guantanamo Mar Guatemala Apr South Viewam May Thailand Jon rro—roc hug Harm Oct Cuban Missile Crisis Oct Sino—lndian War wes Jan Yemen Civil Was Saudi Arabia Ape Jordan Ape Laos Ape Hamm Aug Had Aug Vietwam civil disorders Sept Prc—ROG Sepe Dominican Republic Sepe Indonesia—Malaysia Nov Verezuela—Colombia i9et — Jin Tenganylia Jn Zancitur Jan Caribbean surveillance Cubs Jn Furama Jan Venezuela cs UKUSEE CArRSURC NU BBO TABLE G—1 Cond Date response began Response incidents 196t Jin Cyprus Mar Brazil Apr Laos ass Guantanamo May Pasama jor Dominican Republic Aug Gul ot Tonkin dup Vietnam Indochina Wz Ax fm 1965 Fn Parame Jin Tanzania in Venemela—Colombia « s British Gutama Apr Dominican Republic ja Yemen i% Cipus — Sex Indonesia Os Indo—Pakistani War 1967 Apr Greek coup May Middle Rast War Oct Eilat Nov Cyprus 1968 Jin Pucblo 16 Apr roan Sept Lebron Libya contingency operation 1970 Ape Trinidad Jn Jordan Sept Jordan Sax Cienfuegos C4 MTchGnbiN N JOM mus mae is wcuassrieo TaBLE C—1 Cont Date response began Response incidems i» Apr Ham Dec ahama Lines Caribbean surveillance Dee Indo— akistand War wm Ape Letanon Oct Middle Bast War Oct Indian Ocean w» Jot Ciprus ws Jin Cpr reb Ethiopia May Mayaguez Aug Lebanon os UNEoAbHAMs Auruong iis CONEFIDI L U iro Vitam Evacuations 8 1954—6 1955 Acting under the terms of the Indochine accords of 1954 the Nivy and Maxine Corps asslated in the relocation of ctiliens and material from North to South Viemam Over — the course of the operation entiled Passage to Freedon‘ approximately 310 000 cvil ans 88 000 tone of cargo and 8 100 vehicles were transported ‘The response Involved 109 ahipe and craft 59 of which were from the amphibious force During the fest three months of the operation August through October 1954 zotugres were the first prioztty From November 1954 omards the emphasls shifted to the move— ment of French miltary matericl The initial movement of personnel was cared out by Nivy ships Bendix Mate 1 AGC SAKA 2 LSD 2 APD 4 LST and S APA After October 1954 ind the shif in emphaste from personnel to materiel many of the Navy‘a ahips were replaced ty MSTS unite which caxcied the cargor 4 TAP 5 ThiG 8 LST and 1 LSD In addtion the Navy forcen on the scene Included ® Costatical support foros 7 A0 8 AR 1 AK 1 AE 24RS 1 AICA 2 be ® patrol force 1 AV 4 DD 2 petrol aquadons ofatzerat 1 atzbome # early warning demchments — amphibious fore 9 LSR 1 AGC 4APA 2AKA 1 AKL 4 LoD 2 APD 1 pB 2 Loit 3 LoU The sources do not list any carrier forces in he response nor do they Incloate the exact number of Marines involved inthe operation Bendix and Selected Analyols provide the best treatments Tachen Islands 2 1955 In Janay 1955 the People‘s Republic of Chima began to bombard the Tachen Islands which were held by Nattonalist Giinese forces In early February the government ofthe Republle of China decided to evacuate several of the Islands U S assltnce vas re— quested U S naval personnel evacuated ca 15 600 cviliane and 11 000 millazy personnel plus miliary cargo from the Islands No PRC oppoltion to the operation was encountered ‘The evacuation commended on 8 February and concluded on 13 February TF 76 was the amphibious evacuation force 1 AGC 4APA 2 AKA 2 LSD 2APD — 1AKL 2 Low® 1 pB 9 Ls 3 Lou cs GsSe Abs BW inesassirio Carzler forces sunding by ducing the opecation Included TG 70 4 1 CVS plue 4 DDB and TF 77 6 CVA plus 1 CA 14 DD 2 DDR and 1 Wf detichmend Other naval forces tn the epecation included TG 70 5 mine group 1 LST 1 DB 4A0@ TE 72 Formose Pateol foroo 1 AV 4 DD TE 73 service forces 7A0 3 AB 1 AKA 1 AR 1 ATR 2 ARS 1 AKS 2 DB TE 75 sarfice strike force 2 CA 1 DDR 3 DD TE 79 evacuation force troops » Cable and AACU cite 5 carriers inthe operation Bendix provides the most detailed treatment of the response and was employed to Hist the order of tle Selected Analyste summasizes portions ofthe response Halickt provides an excellent analyote of this rtate which Tocates t within the con— text of American—Chinese interactions in the post—Korean War period — Red sea 2—8 1956 Part of the U S response to Incresstng tenalons tn the Middle Rast rhich centered around the Sez Canal included the ontablishment ofa destroyer patrol i the Red Sea ‘This patrol involved a variable number of svefice combatants ‘The core force appears to have conslated of iro destroyer typos OVAN TONIRRmapamziton Biidildiecusses the response in the context of the aubsequent Suez Cziats see below lrdan 3—5 1956 f The announcement of the Egyptian—Czechorlovakian arms deal on 27 September 1958 led to increased American concern reparding events in the Middle East ‘Of particular interest to the U S was the possiblity that the SovietUion and or domestic Communist elements might explolt cegiona tenstons and domestic instabilities to the benefit of he USSR ‘Te U S was particularly concerned with the survival ofthe regime of Jordanian King Hussein The British had matztatned thetr influence tn Jordan by means of a $20 mili subdy to the elt Jordentan Azab Leglon 1 predominenily Bedouln force which was the princ pal pillar upon which the manazely reated and by seconding to It the Commander of the Leglon — British Ltevtenant General Glubb In 1955 Briton had attempted to stabilize the region by the formation of the Baghdad Pact which nter became CENTO During this perfod King Husseln was mibject to ccoss—pressirens On the one hand he wanted to reduce hls dependence on foreign artically itis support On the other Piao g Aislouicobi® iR ©ONHDE NCORR iBit un lldeor he had to be conserned about fctlons within hie mation that might oppose his zegtme apninst which forelgn support by Western powers might be valuable If not easenttal in late 1995 Britain favited Jordan to foin the Baghdad Pact This tnvtation was met by rioting within Jordanian ittes and the fill of a slimber of parliamentary governments» On 8 Janiazy 1995 the U S Technical Ate Genter tn Amman Jordan was set on ire by rtoters The U S Consulate in the Jordanian section of Jerusalem was stoned Jordan d no fotn the Pact During this same period continuing border tenslons with terael compounded the King‘ problems On 2 March 1956 the King responded to these prespuzes by removing Glubb from the command of the Jordanian Arab Legton ‘This cu off the Ritish eubaldy At the same time the King began to move his foreign policy Into accord with that of Egyp George and Smoke mippest that thi vas dhe to strong domestlc pressures within Jordan and to his need to replace the British aubeldy » 329 One might fatrly characterize the King‘s actions as an attempt to buy ime The net result was tit the regime aurvived only to — face a serious criss in Apri—May 1957 see belo ‘he formation of a new cabinet government on 22 May 1996 effectively ended tis exists Very Htte information is available concerning the Navy‘s role in the U S respone Berx#BMIKAGL intleate that a reeponse took place tn May AACU Indicates thas the atack carzters Coral Sea and Randolph were among the Sixth Fleet units deployed to the Eastern Mediterranean at tis me» Bendix indleates that surfice combatant and amphibious forces also parttetpated in the response Unfortunately no source details the unit Involved One BLT Is the best estimate for the amphiblous force Political information to contained in a number of sources Rieenhower Aitervorth A Select Chronology» Middle Bast and the New York Times AACU gnd Bendix are the best sources for Navy operations diring this pertod Pre—Suez 7—10 1956 Reypt nationalized the Suez Canal on 26 Jly« Tenalons tmmediately zose in he Eastern Mediterranean as France and the United Kingdom protested apatnat this ction und began preparations for milltiry operations In mid—August as tenslons contined to increase elements ofthe Siith Fleet were moved east to within 4 hours of Suez The carriers supporting this operation were Coral f Sea and Randolph ics antes poergs t E Ts pace is uncuassirieo ‘Tne intial amiphtbloss force tn th therter consisted of PHIBRON 4 and BLT 2 4 On 2 September this force was folned by BLT 3 2 ‘The Mediterzanesn touz of 2 8 vas ex— tended on 5 September and re—estended on 16 September BLT 2 8 was released from the — Mediterrsnoen on 8 October Mazine forces in the Mediterranatn were under the control of the Rist Provietonal Marine Force Headquarters ‘The Marine force was embarked on 1 AGC 2 APA 1 AKA 1 APO and 1 190 In rid—September the U undertook pollical nitates to ease tenstons» ‘These efforts Included attempt to form a Suez Canal User Assonlation to eneure that Western Interests were protected The level of tenaton in the area appeared to aubslde and the feet dispersed in mid—September ‘The hest coverage o the response In fund in Hill CRC 262 Additonal information 1s contained in ACU Morsceo 10 1956—2 1957 In response to Increasing Prench—Moroccan tenslons which were belleved to threaten the U 5 Naval Alr Station at Port Lyautey a relnforcing company of Maines was als Hifed to the Station to augment local defenses This uni fom the 2nd Maztnes moved from Camp Lefeune to Port Lynutey in 44 hours While Port Lyaizey faces the Atlantic the operation is best understood in the context of events taking place in the Eastern Medierzanoun tod particularly the tenstons centering around the stam of the Suez Cane provides a sieeinct eimmary of the response Sues Wer 10—11 2956 On 29 October Iersel aticked Egypt On 30 October the United Kingdom and France Joined in the tnvanton and Leave an ultimatum to Egype that would have resulted in thete rices rencoupying the Suez Canal ‘The United Stites opposed the maton ‘The Amertcan miltary response took tro forme The fest was a presence mloslon in the astern Mediterranean The inital atack carrier force conslated of the Coral Sea and Randolph Surfice combatants Included 2 CA s 13 DD 4 DDR and 6 DB On 31 October the GVS Antletam fotned the Sth Fleet The second response took a more apectfle form the evacuation of endangered Western nationals Preperstions for the evacuation begin almost immediately 29 October follow © ing an tnlial alert on the 28th On 1 November the evacuation force reached Alexandria on 2 November a UN force was evacuated from Gaza Additional evacuees were zemoved from Hatt os Sram ye 11901 mu U — oth evacuations Involved elements of BLT 3 2 ‘The Alexandria operation zemoved 1 53 persons on 1 APA 1 AKA 1 LSD and 2 DD ‘The other evacuation force at Hath constated of I APD and 2 destroyers It removed 550 persons U As to often the case during a major extols other Navy and Marine forces through— out the world were alerted and or redeployed Since these forces did not deploy to the immediate ares of the cris they ae not counted as part of the reeponse the narrow sense ofthe term in volume one U This portion o the Suez Cziats effectively eaded with the consetize benveen Egypt and Ieeacl Britain and France on 6 November For the next Siez Crlals response see the Post—Buez entry belo U ‘me beat coverage of the cxtals is comained tn Hill CRC 262 Bendix Selected Analysts and AACU also provide good coverage Post—Sues 11—12 1956 U — Following Hill CRC 262 the International Incidents profect dlstingstahes betveen the U S response to the Suez az where the actions o the United Kingdom France and Iecact were the focal potats for the response and the ‘ertats within he cztate‘ f which involved the actions of the Sortet Unlon 2 — on November Sth the Soviet Unlon sent threatening diplomatle notes to Tozael the United Kingdom and France A separate note to the United Stites proposed that Soviet and American warships cooperate in bringing houtlites to an end tn the UN Security Council the Soviets proposed the creation ot a font Soviec —American force that would Hntervene Ifthe French and Beith dld not conse operations within 12 hours U — Reypttan President Nasser requested the assistance of the Stith Fleet to forestall Soviet intervention On the same day as Naunser‘s request 6 November the couscttze took place U — on November 7th Washington received reports tht the Soviets would tranalt 6 hips from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean On the sume day the USSR began to recrult volunteers to serve in the Middle Bast C Responding to the possthtlty of Soviet tnterventton the GNO dtected on 7 November that # — a career taskforce composed of 2 CVA 1 CA and 1 destroyer division should sail from the U 3 t the Western Pacifc on arzlval a force of — the same composition would sal from WWRESTRAG to the MIDEASTFOR area c—0 iAigt pil fGES s#BHAP ® — a carrier taok force TP 26 with two attack carriers operating in the Atantlc was to be izected to the Azores # — the 50808 ayatem was to be alertecs # — and that forces should matoentn readiness to execute emergency war plans Hil CRG 262 pp 727 U Surveillance operations in the Medlterrmnorn were Intensified ‘The principal Navy unite Involved were two attack carziezs Gora Sea and Randolst a CVS Retlctam 2GA 13 DD 4 DDR 6 DB and 4 55 ‘The ampilblous force conslated of 2 APA 1 90 and 1 LPD with BLT 3 2 embarked U On November 8th Soviet atreraft were reported in Syzla« On the same day tensions were exacerbated withthe report that a MIG had shot down a Briish atreraft over Syzin By this point the Stith Fleet was on ill alert status U ‘exatons tntenattled on the 10th when the Soviets announced tht ‘volunteers‘ would he sent to foln Egyptian forces unless the aggressors lel the United Kingdom and Eeance withdren from Egyptian territory Tenatons continied at a very high level until he 15th when UN forsen were brought ito Bgypt to serve as a ‘butfer‘ between the Rgyptisns and the tnvadera‘ forces C ‘The Sth Fleet was removed from 24 hour alert status on 13 December ‘Tne best sourcen for Information ts Hl CRC 260 Cites Civil Wer 12 1956—2 1959 U This ts the period of Castzo‘s fil campaign During this period there were in— sermittent deployments of Navy and Mazine forces in the ares particularly to Ouantaname motivated by a concern for the safety of U 3 citizens within Cube U ‘The mont algaificant event took place in October 1958 On 23 October the Ste Department requested the evscustion of 59 U S natlonata from the Citm port of Nicaro On the 24h the Kletamith A20—134 conducted the evacuation without Inclden Dur— tng this operation the Reasevelt and two destroyers stood by further out to sen as a contingency foree that would hive eupported the operation f hele anstetance had been required U Bendix ACU and Selected Analyals cover various ficets ofthe operation cn RMA MiShAGhin solpreatii i nl HA la 1 lrden 4—5 1957 In the preceding Jordanian Griate 3—571950 King Hussein had xemoved General Gibb from commend of the Jordanian Arab Lepton and had reduced Briish influence — in his nation Parliamentary elections held in Ostober 1956 resulted n victories for pan—Arab and leet pasties Tenslons between these parliamentary forces and the King led tothe Apeti—May 1987 ertels The King was alszmed by what he sa as Increasing Egypt Influence in Jordin te was alo concerned with he willingness of the parltsmensacy govern— ment to xecopnize the Soviet Union Duzing the course of he ertats he expressed con— cern over the threat posed to Jordan Le his rule in Jordan by ‘International commu— ntam‘ see George and Smoke pp 329—303 for a critical anvessment of Sorte tvolve ment and non—tnvoivement in Jordan at this ime on 15 Apell the King dtamiased the Nabulet cabinet therely preciptating a civil strugele for power in which his force opposed some of the parllementazy leaders and clemente ofthe Jordanian armed forces Ustan demonstrations supporting the dle mianed goreenment took place from 22 dhroogh 24 April Following the deterioration of the Jordanien oltwatton in mid—Aprit Presldental Press Secretary Hagerty held a prese conference on 24 April n which he indicated that Preatdent Rigeahower regurded the Independence and Integrity of Jordan as a matter of vial concern to the United States On the 25th the King installed a royalist government which declared maial lw and took actions againat the King‘s opponents» On the same day major elements of the Stith Flee deployed towards the astern Mediterranoun to demonatzate American support for the King On the 270 the U S announced a $10 million dolee military ald grant to Jordan The feet remained in the Beatern Mediterzaneen until 3 May by which time the King and hie supporters had the attutton under control ‘The $10 million grant had special significance After the King out of Bcfish in— Atuence inthe 1956 orie the Beltish no longer aubaldized the Royal armed forces A mibetitite eubeidy Involving anstetance from Suu Aruba Syzle and Bgypt had been arranged in Junuasy 1957 int only the Studt government nctually made a contrthucion ‘This fitlure on the past of the Bgyptn and Syrian governments was a major challenge to the King‘s ule in Jordan Conzespondiagly the U S grant while relatively aml as foreign neststance grants go had aymbelle and practical importance out of proportion to the amount of money tnvotved cr IBAS PekA fst EPR mi Prot is uncuassirieo ‘The carries force in the Stith Fleet operation Included the CVA Forrestal and CVS Lake Champlain — Surface forces tn th operation included the BB Wisconaln 2 CL 4 MSO and at Heast 9 DD sources differ as tothe exact number ——this is a conservative estimate » ‘the amphibious force constated of 1 embarked BLT 1 AGC 3 AK 2 APA Itwas rationed off of Beirut Lebanon during the operation Riseahower‘s memotze and George and Smoke provide muccinet summasios of he political events diring the extats Bendix AACU and the CINCNELM Command History provide the beat Information concerning the composition of the Navy‘s force in the response Cable and Gurtor also provide valuable Information concerning the response rams 6 1987 In 1950 Hatian General Pal Magliore staged a coup and took power in Halt At the end ot ie term In the Presidency December 1956 Maglione attempted to resign as contiuttonat ruler while zemining pover as de ficto chief executive Hls efforts ze wilted ina general stike He was forced Into exile y the Hattian Army» This eft open the question of who was to rule in Halt After nome bargaining be— ween fictions a proviatonal government was formed under Interim President Dantel Fignole on 26 May 1956 VUnforminazely th dld not settle the avecesston question On 14 June this govern ment was overthroun by a coup led by Major General Antoine Kereau« ucing June the U S responded to thls ‘Inter—regal‘ uncertain in the form of a theater alert ivolving amphibtous and evefice uns Regretably while both Bendix and GVAN—70 oite the response nelther provides any decailed Information concerning the Navy forces involved in It e the exact unite n the operation Bendix docs In dicate that careiec units were not tivolved in the operation t is qute likely tha the Caribbean Ready Amphblous Squadron which played much a major role tn subsequent rises in the aren was pat of the response force After the Kezeas coup elections were aet for September Following a campaign masked by violence Erancols Duvaller was elected President U 5 dissntinfition with he regime and tenstons between Halt and the Dominican Republlc were the cause of asbsequent U S responses to eventa in Halts Bendix covers the Nivy‘s actions in summary overview ‘The major politcal events can be found in the New York Times and CARL cns union ota 1 L hen p rro—noe r—9res 5 Many curces dealing with American—Chinese pollteal—militazy Intersctions stnce the Korean War focus on two major ceises Tuchen Islinds 1954 1955 and Quemoy 1958 — while paying relatively litle arention to other Incidents Involving the U S and PRC Among these less empasized cases are PRC—ROG 7—90887 rro—roG 1 1999 PRC—R00 6 1962 Pac—ro0 s i968 This relative lack of coverage extends tothe offal sourcen employed by the Iner national Incidence project While ech ofthe four cases listed above to cited as a 0 3 miliary response tivolving Navy activity In at least one source no source covers the responses in detail As a result the entries for these fouz responses unquestionably underestimate the magnitude of the Navy‘s activity in support of U 5 policy parieulazly in the case of the contributions made by surface combatant and amphiblous Mazine forces Some stidents of Chinese Ameztcan Intersctions have pat 1957 Into an ‘Inter—criata‘ pertod between the 1954 55 and 1958 Cctses e15 Klick While this to in some senses a fite charncterizaton It fills to capture all of the tenstons which existed at this time In May 1957 the U announced thit nuclear —capable Matador cruise mization would be introduced tato Talwan In June a bulld—up of Chinese forces opposite the otf—shore talands was reported and U S deciaton makers were concerned about the possibly of an tivaslon of either the offshore talande or Talwan In response Navy forces were deployed to the viclaty« Accurate information is available only for the carries force pasticipating in the response Over the period Jly through September tive attack unite participated i the response Kearsarge Lexington Yorkton Hancock and on Homme Richard All five units were not in the Western Pacifc at the same time» The maximum presence con— sisted of 3 unics in September with the Kearsazge In—chopping and replacing the Hancock on Western deployment ‘The best sources for information concerning this perfod are files maintained at the U S Navy History Diviston‘s Operational Azchives unclassified Ales collected by the Brookings Instltution and Kaltekt‘s account of0 5 —PRC Internctions from the Korean Wa through 1958 CVAN—7 cites the response cat RCiaii C22 e ‘mus moe is oncuassirieo 5 Syste 6—12 1957 Syzlan—American relations begun to deterlornte with Syzia‘s claim on 13 Augus that i had uncovered and folled a 0 3 eupported plot to overthrow the Government of Syste A few days later the Chiot of Saif of the Syrian Army perceived by the 0 5 as a moderate resigned This change of commend coupled with report of Soriec arms shipments led to a aueplcton on the part of U S deciaton makers that Communtate might have taken offecive control ofthe Government For a summary of U S per ceptions consult Eisenhower pp 196—208« As a result o these events Syzla‘s relations with neighboring states particularly Turkey deterfornted U S deciston makers perceved this turn of events as the second ‘test of the tsentower Doctrine see the Jordanian Ceiets of 4—5 1957 entry for the previous application ofthe Doctrine The 0 5 made immediate assurances to nelghhoring states that t would support them agutnat external agyresston t also urged them to take collective action to support one another against possible threats to thete securlty — from Syria ‘The U S moved aircraft to Turkey and deployed the Sth Pleat to the Eastern Meterzancan There was no enthstsom for collective action on the part of regtonal powers y September—October the criets centered avound tenslons along the Turkish—Syzien border At this pont the Soviets made swo symbolle responses to the criels« The first consisted ot veri statements A Soviet sourse Ovzyany et al 1975 300 empha— sizes a Sortet Government declaration o 3 September that the USGR would not zematn indifferent to developments that might lead to an aemed conflet n the Middle Bast» Western sources e g Bisenhover p 205 tend to emphasize an 8 October Imerview with Krushcher by James Reston which contained threats directed against a possible Turkish atrack against Syrin« ‘Tne second Soviet response took the form of a port vist by Soviet combatants A — sverdlov crutser and Storyy destroyer called at Latakta from 21 September through 1 October CNA Pore Viste hile This port call has been emphastzed in Soret writings Itis th first ‘ofical litical Soviet port vist t a non—Buzopean country cited n a Soviet compilation ofthe Soviec Navy‘s offical vitts Tasichanor and Ovanesoy 1974 « NSO Chie 5 fi i% bark acunoitta CUsSEED m YpbbAgONidet In mid—Ostober Syria brought the Ieae of regtonal tenstons to the United Nattons — ‘Tne UN did not take action Over the following two months tenslons gradually eased and the crtals ended In response to these events the U S volced ite support of Turkey a NATO ally» Tne military component of the response Involved the deployment of the Sith Flect in the Reatern Modtersansen from 21 Augint to 16 December and the redepioyment of atreraft trom Western Burope to Adana Turkey» buring this perlod TG 65 9 1 wo destroyer patrol in the Eastern Meditrsanoan was established After the termination of the response on 16 December this force remained in the Eastern Mediterranean and was Increased to four destroyer types Three amphibious forces participated in the response Through the fest week in September the force consisted of 1 RUT embarked on 1 ACC 2 APA 1 AKA 1 £50 and 1 APD uring the second week of September this force out—chopped and was replaced by the Fourth Provistonal Marine Atr—Ground Tusk Force» This unit comtated of 1 CV$ pasently in an L2H olo 1 ACC 3 APA 3 AKA a APD 3 £90 4 LST 1 ASP and 5 DB ‘The unl‘s deployment in the Mediterranoun was extended ue to the crisis ‘me GVS depasted on 21 October ‘The remainder of the force left by 6 November It was replaced by BLT 1 6 embarked on 1 AGC 1 APA 1 AKA 1 LSD and 2 LST in addition to the CVS deployed withthe amphthtoss force three other carrier unite participated in the response Another CVS plus escorte deployed tothe Stith Elect in October and November This unl careled out operations in the Eastern Medi terrencan ACU cites two attack cartiees as participants in he 0 5 response Randolph and Roosevelt No systematic information ts availible concerning the zoles played by surfice combatants in the operation ‘Tne best source for politcal information Is Eisenhower« Gurtor has a critical treatment ot the response The hest source for details on the Nav forces and thel activities ts the CBICNELM Commander in Citet U S Naval Forces Eastern A lastte and Mediterranean Command Hlstory aupplemented by AACU and Bendix ¢ indonesta 12 1957—6 1958 ‘rere were a number of revolts against the authortty of the Sutazno regime during this period Gurtor provides an assessment of the beotd apectzum of 0 5 Involvement in Indonesta at this time mivend C8 al prcl 28 Lf gl 24 Mo INL ASS i §HJ The proximate cause for the response was concern for the safey of the Lies and property of Americans zeaiding in Indonesia particularly on th Island of Sumatra BLT 9 3 stationed at Sable Bay was alerted to be ready to move on four hours notice as part of TR 71 the contingency evacuation force ‘The Princeton waa directed to Suble to receive 20 helleopters of HMR162 by transfer from Gunston Hills TE 71 constated of the Princeton supporting ships and a MEB composed of elements of the Sed Marines plus HMR—162 t salled from the Philippine Ialands on 10 December 1957 or the South China Son to a point approximately 500 milas north of Sumatra Later in December Maxine unite 1 3 and 2 3 were zetsened to Oknava and 3 3 dentgnated at the Task Force BLT reswzned to Sublc During the fest week of Janoary 1958 3 3 va Joined at Suble by Provistonal MAG Alpha« On 1 March 1 3 replaced 3 3 as the stancty BLT By Jane the central Indonestan government had contained the rebellions and the — standby force was disestablished The Princeton was a CVS serving in an L2H role during ths operation Ie vas « formally reciasnifed an an LPH in March 1959 The GVA Hoznet wa diverted for a few days to a postion in the South China Sea in response to the crlets« It is not cleas when this operation took place —proiubly in Febrmazy or March ‘The Homet was converted to a CVS in June 1958 Duing this same period the U $ was asserting its right o inocent passage through the Lomblk and Mahassal Straits which had been claimed as territorial waters Ay Indoneatas CNA RG 220 cites this aspect of the response Selected Analyals AGU and files at the Operational Archives U Navy History Diviaton provide the best coverage of the response Venemueln 15 1988 th U S armed forces responded to domestic unrest within Venezuela ‘The unsest and the response peaked on 13 May when a mob atiacked the motoreade carrying Vice President Nixon from an ateport to Caracas On the same day two companies of 1 6 2nd Marine Diviston were alerted at Camp Lejuene for alrlif to Guantanamo Cub They arzived on the 14th and embarked on the Boston Another company plus 25 helicopters embarked on board the Turawa off of Onslow Beach on the same day The alert was cancelled on 15 May ‘The departire of the Vice Prestdent on the 14th eliminated the need for an alests nupfidis rans ‘PCHST m In addtion to the Navy and Mazine Forces two Army companies of atzbome in— fantzy were moved from Et Campbell Kentucky to Puerto Rico Their alert was can celled on the 15th Selected Anatyols provided the best coverage of USN USMC actions ANC covers the Army response p Astmens i9ss On 15 May Lebanese President Chamoun informed the U ambnsondor that Syztan partisans had entered Lebanon and that U S aoslatance might be requested on very short notice ‘This Information followed the earlier 8 May outhreak of ergo scale efvll vilence in Lebanon One of the targets o this violence was the USTA office in Beteuc In response to the altuation tn Lewnon the relief of BLT 1 8 by 2 2 was cancelled Both were organized tnto the 2nd MaxProrRor ‘hele contingency positon was approx imately 50 miles of of Birats On 20 May RLT 2 was alerted at Camp LeJeune It was to be prepared to embark on 4 days notice for the Mediteranoun In mideMay the U S announced that it wae rushing pollce equtpment that had been previoualy ordered to the Lebmnese government« B June an ASN group bad been added to the Sith Fleet ‘The best eatimate of the carrier force available is 2 CVA 1 CVS By 1 July reporte showed that there had heen no massive intltration of forces from the UAR to Letwnon ‘Thls eased concerns and most of the feet let the Immedate aren with BLT 2 2 holding tn a ponlton approximately 100 miles from Letrnon and with 2 DD‘a just over the horizon from Botevc« Selected Analysts AACU and RC 153 cover the response Selected Analyols is the best source for amphibious forces Deaguich RG 153 provides the best coverage of the political events taking place and the way tn which the operation presaged the aub sequent intervention in Lebanon eee below « « Letmnon 6—10 1958 By early June the Sth Fleet hd reruened to normal operations following the May contingency response to events in Lebanon In mid—June the altition in Lebanon took a turn for the worse withserfousloting tn Beirut On 14 July Lebenese President Chamoun cas s WLASSHE P it mis mace is unctassirieo requested U S assistance On the same day there was a coup In Taq which removed a pro— Western government and appeared to 0 5 leaders to pose a dizect challenge to 0 5 interests in the region This coup appears to have heavily influenced the U S deciaton to Intervene ollowing the dectaton to Intervene on the 14th thefirst BLT 2 2 ended on 15 Joly BT 3 6 landed on the 16th BUT 1 8 landed on the 16th BLT 2 8 was atzlifted in on the 19th ‘These fosz BTe made up the Second Provtatonal Maxine Force Amptblous ships Included 2 AGC 1 ADA 4 APA 3 AKA 3 LSD 2 LST and 1 DON in eol TP 60 he atiick carzter force included 2 CVA Guratopt and Eases plus 2 CA and 2 00 ‘me ASH force TE 66 was made up of 1 CVS Wasp and 1 DD and 7 DB There were an additional 12 DD and 3 DDR in the murfice combatant forces Bight MSO made up the mine force Bendis Selected Analyats AACC Ides and Dragnich RG 18% cover facets of this zespoune RG 159 s the best source quemoy 6—12 4958 b ‘he Republle of China made a major commitment to the defense ofthe offshore tslanda atatoning a third of te Army on them In lite July 0 5 otelligence noted that PRC forces in southeastern China opposite the Quemay Islands group had been augmented me PRG begun to shell th stands on 23 August ralsing the passtbilty that they might be out off from ‘Taiwan In addition a possble invaston by PRC unite was feared ‘The U 5 zeeponse included a major show of force destined to deter possthle PRC actions ‘The Seventh lect hid been augmented die to the Lebanon Czials see previous 9 — entzy On August 25th the foree conslated af 4 GVA 1 CVS 3 CA 6 DD DDE 5 DB and 7 ss on the 26th of August a Mazine amphibious group at anchor in Singupore was directed to sail It appeare that approximately 2 400 Marines were in the area over the course of he cetats cas MHGAL thiss 0 nl One message was sent to the PRC in the form of a font U 5 —R00 amphibious taining exercise carzted out on Talan see Howe p 218 and p 247 MAG 11 rith three fighter squadrons went from Jupan to Tahan to provide back j wp ate defense fighter support for the Seventh Fleet and escort lights for 20C resupply to Quemoy This unit arrived in September In the same month MAG 13 few from Hawai to Jepan to All the spor vacated by MAG 11 MAG 11 returned to Japan in the April o the following year The WestPac carztes force in mid—August conslated ofthe CVS Princeton and the attack unite Hancock and Shangrl—La Daring September four additional OVA units moved into the Western Pacific aren Miéray Bosex Bennington and Lexington The best estimate of the maximum force available in the response in the fest week of Sep— tember is 1 CVS @rinceton and 5 CVA lancock Shangei La Lexington Eesex and Midvay The Bennington subsequently replaced the Hancock which moved to the Bast— ern Pacific Curing the course ofthe crisle the U S engaged in a number of atgnificant military — moves Elements ofthe Seventh Fleet provided escort to ROG resupply vensele ze— mataing outelde of the 3—mile terzitortal imi Wit entering within the 12 mile zone claimed by the PRC ‘he U provided the Nattonalist Government with ligh amphth— — fous ships that could run the artillery blockade rotbly LVT# ‘The U 3 carried out a publicized amphibious landing exercise on Taiwan as a slg to the PRC of fto resolve In addition the U provided the ROG forces with nuclear capable 6—Inch howitzers that were emplaced on Quemoy Inland ‘here vas no dizect miltary engagement with the PRC‘s forces Tenatons eased with a ceasefire on 6 October On 20 October the PRC resumed the bombardment ofthe offshore Islands tut on an every other day schedule tha dld nox serlously Interfere with thete accens to supplies ‘This effectively ended the cristo Bendix Ides Selected Analyste ACU and the CNCPAC Command History cover the response Howe and Kallek provide excellent unclasstfed accounts of the cesponse Jordan—teag 7—12 1958 Weatern leaders betteved that the coup in Traq which had inuenced America‘s de— ciston to intervene in Lehinon might also affect the regime of Jordan‘s King Hussein n reepouse to Hunseln‘s request British passtroopers were sent to Jordan on the 17th and 18th o Jay Immedately following the iltation of the U 3 landing in Lebanon c—2 uruonadoi t E w 10 NISRL While this ts cleaiy a British operation Bendix and Ides list an American response in conjunction with t Neither provides detailed Information Both Indlento that oly surfice combatant forces were involved ‘Tne best estimate at this potn is that one or both units in TF 65 9 t 2 DD Eastern Mediterzanean patrol foree were zedeployed in conjunction with the British operation « These were the mot loglea aszfice comntants to have been involved 1t is an unusual operation to that neither Bendix nor ides st any participation by projection forces in the response nelther carriers nor amphibious unito ‘Thls to quite stngutee for a response in the Mediterzancan Panama 3—5 1959 On 25 April a small forse consisting o approximately 90 persons landed on Panama‘s Cartbbean coast t was believed that this force might have been Involved in a plot to overthrow the government of Panama t was also belleved to have contacts with Castro‘s government in Cubs In response the U S offered the Panamanian government small arms that had been stockpiled in the Canal Zone Additnally a surveillance patzol 1 DD and 1 M80 was established off Panama‘s const to deter additonal landings This force was on station by 30 Apelt It returned to normal operations on 4 May On 1 May the invaders surrendered Approximately 60 Oibans were in the Invasion parse» Bendix provides the best coverage ofthe operation No amphibious or careier forces were involved Berlin Griate 5—9 1959 This was the Berlin Deadline Grist It followed the 1988 Berlin Blockade Crists and preceded the 1961 Berlin Alde—Memofze Crials in the autumn of 1956 the Soviets began to express concern regarding the Introduction of niclear armed missiles onto West German terzitory Ina 10 November speech Keu— a shcher denosnced the ‘comilftarization‘ of the Federal Republic of Germany» He also stated that it was an appropriate time for the East German regime to begin to handle ac cess to Berlin — On 27 November Sovlet diplomatic notes weze sent to the three Western powers in Berltn and the Government of the Federal Republlc of Germany They called for nago— ‘tations to wen Berlin Im a ‘tree efty‘ and stated that if negotiations did not procice cn UNEAKSAFR HHM an acceptable agreement within a half year the Soriets would tirn control of access to © Berlin over to the German Democratic Repub Needlens to ay these statements raised apprchenslons in the Wet that a possthle ® replay of the 1948 Cziats might be n the making In actually there was no immediate major criets The Soviets scon moifed thiz stence and Indlcated thatit yaa sufficient tht negotlations on the stams of Berlin begin within a half yea Eventially even this requirement was deopped and the loose wai held in abeyance pending the Sorlet American summit scheduled for 1960 hich was subsequently cancelled die to the U2 Incldent However there was Soviet harseoment during this period From April through September 1959 the Soviets interfered with the tranals of supply tins to West Berlin These actions helped to prompt a U miltazy response Bendix Ides CVAN 70 and AAGU cite a Navy zeaponse over the period 5—9 1959 Ides lists only surface combatants in the reaction All other sources olte atack carzier forces in additionto surface combatants While there was a general alert of Navy forces throughout the world the most immedate response took place in the Mediterzancan where elements of the Stith Flect c were brought to an advanced state of readiness and deployed in an alert posture Given that the Sixth Fleet CVA force atll ind a major role in SACBUR‘s scheduled program this was an Important miltazy—political signal to the Sortet Union an Indicator of U S determination During May 1959 the original ‘deadline montt when the response initiated the Sth Fleet carzier force conslated of Ireptd and Roosevelt When the response term inated on 30 September with the end of Soviec harasament along the accoss routes to West Berlin the CVA foree was composed of atop and Eovex George and Smoke provide the best summazy of the politcal events curing the existe op 390—415 Bendix and AACU give the best troitment ofthe Navy‘s actions daring the respose mo—roo 2959 n As ts the case with three other responses involving the People‘s Republic of China itis diffeuts to oitain information concerning this operation see the entzy for PRG—ROC nos» car pelt pB NIJ 0 As before the best information Is available for the cazzter farce Over the pertod $—10 July the atack units Ranger and Lexington conducted operations focused on the PRG in the viclaty of Taiwan There Is no information available concerning the zoles played by amphibious and surfice warfare forces in this operation C It is not cloae why this cesponse took place There are two major nonexclusive possiBltics ‘The first ts that t may have been related t U S opecatlonal aetirity off the const of China During this period ‘Medtax‘ electrontc intelligence Aights were conducted using unescorted atreraf On 16 July a PAM carzying out one of those ascgn ments was attacked by two MIG atzerat witionatity unspecified while 40 miles off the Eastern const of North Kores The tal pumer was injured and the plane damaged The tight was aborted and the plane flew to Miko Ate Force Base in Japan oth CNCPAC and CNCPACELT Command Histories cover this events 2 ‘me second possiblity ts that the response may have heen to tenslons benreen the Republic of China and the People‘s Republic» The CNCPAC Command History Indloates — that thero were a number of aerial engagements heoveen the two aldes during 1959 ‘The most significant battle efted took place on 6 July when ROC —26F fighters engaged 12 MIG types and downed 2 ofthe PRC aizezaft ‘The U may have been reseting to one of the easiter engagements which might have exacertated ROG—PRC relationss U Tne response ts cited in CVAN 70 Information concerning the carzter force is available in files matactned at the U Navy History Divistons® Operational Archives Unclassified files on this aubject aze also matntained at the Brookings Inatisrtion The CNCPAG and CNGPACELT Command Histories provide summary treatments of U 5 ROG—PRC Interactions dring this period Lace 71071989 U Two significant events occurced in Laos tn July 1959 ‘The first was the Laotian gorerament‘s request for U otvllan technletans to assist in the training of the Royal Laotian Army ‘The second was an offensive by Rather Lao forces along the North Vietnamese border In easly August the Lactisn Government declared a state of emer gency in five provinces this was extended to the entice nation in Septembers Also in September the Government of Laos requested the United Naclons to send an emergency forse claiming it was the victim of North Vietnamese aggression Pather Lao mill « ary activiy eubslded in md—Beptember A UN fit finding committee‘s report had no real etfects 0 In mid—July elements of the Seventh Fleet were deployed near the Viemamene coast for possible intervention in Laos Contingency plans Involved the employment cns UNEHSSNEE Mueai ihe I L rigor ot a Maxine RUT with tro hetalions that would have been atiifed to Lacs Some Maine airplanes were placed on a CVA to provide escort forthe alri ‘The aug» mentation foree for the lending would have been 1 beignde from the Army‘a 25th In fantzy Division After tenslons subsided the Seventh Fleet returned to normal oper attons on 11 October Amphibtou forces included approximately one and one half BLT‘s 1 Mazine helicopter equandron and 9 amphibious ships ‘The carrier forse consisted of 1 CVA It was accompanied ty 1 CL and 5 Dp Bendix Ides and AACU provide the best coverage Pasama 6—11 1959 ‘The incident consated of cil disorders in Panama ‘The response was a very low level effort involving only surveillance operations conticted by surface combatants After Castro‘s accenston to power this was a very common type of response in the Caztbbean Gentzal American region ‘The goal was to — tnolate domestic disorders from Cuben intience Lirle information concerning this zesponse ts conained in the sources oth Bendix — and tdee provide some data Gonge 7—n t960 » ‘The former Belgtan Congo presently known as the Republic of Zatze became in— dependent on 50 June The new central government headed by Kasavuin and Lumumin encountered immediate opporltion In the first week of Independence elements of the Azmy revolted Belgtan troops re—entered the Congo in an attempt to restore order and bolster the central government ‘There vas widespread civil disorder in this period on 11 July Motse Tehombe premier of Kutange province announced that Katanga was seceding from the Gongo On 14 July the UN Security Counetl unanimaualy vored to send a UN force to the Congo ‘The inital U S response involved the CVS Wasps This unit was dispatched to the Congo to aestat in the evacuation of Western nationals It arzived on station on 8 July «pproimately 1 wee‘ after recelving orders It careied one Marine company 8 hell — capers and 6 C—14 atreraf ‘The Wasp vas not required to nastet in evacuations hut id provide loptotieal support t UN forces On 15 July the Wasp was foined by a flect otter ca aL il PMI Tal MU This force vas dizected to operating azens in the South China Sea on 1 January After the sitition in Laon stabilized the unite were directed to withdrew from the South China Sea on 6 Jemsazy ‘The bast coverage ts provided ty Glimore who relies on the CNCPAC Commend Hetory Bendix AAGU and Ides also cover facets of the operation hl ouf of Gutnes—Conge 2—3 2961 In easly Rebruasy the Amity I tak force provided troop it for UN forces in the Congo ‘The LSD Hermitage and LST Graham County ferried Gulnoan troops from Matndl Congo to Gonaziy Oulnes ‘Ihe tranalt was conducted from 2—b February On 12 Febuazy the eltuation in the Congo took a turn for the worse as former premiez Lumumba was assassinated Cl uncest conttaved As the station in the Congo deterlornted the Amity 1 force was ne—routed to the area on 5 March apparently at the request of the 0 5 Ambassador ‘The force con— stated of 2 DD 1 L6D and 1 LST On 7 March tt was directed to continue lts orlg inally acheduited voyage to Gapeton South Africa for a goodwill viat ‘The Amy 1 force consisted of the Gearing DD—710 Vopelgnsing 0D—#52 Hermitage LSD—34 and Geatam County LST—1178 The Maine force embarked on the nro arphiblou ships appease to have been a 600 man BLT 3 ‘The Amity cruises aze described in the Congo 7—11 1960 eny Bendix Giimore and Selected Analyate cover this responses a Lace 3—6 1961 ue to the deterlorting position of government forces in Laos elements of the Seventh Fleet were dizected to the South Chin Son Unite responding included the Lexingron and Midway oth atack carciers « ‘Bennington a CVS was ordered to a polat 100 milea of of Thatland from which t could provide hellcopter support if required ‘The unite were ordered tnto positon on 21 March While on station they conducted recomnatsssnce misslons over Leos When couselize negotiations got undervay in Lao# and the gouezal oisiation stabilized the alert atmus of the force was relaxed on 13 June Amiphtblase forces appeas to have Included a special landing force of 1 BLT cas j H AL pasith ‘The attwation in the Gongo remained unsettled even after th arival of the UN force During the remainder of the year the USN supported the UN etfort by providing f transportation scali® for UN force contingents For example in September 1960 the APA Bequre carzied 1098 Indonesian troops from Djazkazta to Maradl Congo In Oc tober Whtheld County LST—1169 and Windham Gointy LST—1170 careied 590 Malay troops from Siagupore to Matndl ue tothe continaing extats n the Congo and because of apprchenslons that tmilar cxises might eagulf other Subsshazan African nations that had reached or were soon to react Independence in November 1960 the U S ntlated the feet ofa series of Amity cxiiecs These cruises unsally tmvolved nro destroyers and two amphibtous types The missions ofthe cruises were D to further the People—to—Recple program through a series ot port visit 1 to condict training exercises with the forces of Thied World nations 1 t be in a postion to condit miliary operations to support U S diplomatic objec— tives and to evacuate endangeced Western nationals ‘The Amity I force constated of Geazing DD—710 Vogelgooung DD—862 Hermitage LSD—34 and Graham Counyy asrine Selected Analysts Ides Bendts Glimore and the CNCLANTELT Command History cover this operation @uasemaia—NMearagu 11—12 1960 AU At the request of both nations President Risenhower ordered the Navy to establish a prtzol of of theiz Caribbean consts to poazd against possible inletion ‘This was one of many instances during the pertad in which the Cuins were belleved to have ties to domestic insurgent orginizations« ‘Tne patzol force wa an station by 14 November» t included 1 CVA Ghangetca 1 GVS Wasp 5 00 3 DDR and 1 patrol squadron The force was zemoved on 10 December No amptbtass forces were Involved in the operation ‘he response ts covered by Bendix Ides AACU and Gilmore Lace 12 1960—1 1961 aa ‘me U S responded to the caprure by Insurgent Pathet Lao forces of strategie posltlone on the centeal plan of Laos Navy units responding Included 2 CVA Lexington and Coral Sea 1 CVS Geningtoo pus 13 DD Amphiblous forces tncluded 1 BLT 1 APA and 1 LoD cas co men Glimore provides the best coverage of the operation using the CNGPA Command Hatory« Some sources combine this response with he eariler 12 1960—1 1961 — Lactisn reeponse my of Pign 46 1961 ze Cum was unsuecesstilly imraded by American trained and supported Coben extles on 17 April ty 20 April Cuban forces had decisively defeated the exiles It i extremely dificult to obsain Information concerning the Navy forces which were in the area and the roles Hf any tht they played in conjunction with the operation ‘me Navy‘ response is efted in a nimber of standard sources e—g Bendix and Ides hut none of these provides a highly detailed account of the operation CVAN—70 testimony notes U S silence concerning American naval operations in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic during the Spring of 1961 p 361 — It appease that at least 1 BLT was standing by during the operation The CINCLANTRLT Commun History notes tht the Caribbean Ready Amphibious Squadron matasained a 48 houz reaction time to Cuta during 1961 Hunt mentions the LPH Soxer in his account of the operation Both Bendix and Ides cite amphiblous forces Ides in— dicated that 1 BLT was involved in the USN responses endix and Ides state that surface combatants were redeployed for the response hut don‘t provide enough Information to Indicate which units were tnvolved CVAN—70 materials Indicate that carriers pluzat were Involved tn operations drzing the Spring of 1961 this could be taken to mean thas more than one unlt parte Apate n the may of Pigs response Johnson p« 189 states that two carcler tak forces were standing by dring the landing each with one carviez ‘Thomas p 1361 names the Eesex as one ofthe carzters and contends that fighters from this sip appear over the batlefeld at one point in the operation The best estimate at this poln io that at least bro carciens were Involved T is further assumed that both wero atiack unites This eatimate 1s constatent with the size of the force marshalled in the 6 1961 Dominican Republlc response seo below After the invaston it appears that USN unite remained in the vietay as the U S attempted to ensure that the captized extles were not abused by the Cubun government and tzfed to negotiate term for hele release ‘The exact pain where this anpect of the respose terminated ts not certain ‘The infiation of the 6 1961 Dominican Republic response in a logical broaipolnt car FHG inal indpueioago iid Dominican Republic 6 1961 General Ratzel Tulilo ruled the Dominican Republe from 1930 to 1961 Duzing the ton fenyramy wr ti mie be theapntrend Reued Ainbbnaatent reroqmibed to his regime because of domesttc repression within the Dominican Republle and due to Trufil‘s support of rebel actvitles in other Centzal and Latin Amezfcan nattonss With U S support the Organization of American Sates apolled diplomatic and economic suncttons aguinat the regime In 1960 the U S increased ite presouze by placing a special fee on Dominican sugar imports ‘Trujillo was nasansinated on 30 May 1961 The U S goal was to ensure that a new polfical order took power in the Dominican Republic On 1 June the Caribbean Rexdy Amphibious Squadron va on station off Ciudad ‘Trafic Santo Domings Two additional amphibious equadzons soon Joined the de res ‘The carrier forse off Hispaniola Included the atick units Intrepid and Shanget—La and the GVS Randolph Suzfice combatants included Newport News Rosto and North— hampton plus destroyer types ‘The force was alerted for action on 1 June ‘The first units were in poston on that day The main force vas on staton by 4 Jine As the domeatic altuation withinthe Domialcan Republic stabilized the alert wae exnclice ne 10 Ji Tie rote renntied in the are sed qiased ro an oci Axle Grease which took place from 14—17 June ‘Thie to he test of wo seeponsen to events in the Dominican Repuitl in 191 ee also the 11 1961 entry ‘The CINCLANTELT Command History Glimore and AACU are the best sources for the Navy‘ response Lowenthal provides a muccinct summazy of the politcal context 4 Zanathue 6 1961 ‘me Amity cruise was conticted from 15 Murch to 15 September 1961 Lie the Amity I cruise eee the eatries for the Congo 7—11 1960 and 2—3 1961 it provided I rroraile tne nr eit moment a mcrmiions und mice comtegrectens ‘The unlts in the Amity II force included the Splegel Grove LSD—32 York County LSt—1174 Jooas Ingram 0D—936 New DDB—$18 and Chemaucan A0G—S0 A Marine landing force and atx hllcoptera from HMR 262 were embarked on the amphtb— tous ships azis00 I woof J RAHEH — This force moved to the vietnty of Zanslhus tn response to rioting on the tsland ‘The safey of the U S space tracking staion on the sland was a principal concern — This was a presence response no projection took place CVAN—70 sates that carztes forces were alerted for ths response ‘There is no evidence for this inthe other sources for the response e g Bendix which ists only amphibious and surface warfare units Selected Analyste Bendix and the CNCLANTELT Command Hlstory aze the best sources for information Kunate 6—7 2981 Kineait became Independent on 19 June Shortly thereafter Premier Kassem of frag stated that Kuvait had been Improperly withheld from Iraq when the nation o Iraq had been created in tts present—day form following WWL and that Iraq Intended to pesce filly annex Kuna On 30 June Kinealt requested assistance from the United Kingdom Bciish ships which were past of the UK Persian Gulf Command were alzeny in the vicinity Royal Marines landed within 24 hours ‘The Amity 1 eruise off the coast of Bast Africa was interrupted on 4 July and the ships were dizected to aall to the vicinity of Aden t sezve as a contingency force for the Kimait Gelsts This order vas cancelled on 7 July and the ships reruened to normal Amity operations until the end of the Amity I deployment in mid—Septembers ‘The Amity It force consisted of 2 DD 1 LGD and 1 LST plus embuzked Mazines The force ts described inthe Zanztbur 6 1961 entry The Amity cruise operations are described tn the Congo 7—11 1960 response entry Selected Aniyale and Bendix provide good coverage of the events« Berltn Griste 8 1961—8 1962 ou Following the cancellation o the May 1960 U S —Soviet nimmit meeting the USSR waited for the Inauguration ofa new U S Administration before renewing its demands — pertaining to the status of Berlin see the Bern 5—9 1959 entry for a summary of the previous Berlin Griet President Kennedy and Premier Krushoher met at Viema in Junes Kxushcher ze peated some ofthe Sortet demands made during the previous Berlin Gziats and presented an alde memoize which proposed turning Berlin nc a ‘tree oly with access to be under the contzol of the German Democratic Republlc‘s government and having the tro Germantes cas COLHDENm I Mi ratdobdbitho negate with one another to achieve unification Should these negotiations ftl the note proposed having each Germany algn sepasate peace treatien with the Bg Four powers ‘The note did not contain a detnite deadline Kennedy refected these terms In July he publloly asserted that Western rights in Berlin should be rerained while indlcating that the U S would he willing to eater Into negotiations with the Sortet Union He also requested Congresstonal authorfzation for a bulldcup of 0 5 forces As tenatons continued on 13 August German Democzatlc Republic forces eatab— lished beszlers along the border betreen the two sectors of Berlin In reeponse the U S sent reinforcements to the Berlin Brigade General Lucian Clay was appolnted us on—scene commander of U S forces In Berlin ‘There were a number of tease moments as forces confronted one another along the Berlin all in September and Oc— wher — An with the previous Berlin Criale this criels had no single end point ‘Tenslons grachnlly abuted ansloted by negotiations at the foreign mintater level which tntlated in September and which were followed by the exchange of private correspondence he— tween U S and Soriet leaders ‘The Navy‘s response in support of nation polley took three forms ‘The first was an augmentation of forces The July August mobilization tavolved 33 reserve ships and approximately $ 000 Naval Reserve personel An addition 2 600 officers and 24 000 enlisted men had thelz tours of cht in the Navy extended because of the cries The second aepect of the response took place in the Medterzansan Elements of the Sixth Fleet were placed in alert status for the duration of the reaponse Carrier untte affected included the Roosevelt and Forrestal In August 1961 followed ty the Independence and Intrepid which were in tuzn aucceeded by the Seratops and Shangri—La Finally dring the course of the exists one CVS group was moved to the Northeast Attazttc Bendix atates that this group deployed to the zegion for poselhle employment in the harassment of Soviet naval operations This would have been a comtermare dizected against Soviet preowares in and around Berlin AACU states thatthe ASH group was moved to counter a potential Soviet eubmazine threat in the zeglon ‘The group in— cluded 1 CVS and 7—8 destroyer types George and Smoke pp 414—486 provide a good summazy of the major politcal — evens during the existe Information on the Navy‘ activities during the response can be found in AACU Bendix and Glimore c—so d i M H RSCH SO IU C mi Dominican Republte 11—12 1961 38 — This ts the second of two U S responses to events in he Dominican Republc in 1961 ace the entry for 6 1961 in November 1961 there vas a pollical extte in the Dominican Republle when tro beothers of the slain Trujillo rensened to Santo Domingo» It vas belleved hoth in the U S and the Domintcan Republic tha this presaged an attempt to revirn control ofthe country to the fiction that had ruled under the stain dictator On 18 November Secresazy of State Rusk warned that the U S would no ‘remain tite‘ if the Tulio attempted to re—establish the dictatorship Dominican President Bilsguer took action to ensuze his egtme‘s survival on the 18th He declared a state of emergency and took personal contzol ofthe armed forces« In mid—November the Caibbean Ready Amphibtous Squadron was deployed off Culdad Trajilo Additional forces areived by the 19th Included in this force vias the avrack carrier Roosevelt Surfice forces Included 1 CL and 5 DD VMA 224 partle— pated in the response» Operational activity included Seagull ——a demonstration force in front of Culdad ‘Trujil including an amphlblous force feint directed at the beach and Wave High ——a y over of MD‘s from the Roosevelt osceide of Dominican territorial waters hat within sight of epectatore on the shore After a great deal of negotiation the various fictions within the Dominican Republtc came to agreement and created a Gounell of Sate to provide imerim rule fr the countzy» This agreement was concluded on 19 December The Navy‘s response ended on that date CNOLANTPLT Command Htlotory Bendix Selected Analysts Gimoze Cable AACU and Lowential cover various aspects of the response Unfortunately the political setement was short—lived see the Dominican Republle 1 1962 eny South Viewam 12 1961—9 1962 buring this period the U S Increased its milly involvement n Viemam For example the first major contingent of U S Army troops arzived in December 1961 cs CoNERRE In December the Navy established a costal pasrol to control intlteation ‘This force consisting of MSO unite from Mine—aweeping Divieton 73 was tn operation in the victaty of 179N ty 22 December On 18 March a southern patrol vae established t the Quo Phos aren utllfeng — destroyer eacorta from Recort Squadron 7 0 5 pestlclpaton in he southern patrol rerminated on 26 May 1962 ‘The northern MSO patzol terminated on 1 August 1962 No carzter or amphibious forces sppeas to have been Involved tn the operation ‘The CNGPAGELT Command History and Glimore provide the best coverage of the aperation It marks a major turning point n the Navy‘a Involvement i the Indochinese conter Domiatcan Repubtie 1 1962 31 ‘The previous U S response to events in the Dominican Repubilc 11—12 1361 had ended when it appeased thatthe various fictions within that nation had recived thete differences Breats in January 1962 demonatzated that apposrances could be deceiving On 18 Januacy a coup ousted the regime and Rafuel Bonelly was proclaimed President He served in that caprclty unl elections were held in December 1962 and Juan Booch became President In response to this event a Nivy forse deplayed to waters south of Sarto Domingo Included in this force were COMSECONDFLT in the cruiser Lite Rock and the Gar 1bbean Ready Amphiblous Squadron with an embarked BLT ‘All unite were in pooltion for a planned show of force operation within atx hours Past ofthe show of force would have Included a fy—by of an atinck aquadron from Roosevelt Roads Puesto Rico The Jotnt Chiefs cancelted the deployment of 19 Janazy apparently because the U S was sattefied with the course of evente in the Dominlcan Republic ‘The best coverage ofthe response 1s contained tn the CNCLANT Command History Giimore provides an unclassified sammary of the response Gustaname 1—8 1982 p Navy forces in and around the base were augmented in response to a particularly serious period of basusement ‘This vas a period of high tenslon benveen the abortive ‘my of Pigs landing and the Cuan Msstle Cetete« Significant events Included the expulsion of Cute from the Orpmntzation of American A States in Pebazy and Cuban firing at a USN plane on 30 Aupunc« cs f K1 Y ID ims mroe is unctassirieo There were intermittent pertods of tension at the hse A major response took place tn July when it was feared that the security of the Installation might be throat ened n conjunction with Caban celebration of the 26th of July revolutionazy holiday» The Caribbean Ready Amphiblass Squadron deployed to the Ouantanamo operating aren on 25 July _ Major ate demonstzations were conducted over the base on the evening of the 25th ‘The alert vas terminated early on the 27th Bendix and the CINOLANT Command History cover aspects of the response Gustemate 3 1962 34 Student rioting occured on 13 Mazch This vas followed by the outbreak of more general civil disorders In respone the U S established a procautlonazy de ployment off ofthe const of Gurtemala The CVA Midhry was one of the unite on patrols Amphibtous units included the Caribbean Ready AmphiBous Squadron rith 1 BLT including the LPH Valley Forge These units were on station by 17 Mazch On 19 March the government of Guatemala declared a 30—tay state o slege which effectively ended the cfvil uncest ‘The Nvy patzol was terminated on the 20nd AACU CINCLANT Command History and Gilmore are the best sources South Viewwam 4 1960—0 1964 10 On 15 Apelt 1962 a Mazine company embarked on the L2H Princeton aszived in Saigon It was the first USMC advisory unit to arzive in the Republic of Viewam Its arzival denoted a qualitative change in Navy Mazine Corps operations in South Vietsam From April 1962 onmard there was a continuing series o low level reactions to events within Vlemam lad specialized MACV sources been employed the mamber of incidents‘ onting each Instance in which the USN or USMC particpated in an op— eration as one event that would have been generated would have been so large as to dominate the Ht of Nivy responses since 1955 ‘To avoid thie the present entry encompasses all operational activity In or pris masily directed at events in South Vletmam from the lest landing of the Marines to the beginning ofthe Viemam Wer dated from the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 10 August 1964 withthe exception of the zesponses to cil disorders prior t the overthrow of the Diem Government in 1969 and the Tonkin Oilf response of early August 1964 Navy responses to events in ther nattons in the region eg Thailand 5—6 1962 and Laos 4 5 1969 are not affected by this action oss UNS ASSAR Tam p a U jinn CNCPAG and CNCPACFLT Command Histories provide the best overall surmaties of U S operations dizing this period qs Thailand s—o ioe2 Following major victories by Pathet Lao forces tn Laos which moved thts unite closer to the Thai border and at the zequest of the goreenment of Thailand the U S carried out an admintatestive landing of Marine forces tn Thatiend ‘The first USMC unite were alerted on 10 May The landing took place on 17 May some sources say 16 May The force landed tn Binglol and moved by ate to Udomn beeen 17 and 20 May in G—130 and G—124 atrcrat Approimately 3400 Maztnes were tavolved tn the landing ‘The amphibious force included 1 LPH Valley Forge 1 APA and 1 L6D ‘The CVA Huncosk was in the aree to provide close ate support if roquized ‘The CNCPAG Corimand Hatory also has 1 CVS in the aree The fest units atested included BLT 3 9 and HM 261 then undergoing trating as SLR Seventh Fleet in the Gulf of Slam % MAG VMA 382 wae aterted at MCAS brokunt Jupan on 12 May ‘The 3rd MEU was acttriated on Okinawa an 16 May and dtzected to carey out the operation On 17 May the Sed MBD landed at Bangkok It conatated of 3 426 Marines rom VMA 382 HMM 21% and BLT 3 9 % on 25 May a UK RAF fighter detachment foed the operation t as followed ty small ate and ground detichments from Australia and New Zealand on 29 May Os 29 June orders were received for the frst phase of withdraval On 1 July the xe— eall o 1 000 Mazines wan announced these unite were transterzed from Udorn to i magee ‘on 28—31 Jul Final depeseare was completed by 7 August 4 5 mentts Ides Selected Analyste Cable Gilmore and AACU cover the cperation Resagorue NX An to the case with some other responses tnvolving the PRG it ts diticut to ob vatn detailed information on the U forces responding in this incident Unlike aome — om M nil NAY CMROON ARI of th other cases however the reasons for the U S response are known See the PRG—ROG 7 1957 entey for a description of data problems U tn 1962 Chins was in a velnersble postion The ‘Great Leap Forward fell short of the mark ‘The Chinese standard of living had deterlorated Chincse leaders were correct in perceiving that they were tn a relatively vulnerable poston U Allen Whiting atthe ime employed within the Rar Eastern Divtaton of the Sate bepartment‘s Bireau of ntlligence and Reseaset notes that the Chinese fele that they were threatened from three aides op 54—70 « 0 In South Asia they were engaged tn a series of border disputes with the Republic of India tht would ultimately culminate in the Stzo—Inclan Wer 0 Along theis border with Southeast Asta they were concerned with the U S Inter vention in May 1962 in Thatland 0 In Bast Asta along thete sen border wih the Republic of Chine and the offstore islands tenatons were sising tn April and May the level of ROG raids from the offe shore fotands condicted against the matnland sharply Increased More erktcally during the same period the Nattonalist Government appoace to be preparing fr Its long awaited invasion of the malaland Special Invaston taxes were announced and forces were mobilized U S actions during the Spring of 1962 were Interpreted by the PRG as inclcating that the U S might be supporting the increased level of valde ing and th Impending tnvaaton well—publletzed join manewsers were carried out by the U S and ROG Navies In Febrmazy and March and there were a number of vislts by American milliazy personnel to Quemoy» C Moreaver in easly April the U 3 nftated a series of ‘DESOTO‘ patrols slong the const of China a point not noted by Whiting bat covered in the CIGPACELT Com— mand History ‘These patzols tnvolved Individual destroyer tpess ‘Thelr dial mis« sions were to collect fntelligense and to provide ‘a mild orm of harassment‘ CNCPAGFLT Anual Report 1961—1962 p 12 0 Given these sets of events the PRC leadership elected to take nome preventive countermeasures In easly June there was an unpublicized redeployment of Army troops to Chekiang and Pullen provinces opposite the offshore Islands More than 100 000 men were added t the alzeady ebstancil forces stattoned in that region 0 After these units were in place the PRC hepin to make pobllc statements con c cerning the dize consequences that would folloy If he U S supported a Natlonalist invaston——citing the precedent of the Korean Were W css danse 1 f tmiy U ‘The U S immediately responded through a number of channels emphasizing that while America supported the ROG it did not and would nod support the use of force against the mataland by ROC units This defused the immediate celele« € U 5 diplomacy dring this period wae supported by the movements of Navy ships Unfortunately records are incomplete and the precise units Involved camnot be Identi fed Carzters may have been involved ‘The only definte Information available from Glimore is that on 9 June the DDR MeKemn began a five day survelllnce patrol rob «bly a DESOTO operation along the Chinese cout U Whiting gives the best summazy of the attation tiate 8 1962 0 In early August U S decision makers were apprehensive concerning potential ctv disorders in Hatt U in response the Carthbean Ready Amphibious Squadron with 1 BLT embarked vas posltioned for postile employment ‘A 2 DD patrol was established in he Gulf of Gonave The oteeier that would have supported the contingency operation was the Foereatal ‘The alert was cancelled on 14 Auguac« U ‘The CNCLANT Command History Gilmore and AACU cover the respons Cutan Mtastle Cetete 10—211 1962 © U An might be expected given that this was the most notable ceieis since World Wer 11 there is an almost overwhelming amount ot formation available concerning American activities uing this reeponse Rather than attempt to sxmmazize al of this material much of which to readlly avalible in efther the putlle record or command histories only a eammazy outline of the response willbe gtven here U ‘The fest Soviet MRBMs reached Cute tn eaxly September Sites for IREMs were under construction At the same time and mont critically for the subsequent U reeponse the Soviets bad operational SAM ates in western Cube the area in which the misatlon were located U An immediate U concern at this pota prio to the covery of the mization va the possibilty that a U2 might be downed by the SMe The 1 May 1960 U—2 in— ident involving Francts Gary Povere‘ fight over the Soviee Unton va very much in the minds of U S decision makers This concern was reinforced when a U 2 that had been provided tothe Republle of China was shot down over the Peoples Repubilc of Chin on 9 September A dectaton was made to avold posslile Incidenta by not conducting Aigo in the victnty ofthe SAM ficlltten in western Cuts W hiv l i t APL CH Luu LUF IY An a consequence the USTR Natlowal Iitlligence Retimate of September 19th concluded that offenalve mlssles were not deployed in Culm George and Smoke p« — «m After additonal information concerning the possible presence of mlsstles in Cutn came to the attention of policy makers Dights were resumed The fst successiil overflight on 14 October prodiced solld evidence that missiles were present in Cuba This discovery Inaugurated a week— long peztod during which poly optons were considered Once a policy had heen settled upon Prestdent Kennedy made a pobllc anouncement of the Quazantine on 22 October Sories Premier Keushchey announced on 28 October that the missiles would be ze moved On November 7th he stated that the mlsslles had been zemoved President Keanedy lied the blockade on 20 November The U 5 employed the period from the discovery of the missiles 14 October unt the announcement of the Quarantine 2 October to mezatall tremendous forces in the region Both Western and Soviet ubllc accounts ofthe response state that approximately 180 Navy ships were Involved tn the operation Allison p 127 Ovsyany p 172 Eight carziers were in the response The attack casziers were Enterprise In dependence and Srzatogn« ‘The CVS units were Eosex Lake Champlain Randolph Wasp and Lexington The Lexington had been zecently converted from the OVA ca— gory 10 October 1962 and carzied an attack ate wing for at least part o the response ‘The aundard Navy Depeztment cation for the operation eg CVAN 7O testimony Hsts the carrier force as 3 CVA and 5 CVS a practice followed in he International Incldents project‘s Nats ‘The amphiblows force Included 4 LPH units Boser Iwo Jima Okinava and Thetis Bay There were approximately 60 amphibious tpes inthe response Hiad an Imasion of Cite been zequired 28 MSTS veasels were available to support the amphlblous force A 5000 man Maxine foree was in position within 48 hours A MEB of more than 10 000 the 5th MED oatled from the West Coast in less than 96 hours Approvimately 45 000 Mazines would have been tmvolved inthe landing operations had tht contingency option been selected Four Mazine Atz Groups were in the region — During the early part of the crists amphibious forces evacusted approximately 3 200 ctvillne from the hse at Oiantanamo NRinkRG CONFIDE NOScct fle basis igcamnts Strfice combatants in the response included 1 CLC 2 DLG 5D0G 2 DDR and # oo Virtually every source has something to y concerning the eriels Allison and George and Smoke provide good unclassified treatments« Thats bibllogrephtes are good Introductions to the available literature Command Hlstortes and Bendix pro— Yided the Information presented on the Navy‘s forces in the response Selected Analyela has a good summary of Marine activities during the reeponse w Stoclntian Wer 10—11 1962 Possthle Navy Involvement in responses to this war in almost completely Ignored by the standard sources This 1s quite rensontble The period tn which the Navy‘s resction took place 19—20 November was also the time in which the Cuban Mieaile Cristo blockade was Lied Denale states that the Navy responded to the cztate but does not provide any de tatled information ‘The Command History collection for the pectod is incomplete ‘The best source to Mavrell 1970 411 who atates that Indlan Prime Malate Neto requested U S fighters for posslble comnt operations aguinat the PRC in Munell words In zesponse an American atreraft carsier was diepatched from the Pacific towards Indian waters bt the oriets paosed twenty —fou heure after Netw made this appeal and the atroreft carzler turned hack be— fore it reached the Bay of Bengal Alan Whiting at the time Dizector of the Office of Research and Analyste Far Bust NR Department of Sate ftes Mxnnell account in his book 1975 167 therety adding to ite credibly White it o acinitedly one ofthe shortest responses on zecord out short by the Chinese annomcement of a coasefize itis nevertheleas one ofthe mort Interesting casen from a politcal—military perepective For one thing it denotes a mazked change in Intlan betaviee previously noted for affmations of independence and opposition to superpower miliary provence inthe Third World Addilonally ft could have evolved tnto a direct U 5 PRC confrontation posslily one Involving military confit — y Hemen Civil Wex Snudt Arab 1—7 1968 On 27 September 1962 elements of the Yemen Army staged a coup aguinet the ‘ oss U LP HV Bus Royalist Government ‘This intated the Yemen Civil Wer _ Suodl Arabia supported the Royalist facto Rigypt then known as the United Arab Republic backed the ze— ® belling Republican fiction» Suuct Arabia broke diplomatic relations with the UAR an 8 November 1962 In 1963 as the civil war contined and relations between Saut Arabia and the UAR detertorated the 0 5 deployed tctical units in and around Saud Araba The goals behind these deployments were to deter the UAR from axiacking targets in Suudt Auabla to deter the UAR from conducting ate operations over Saud territory to demonateate U S support tothe Saud government to augment the Saudi‘s alr defense capabilites to counter what was seen as an Increase in the UAR‘s prestige and In fence in the Middle Bust and to promote a settlement of the Yemen confer ‘Tne 0 5 milltary response took tro forme an Atz Force deployment of tectical fighters and other airezaft Operation ‘Hed Surface‘ and a Navy patrol n the Red Sen augmented by periodic port vitts to Seudt Arabia ‘There had been a short term deployment of USAF E—1000 fighters on 15—18 No— vember 1962 In January plans began to be formulated for a moze extended deployment Destroyer types vitted the Saudt ports of Jidda Ras Tanura and Yento In Janiazy and February As tenstons conttimed to mount in the region CNCSTRIKE CNCNELM and USCINCROR were advised to be prepazed to send 8 —100D aizeraf from the U S to Jidda on short notice UAR planes raided the Saud port of Qlrean on 3 March on 8 March the Joint Chiets directed USBUCOM to end 2 destroyers to the Red Sea to augment COMIDEASTFOR‘s forces which had been there since cartier in the months Two MIDEASTFOR destroyers took up patzot stations in the viclnty of Ja and Zagrat on 9 March The two Sth Fleet destroyers arzlved on statlon on the 12th ‘This pacrol which was the most atgnifieane Navy contribution to the zeaponse lasted unl 25 Apeil when it was discontinued at the direction ofthe Joint Chats and the two destroyers in — the augmentation force renirned to the Stith Flees on 7 Apel the UAR Syzia and Teag announced that they were forming a federation White ultimately nothing came of this t appeared at the time to denote an increase in the UAR‘s pover and Inuence tn the region and a corresponding decline in the zegtonal standing of the UAR‘s xival Sutt Arabia os reise th® In response to he zeport o the federation the Presldent made a publc statement on 8 May Intlcating that the U S would oppose aggression n the regton whether dizect or indirect and would do so both through the United Nattone and unlacerally ‘he advance USAF pasty was gtven orders on 19 April On 6 May is azzived tn Saud Arabia Included in the group were a G—130 communications atzezntt an ale rescue team and loglatical atrezaft Addifonal communtcations unite were deployed on 12 May L The President approved the deployment of the tctlcal USAF element on 13 June It included 8 —1000 3 KB—50 tankers and 2 G—150 support aircraft ‘The President indicated that the unit was to azzive about the time of iit not prior to the arzival of a UN observer team in Yemen This team areived on the scene in the pertod 13—17 June on 9 June the Seudts reported another UAR sald on Qlzan The tactical USAF untt azzived at Dhahean Saut Arabla on 5 July te rules of engagement specified that UAR atzonaft which intruded tato Saudl a space were to be escorted out by using harassing mertes if at all posetile and tht the inruders were to he fired upon only If hey tntated comnt me force zemalaed in Seudl Arabia for the remainder of the year ‘The major prychologlcal impact appoaze to have been tn July ements of MIDEASTROR conttived to make port vislts Perhaps the most sig— niflernt was the deployment of the CVS Eesex plus 1 DD and 1 AVD to Jidda on 30 October for an ASW and firepower demanitrition Previous Navy Depaztment trest ments of the Yemen response do not nclude thie port viattin the actual response e9 GVAN—7 testimony p 164 The best sources for operation are the USCINCEUR Commend History the MIDEASTFOR Command Hlatory and Gitmore y foriun 471963 On 7 April the governments of Bypt Syeia and Ieag aigned an agreement in Catro to create a new United Arab Republic that would combine the three natlonss ‘Thie agree — ment closely followed coupe tn faq 8 February and Sycia 8 March Waite ultimately nothing came of this agreement t least insofir as the creation of a single nation—state was concerned t did at the time appons to enhance the power and prestige of Bgrpe at the expense of other nattons in the regton which the U S was supporting oubly Suu Arabia and Jordan ace the Yemen 1—7 19693 eatry con i 16 LJ 8 At the same time there was politcal instability within Jordan On 21 Ape the Jordanian cabinet fll following zleting by provHgyptian elements within Jordan King Hussein appotnted a caretaker government on 22 April and moved to stabllice the att uation In response to the Apefl itation within Jordan elements of the Shch leat sored nd steamed toward the Eastern Mediterzancan ‘The Enterprise and Bainbridge pro— ceeded shead of the main force and were within ate strike range in leas thin 24 houes From thi posttion the Enterprine could have served as a staging point and or retuel ing sation for atzcrat from the GVA Saratope which followed Amphiblous forces in the response Included TF 61 62 with BLT 372 embarked When U S deciston makers perceived thita serious crate was not going to materialize the force was returned to normal operations ‘The entize operation lasted for approximately two days Aspects ofthe response are covered in AACU Bendix and the Sith Fleet Command Hatory Lace 4—5 1968 16 After Pathet Lao forces had infleted serious defents on the neserallet fiction tn Laos @riving them from thete strong potncs on the Platne de Jasres U S forces de— played to the aren The caries force included the Ticonderogpn and the Ranger both atack carziers« ‘This force was accompanted by 1 CA and 5 DD ‘Tne amphibious force constated of approximately 1 BLT cazzied by the Princeton LPH 5 and 2 other amphibious ships A coasefize agreement vas reached on 21 April ‘The forces revumned to normal Seventh Flect anstgunents on 5 May Bendis Glimore and AACU provide information siar d—e 1983 4 A number of events increased tenelon tn Halt a — on 16 April the government announced t had uncovered a plot to over— throw the Dvaliee regime c a — on 23 April as tenslons contlnied to mount Haitian forces entered the embmssy ofthe Domincan Republic and selzed 22 Haltian exiles who had sought aeylum there ca CONfIP m — on 26 April following threats of military action by the Dominican Republic Hai released the exiles and withdrew police from the ebony ¢ ® — on 28 April Hilt beoke diplomatic relations with he Dominican Republics ® — the U S withdrew a 30 man USMC teatning detachment from Hatt on 29 Apeit ® on 3 May Hatt declared maneial laws ® on 8 May U S cltsens were emacuated from Halts ® — when President Divalier refined to give up office at the ond of hls Tegal term the U S broke diplomatic relations on 17 May # on 3 June when the atsition stabilised nd with Davalter avll holding power the U S resumed diplomatic relations ‘The U S miltary reeponse included the CVA Shangri—L accompanied by 1 DLC 3 DOR 2 DDG 2 DD and 4 M50 ‘The amphibious force Included 1 LPH Goxes plus 1 AKA 1 APD 1 LSD and 1 LST It careted HQ 6th MBU BLT 2 6 Prov MAG 40 and KM 264 YitA 5s of the 6th MEU was deployed to Guantanamo Prclup amphibious forces included the 4th MEB embarked on the LPH Thetle Bay HQ Company 6th Marines HMM 265 and A 1 8 BUT 2 2 was alerted for allie A landing force aa not put on shore Navy ships emcuated 2 279 civilians on 8 May During the criete the UK deplayed 1 DD and 1 DB the Erench deployed 4 dessroyec umes Bendis Selected Analysla Glimore and AAGU cover the operation QP mun s i96s Following the previous Haltien Cziate the Domialcan Republle provided asstazance — to Haitien rebela who opposed the Divalier regime Groups of Hinton extlen invaded Haft on 5 and 15 August — can al gat A 9 iho SMHS o mko on 6 August the Caribbean Ready Amphibious Squadon saled to the Gulf of Gonave It was on staion by 8 August and withdraum on 22 Auguot« ‘me amphibious force constated of 1 LK over 1 AKA 1 APD 1 LD and 1 LST Marine forces embarked Included 1 MRU formed around BLT 2 2 The only cartier comected withthe operation was the CVA Forrestal which was tested for the response ‘Tne Haiti government easly defeated the rebels ‘The Dominican Republic government which had provided support to the rebels was itself overthrou in September seo below selected Analyate Bendix AAGU and Gllmore cover ficets of the operation Vieam Civil Disorders 8—12 1963 § ‘The U responded toa sertes of domestlc dlsthincen in South Vietmam which culminated in the coup overthrowing President Diem Carzter forces in the contingency response included the atiick unite Hancock and Oriskany Amphibious forces included the LPH Iwo Jima carrying an eatimated 1 BLT limore and AAC ase the best sources Bendix also covers the opezation« pro—no0 sh $4 As is the case with other incidents involving the People‘s Reniblle of Chine ouly pusttal information to available concerning thls operation see the entry for PRG—ROG anon on 20 September the GVA Huneosk was dizected to more to a postion off Takvan in astteipation of a PRC bommcdment o the offshore flends tt appeaze to have heen in postion on the 22nd and to have departed from the ataton en route to Yokota on the 240 tne PRG—ROG tenstons tii prompted this response may have been engendered by the level of ROG satding activity directed at the matnland Glimore‘s entry for 20 UWLASSRE apa A CONFBSNIMAALTC ® NHS hgh August 1963 notes a 20 eource‘a announcement tht there had been 15 Chinese Nattonatint ndings on the mainland atnce May of that year As is the case with come other responses no Information is available concerning the posslile participation of amphiblous or auetice combatant types tn this action GHimore notes the tnitetton of the operation Addtional information ts commined in files matazatned at the Navy Hletory Genter Dut to also avallable in unclassied files matazained at the Brookings Intltion This to the lst entzy inthe Internationa Icidento projects files in which the PRG vas the principal target for U S actions excluding engagements which were ze— Hated to the Indochinese Was ‘The fice thas this to the lant incldent tavolving China may be related toa shif tn U S diplomatic policy which took place in ate 1963 onzly 1964 in which the U 3 attempted to reduce the level of tenston between the People‘s Republ and the 0 5 soe Seymour 1976 269 for a brief discussion of American diplomatic overtures dseing this pertog ¢ — pomiatean Repustic 9—12 1968 On 25 September a coup overtiew the government of President Bosch ‘This ccouered during a period when the U S government was extremely concerned with the overthrow of Latin and Centeal American governments by miltary coups ‘The U 5 evapended diplomatic relations and out off econontc ald Additionally the Carttbean Ready Amphibious Squadron was alerted for the response This unit was formed around the LPH Rover and would have conducted operations with 1 BLT as the bastc Maxine force ‘The alert was cancelled on 14 December Selected Analysts and Bendix provide the best coverage f intonesta—nalayete 9—42 1968 ‘The Rederation of Milayata was created on 16 September ‘The Sukarno regime in Indonesia laid claim to some of Malayala‘s territories and conducted a guerilla war in Sabah and Sarawak provinces of the new Malaystan government that were located on the — inland of Borneo the lover portions of which were Indonesian ‘The Western responses to Indonesian activities was primarily carzied out by the ‘United Kingdom rith naslsnce from other Commonenlth nations such as Australia However there were some demonstrative actions taken ty the U S to support the Federation i n Mill Shel HJ mie hm ne of these was the vilt of the AV seaplane carzter Saltebnry Sound to Sing» apore from 29 November untll 17 December with the commander of the Serenth Fleet Patrol Force emberked Singapore wis at tat ime one of the component members of the Malaysion Redecation one atiack carzier was in the region during the pertod the Huncoek through early December followed by the Midway No other forces appear to have been directly in— voives AAGU and Bendix provide the best information Venemels—Golombia 11 1983 56 CNCLANT atreratt conducted surveillance for ships bettered to be carrying arms to the FALN revolutionary movement in Veneriela ‘The deatination of the ships was belteved to be a point near the Venezielan—Colombian borders ‘The operation appoazs to have commenced on 9 November On 13 November ate czaft ot Task Unit 1 7 7 sported the proluble target and ended surveillance after no— tifying the Venemelan Navy No carters surfice combatants or amphibious forces appons to have been in— votved in the response Giimore provides the best coverage Bendis also ists the operation Zansttue 1 1964 fo on 12 january a rebel movement overthrew the zegime in Zanzibar Civil dis orders accompanied thi action on 13 january the U S DD Manley evacuated 54 U S citizens and 36 nationals of other countries It was accompanied iy HMS Ouen and RFA Hebe In this operation Many sources omit this operation Giimore provides coverage No ampithtous or carrier forces appos tohave been Involved in the response Ironically the evacuees were conveyed to Daz es Saisam Tanganylin see below cas C C U I a — 4 — Tergroyta 1 1964 After the Manley carried evacuees from Zanzibar to Dar es Salaam it headed north towazda Aden On 20 January there was an army mutiny in Tanpunyika ‘The Manley was directed to return there for possitle evacuations On 25 January Beiish forces landed in Bast Afriea and put down the mutloy« No additionat evacuations were required Hankinson provides an excellent summary of the British operation in Bast Africa Glimore cites the USN response r Caribbean Survetllnce—Cutm 14 1984 «8 Giimore provides the best summazy of tis operation As a result of possible azme emugsling and related tenstons under Cuban spon— sorshlp two DB—type ships eupported by maritime ate as a qulck response force or survelllance intercept operations were stated in the southern Certhbean The mlasion o this force included the conduct of ship operations and teat r— veillance to fctltate unilateral and bilateral operations if lected ‘he work of the force was terminated 14 April 1964 entzy for 15 Janunsy 19694 For the most past the Internationa Incldents project te operations ofthis sort in conjinetion with the names of the counezy or countries that were the promimed taz gots for Cutnn activity e1g the earlier reference to Venemiela Since this was a special patrol orfented more towards the source of the arms trate thin the tegete it to being carried as a separate operation Bendix cites tis operation t mibsumes the Yuentan Channel entry found in Bendix Pasama 1—4 1964 i On 9 Jumuasy the Government of Panama avepended diplomatic relations with the United Sates ‘Thi followed serious ztoting in the Canal Zone triggered by a dispute concerning the Aytng of the U S and Panamanian flags which left 4 0 5 eoldlers and 20 ranamantans dead — At the time the Caribbean Ready Ampibloss Spadron was in the aree to contict Jungle warfare training A BLT was embarked This unit remained In the aren unull 18 February cos MisbAini® 1 W lnubiici® ONFIRENTAL UT NOgnLD U X is uncunssiieos On 18 February this untt was zelleved by another amphtbloss squadron with the 8th MEU embarked ‘This untt included the LPH Gam The second force remained in the area ual 10 Aprt On 3 April the U and Panama reached political agreements and xesumed dip lomatic recognition ‘Tne best available information Indloates that oly amphibious forces were Involved in the response selected Analysts NMCG Bendix and Gllmore oite the operation and the political events which lead to the response ¥enemela 1—11 1964 gp busing this period Culm was belteved to be supplying Venemselan zebele with arms and personnel The 0 5 established special surveillance patrols in zesponse Only VP atzeratt and auctuce patzot unite were involved in th operation ‘The patzol terminated on 7 November after observing more than 200 vessels Bendix CHimore and the CINOLANTRLT Command History cover the response in summary Sometimes this response to divided int a number o separate aub—zesponses It appeae tht it was one conttmous operation with Intermittenc levels of activity as tz gota for observation prosented themaetvess Ciprue 110 098 C Major U S involvement in the Cyprus Ceists began tn te Jamsazy when the United Kingdom ndlcated that it was no Touger prepared to astempe to manage the crtate by iteett buring an exslter period of communal tension 27 December 1963 through 6 Jansezy 1960 a Sixth Fleet destroyer had been stationed off the Inland ‘Tne U S response and the criels fel tto a number of phases ‘The fest phase took place in January and Rebruazy After renewed conflet be— ween Tuzkish and Greck fictions occurced on the 2tet of January elements of he Sixth Fleet were deployed to he vietatys f ¥inH W11 k 4 A suztace combatant patrol was established off the northwest coast of the stand This force was on station by the 25th and usually constated ofa single DD or DDG An amphibious squadron was on station from 27 Jamiazy through 6 March These were contingency evacuation forces ‘The destroyer vas oa 12 nautical miles from the Lalands the amphibious group approximately 120 matical miles avy During late January a Tuckish tivaston of the faland was feared ‘To prevent this the U 5 engaged tn diplomatic Inftatives Bagtnaing on 9 Febuary Goorge Ball went on a mtsston to Athene Nicorla and Antazas During this perfod there was no military evacuation However beginaing on 4 Februazy U S oltieens were evacusted via chartered commerical airliners ‘The sccond phase of the eries teak place in March Although the UN Security Come had voted on 4 March to establish a percekeeping force on the lend fighting conttnied On the 10th through the 13th Turkey alerted ts forces and appeared to be preparing for an tavaston At this time the Navy forces Included PHIBRON 4 the destroyer patrol off the north coast and a carter group formed around the Enterprise on sation approximately 250 miles south of the tstand The aituatton stabilised comehat with the aeival of the UN force te flrst con tingents areived on the 16th and the force went Imo operation on 27 March ‘The thied phase of he ertate took place in June ‘There was evidence that Turkey planned an tnvaston The U S political response took the form of a atirply worded diplomatic note from President Johnson to the Government of Turkey warning of the ze— percusslons that would follow from an tnvaslon and the second Bull medlation mloslon to the region Forges on staion from 5 to 7 June Included 1 DD on the surfice patrol and the Enterprise group atationed within 8 hours ofthe eland ‘Penslone absted on the 7th in July Dean Acheson attempted to mediate the criste His plan was refected by the Government of Cyprus The final phase ofthe ceiels took place tn August Following attacks on Turkish Cypriot villages Turkish atreraft attacked Greek Cypriot pottions on Cyprus ‘These — atracks took place on the 7h through the 9th cas R l HY BYH8R on 8 August a CTG formed around the Roosevelt was on Its vay to a holding posltion 100 miles west of Cyprus t and fs escorta operated on thi station unl relleved on 29 August by the Forestal At the same time the destroyer force vas on 3 hoe reaction status — 7 ‘Tenstons eased with a censefize on the 10d Agreement on the role to be played hy the UN force on the 22nd of October also heljed to stabilize the station ‘Tne requirement for a CTG was cancelled on 2 September the destroyer paseo terminated on 16 October» Generally one atiack carrier va fnvolved in th Intermitiant deployments dring the course of the response The hmsle amphiblous force conslated of I BLT 2 APA 1 AKA 2 LSD and 1 LST BLT 3 2 and PHIBRON 6 were reltered on station by BLT 1 8 and PHIRRON 4 on 6 Feb roary The north coast pitot force usially consisted of a single destroyer type DD or tog Climore Bendts Ides NMCC Command Histories and AACU cover facets of the response geaett s—4 1984 Following domestic unzest which culminated to a miliary coup a Navy force including the GVA Forxestal moved off Santos Brazll This unl waa on station from 31 March to 3 Aprils On 2 April President Goulart was deposed and Mezzlll eworn in as the new President of Brazil Climore covers the operation Laoe 46 1964 D Following an abortive coup attempt by xightest Royal Laction forces on 19 April Pathet Lao unite made incrensed gains in thels civil conter against other fictions — on 21 Aprll the Kitty Hiwk and 3 destroyers were directed to a postion within 48 hours of Danang cus C # m R On 18 May carrier atrcentt begun low level erfal reconnatasence miastons over Lace On 7 and 8 June Navy planes fying reconnalsounce mlostons were shot down over Laoe In reatlation on 9 Jane the U5 flow ate strikes apuinat Pathet Lao anti—aizczntt positions Constellation end Kity Haw were the atiack carters Involved On 21 May the standing cazzler presence at Yankee Station vis tnilateds Amphibtoue forces were defintely in the regton diring this perfod but do not seem to have been fnvalved in this operation ‘The reeponse ts covered tn the NMCC Operational Summazy CINCPAC Command Hiatory Glimore AACU and Bendix Guantanamo 47 1964 v This was one of the more serious perfods of Cuban hasassment On 27 April there were indications that he goveenment of Cut intended to have demonateations take place along the perimeter of the Ince ‘The Caribbean Ready Amphiblous Squadron Including the LPH Boxer and 1 BLD wa deployed to the hase daring the perfod 1 7 May An Increased state of readiness at the bese continued through Jal A continuing problem from 6 February through 30 July was waters the Cubans hed cut offthe water supply in Februazy On the latter date the fit desalination plane be— came operational Selected Analyels Bendix and Climore are the sources for this response mamashsst The U S was concerned that violence might accompany the Prestdenttal elections in Pasama On 7 May the Caztbbemn Rerdy Amphtbloss Squadron Including 1 LPH and 1 BLT see preceding Cum 1 7 1964 entzy was directed to redeploy from Guantanimo to the — vietny of Panama zemalaing out of aight of land t arzived on 10 May and remained usett 20 May The election was held on 10 May and the results certified on the 13th ° c—so u e H Y Ur Lade IU B H No cartier forces appeat to have been tavolved tn the response — Selected Analysts covers the response Dominican Republic 7 1964 on 24 July the Navy began 4 days of special pzol operations designed to detect Cuban activities e g azms shipments directed at the Dominican Republic Only surface and ats patrols were conducted There to no evidence that amphibious and carsier forces participated in the response Gilmore and Bendix cite the operation cut of Tosktn 8 1984 On 2 August North Vietmamese MTs engaged the USS Maddox ‘The Maddox and atzeraft from the CVA ‘Teonderoga sank two of the patrol boats and damaged a thiz Oon 4 August the destroyers Maddox and Turner Jor were again engaged to patrols boats were mink ‘The Ticonderogs provided GAP Retallatory eteikes gaint the North Vietmamese mainland were announced by the President on 4 August On 5 August they were cxeied out by aircraft from the Tien derogn and Constellation This vas operation ‘Plerce Arron‘« The Internationa Incidents project dates the begtmning of the Vietsam Indochina War from the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which followed these attacks on 10 August 1964 Bendix and the CNCPACELT Gommand History cover the operation Wlemam Indochina Wer 8 1964—3 1979 ‘Tne beginaing of U S tnvolvement o detined by the Gult of Tonkin Resolution 10 August 1964 ‘The end ts defined by th final evacuation from Saigon 29 April 1975 mm s i0st g8 On 7 August CINCLANT Intlated a two—day surveillance operation designed to to— cate a ship that was belleved to be connected with Haitian rebel forces» ‘The response involved surfice and aerial ptzols no carters or amphibious units were involved ost Bendix CINCLANT Command History and Gilmore axe the sources for this response Panama 1 1965 — Pasama 1 1965 On 7 January USCINGSO begun to prepare forces in antlclpaton of posetble riot» ing that might accompany the lest anniveraazy of the 9 Janay 1964 lots covered in the Panama 14 1964 entzy above Most of the preparations Involved the Canal Zone police force and the Army Beigade stationed in the Zone However on 9 Jamazy USNAVSO hid 1 LST dodleated tothe contingency operations 1t was on 1 houe sailing notice on the Pacifc aide of Panama This LST remained on alert on 10 January when some of the oter forces were released fom ill time alert statue On 12 January this LST to well as mont of the other forces which had been alerted was releused to normal operational activity« ‘This operation to covered in the NMGC Z0 Taxssaie 1 1968 ‘The 18 Jammzy 1965 p 13 eatzy tn the NMCG Operational Simmazy atatens Following the expulaton from Tunzznia of Consul General Cazlucel and Deputy Chit of Mloston Gordon the Department of Sate requested thit USS Richard K Keane D—419 b dizected to take ataton within 10 hours resction time and out o aight of Hand for posethle evacuation of U S natlonale from Tanzania ‘The JG dizected CINCSTRIKE USCNCMEARSA to alert COMIDRASTEOR to the posstbiliy of an evac watton mfaston from ‘Purzanta hat fndleated no change tn schedule of port calls Because of fel requizements COMIDEASTFOR dizected the Keaus to proceed from Tumatave to Dlego—Susze for Aeling and then to proseed to the 10—hour ze action station ‘The Kraus departed Diego—Swxez at 170250 EST and was estimating arrival onthe 10—houe ae at 172330 BST ‘The Department of State cancelled the cequirement for the misslon at 171122 EST and the Kraus was directed to zesume normal operations This was the third evacuation contingency operation involving Tanzania In to years see the casiter operations Involving Its to component parto ‘anganyiln 1 1964 and Zansthur 1 1964 cose igs At ® MU ARSHY E £ l Th eitish Gutana 4 1965 Th Ade and surfice patrols were undertaken in response to domestic violence The violence was beltered to be related to Cutun activites in the country On 11 Aprit Nivy atrceaft located a Cuban ship fihia de Neutrals which was betteved to he carrying aeme to rebel forces within British Gila Surveillance was held until HMS Rothesay arvived on the scene No amphibious or careter forces were involved in the response Bendix and Giimore cite the operation ¥enczuela—Golombla 1 4 1988 _ 77 Another instance in which patrols were conticted by VP atzeraf and surfice com Intents in the Caribbean to identify clandestine arm shipments and movement of per somel No amphibious or careiez unite appoas to have been Involved in the operations Bendix and Ides cite the operation Dominican Repubttc 4 1965—9 1966 44 ‘The U S responded to otvl conflet in the Dominican Republic Intal actions Anvolved the evacuation of 0 5 rationals lter acts were directed at maintaining order and assisting in the establishment of a stable politcal climate tn the country Desper has a good critica ansonsment of the political aspects of the operation On 25 Aprit 1965 the U S embmasy Indloated that a landing might be required to protect American lives and conduct evacuations» y noon on the 26th an amphibious foree was on station south of the feland 12 hours off of Sarto Domingo This force conststed ofthe 6th MEB formed around BLT 3 6 and HMM 263 and was embarked in an amphiblous force constating of the LPH Boxer plus 1 LPD 1 APD 1 LSD and 1 LST An addittonal AKA vas on the northern aide of the tent Evacuations commenced on the 27th By the 30th ca« 2 400 evacuees had been ze moved by the amphibious force os £ I mus msbr t As the altuation continued to deterlceate elements of the 6th MEU 2 compantes — plus battalion HQ landed on the 28th Addltlonal elements of he MBU followed on the 29th By the end of the 23th approximately 1 500 Maines were in the Dominican Reputitc Army ateborne untte begun to deploy on the 30¢h By 1 May a total of 1 580 Mezines and 2 262 Army troops were on the stand ‘The U S force on 5 May Included 10 210 Azmy troops 6 924 Maines organized fato a 4 BUT Ath MRB plus PROV MMG 60 plus a Niv force on station which Included 6 destzoyere 2 attack cargo shipe 3 amphibious transports 2 amphibious assault hips 3 amphiblous lending ahips and 2 minammeepers Addllonal forces alerted for the operation Included 1 CA 1 CVA 1 CVS and 11 Do on 7 May Army LTGBN Palmer was designated as the communder of 0 3 forces and the Ney commanded JT was dlesolved On 23 May the Imer—American Force was crested with Brazilian General Panasco Alvtm as commander Palmer served as his deputy By 6 June 1963 all Maine forces had been withdesim Thie dld not end Mrzine pestielpation n the response the Garfbean Ready Amphiblass Squadron CHIBRON 10 remained on alert The Navy force supporting this operation TE 124 was dia—established on 28 September 1965 ‘The Nivy continued to support the operation by providing contingency forces ‘The most algificant contingency response came tn Jeniazy 1966 Domintcan Re public Proviatonal President Godoy published a decree which anotgned a number of lead ing officers both loyullots and rebels to foreign atiche positions on 6 Jamuay Iter American Force troops assumed a state of Increased readiness ‘The 1 BLT Certhbean Ready Amphiblous Squadron inderviy to Guantanamo on 7 Janay was part of the con— tingensy force which was not required to go ato action as eventa setled down by the 10th On 28 June 1966 0 5 forces begun to be withdeaim from the country The operations of the Inter—American Force ended on the 20th of September 1966 Career forces in the operation Included 1 CVA and 1 CVS ‘The LPH unlte which perielpated in the course of he respose were the Roser Guadalcanal and Okinawa cose ge v U ar BUWE LS t 5 Al mut ‘The NGG provides the best running account of the operation« All of the major sources have something to say concerning t ¥emen 2 1965—11 1987 74 Bendix contains an entey for a 7—8 1965 Yemen response which tnvolved MIDEASTFOR svefice combatants carzying out presence and surveillance mizstons« July and August 1968 were czitical months in the Yement ctil war Egyptian President Nasser and Saudt King Faysel agreed to convene a conference of Yemente from all actions to establish an interim government prior to the withdrawal of Egyptian forces trom Yemen ‘This entzy encompasses the eariter Bendix one and draws upon addltlonal source materials availaile at the Operational Archives of the U S Nivy Hntortcal Division the Bendix study‘s survey of operational activity ended tn August 1969 ‘me U S response to the Yemen civil was involved both international fcets of that contict— on the one hand it bore on U S support for Saud Arabi In te com petiton with Egypt ‘This competition ook place both in Yemen as exch becked dit ferent Yemen factions and throughout the Middle Bast The other ficet of the conflict related tothe probleme the United Kingdom encountered in its Southorn Arabian Pod exation as the Republican fiction in Yemen Sana supported ebo movements in what was to become the Recple‘s Democeatic Republic of Yemen also known as South Yemen and Yemen—Aden ‘The conference of Yement fictions referzed to inthe fest pesageaph mee from 23 November to 24 December 1968 without coming to agreement The fallure of the conference lead to renewed tenstons batween Egype and Saud Arabla« ‘The Saudi Gov» ernment was concerned about the posstbilty of Rgyprian aracks ‘The Seus requested incronsed American ship vite to Saud Arabla and preased for early delivery of HAWK ate defense misatles and ate defense atzcratt MIDEASTFOR vialto and presence in the aren tn the period through April 1966 helped to alleviate Saud fears ‘Through early 1967 the attution remained critical with the Saud Government re— porting Rgyptian atiacks on Saudt towns ‘The settlement of the Studi Bgyptian crieto over Yemen appears to have heen die in large part to Egypt‘s detent in the June 1967 Wer On 31 August 1967 the Egyptians and Sudle agreed to the terms for the with draval of Egyptian troops from Yemen The acmal withdraval was tniiated in September ‘The attuation in Southern Yemen changed with ite achtevement of Independance tn Novem— her 1967 ‘The destroyers of MIDEASTEOR were the principal miltary policy instruments employed ty the 0 5 in this response oss ‘dhl Sol I CONFIdENMNAL imigidde ecient ‘The best sources for information concerning this respose are files mantained in the Operational Archives of the U S Navy Hlztory Divieton MIDEASTFOR Command Histories Bendix and lr some of the major pollical events A Select Chronology Midile Base § — Cpmes iees ‘The 1964 Cyprus Geiste had ended without resolving the major fosves that had caused communal tenatons on the Island notably the statue of the minorlty Turkish Cypriot community In late July the Government of Cyprus predominately Grek Cyprio announced changes in the electoral system the extention of the term of office of Presldent Matalon and the dlemiasel of Vice President Fuztl Kutchk ‘The Turkish Cypriot community protested these actionss On 3 August the Government of Turkey acting to protect the Interent of Turkish Cypriots brought the taove of the constltilonal changes to the atteaton of the UN Security Council On 10 August the Secueity Gouneil called upon all aides to the conic to avoid taking any actions that might exacertate the cetete While tenston increased on the telend the erie had very litle effect It is of fax less aigaificance than the 1964 1967 1974 and 1975 Cyprus Geisen Both Bendix and Idee cite the response without covering it i devils Both Indicate that careter unite were Involved tn the ceapoone It appears that the two G¥As in the aren alternated as the contingency unit ‘The GVA force conslated of the Shangei—La and Roosevelt ‘The CVS Randolph which was in the Mediterranean during part of he perlod does not pens to have played a role in this response ‘The amphibious force to cited by both sources as a fctor In the 0 5 response TF 61 62 constated of BLT 2 2 embarked on 2 LSD 2 APA 1 AKA and 1 LST While the details of the operation aze sketchy it appeare to resemble the 1967 response more thin the 1964 one tn that lementa of the feet ld not close to the immediate aren — Bendix Ides and Cyprus Cries len malatatned at the U Navy Hlstory Divlaton are the best sourcee for information c—se mss Indonenta 9 1965—2 1966_ f On September 30th there was an abortive rebellion tivolytng elements of the In donestan Gommuntat Pasty and the Indonesian Army» ‘The relationship of Itonestan President Suarno to this coup Is uncertain Van Der Kroet provides a good summary treatment of what te known about the coups a GIA research stidy ‘Idonesta—1969 The Coup That Backtized‘ gives a detailed account After the fllure of the coup there was a massive purge of members of the Indo— nestan Communist Party In addtion President Sukarno begun to ose power to the Indonestan miliary President Sukazno ylelded to an Army ultimatum and turned over authority to General Suharto on 12 March 1966 In lte Joly a new cabinet was formed which was headed by Suharto While affective poser wma in the hands of Subazto he was not formally named President of Indonesta until March 13 1967 Very litte is known concerning the U S xesponse to this coup and its aftermath The CINCPAG Command Hlstory for 1965 Indleates that an amphibious tack force vas standing by as a contingency evacuation force over the perlod 2—9 October the period — of serious fighting following the inital coup attemp t s not clear which ampitblous forces in the Seventh Fleet were Involved in this operation ‘The most cbntous candidice units are 76 2 1 2 APA 2 LSD and the LPH Iwo Jima and 76 2 2 2 AKA 1 AP 3 Ls plus Contro s Eiga Indo—Paistant War £0—42 1969 19 On 11 September 1 AVP and 1 DD from MIDEASTROR left Sihreln en route to Kazacht Paktatan They were sent as a contingency evacuation force in response to the wa which had broken out In th first week of September Thel ETA was set at 1500 hous EDT on the 14th ‘They were directed to zemain out of atght of land once arriving on station On the 15th USAF planes evsounted U otilisns from West Pakistan A com» parable operation was flown in Bast Pakistan on the 19th On the 2lst the MIDEASTFOR evacuation contingency force constated of 1 AVP and 2 DD They were directed to take stations within aix hours reaction time of Kazacht in case additonal evacuations were requized ost C m on the 27th the forse was reduced to 1 AVP and 1 DD and the reaction time vas increased trom 6 to 48 hore on 5 October the two ships were released to return to repilex operationss — ‘The NMCG provides the best coverage of he operation 44 Greek Coup a i9e7 ‘me military coup took place on 21 Aprils In response a carrier group formed around the OVA America wae immediately dispatched to the Tontan Sea Its mleslons Included 1 a how of force 2 poonlble helicopters evacuations of personel G possthle evacuation of pecial weapone and assoclated perssnnel 4 the maintenance of communications links with 0 5 diplomatic stations on Cyprus A ready postuze was matotained tn the enstern Tonlan Sen until 13 May after a alg» aificant reduction in forces on the 26th of April Two amphtblase groups were in the Mediterzanenn to contict PHIBLEX 10—67 at Avanct fay Sardinia ‘This exerctse lasted from 18—20 April ‘The force conalated of Regimenial Landing ‘Team 6 with unite of BLT 3 8 and BLT 1 6 Amphtbtoue squadrons 12 and 6 provided the lif for there units ‘These two amphibious groups were included in the contingency task force Thel pritaazy ruleston wa to be prepared to assist in the evacuation of wespons and personnel ‘The best sources for the cperatton ae the Stith Fleet Commun Hlatory and the nce _ dod tear tx seoper on 13 May Rypt posttned fte forces on the Sinat border Ternel mobilized in response On 16 May the UN perccheeping force was removed on 22 May Riype announced that the Gilt of Agatm was to he closed to ernelt shipping This nitated the most seztous pre—war ple of the cries ‘The Marine BLT in the Mediterranomn cemained on Ihecty in Naples unetl 25 May when it went to Malin for a previous acheduled tataing exercise U S dectaton makere on the acene considered his to be a major ctiele management signal connitt Howe p 70 « ‘ oss jestem i 1 a 1 By 29 May the carriers Seratopm and America were on station off Crete At the same time the CVS careying a GVA atzwing Intropld was held of of Libya on the 24th to Indicate that it was not part of a criele zesponse The Intrepid transited the Suee Canal on the Stat en route to SEASI ‘The destroyer Dyess transited the Canal on 2 Jane Jolning 2 DDs from MIDEASTROR in the Red Sea Britsh operations caring the period revilted in he pooltloning of Bitish CVA on either side of the Stez Canal the Hermes off Aden by 31 May and the Vietorlous off Malta by 24 May ‘Tne waz commenced on the 5th of June Intally the fleet was held Ick to indlcate American non—involvement n the fighting ‘Tne first significant feet movement occurred on 6 June The 0 5 and Soviet ‘Unton differed as to the form that a ceasefire agreement should take In the words of Howe p 99 As it happened the Stith Fleet carrier task forces had begun speeding at trenty knots in a southeasterly dizection in order to vazy theis pooltion while atl maintaining a nevtral posture with respect to the Arab—lereell waz ‘The ships were under orders to remain at loast 200 miles from the ares of conflict and proceeded to a position about 100 miles southoant of Grete Although ths change of postton was ordered on the iltative of local commanders the movement represented a timely underlining of American determination By noon on 7 June the carriers had renvened to the viclatty of Grete« ‘Tne USS Liberty incident took place on 8 June ‘The second major Aet acton was orchestrated at the Washington level On 10 June the Syztan‘s situation hid become hopeless In response the Sovlets escalated thete shetorlc In reaction the President ordered a high speed movement of the carcier forse from the vietnity of Crete towards Syzia This lasted from 9 90 am to 1 00 pm Washington time A censefie agreement on the Syrian front was reached at approxt mately 1220 pm Final hootiMttes ended on 11 June os C f # _i N UF ‘he emphibtoue force stationed off of Malta during the response wa formed around ¢ BLT 1 6 ‘The Stith Fleet amphibious complement cing this perfod Included 2 APA 14A 2 £80 and 1st Howe gives the hest overall troatment ofthe response Selected Analyale and the Command Htstortes also provide good coverage sitee 10 1967 On 21 staber the ternelt destroyer Eilat was atiacked ty Rgyption shipe and struck by 2 aurfice—to—muzfice mination while on pacrol 19 nautical miles northonst of Port Said Two houre afer the Intel arack the Eilat was steuck by a third mizolle and sink ° In response GNCUSNAVEUR ordered tvo GVA task groups formed around the iL and Sezatopt to assume posttons west of the 25th meridian and 100 miles north ot ws Atsican coast 1t s possiile that the Navy‘ response vm ntlienced by an erroneous report that a second feeaelt ship had been sunk ‘The two—houe ime Interval benveen the attacks on the Etta led t the erzoneous report ‘The NMGG provides good aummazy covernge o the operation an it was perceived at the time Orpmue 1112 0907 n 15 November there was zeneved communal violence on Cyprus This led to a contingency deployment of certain elements of the Sith Flest in anticlpaion of pos alie erecuattons ‘Mhroughout the response Soth Fleet unite remained away from the inland to avold ercating the impression that he U S was siding with one of ts NATO allies to the deteiment of another ‘he principal contingency force from 15 through 20 November ncluded the GVA Roosevelt 2 DD and the amphibious group formed around BLT 1 2 Mert status was selaxed on the 20th as negotiations were being conticted ‘The Vance mtaston assived in Turkey on the 23rd Following a Turkish rejection of proposals a second contingency deployment took place This volved 1 CVA Eooperel and 2 DD in the vicatty ot Greece c—so yot NHMLE On 28 November Vance worked out an agreement that vas acceptable to both Greece and Turkey this eased tenstons« On the 22th Cyprict Archbishop end chief of sate Makarios relected the terms o the agreement After his ultimate accesston to fts terms on 4 December the ertals passed The preponderance of the fleet was released from contingency atatus on 6 December the final units wero released on the 8th ‘The amphibous group was a fictor tn planning through t ke all other unite ze mained cleas of the immediate vietnity of Cyprus It conslated of BLT 1 2 2 APA 1 AKA 1 LSpard1 Lot ‘ere was an evacuation of 0 5 citizens conducted by commercial atreratt on the 2th ‘There was no disect miltary involvement in thi evacuation though the forces were available n the aren If they had been required Various ficets ofthe response are covered in Ides NMCG GHtmore and Command Histories Pueblo 1—972958 The Pueklo was caped on the 23rd of January No U S forces were In a po— attion from which they could rescue the ship before it was taken Into Wonsan harbor on the 2ith TG 70 6 consisting of the CVA Enterprise plus 1 DLG and 4 DD was directed to Koren y the end of the 2th it was on station south of Korea and aast of Japan On the 25th of Januazy 1 CA Joined the Enterprise group On the ame day TG 70 0 CVS Yorkzoum plus 6 D0 and TG 77 7 CVA Ruger plus 3 DD were en route to fon the Enterprise group off of Kores ‘The Ranger group arcived on the Sist Joining the Enterprise off of the eastern coast of Korea ‘The Yorktown group was in a posttion off Pasan Koren by the 2nd of Febwuasy on Febuary 6th the Enterprise was dizected to go through the Teshima Stzatte remaining within 12 hours of the Korean operational aren On Fetuazy 16th COMCARDIY ONE eransterzed from the Enterprise to the Banger the Enterprise went to Yankee Station on 1 Murch the CVS Kearoezge relieved the CVS Yorkton which went to Yankee Sutton The GVA Coral See replaced the Renger on 5 March On 22 March the carrier commitment to the region ented there were Intermittent deployments after that polnt hut no standing CV force On 22 December 1968 the crew of the Puchlo was released ro—rm 41960 on 15 April a U S Navy reconnatassnce plane was shor down by DPRK fighers over the Sea of Japan SAR operations were immediately inftlted ‘The Niny‘s con— tribution to this effort Included two destroyers O the 15th Secretary of Sate Rogers requested the Soviet Unton‘a nsslatance in the SAR effort A Sovtet force in the azen L DD and 1 DLG was cooperative It ze— — covered deteis from the EG—121 allowed a USAF plane to low orer the DLG to photogeeph the material and transferred Itto one of the U destroyers SAR efforts terminated on 19 April TE 71 was activated denwing unite from SEASIA By th night of 18—19 Apell i Ind gathered in the Busk Strait on tte way north It conslsted of 3 atack carziers Ziconderops Ranger and Enterprise 1 CVS Homme 1 CG 1 OA 2CLG 2 DLG plus 17 oter destroyer tes ay 21 Apell it was in the Sen of Jupan« ‘The bulk of th force opezated in the aren wntllthe 26th ‘The Baterpeine plus eacorts remained for 10 additonal daye« No operations were conticted against the territory of the DPRK during the course of he operation Command Histortes and the NMCC provide the best coverage Letwnon—Lityan Contingency Operations 9—11 1969 — A coup overthrew the Lyon manazchy on 1 September On the same day ° USCINCHUR directed his esbordinate commanders to review plans fo noncombar— ant evacuation and other contingencies Commands were advised that no implementing settons were to be taken 1 « i d M As the aeive the thane wis nome consens that the soup seight have bean setated to a major Soviet naval exercise which took place off Bgy Jeose Leats pp» 73—7 provides an unclassified evaluation of thin argument The Libyan coup was immediately successi ‘The U S extended diplomatic recognition to the new regime on 7 September A the seme time conditions were very unsettled in Lebwnon On 22 October Lelmnase Prime Minister Karam resigned in response to protests against his use of the Letanese Army to nklM the use of Lebanese terzitory by Palestinian forces carrying out atacks against leracl In response on 23 October USCINOBUR began to evaluate contingency plans for posite Lebanese operations ‘The attwation in Letnon conttmed to deterforates On 23 October a $00—man Syrian force was reported to have entered Letnon On 24 October serious fighting # cecurzed in the Letrnese city of Tripolt On 27 October planning was expanded to Include Lilya as well as Letunon as a P rarget for contingency operations ‘Through at least 19 November planning involved both nations as events in Lebanon were seen to have posslite repercusstons for Libya On 2 November Lebanese and Palestinian forces agreed upon a consetizes zee Navy forces participated in the contingency response Over the period 25—30 October these were GTG 60 1 located ast of Grete and 450 nmi from Lebanon formed around the CVA Remedy CLG Lide Rock wih COMSICTHELT 2 DG and 8 Dos Amphibtous TG 60 1 located near Souda Bay Grete consisting of PHIBRON 4 t LA 1 LRA 2 LSD and 1 L6 plus 1 embarked BLT GTG 60 2 consisting of the GVA Seratopn 1 GG 1 DLG and 5 DD On 26 October this force was located in the Tyezhantan See and was prepared to conduct operations off either Libya or Lebanon Erom the 26th to the 30th this force waa moved at night and — wunder EMGON conditions to a new holding positon between Slelly and Grete which brought tt closer to both nations Information on the operation to contained in the NMGC Command Hlatorten and Gtmore css tth Trinidad 4 1970 0 ‘The Government of Teinidad and Tolmgo declased a state of emergency on 21 April n response to ctv unsent and a mutiny imolving approximately 60 troops of — the Trinidad and Tobago Reglment etiloned at Tereron tay Telaldad ‘The Carthbean Ready Group was ordered to sal t the vilatty of Trinidad saying 34 houre amy from the siand and out of atghe of land t‘s mloolon wae to nerve as a contingency force for the evacuation of U S nattonals ‘At the same time the U K frignte Jupiter also headed townzd the aree U on 22 April a U 5 arms shipment was delivered to the government by alzeraft U ‘The amphibtase force areived on station on the 2ded By the 2th the goremmment had the atsitton under control ‘The foree was zeloused from the operation on the ara U ‘Tne inital reeponse forse constated of 1 DLG plue the amphibious group BLT 3 2 and HMM 261 emberted In the Guam LPH 7 1 LIA 1 LSD and 2 LST ‘Ihe DLG was released from the operation on the 23rd U No evmoations were conducted No additonal Navy forsee appear to have been involved in the operation 0 NMCG provides excellent simmazy coveruge« Jordan 6 1970 U ‘he first of owo Jordanian Gztses tn 1970 ‘The American response focused on evacuation contingencies U on 9 June the Popular Pront for the Liberation of Paleatine PPE held 32 hovtages in a hotel in Amman 14 Ameztcans were among those held In additon on the same gay there was an unssccenstil acousstnation atiempt against King Hueseln« ‘There vas Aighting beoreen government and Paleatiian forces in Jordan C Contagency plans formutated on 10 June evieloned the use of the CVA Forrestal then located near Grete to provide ate cover It could provide support within TZ—24 hoses Army unite would have provided the landing force» 0 on 10 juse the Asstotant U S Army atiiche in Jordan was killed ty Patessitan forces Becaure ofthis and due to continued fighting the Secretary of State pave Embaazy Amman discretionary authority to evacuate 0 3 citizens — cee C A detatled plan for operations in Jordan vm net forth on 11 and 12 June It en vistoned support of an Army landing force by Navy unite at 8390 2008 CVA Forrontal plus escorts ‘The force TF 60 1 was on tation on the 12th Scheduled partiolpaion in exercise Dam Patrol was cancelled ‘enstons eased somentt on the 12th ‘he PFLP released its hontages« Chartered commercial atelines with Red Cross markings evacuated 154 non—combntants to Beleuc Because of tenslons in Lebenon the evacuees proceeded immediately to Athens On the 13th other chartered Sights resoued addlonat U civilins U While the ateition in Jordan abited tenslons Aezed tn neighboring Lebanon On 12 June demonstrators burned the Jordanian Embaney tn Betnwc« ‘The allt ofthe GOL to protest ca 6 000 U S citizens in Letinon was questioned by 0 5 authorities U ‘e perattonal plan for Lebanon grew out ofthe one formulated for Jordan« ‘The major change was the ncluslon of TF 61 62 with an embarked BLT In single landing this foree could condict the hulk of the evacuation ‘The BLT haid hegun an amphtbloue R exercise in Greece as part of NATO Exercise Dawn Patrol on the 13th Reembaziation would take 12 hours tanolt to Bleat added another 50 hours U The carzier Forrestal cemainad in the Eastern Medicerzanom as the ready carriers ‘me CVA Roosevelt eibstiuted as the host for the Secretary of Defense‘s vilt of 17 jue 0 Tenstons in Lebanon ahmted on the 15th On 17 June forces were zeturned to normal force resction times U ‘The limited Mazine sole in th tntlal phase ofthe contingency response appoare to have been die to a shortage of helicopters —The amphibious force in June constated of 1 BLT emncked on 1 LSD 1 LA 1 LPA 1 LPD and1 LST U ‘mme best source for information is the USCRICEUR Command tHltory» Jordan 9—10 1970 0 This ts the more significant of the two Jordanian Crises in 1970 f 2 Because of rising tenslons in the regton elements of the Sith Flest were put on alert on 3 September U On 6 September commercial atliners were hijacked and taken to Devreon Rleld another hijacking took place on the 9 ‘This was done ty the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine American citizens were among those held oyuoaNTink Sng eling f 5BMTOAL ‘The CVA Independence was moved to 33°N 33°8 on 9 September At the same — ttme USAF medical evacuation planes were moved to Turkey» on 11 September the PFLP began to release hostages The final hostagee were released on 29 September At this point the relative emphaste in U S planning hogan to shift from evacuation contingenctes on the order of thore envisloned in the preceding Jordanian Crista to operations designed to eupport the government of Jordanian King Hussein From 9 through 11 September there was fighting in Jordan beoreen Palestinian and Jordanian forces In response an additonal carrier task group wae moved east By the 15th Navy forcen in the Bustern Mediterranenn Included 2 attack carriers Indepent exce and Seratopm plue an amphiblous group TF 61 62 constating of BLT 2 2 embarked ont 19A 1 LPO 1 LK 1 LSD and 1 LST ‘Two significant events took place on 16 September President Non wan quoted by the Chicago Sin—Times as saying thie the U S would intervene If he GOJ was seri curly threatened and King Hussetn Inttated his ofenatve against Pleatinian forces — located in Jordan Sertous fighting broke out and conttmed on the 17th« on the 16th Syrian intervention began under the pretest that the forces crossing the border were Palestinian and not Syrian There wa an immediate U S response The CVA Kennedy was directed to move from the Attentlc to the Bastern Mediterranean In CONUS elements of the 8th MAB BLT 1 2 and HMD 369 were dizected to proceed to the Eastern Medersanoans LPH iam was inthis party» ‘me U S sesponse conttmed on the 19th with deliberately visthle troop movements in Germany and the alerting of the 82nd Atrborne Diviston inthe U S ‘The major Syzten tntervention took place on the 20th ‘The Jordanian Army fell ack On 21 September the Jordanian city of Iebld fel An all—out Jordanian counterattack on the 22nd routed the Syrians who were pushed out o Jordan on the 2izd and 24th on the 25th the Keanedy aeived on station tn the Bastern Mediterzanoan« The — tam arvtved on 1 October iter eatering the Mediterzancen on 29 September The President made a viatt to he Mediterrznonn on the 28th of September css Pree od By 5 October only 1 careier was on station in the Rastern Mediersenoen ‘The Soviets viewed this crisls with great serlcusness In the words of Zhurktn tn The U S A and International Politcal Geints p 50 The erfate threatened to become the most critical confronation since the time of the Caribbean cries tn 1962 The best coverage is provided by the USCINCBUR and Stith Fleet Command Histories Kalb and Kalb provide some of the politcal details lentregos 9 1970—6 1971 From July 1969 through April 1974 the Sortet Union deployed a variety of eitmazines and submazine tenders to Cu These deployments were viewed with groat serioumens 1 U S deciston makers as being possible violations of the post— Cuban Miasile Grists ‘undezstanding® concerning the placement of ‘ottestve‘ weapons systems in Cube Major Soviet deployment included an intial deployment in July 1969 tivolving Roxtrots # — two Fostrots and an Beto II visting Clentiegos in May 1970 a — the deployment ota tender and two barges ansociated with the servicing of nuclear submazines tn August 1970 # — the Febrmazy 1971 deployment of a November clase avimazine a a May 1971 deployment otan Bcto type outs # a Golf tpe tn April 1972 and 6 — a Golf vitt to Clentiegos in Ape 1974 Probutly de to the politeat senalttrty o the response Htle information Is avail ite concerning the Navy‘a actions tn this cperation Some Information to avaliable for the period September 1970 through June 1971 During this prod It vae asandard procs tise to have 1 DER of of Cleniegos Cin plus one or more destroyer types following the Soviet versels on thats deployments in the Caribbean For example on 18 Febuary the force constated of 2 DD 1 DER In addition Navy planes provided surveillance daring the deployments here ts no evidence that carziez or amphibious forces wero alerted or deployed in xeeponse tothe Soviet operations csr CHK The major U S response appeaze to have heen on the diplomatic level——the — reaching of a high level understanding with the Soviet Unlon concerning the deployments This took place in late 1970 cazly 1971 Gitmore cores some ofthe deployments Mechman and Levinson cover the Sorlet deployments tn dell and discuss the political response qui d—s ior Haltian President Rrancols Davaller dled on 21 April He was succeeded as chief of sate by his 19 year old son Jean—Claude The U S was concerned that this attuation might be explolted by Hatton exiles and or Cuban forces in response a surface patrol involving 2 frlgntes was established in the Win ward Passage The two units were on station from 22 April trough 6 May Some atreraft remained on patrol unit May 28th Additionally BLT 273 ocated in the U S wan alerted and carzled out a contingency — reaction dell on 22 Aprile ‘This unlt did not sale Giimore and Selected Analyats cover the operation Prtama Lines Cariibean Surveillance 12 1971 on 15 December the 55 Jonny Expres t Panamanian reglatey ship ooned by the Bxtama Lines Company wad fred upon and selzed by a Colma naval vessel in Dahaman territorial vaters neaz Litle Inigun Inland ‘The Jony Rapress had heen en route to Miami from Halt ‘The ship was hit by machine gin fies and rammed by the Culin veese in S0—1 class eubshsen ‘Three were belleved to have heen wounded Including the Capratn rho wae belleved to he a U S citizen The ship was taken under tow by a Cuban tug to Dezscos Cui In response CWNCLANT alerted 2 destroyers and several PA and RB alrorntt One destroyer lezzy was sent to conduct surveillance ‘The U S Count Guard dle patched SAR aurvelllance planes and helicopters to the scene and alerted tro cutters at Guantanamo Bay» Later in the sume month Cun gunboats setzed the Layla Express another ship — operated by the Babama Lines Company To protect the three remaining ships ofthe Une operating tn the Cazttbean the Navy provided urfice and ate pazrola ‘These tnvolved 1 DD 1 DER and P—3 atrerntt css C A ima BAQL i dhebastinit bt i diebipen NMCG and Gitmore provide coverage Indo—Paldetant Wax 12 1971—1 1972 ‘The Singladesh War began on 3 December On 7 December the head of the UN relief mloslon in Decca Bast Pakietan Rengladesh cabled New York and Indleated that evacuation of foreign civilians by means of carrier hmsed helicopters might be required On 8 December Amphihlous Group Alph formed around the LPH Teipolt was directed to move from Okinawa to the vielalty of Singapore in anticipation of a posslhle Indian Ocoan deployment ‘The Tripolf of—loaded some of Its Marine contingent to intten tome tentornaet te sgiealt ott lated eome of e Marla tinent tt 1 mores On 10 December TP 74 was formed from units on Yankee Station This force was based on the CVAN Enterprise Duzing the Indlan Ocean deployment the Enterprise was accompanied by 1 DLG 2 DDG and 4 DD On 12 December the Royal Ate Force evacuated Western natlonals from Bast Pasistan Rangladerh therely eliminating the requirement for an American evacuation operation ‘Task Force 74 entered the Indien Ocean on 15 December ts mizstons appear to have been to demonstrate American opporltion to the Inan atiack on Pakistan and to deter any attempts by Inia to follow up on its victories in Bast Paklatan with an all out assault on West Paklzan Tnftaily the task force moved to a pota half—vay up in the my of Bengal Duztng this perfod pro to the termination of the waz Soviet naval unite meme mansk The was in the east ended on 16 December TE 74 headed to Point Charile off f neuermnaiine Following the end of the fighting Sovlet maval unit in the Intlan Ocean bopun to move closer tothe U S force Tne task force lef the Indlan Occun on 8 Jumsazy and was disestablished on 10 Jinny RG 220 provides the best coverage of the operation and was used in the construction ai i i aoi A1 o ooh ain tnnapied dring the deployment Giimore Selected Analyste Ides and Command Hlstories also provide information concerning the response css MMS OntipeNitiai Latunon 46 1973 0 During April thero was fighting between Lebanese army unite and Palestinian forces located in Lemmon On 3 May the Yarm Brignde made up of alestialane who had fed to Syzia ollowing the 1970 Jordanian Griaes entered Lobman Lebanese officials contacted the U Eminasy asking about posslhle American support for the Government of Lesson C On 3 May evacuation contingency plans were reviewed On 4 May USCNCEUR reported his contingency plans to the JGS The Navy‘s cantritution would have included the 32nd MAU then conducting training at Timbakfony this unlt would have taken 45 hoes to reemarkc and arrive off Bert The CVA Forestal could be on tation 150 nem of Beirut within 26 hours The GVA Keanedy would require 67 hours to arzive on suation 0 On 4 May a ceasefire was announced ‘The Yermuk Beigade withdrew tnto Syzia € Because the aisution remained unpredietatte planning conttived ‘The Navy‘ contzliution finder these plan would have involved an augmentation force from LANTGOM of 1 OVA group and 1 MAB plu amphibious if The extize set of con— tingency plan and operations was entled Fluld Drive » 0 Contingency plans were developed for a number of scenarios ranging from the evacuation of Wertern nationals by commerical airliners or the USAF tn a perleatve «environment through comtat operations designed to seize Releut International Atrport for erscuations and or to support the government of Lebanon 0 On 7 May the attwtion within Lehnon deteriorated the Government declared mastil law On 6 May the prime minister resigned On the same day Lehnone Army forces began to assault retigee campo A new cesse—fire came tato efect on th 8th U Because the Beleat atrport was closed an amphibious landing option wa added to the U S conttagency plans 0 O5 9 May the ottition stablized A Joint Lebeness Army—Paleatinian forces committee met and agreed on messures to Improve the effectiveness of the courefizes 0 Reaction time forecasting for the contingency force contlmed through the end of s June U ‘The best coverage of thls operation is contained in the USCNCEUR Commend Himory con y co RAAICE mus rh6F it ingsAgar iio Mitle East Wer 10—11 197 Righting broke ost between tesuel and Egypt and Syria on 6 October Admiral Zumwalt‘s account of the cetete Indicates that the Stith Floct was intially directed to matneatn a ‘low profile and to avald any actions that might be construed as Incloating tt the U was prepazing to take an active role in the hosilitles 1976 sa Inftil U 5 planning centered around evacuation contingenctes tn Libya and Lebanon Evacuation planaing was soon expanded to include all nations in the reglon« While there were threats o American citizens and other U 5 Interests n the zeglon e—g the 18 October seizure of the Bet branch of the Bink of America by lefts military evacuations were not required On 20 October ‘The State Department arvanged for the evacuation of U S citizens from Egypt via chartered Greek commerical shipping Embanty personne were evecuated via commertedl transportation from Kampala — Upsnda in carly November NMCO reports In early October pay pazttcular aczention to the evacuation contingencles Planning in the second week of October envistoned the posstile otf—loating of TP 61 amphiblaus ships for this purpose» An LPH Guadalcana 1 LCG 2 LSD 2 LPD and 2 LST were available for this purpose Initially three major Nivy forces were located n the Mediterzancans TF 60 1 CVA Intependence plus 1 CLG 2 DLG 1 D 1 DBG and 1 DD sorted on shore notice from Athens and was on station south—east of Grete by 8 October ‘TF 60 2 CVA Roosevelt plis 2 DLG 1 DDG and 1 DB left Barcelona on 8 October and moved to the Tyzthenlin Sea Elements oT 61 62 1 LGC 1 £60 and 1 LST were off Grete by 8 October on 13 October these forces were in the same posltons ‘The amphibious force TF 61 62 now conslated of the LPH Guadalcanal 1 100 2 LSD 2 LPD and 2 LST One Mzine Amphiblass Unit vas emiazten — Also on 13 October the CVA Kemedy was en route o a holding aren 100 miles off of Giiraliar had lef Northern Baropean waters on 11 October on 15 October destrayer types weze stationed in the Mediterssnomn along the path of 0 5 resupply Alghta to lorael Planes from the CVA Independence provided support for the Sights in the Eastern Mediterrsnemn Ry 16 October the principal Navy forces were TG 20 1 CVA Kemedp 1 DDG 2 DD en roite to holding area off Glixaltass on AdbiGa linmnamide NULROuH It UES C TG 60 1 CVA Independence 1 CLG 3 DD off Grete TG 60 2 CVA Roosevelt 2 DD off Sicily TE 61 62 LPH Qurdalcanal 1 LOO 2 LSD 2 LPD 2 LST off Crete The Kennedy group arzived at Iie holding postion on 18 October On the same day aix destroyer typen from TG 60 1 and 60 2 were deployed along the track ot Irrael—bound resupply atzeraf to provide muzvelllnce or asstatance as required From 19 through 24 October A 4 atreraf were flown from CONUS o Inteel he planes were staged through the Azores and the CVA Roosevelt operating south of Silly When necessary the GVA Kennedy 100 miles off Giza tn the Attsatle nd the CVA Independence of Grete also provided assistance On 22 October It appeared tht the criels might end ‘The United Nattons Security Gomeil arzanged for a ccune—fire in place Egypt agreed to Ite terms on the same day Syrin on the 24h — Unfortunately there were almost Immediate charges of couse—fire violations involving the encizcled Egyptian Third Army and the Egyptain city of Sues On 24 Ostaber the LPH Iwo Jima extered the Mediterzanon carrying a reinforcing Marine foree for the criels operations Also on the 2th the U S merchant ship LaSalle recetved fre actous the bow from an unidentified warship believed to be Egypiaz in the vielaty of fatal Al Tat Teland in the Red Sens The French destroyer Bourdale anmvered the 808 ‘There were no casualtte and the LaSalle departed from the area under Ito own power Because of the cease—fire vislattons on 24 October Egyptian President Sadat re— quested the United States and the Soviet Unton to provide forces to enforce the coase fire Barly on the morning of 25 October the U S weat on alert Possible unllteral fnterventton by the Soviet Unton was feaved Zumnlt 1976 provides an account of some top level U S leaders‘ perceptions at this time 0 5 forces went to DEECON Itt alert status» ‘The Kennedy group was directed to eave tte holding aren and enter the Medt« s terranoun ‘The Roosevelt group was ordered east to join the Independence ‘The 6nd Alzborne Divieton in CONUS and various Army troop unit in Burope were placed on alert cn gure lho CBS 4 € dbo Asie GNCSAG and CNCONAD reverted to normal DERCON statuses on 26 October s On 27 October Israel reported that both the Suez and Golan Helghta fronts were qutet fo the leat time atnce 6 October By 28 October all major Navy forces were gathered off Grete TG 60 1 CVA Independence 1 CLG 1 D 1 DG 1 pB TG 60 2 CVA Roanevel 1 DLG 1 DDG 1 DB TG 60 3 CVA Kennedy 1 DLG 1 DDG 1 poy TP 61 62 LPH Guadalcanal LPH Io Jima 1 LC 1 190 2 LPD 2 LST 2 Do 1 00G 1 GLG 3 DB Marine forces fncluded the Sind MAU and Sith MAU plus HMM 261 and HMM 264 TTG 100 1 2 DD 1 DDG 1 DB chopped to the Stith Fleet on 29 October arriving on station in the vietalty of Grote on 2 November i on 31 October USEUCOM leas the Stich Flea went off DEFCON II statue On 2 November the thre carzlers and the amphibious force zematned off Grete By 5 November one careier Independence had lef the station to go tn—port at Athens ‘TP 61 was split TU 617 1 caniliting of 1 LPR 2 LPD 1 Lb 1 LeT 1 DB plus the embarked 32nd MAU and HM 264 was In th teatning anchorage at Souda Bay TU 61 7 2 made up of 1 LPH 1 LCG 1 180 2 LST 2 DD 2 DB and the 4h MAP 4th MAU and HMM 261 was on the south alde of Crete not far from the two carziers somataing on station On 9 November the Independence group 60 1 refotned the other carziers off Grete while TV 61 7 1 wan en route to the Gythion training anchorage ecaelt and Reyptian representatives met to sign a couse—fire on 11 November The inftation ofthe exchange of POW on 15 November Indlcated tat the couse—fire was holding ‘A UN force had heen created as a hutfer benveen the two sides Three carziezs — and half of the amphibious force zematacd on staion off Grete up to this pont The Roosevelt went to Athens on 15 November The Stith Fleet resumed tto normal DEFCON status on 17 November cn conf TA ge f Ni AipsNnTA Ucasgarp is race is HQ On the next day the Kenedy group bepun Its tranalt ou of the Mediterranean finally outchopping on 22 November By 19 November only 1 CVA and 1 LPH were on station off Grete © The best sources fo information concerning this eries response are Bustare A Glimore Chronology of U S Naval Breas 1979 Operational Archives U S Nivy History Genter Nattonal Milly Command Genter Opersttonat Simmazy« New York Times and New York Times Index USEUCOM Command History 1973 Elmo R Zurmvalt Js On Watch New York Qudzangle 1976 Indian Ocern 10 1978—4 1974 ollowing the beginning of the October War and the itation of the ofl embargo TG 77 7 eatered the Indian Ocemn on 30 October ‘The force conslated of the CVA Hancock 1 DLC 1 DDG and DB in the Carzler Screen Unit and 1 D and 1 AO tn the — spport int The Hancock was the first of fose major capltal ships in a continuous series of deployments in the Indlan Ocean ‘This account will focus on the activites of these four tack groups MIDEASTEOR units were also active during this pertog The deploy ments focused on fous pointe Ash nene the entrance to the Persian Gilt Gam and Avi nea the entrance to the Red Sea and Spa tear the Seychelles ‘The approximate locations of these points aze shown below in figure 1 On 31 October the foree was disected to increase It speed On 1 November it vas ireeted to proceed beyond the originally designated holding aren off of Geylon to Point Ash near the entrance to the Persian Gult On 2 November the Hancock and 1 DB pulled ahoad of the remainder of the screen ng unite ‘The Hancock aeived at Point Ash on the 6 the cemalaing unite arzived by the 700 ‘The reason for the carzier‘a sudden movement ahead of Ite escorts ts not known — On the 16th the group departed from Poin Ash for Potnt Gam neae the entrance to the Red Sen On the 19th the force was diverted f uski reasons and returned to Potoe Aks cn wot 10 SJ dms mt txok is uictnssrrizo — 2 CLL CQ el eN POf Ae $y rsmm3 7 T mak — — es $ 1 iman y 5 £ R Rpe® ° y paistan a o # savo AnaBIA fork At — morn f Fom Gm 2 Pein Ant rein Spe ¢ t rio mon periovnent aneas co mo somt EcNHoARH MUERUUNAE 2 MNP » On 22 November 2 DB moved to Bandar Abime to particpate in MDLNK 73 On 25 November the Task Group departed Point Ash for Point Gam tn coordination with the movement of the S5 James ‘The CTG proceeded behind the men to avold ° giving the Iimpzonslon that it was escorting It _Suzvellence and training sorties were flown On the same day the Orlekany and TG 77 5 depazted Suble Bay en route tum— ave with the Hancock and TG 77 6 ‘Tne James entered the Red Sea on the 26th On the 2Bth it diverted to lada to pick up adiltlonal cargo ‘The Hancock and company remained at Poinc Gam On 29 November 1 DDG and 1 DB passed through the ab al Mandeb en route a three day port viatt at Masseia the Hineock remained nees Poin Gam ‘These tro wnlte resszned without incldent onthe Ath of December An incldent invotving the Sorlet feat took place on 4 December As an oller A0 Antzatuls was preparing to service a DDG near Point Gam a Sortet Paya frie reidant number $02 cronsed its bow with a gun mount trained on the ollec The Ash tatute broke off and then maneuvered hick to service the DDG ‘The entire party departed Point Gam on the Sth of December to zendervous with a the Orfekany group ‘This took place off Indla on the 5th ‘The new group constated ot the OVA Orlakany 1 DLG 1000 2 DB plus support ships It moved towards Polne Adh Afier aseiving on the 10t it conducted survelllence operationss On the 15th it went south to conduct port calls ‘The CVA 1 00G 1 DB and 1 AOR went to Mombaasa a DLG and DB viatted at Victoria Seychelles Unite rewurned to Pon Ash on 3 January Merswhile the DLON Batabrldge th third major captal ship tn the series of deployments teanslted the Malacca Sczaits on the 26th of December Ortelany let Pots Ash to meet Bainbridge on the 3rd of Januazy With ainbeldge wasi bio Butnbelage lett Point Ash on 16 Jansazy for Point Spa near the Seychellen It arrived on 18 Jamary and conducted surveillance operations t lef for Polat Gam on the 2znc The Batabeidge group azzived at Plat Gam on 26 Janay Due to westher conditions 1t moved to Post Al on the 28th« ‘The force lef for port vilte on the Tet of Februazy ‘The Bitnbeidge was buck on staton at Point Ash on 9 Rebmazy c—n e omas On 12 Fetwuazy it departed for Potne Avl Before it azztred a ship in its company PRG Schofield suffered a propulston camalty on the 14 1 and was towed by Biinbeidge wind repaza were effected on 15 February The Bainbridge then went on patrol at Point Aw On 20 February it eft for Polat Spa arziving on the 23rd on the 26th it translted east for turnover with the fourth major caplal ship Kitty Hawk Turnover took place on 2 March With CVA Kly Hawk in TG 77 7 were 1 DDG and 2 DB ‘This group trenalted to Point Ash ‘On 6 March a Hormone helleapter from the Soviet spice vehcle recovery ship Dlkeon conducted surveillence nosing sheng ‘The force reached Potnt Ash on the 13th Tt lef fo port vist on the 17th It returned to Polnt Ash on 1 April The oll embargo was Itfed on 18 March ‘me Kity Hawk group left en oute to Singupore on 14 Aprll and teanalted the Malacca Senft on 21 April This terminated the conttmicus series of major capital ship deployments n the western Indlan Ocean in Jil a new group formed around the CG Citeago entered the Indlan Ocomn This group lef approximately 1 September» n 9 November the CVA Constellation plis 2 DDG and 1 DB departed Singapore for perticlpatton in MTDLINE 74 ‘On the 24th the Constellation condueted operations in the Pecelan Gulf I operated in the Gulf for approximately 36 houre This operation was not pazt ofthe MIDLIN exercise It coincided with President Ford‘s vilt to Ti He e defense bulin dva hroac‘y Secenbes ‘The NMGG provides the best coverage Glimore has a very good unclasalfted neden afirniine Grprue 7—8 1974 on July 15th a coup overthrew the government of Cypriot President Makazioo In zesponse the GVA America was held at Rota f bad heen achediled to leave the Medi ervanean and zenizn to Noxfol and the GVA Forrestal was held at sea tn the Centzal Mediterranean near Grete tha been schedifed to werien to Athens The America was held at Rota ull the 28th ‘TP 61 62 was south of Crete ‘The major forces in the zesponse on 19 July were yO Nnf ONF orhiyikt — GTG60 1 GVA America in Port Rote escorte In port throughout the Mediterzanoins 2 5 diys @30 knot from Grprus 4 days 020 knots # — CTF 60 2 GVA Rerrestal plus 2 DLG 1 DD 3 DB off Crete 21 hours G20 knots from Grprus ® TB 61 62 LPH mehon 2 LPD 1 150 1 LST plus the 3th MAU off Grete 20 heure G20 knote from Cyprus The Sith MAU tcluded BLT 1 8 HMM 162 and Logtatic Support Unit 39 Turkish forces favaded the feland on the 20th There was immediate comnt with Greek Gypziot ute By the 2let both CTG 60 2 and TF 61 62 were operating im« mediately south of the tend Acting in response to a request from the U Ambinsador the Stith Flect evacuated civilizn from the Reitish Sovereign Buse at Dhekelia Cyprus on 22 July Blements of PHIRON 8 conducted the operation Mezine helicopters lifted 384 U S cittzens and 82 nationale of other countzies to other PHIRON 8 ship operating 20 to 40 miles south of the Island The LPD Coronado then carzled the evecuces to Reirut The carrier Forrestal operated at a groster distance from the leland providing cover for the eveciation which did not encounter opposttions A cease fize took effect onthe tand at 10 00 a«m BDT on the 22nd ‘Tae Groek miliary government resigned on the 23rd Also on the 28rd a Beiish task force erecuated ca 2 000 civilians from the vietntty of Kyrenia on the north const of Gyprus Hellcopters carvied the evacuees to the HMS Hermes the destroyer Devonahize and the frigntes Rly and Brighton The Heeme# then carried 219 of the evacuees tothe Beitah Sovereign Base at Akrotti y from which they were transferred to the USS LPD Trenton and cazzted to Beirut 0 New fighting broke out between the Turkish force and Greek Cypriots on the 28rd U Ceramantls revarned fom exile and vas aworn in as the premier of the new Greek gorerament on the 24th 0 On the same day the LPD Trenton moved to the British Soverign Buse at Dhekelia f and received an additional 85 evacuees Accompanted by the DB Makely t then moved to Belzut offloading the refugees on the 28th cn 0 A atguificant action took place on the 26th ‘The L2H fchon folned 1 DLG 1 DDG 1 DRG 1 AOR and 1 AB ata point southeast of Crete The commander of TP 62 trans feesed to the Coronado ‘The Inchon carzted HMM 162 and elements of BLT 1 8 ‘The force was established as the Loglste Evacuation Group TG 63 1 It was formed for special evacuation contingency operations« € The acurces do not indicate what the precise miaston of tis force uas t in posethte tat tt tavolved special weapons In Grease and Turkey Amphibious forces had been alerted for this purpose tn the April 1967 Greek Coup respoune see above ‘The placement of th force off Grete o constatent with thls Iterpresation as ts a statement in the Stith Fleet Commun Hltory Indicating that werpons withiraal con— ingency plans were a matter of great concern during the cziate see p M17 U ty the 25th he attuaton tn Cyprus had calmed tothe extent that the 0 5 Embnaey was discouraging further evacuations TF 61 62 elements of the 36th MAU plus 2 12D 1 LD 1 LST were off the south shore of the sland GTG 60 2 was tothe south— west at a greater distance U By the 25th 526 American and 254 natlonals of other nations had been evacuated U ‘The America lef Rota to transl to Norfolk on the 28th ‘The Independence enter ed the Medtersanan with 2 DD and 1 DB and tranefted east U By 1 August there were oro CTOs in the viclaty of Grete plus the epectal logie teat evacuation force TG 63 1 TF 61 62 held off Cyprus U ‘Tne attiaion had eased by the 4th Although there were reporte of sporadic figh ing on Cyprus the major fleet unite had moved weet CTG 60 1 remained cant off Geet All other units GTG 60 2 TG63 1 TP 61 62 were in the vilnty of aly 0 Turkish forces on Cyprus began a major offense on 14 August On the same day Greece announced tha It was withdrawing from NATO‘s milltary command U ‘Tne fleet responded immediately to the offenatve Units headed to sen By the morning of he 15th the Independance group was off Grete CTG 60 1 with TG 63 1 nearly TG 61 62 was moving to the vilatty CTG 60 2 was at sen off Serdinia © U ‘Tenstons abated with the end of the Tuzkish offenatve on the 16th 0 Roger Davies American Ambassador to Gyprun was killed on 19 August On the same dy both GTGe operated south of Grete ‘TF 61 62 was off aly TG 63 1 van on the north aide of Gzete Normal operations were resumed on the 2tnd By the 23rd cn LAO nebsbtAl HM is unctassinen the Independence yas en zoute to Naplas and the Forrestal opecated in the Bustern Mediterranean A PHIBLEX had been echediled in Greece for the peztod 3—9 September ‘The — Greek government cancelled thts exercise on the Slat of August On 2 September the Forrestal group was en route to Row Ry 5 September the Independence was the sole carzier group in the Mediterzanoun The best sources for the operation are the NMGG the Stith Fleet Command Hlatory and Giimore Creme 1 1978 On 17 January following the Relish gorermment‘a dectaton to permit te evacuation of ca $ 500 Turkish Cypriot refgeas from the Reith Sovereign Buse at Arotize Cyprus there were violent Greek Cypriot demonatzations These took place at the Sorerelgn Base and at the Bitish High Gommissloner‘s Office and the American Emtmary in Nlcoute in response the Joint Chiets ordered a prosauttonazy deployment ot a carzier « group to a postion 150 muttcal miles southwest of Cyprus Its miaston was to neve us a contingency evacuation force In addition unite of TP 61 62 were alerted for possthle ecution day Careter Task Group 60 1 was in posttion y the 19th It included the Seratopn 100 and 1 DDG ‘his force mataiained a four hour response pose for evecuation contingencies Other elements of the force 3 DD and 1 DB were In port at Retta Greece The amphibious force constated of he 32nd MAU embazked on the LPH Gam plus 1 LKA 1 LPD 1 LSD and 2 L9t By 21 January the atuation had quteted and the careier force was no looger on fur houe reaction sams The NMGG and Gitmore are the bet sourcen forthis operation Etiteota 2—4 1975 In 1952 the former trllan colony of Rritcen became a federated state ansociated with nelghtoring Rthfopia« ‘Throughout the 1950 the Government of Sthtopia acted to redice Bettren‘s autonomy actions which culminated tn 1962 with the fncorporation c—so m 3 m Boni of Brttren as an Ethiopian province Because of these actions stnce the mid—1950s Rritroan movements have struggled against the Bthloplan goverment in 1974 elements of the Ethiopian Army setzed control of the centzal government deposing Emperor Halle Sclaoste ollowing some factional fighting within the miltary the new provistonal govern— ment relected negotiations as a means of setling the Eritrean conflict and elected to tntenstty the gorernment‘s campaign in the province As the civil was intenaltied American citizens opeenting fllitien at the U 3 Navy Gommunications Sation in Asmaza the capitol ofthe province of Britres were endangered An a precautlonazy messuze a contingency force conslating of the DDG Lavrence and the USNS Martes took position on 3 Rebruaxy The force was in the Red Sen ap provimately 120 matical miles southwest of Massawa It was Instructed to remaln at Teast 25 nautical miles off the Etbloplan count» On 4 Febwazy 0 5 ctviliens were evacuated by commerical atellners from Asmara f to Adds Abin the capitol of Etifopia« Some U S citizens remained at th asation White the station in Eritrea ind throughout Reblopla contiued to be unsered the Laurence and Martae were relonsed from thats contingency station on 6 February Hiad the atation requtzed ft additonal forces could have been brought to hear ‘me AGB 1a Sule was at Subrata The DB Elmer Mootgomery operated off of he Socstza talands ‘In addlton to these MDEASTEOR unite Seventh Fleet Task Group 77 7 formed around the GVAN Enterprise and CGN Long Beich va in the Indlan Occun« It eatered on the 12th of unazy and depasted on 21 Rebctsy For most of the pertod it operated in the eastern portion of the Indian Ocean Including a bomanitarian dloaster relfet reaponse in Mauzitton However the force dld no dizectly particpate tn the Etitopian contingency response busing March and Apeil the U S provided ammunition to the central government wsing MAG lights from Ramsteln Alcie to Pole Fleld Addis Abaim There appease to have been no signicant Navy pasticipation in ths portion of the response» Rartervorth provides a good summazy of the politcal Mstories of Eritren and Bettopia« cm KNEHARR Mayagues 5 1975 This account follows Rovan‘s divis of the xeaponse tato fase days of operations using SBASTA time unless othervise specified On he first day 12 May the 5 5 Mayaguez was fired upon and selzed by Cambodian guboata t was 60 miles of ofthe Cambodian court en route to Thailand from Hong Kong Following setzuze it vas escorted to Koh Ting Islnd ca« 30 miles from the mainland arriving at approximately midaighe The NMCG learned of the actzure from the American Embasey tn Jakarta at 12058 ROT Immediate actions taken ty the U S tncluded the lapatching of P3 ate craft to the acene the alerting of elements ofthe Third Maxine Divieton on Okawa rith ca 1 100 Mazines ordered to move to Uiapao Atr Force Base in Thailand and the dispatch of the GVA Coral Sen DDG Wilson and DB Holt to the scene On the sccond dy 18 May forces were poloned Ampltblous Ready Group Alfs waa reconstituted around the Hancock CVA—19 operating as an LPH platform for the reeponse as it had dring the SBASTA evacuations and LPH—3 Okawa An attempt wan rade to Intercept Cambodian gunboats to keep them from escorting the Mayaguee and its crow to the mainland atleast one strating mloslon waa carried out by USAF figerss A helicopter crash in Thallond killed 18 members of a USAF Atr Police detachment plus 5 crew member this untt had been nchediled to be past of the response force On the thted day 14 My the crew of the Mayaguez was placed on a Cambodian fnhing boat which begun to make for shore It wan Ietercepted by USK fighters at 8190 aem and the presence af the crew was reported to Washington where the President urented that no action be ten fiat might endanger the oren« After an atempt to hele the fnhing host with guo filed the crow on the mataland By this poln the principal force tht would make the response were on the scene At 445 pam BOT the President dizected that the recovery operation should take place USKE General John J Dizns was destgnated on—scene commander» ‘The 56th Special Operations Wing at Utipto Inunched 11 helicopters with 227 Meziness Hight helicopters with 179 Mazines went to Koh Tang leland ‘Three helicopters and 48 Maines went tothe DB Holt fom which they would boazd the Mayaguezs The Hole necured the Mayigues which vas unoccupied ty 2105 EDT car n h i Ste AMB # all Ae ateike opecations were flow from the Coral Sen against the mainland ‘The fest cycle was armed recomatasance the second struck at the Ream Atrfelt the thied hit the naval base at Ream Insertion on Koh Tang commenced at 141909 EDT and the fest wave completed its avetval ty 2015 gor ‘me Mayagues crew vas released and boarded the Wilion at 142307 BDT on the fourth day 15 May the Meyaguer crew was transferred from the Wileon to the Myagues at 150025 BDT my 150917 EDT the Anal Marine force had been extracted from Koh Tang Island ‘me Preatdent was informed that all Maine forces had been emoved from the sland iy sss Bor This account of the operation ts based on the NMCC Operationa Summazy Glimore and Rowan A more definitive treatment will be possible once the relevtie Command HMatorles become available A more detailed aummazy 1s comined tn CNA 76—0616 — An Outline of the Mayaguez Operation D 14 April 1976 Confidental Letunon 8 1975 ‘The chain of events which led t civil was in Lebanon tn ate 1975 can be traced mck to Apeil 1974 On 12 April 1974 teceelt forces conducted raids in Scuthern Lebanon tn retaliation for a Peleetitan sald on the village of Qleyat Shermona Following this action there was internal dissenalon within Lebrnon concerning the use of Lebmnese territory an a mse for Palestinian xalds the proper zelationship beoreen Lebanon and the Palestinian movement and the zole that should be played by the Lebanese armed forces in reacting to Termelt atacks In May the Lebanese government announced that it would butld up fte milly forces Letunon‘s fret conscription law was passed In July and August of 1974 there was fighting beoween right wing Phalangtet and Pricatinian uns An the cosntzy‘a fictions began to aem the cabinet resigned in late September inttiting what would become an all too finillas series of unstable acmninlatzations in Letunon cons The altuaton was fatrly stable in early 1978 The Solh cabinet had come toto £ office on 31 October ending the government cztate ‘There was some communal ten« ston Int nothing on the acale that would econ engulf the mations ‘The prosipltating Incident for the troubles tat followed was a 13 April Phalangtet attick on a Is carrying Palestinians Three days of large scale street fighting in Beirut followed the Incldent A censefize on 16 Apl provided a pause In May there was a cabinet cries The point of dlosenslon was the way In which the government handled o fitled to handle he fighting in the previous month ‘The Solh government fll on 18 May An attempt to form a military cabinet under Rifat soon fatled Rifit realgned on 26 May Kazman then attempted to form a cabinet While he was not Immediately mccess fil the attiation dld bogtn to normalize Normal business activity resumed tn Beirut by 5 June By mld—June there was sill no cablnet and the Syrians were attempting to medl ate te crtats On 29 June Col E R Morgan USA was Kidaappod ‘Though he was relensed un harmed on the 12th of July this Incident showed how unstable the ettition tn Lebanon was and the possthle dangers that U citizens tn the country might encounter Karman formed a cabinet on 1 July and the ettation stabilized Renewed communal vielence paztieulezly in the city of Tripol took place at the end of the month Despite numerous attempte to negotiate a cousefize and or a sertement e Syrian attempto to mediate the criee the conflict contlied and intensled Some major battles e g those around the Holiday Im Befeu took place at he end of October On 27 October the U S embassy advised U S citizens to evacuate thiz dependents At the same tlme the U S indlcated through public aatemente that it had no tn— tention of fterventng with military forces to Lebenon It encournged other nations to refeatn from entering the conflict» ‘The American Embaney pared its staf and directed that the dependents of U S fplomatlc percomel should leave the countzy This was announced on 2 November ‘The Emimary also encouraged all U S citizens in Lebenon to depart Serious fighting conttiued foto 1976 ‘This account ta betng azbitrazily out off at 31 December 1975 cost I ASFE Ail Ll A fill account ofthe U S response camnot he given without access to command Mistortes which aze not yee availaile _ However even without theso materials nome of the major aspects o the response can he presented Burly in August the CVA Kennedy operated in the Restern Mediterranean TE 61 62 consisted of 1 BLT embarked on the LPH Iwo Jima plus 2 LP 1 LD and 1 LST On 8 August the amphthfous force turned over and PHIERON 2 tn—chopped ‘This force included the LPH choo 1 LSD 1LPD 1 LKA and 2 LST During October and November this was a contingeney evacuation force with the Kemedy available as a support carter for the operation as is commonly the case dicing a Medtercancen crisis its statue an a contingency force was denoted by the attenton pald in documents to its reaction time to Lebanon For example on 17 November the amphibious force was 58 houre from Lelmnon except for the Inchon which would have been delayed for an additional 48 houzs de to malatenance operations thi were being carzled ou An of 12 November the American Embassy tn Batrut reported that 99 U S Govern ment employees zemained in Lebanon ‘These workece plus an estimated 1000 U citizens in tht country would have been the primary focus for any evacuation operations f In December the CV Independence became the Eastern Mediterranean carrier» On 11 December the MSC ship Plonees Contender axeived in eleut to onload the household effects and vehicles of U 5 Government employees who had been directed to leave Lebwnon ‘The Lelmnase Army provided for the ships security daring this operation Also on 11 December a hydeolant faoued a warning to masinezs to he alert for un— sal or abeormal masitime activites in the sen azen off Lehnon me best sources at this point aze Gllmore the NDDC Aile at the Operational Archives U S Navy Hstory Diviaton and the New York Times The fest two were wused to obzatn date on the Navy‘s activites The last was used for political Information css BREE mus lor is reesasnces — moto Operational Archives U Navy History £ Divieton Atack Atrerat Gazeiez Url zation Abgurt 1969 Unclassified Allton Graham T Allison Besence of Dectatons Rplaining the Cutan Mootle Crist Boston Lide Bromm 197 awe United Sates Army Wer College Stentegie Stadies Intinte An Analysts of Iner national Gries and Army Involvement Hlatorical Apprateat 1945—1974 1 October 197 Bean Bendix Corporation The Nevy and Sub Himited Contletn U 30 Sepeember 1966 secret Mechman and Levineon Beezy M Itechman and Stephanie E Levineon — soriet Sutmazine Viatzs to Cum United States Naval Istitte Proceotings September 19% pp 5039 Brookings ites collected ty Buzzy Blechman and Stephen Kaplan ofthe Brookingo Insttition for a DARPA eponsored project on the use ot armed force as a politcal tnstrument 1976 Batervorth Robert L Buterorth Managing Interstate Gonner 1945—74 Dats with Syropnes Pieabeght Univeralty Gener for Inersatioeal Studies Untversty of Ptaturgh 1976 cate James Cate Guntnnt Diplomacy New York Prager 1977 Command Histories Anual Reviews produced ty Unified Commands and major Navy commands e4g CNCPAGELT Sta Fieey css tms coat Canadian Peace Research Institte Milestone Events 1965—1975 Oabeille Onazio CPR Frese 1975 cvan—m Joint Heazings Senate—House Armed Services Subcommittees CVAN—7O Atrcrntt Carrier Apelt 1970 Sst Gongrons 2nd Seasion Demis M F 41 Dente The Role of Navies in Limited War disseracion Univeratty of Mimesoin 1971 bragnich R 153 George Dragaich The Letanon Operation of 1958——A Study of the Criste Role of the Stat Fleet D CNA RC 159 September 1970 Secret — Draper Treodare Draper The Dominican Revolt A Case Sug in American Follcy Commentary New York 1566 Risenbover buight D Eisentower Waging Peace 1956 1961 New York Doubleday 1965 George and Smoke Alexander L George and Rictard Smoke Deterrence in American Foreign Policy Tneory and Proctice New Yorks Colombia Univeraty Prose 1974 Gtimore Hartera A Glimore Chronology o U S Nava vente 1960—1975 Operational Archives 0 5 Navy History Diviston Gurter Metvin Gurtor The United Sates Agsinat the Third World New Yorks Prager 1974 Hanktnoon pavid Hankinson HMS Centaur at Daz es Sataam United Stater Naval Iatltte Proceedings November 1969 pp 49—36 — wu no ase Jul Hil Suez Gztste 1956 0 CNA RC 262 April 1974 Secret csr or I MQ Abs Adt RAL MMHISSCE Howe Jouathon T Howe Multicrises Seaporrer and Global Politicn in the Missile Age Cambridge MIT Press 1971 — Hine Howaed Hane Give Us This bay New Rochelle N V Arlington Howse 1979 ties T M Barns and A tt Dell CNA 00797 10 Conventional Force Deployments Appendic A USN USMC Force Levels and Deployments 1956—1972 U 29 May 1970 Confidential Indonesta—1965 Ceneeal Intelligence Agency Indonesta— 1965 The Coup That Brckdized Research Study December 1968 Unclassitd Jotnson Hanes Johnson Bay ot Pigs New Yorks Norton 1964 Katb and Kath Marvin Kalb and Bernard Kalt Kissinger Boston Lide Brown 1974 j ¥aticks J M Kalick The Paster of Sino—Amerlcan Geines London Gambeldge University Press 1978 Lewvic Jease WW Lewis J The Scentegte Aalanse in the Mediersancan Wasbingion American Enterprise matiue 1976 Lowenttat Abraiam F Lowenthal ‘The Dominican In— servention Cambedge Harvard 1972 Musvelt Nertlle Muswell Inla‘s China War New York Pantheon 1971 MeComell and Kelly RC 220 James M McConnell and Anne M Kelly U 5 and Sorter Naval Diplomacy During the Pakistant Criste ot December 1971 0 CNA RC 220 Febrmazy 1973 Secret cose tropk J MESSE none file Naval Dally Duty Captain fle mainsatned at the Operational Archives U Navy Hlstory Diviston New York Times New York Times and New York Times Index wuce Natal Miltary Command Center Operational Simmary Operational Archives fies Grists and poliicat—militazy files maietained at the Operational Archives 1 8 Nivy History Division Washington D C veya LD Ovayany e4 A Study of Sorter Foreign Policy Moscow Progress 1975 Roven Roy Rowan The Fou Days of Mayagues New York Norton 1975 A Select Chronology Gommitiee on Foreign Relations United Mide Bast States Senate A Select Chronology and Back» ground Documents Relating o the Madle East Nay 1969 flrst revised eidon Slot Congress 2nd Session Selected Analyste Chiet of Naval Operations Commandant of the panic Marine Corps Selected Analyste of Marine Corps and Ney Amphibious Forces Resuize ments and Capabllites U Aprit 1972 Secret Nortomn Semeur James Seymouz China ‘The Politico of Revolationazy Reintegration New Yorks momas Y Grovell 1976 Texicanoy and Oveneson Golonet ot ustice Tarichanoy and Captain 194 1st Rank Ovanesor Naval ‘Representatives® of the Soviet Union Morekot stornll No 7 197 css A te m The Thicu Regime The Thieu Regime Put to the Tese 1973—1975 Hanols Foreign Languages Publishing House 1975 Thomas High Thomas Cute ‘The Pursult of Freedom 1962—1969 New Yorks Harper and Row 197 Yan Der Keoet Juetia M Yan Der Keont The Wages of Ambiguity ‘The 1965 Coup in Indonesia Its Origin and Meaning 596—562 in homas T Hammond ed The Anatomy of Communtet Takeovers New Hiven Yale 1975 Whiting Allen S Whiting ‘The Chinese Catestas of Deterrence Am Arbor University of Michignn 1975 Zharkin VV Zharkin The U S A and International Political Crises Mosco Iedatel‘atvo Nauka 1975 excerpts translated in JPRS Translations on USSR Politcal and Soctologleal Affairs © 29 pay 1975 pp 27—108 Zunvate Rimo R Zumvalt Jr On Watch New York Quadeangte 1976 c—so UCAS in tHPPMSEEY Aprsnon D Apormionat EvaNTs wick ARs NoT NCLoED iN Tks Mam Lisy of REsFONSES U0 yR ings IAL d I inh » x ulnddl f APPENDIX D ApormionaL Bvavers wto Are Not NCLUDED m Tie MaiN List or REsronises ‘This portion ofthe paper presente a net of 41 eventa that did not meet the criteria se forth n the body of the paper for Inclusion in the main Hist of Navy 99 responses to tnterzational incidents and crisess They are presented here because of hele intrialc Interest as instances of pliteal miltary operations bearing on the peacetime misatons of naval forces A few casen lorgu the Rb—47 Incldent ot 1960 ave been Included on the Ttst even though the source Std wr indtcate any operations ty raval force in conjmnction wit the evente t n poeslile that maval forces did react to these eventa in waye that would be recorded only In compartmentaltzed sources ot the type not available to this project tle effort was expended In researching these events The primazy source inlees ¢ otherwise specified is Giimore‘s Chronology ot U 8 Naval Brents 1960—1975 Further foom s aterm mee nase in m nleee ir edeitine annals of trans 6 4 all in— eidenta at sea berween the U S and Soviet Unton « Stace Gitmore is the primazy source the Hist presented in table D—1 begins in 1960 TABLE DA serscren evens Nor AndzyzRD BY THE mtBaNiToNat moments project Reem pate Argentine Sutmazine Cont 1—271980 Norwegian Sen Incident at Sen a7i960 Rustern Atlante SSBN Tests 4 1960 U2 5 1960 Cuim—89 Sea Poacher s 19%0 Cute—Uss Norfolk 5 1960 ap—07 2 2960 maiic Sea US$ Barry 7 2960 Norwegian Sea NATO Exercises Incidents 9 1960 Guim and Buzzing of U S Submarine 10 1960 — Cute Giantaname 11 1960 Cube Mdissle Maliinction 11 1960 San Maria Hijacking ransn ba c ¢ f a N Z 1 odfA0EE mus h TABLE D—1 Conttmued Eves Dae Cutn S$ Western Union anser s Reundor Sutmazine Contact s 1961 Antortegal Hijacking anes Rastern Atlantc U9$ Geoaker Incident si9ea U5 —PRC Aerial Rngugemente in SBAS apnses—a 1867 PRG—ROG USS 0‘Brien 1 1965 Prtcmazes Spain 1—4 0966 Cum 271966 Sea of Japan IS$ Dames Incident 67366 Cube Mdlnile Maltinction 17967 South Africa USS Roosevelt anser Korea—Yellow Sea —3 Incident anser See of Japan USS Walker Incident syi9er us —me 1 1968 Greenland tt—homb Lose 1 2968 Soviet Unlon Teoap Transport e—rm0e Cute ss Deep Freeze ug UK—USSR Mediterzancan Incldent m a97 Sea of Japan USS Hunton Incldene shon Sen of Japan Incident shon Meiterrancan U95 Seratopn Incident m 9n Mediterranean U9$ Indepondence Incident yign Mediterranoan 09$ Seattle Incident anor Mediterrsnean 08$ Sime and USS Prote anor Northern Atlantie U8$ Artente Incident shon Somatia Viat Support ethers Dominican Republlc S8 Ploneer Incident snors Mediterrmnean U95 Kennedy Incident spss Argentine Sibmazine Contact 1—2 1960 on 30 Jansazy Argentine ahipe and atzcraft prosecuted a aslmazine contact in the Golfo Nevo approxtmately 630 miles south of Buenon Atres An the search continued for the unidenttfled ssimazine U S ASH equipment wa flown from Norfolk to anslat the Argentine Nivy Argentina announced on 13 Febwazy that a sccond unidentied sbrnazine had entered the area appezently to auslet the iret rhich wan reported to have heen damaged by depth charges dropped by Argentine naval unite On 15 Pebroery 10 5 Navy undersea warfare advisers were nent to annie i the search Shortly ater hate arrival Argentine authorities announced that the unidentifled evimnazines might have encaped tsto the open sea ba USHA 1 t itp AT ‘These events preceded a Latin American good—will vist by President Eisenhower The tour began on 2 Rebrusry with Brazll asthe fest major atop and aretved in Argentina on the 26th As ts the normal practice a Navy aupport force was on—call daring the viatt CA 100 1 LSD and AGO ‘The relationship henween the sutmazines and the vile and or the astmazines and the level of Niv support for the vil ts uncertain Norwegian Sen Incident At Son 4 1950 Michelson AG$—25 was harassed by a Soviet trawlee which fouled the nurvey gear it wis towing At the time the Michelson was condicting survey operations In company with the AGS Dutton No juries were reported ‘The incident took place on 11 April Eastern Atisnlc S59 Testa 4 1960 on 26 April he Soviet Okean clas travlee Vega interfered with he operations of ATE—157 Nipmuc ty manaivering so close as o cause a near—collleon The Nipmue was operating soith of Long Island mupporting teats that were being conducted by the George Washington SSBN—598 _ At one point the Vege attempted to etzleve one af the Toaded test veiieles tha had been fired by the George Washington The primazy ecurce tor the event is Climore President Risenhower cites it In his memotes 1965 p 57 ue si9e0 © A U—2 recomnalassnce atrceaft was shot down over the Sorter Union on 1 May The pilot Prancls Gary Rowers was captured by the Soviets The Incldent lend to the can— celistion ofthe Rlscrtower—Keushchey summit in mid—May Sources do not Indleate any Navy actions in reaponse to this event Cutm—US$ Sea Porcher 5 1960 on 6 May the Guten Const Guard cutter Orieme approsched the U S sutmazine Sex Poacher in Nicholas Channel approximately 10 miles north o the Cutan coart« The Gitan ship attempted to zam the submarine and fired 20mm tracer rounds at It The Sea Porcher maneuvered to avold a collislon ‘The U proteated to Cit concern— ing the incident on 14 May» ube—uss Norfolk 5 19%0 A Cutan Const Guard cutter approsched DL—1 Norfolk when the later was operating approximately 10 miloo north of Matanzas Cube Te cutter stated o halling thatthe DLL was in Cuben waters Glimore Indicates that he Norfolk thanked the cutter for the information and conttmued on course The event took place on 11 May mouur 3 1960 ‘on 1 July an RB—47 wa ahot down by the USSR aver the Barents Sen The Soviets claimed that it had violated Sovlet alrapace the U S Inslated that it was over inserna ‘tonal waters at th time of the incident Two crew members were capred They were tater released in the early days ofthe Kennedy Adminlazatton 28 Januacy 1961 No tn formation ts available concerning possible Navy actions In response to this event os RMCEES Bittc Sea—Uss Barry 7 1980 As the Buzzy DD—33 was passing Into Baltic Sen through the Kiel Canal on route to Helataki it wan hasassed by a Soviet Rign claas destroyer escort This event took place on 6 July Norwegian Sea—NATO Exercise 9 1960 As NATO warships ansembled for exercises on 19 September a Soviet trawler satled eto the group It wan promptly fntercepted by a U S destroyers cute 10 1960 On 8 October the Suate Depaztment protested tothe Cuban Government concerning the buzzing of a U 5 submarine by a Citn plane ‘The Incident took place off Key Wet Cite—Guantanamo 11 1960 American ships operating in Guantanamo Bay were aubjected to low dangerous over tights by a Cutun plane on 16 November Cube Mieoile Nonccriete 13 1960 An a result of a post—launchy maltinetion portions ofa U hitlitic mleste fll on Cub One com wan killed ‘The event took place on 30 November Santa Maria Hijecking 1—2 1961 On 22 January the Portuguese cruise ship Santa Marta was selzed by Portuguese rebels eppased to the Salazar regime The ship vas operating in the Caribbean at the time of the seizure At the request of the Government o Portugal American and Britsh forces searched for th vessels A Navy PZV located the ship off the Brazilin cost on 25 Juniary Surveillance was matatalned unit an agreement was reached with the hjeckern for the ship to proceed to Recife Brazil for a conference with USN RADM Allen Smith Je who had been deatg ated as the operational commander of USN forces tavolved in the acarch operation ‘This conference was held aboard the Sirte Marla inchored in the outer Recife harbor on 1 Felwazy ‘The final U S forces volved inthe operation depezted from Recife on 5 February Climore Naval Review 1961 and the CINOLANTRLT Command History cover the operation ‘The Command Hstory In the best source cutm ayiset A Cutun ship detained the 5 5 Western Unlon in American cablerbly for atx hore on 31 March ‘he ship was held off the port of micacos Culm It wan relonned when the destroyer John W Weeks and atzcraf from Guantanamo iy arrived in he aren bea c h Bousdor Submarine Contact 6 1961 On 30 Jane the Navy announced tha three planes had been nent to Ecuador at the request ofthe Government to assist in the search for tvo unidentiled submarines that had been sported off of Its const Anzoategut Hijecking 2 1963 ne 5 5 Ansostopul a Venezuelan freighter was seized on the high nou ty mem bers of a Venervelan revolitonazy movement on 12 Rebriazy By 16 Feluasy a large seate ate and aurfice search by the USN had located the ship ‘The hijackers entered Reazilian waters on the 18th and requested aaylam The ahip put nto port at Sintena Beaztl on 20 Februazy Rastern Atlstlc USS Ceonker Incident at Sen 5 1963 Tne Grotker §8—246 was approsched by tro Soviet Okean class travlere on 6 May white sailing off he Bast Conet ‘The trawlers had the apparent Intention o forcing the ibmazine to give way when it had the right of way under the rules of the rond R 1 5 —PRC Aerial Engagements in StAsth 4 1965—8 1967 During the caszee ofthe Indochinese Was the People‘s Republlc of Chine claimed to have downed 9 U S atzcraf ‘The U S conftemed some of the loses and admitted that others were ‘posslite‘ While the Intermattonat Incidents project does not cover events which were part of the Viewam Indochina War the open source cations that ere available concerning these Incidents ae worth noting for the record ‘The following lit i based on Whiting 975 176—179 eapplemented by Glimore‘s chronology in one entry us —rrc asa encicewents pure Tis mbocimizse war 65—196n Date PRG Claim U S Response to PRC claim ias inttazion of major U S bombing campaign spares Eight U S planes intrude No U S contemation over Haan Island U S planes leave when PRC ate— eratt scramble 0 5 planes fire 2 misstles accidenally down 1 U S plane m 9jes 1 F104 downed Confirmed ty U S s 107es 1 F104 downed No U S conttemation 120 66 1 A—3B downed Confirmed ty U S os heil n itn ti IL is mus made Date PRC Claim U S Response to PRC claim 125766 1 PRC Mig downed ty No U S conttrmation U S over rC sy9766 1 #105 damaged U 5 sated ‘possible — tje 1 Aghter damaged U S stated ‘posslble‘ mayer 1 #—48 downed No U 5 conftemation usfer 2 A—48 downed No U S conftemation 2 s sr 1 R—40 downed Conftrmation in Giimore Hsted an uncontizmed n whiting mjjer 2 A—6 domned No U S contemation rro—no 1 i9ss On 14 November two Nattonalist Chinene ships CE 61 and 62 engaged a force of 10 PRG PG PT type between the Ktemen and Mats nlanda in the Talan Seatt ‘The PGB—61 was lost dring the engagement After the engugement the U S destroyer OBrien DD —725 picked up 15 aurvivore and 9 bodtes Palomares Spain 1—4 1966 M on 17 January a B—52 carrying fose atomic devices collided with a jet tanker and exanhed off the Spanish Mediterranean const Search commenced for a nuclear device — lost in the crash After extenstve search and salvage operations the device wae Tocated and brough to the nurfice by Navy unite on 7 April cute 2 1966 ‘Tne Suton Ambmasador to Cube reported that ono men ina email bot had been picked up by Cuban authorites in Cuban waters During this period the Svine rep resented U S Interent in Gibi Two Mazines from Ointanamo had previoualy been reported mlnstng while on a Ashing trip The report wan made on 27 February Sources do not Indicate what happened to the two aftr the intel report Sen Of Jupan— Banner Incident At Sen 6 1966 ‘The Barner AKL—25 and the Sovlet vessel Anemometer collided in International waters in the Sen of Jipan Both ships eutfered minor damage No canaltten were reported ‘The event took place on 4 June cute 1 1967 An unizmed U S mieaile was aceidentally fired aczons stm on 4 Jamiary« South Africa 2 1967 Shore leave for the crew of the CVA Roosevelt was cancelled die to controversy within the U S concerning South Africa‘s racial polices» HSD d SLB CONFIDE us race is unclhssir Korea Yellow Sen P—3 Incident 4 1967 A P—3 on a Alght over the Yellow Sen was fired upon ty a North Korean DPRI hip The plane sustained minor damage The ight was aborted and the plane landed at Osan Karen No Injoctes were reported Sourcen do not detail what response the U S made I to this incident ses Of Japan—alker Incident Ar Sen 5 1967 A Sorter destroyer ‘brushed against the USS Walker DD—S17 ‘This Incident took place on 10 May diring a Joint USN Jipsnese Maritime Selt—Defenne Force training cruise in the Sen of Japan ‘here were no Injuries reported Damage was minimal uis rao a 968 Tne People‘s Republic of Chine charged that three U planes bombed Yurman Prov ince on 7 Janvary Killing and tnjuring Chinese ctviltenss Greentand—tt Bomb Loos 1 1968 A 3—52 caczying four unsemed bydeogen bomb crashed near Thule Greenland on 21 jiniary Nuclear materials were lost during the crachs Sortet Unlon Troop Transport 6—7 1968 ‘on 30 June a chartered airliner carzying 214 U S servicemen to Viemam strayed off course and entered Sovtet atrspace it was met by Soviet Aghtere and compelled to Hand on Tuup in the Kurtles he plane and paasengers were released on 2 July» cute 1 1970 on 1 january the Liberien freighter Deep Ercese‘s passage to Bclish Honduras was riety Interfered with by a Cutan gunboat The Incident too place 20 miles of Cubn on 1 janiazy UK—USSR Mediterranean Incident At Sea 11 1970 HMS Ark Royal and Soviet DDG—365 collided tn the Mediterzanean south of Greece Tere was minor damage HMS Vermouth anstated in the nenrch for seamen known to Have gone overboard from the Kotlin daring the incident which took place on 9 November Records so not cite any U 5 participation in the SAR efforts sea Ot Japen—Henson Incident At Sen 5 1971 ‘The Hanson DD—832 and the Sorlet tig Dlomed collided at sen in International watecs in the Korean Stralt on 5 May» ‘The Hanon ad jure completed an Investigation of a Soviet merchant ship towing a deydock and to Sovies mge One of the tugs Diomed reversed course Increased apeed and overtook the Hanson Once it was In a poriton forvard of the destroyer the Dlomed turned toward th Hanson causing the colliton ere was no serious damage to either ship and no canialicn were reported The NMCC entzy for 7 May has a good summary of the event 7 t HULNOUM IL stots cus r UEP AE Sea Of Japan Incident At See 9 1971 — A Navy patzot plane observing Soriet naval exercises in the Son of Japan was fired upon with a white faze and tracers The Incident took place on 26 September A Sverdlor cruiser wan reported to have done the fing Mediterrenean—Saratopn Incident At Sen 10 1971 A Soviet Kunhin DLG tnterfered with the operations of the Seratopn CVA—60 John King DG—3 and Belknap DLG—26 by maneuvering at nigh within the USN for— mation No damage was reported The Incident took place at night on 10 October This was immediately prior to the Inilation of negotiations n Mancow to achteve an Icldents at sen convention ‘The negotlations ended on 22 October with an ‘understandng‘« ‘The formal convention was not signed until 25 May 1972 Mediterrsneun— Independence Incident At Sen 1 1972 Two Egyptian Redgere hasaased a hellcopter from the CVA Independence The planes paaged within 50—100 yazda at an alttide of 100—200 feet ‘mere was no damage Tne incident took place on 5 Janoary» Mediterssnean—Seattle cident Ar Son 1 1972 j seattle 10R—3 was basaosed during undernay replenishment by a Sortet merchant hip G6 Ploneer Volkoy ‘The merchant ahip‘s manaivers forced the Seattle to make an F emergency bncalaway The event took place on 23 March Meditersaneen—Sime And Peats Incident At Sen 3 1972 ‘ne S Sime DB—105% and William Y Peatt LG—15 were ariempting to develop an undersater contact i the Mediterzancan when a Sorte Kerlin attempted to ahoulder the owo U ships anide GPA to Sime was 50 yazde during one polat during the manier ering The incldent ook place on 31 March Northern Attantic—Aztemia cident At Sen 9 1973 me research vesne USNS Artemia was rammed three times by the Soviet AGS Naihodia about 265 naceical mileo south of Ieeland The ahip mistained damage Int eanilaied operations ‘The NMCC Indicates that a P—3 was sent from Teeland in reponse to the incldent ¥hich took place on 4 September somalia 6—7 1978 ‘on 30 Jane AGP—3 Lasalle MIDEASTROR Aagehlp depasted Rebrata for operations in support of the House Armed Services Committee delegation echeduted to vials Somalia on 6 ily In company with the destroyer New DD—815 It provided communtcattone and Hogtatical eupport to he delegatton which favestignted Sorter fclliten in Somalis Per— imfaon for a port viet to Berhera during the vialt was not granted by the Somall Gore ernment y the 11th the LaSulle wae encoute to Babzala while the New conducted surveillance operations in the Gilf of Aden bs C AQA FD hal imkor Navy vensele customarily provide this type of support for vtte by American polttical eadera to Thted World countztes Since this t a xoutine type of operation actions of this variety ae no Included on the main ternational Incidence project lnt leas special uctione are taken during the course of the operation g the reaction to the violence which threatened Vice Prestdent Ntzon in the Venemela 1—5 1958 zeepone Dominican Republle—Ptoneez Incident At Sea 8 1975 On 4 August a U S regtsry ctvilien tug 66 Plonces was fired upon ty Dominican atreraft and mibsequently boarded and aelzed by Dominican forces t wan ordered to Puerto Plata Domintcan Republic and then released almont Immediately upon arxival No hits were received by the tig No personnel were Injured The ahip had been mis vakenly Identiled as a possthle contzahund emugpler wanted by Dominloan authorities NDDG to the acurce of this Incident Mediterssnean—Kennedy Incident At Sen 9 1975 On 12 September the CVA Kennedy was anchored nees a Sorter ship at Kithica For approstmately owo hase a Crema 11 that wan murvellling the carzier Dllomiated her with a fire control cadar and teatned SA—N—3 mleotle nsnchere on the ship and atehorne atreraf In response GTP 60 placed hellcapters on the line of sight hewween the Kennedy and Kenta and a section of CAP was placed overhond A message was sent by flashing lighes to the Keema calling tts artenton to the agreement on the preveation of Incidents on the seas and raqueating it to conse training the radar and launchers on the CVA Gitmoze and NDDC cover the response pa EROUT CUTE mnn ne muni 8 ABET GoXMBSIR ROR Aevenonce raojecmion oreramons raojecmion oreraions 19ss—197s Over the period 1955—1975 the Navy and Maxine Corps conducted 13 major profection eperations able E—1 ‘hese took various forme evacuations adminiazzative and opposed landings advisory and pereheeping forces and az teikes against mainland rargts mous ba major rrojection orenamions 1955 — 197s® Operation Descriptiont Vietsam Evacuations 1—5 1985 Navy and Marine forces evacuated refugees and careied miliary materiel from North to South Vietmam on 109 ships and cret Tachen Lstands 2 1955 ‘he U S evacuated Nationalist Chinese personel from offshore islands The operation Involved an amphibious force 5 Ova and 1 ovs Suez Wz 10—11 2986 One BLT evacuated Western civiline from the war zone Two attick carriers stood by daring the operation Cutan Civit Wae 12 1986—1 1989 ——— On 24 October 1958 the USS Kletnemith K2D—134 evacuated American nationale from the Cutan port o Nears the Roosevelt stood by out to nen during this operation» Lebanon 6—10 1958 Adminatzative landing ot 4 USMC Bt‘Te 15—19 Jne Two attick carriers standing by daring the operation South Viewam 4 1962—97 1964 Maine and Nvy advisors provided to RVN prtoe to the tnception of divect large—scate U S involvement in the Aghting Tratland 5—4 1962 Administrative landing of force of 3 400 Marines on 17 May two carriers 1 GVA 1 GV$ standing by during operation aa CG mOQEAMANE Eom mate 21 Coq operation Description Zensttuz 1 1954 Evacuation of Western civiline carried — cut on 13 January by destroyer Manley and HMS Gwen RFA Hebe Laoe 4—6 1964 Two CVAs conducted strike operations against AAW postions tn retaliation for attacks on USN aireratt« cut or Tonkin 2 1964 ‘Two carriers contict strike operations aginst shore Initiations n reaaliation for atiacks on USN destroyers Dominican Repubtte 4 3963—9 1966 Evacuation of U S citizens condicted on 27 April Marine force landed on 28 April to anstst tn restoration of order U 5 forcen ashore on 5 May consisted of 4 USMG BLT 10 000 Army troupe Two carziers 1 CVA — 1 GVS were alezted for the eperntion Crprue 74 1974 Evmcuation of Western nationale carzied out on 22—23 Juty ty U S and Royal maviens elements of 1 BLT conducted emouation 1 CVA eanting by dring reaponse wo CVA# involved in later phase of the operation Mayaguez 5 1975 Ae strikes and landing operations in response to setzure of ship 1 CVA and company alze Jnnting party this t a conservative lit o projection operations It omite instancen tn which the Navy extered territortal waters claimed by other nations Quemoy Hal 1969 the resupply o alll or UN forces Trinidad Congo Instncen in which U $ forces were anhore prioe to the response n the Canal Zone and Ouantanamoy and actions which were past of the ViemamIndochisa Wer More detatted descriptions are prosented in appendix C In considering the responses Listed above It ta important to note that these were not the only Instancen in which profection—capable forces were ‘used in the course of reeponses One tmplict objective in any extate management operation in to achleve ational poate with the mlatmum level of force ponntbie In thle reperd the CVA and na BNE ve l 80 mus recs is unccassirito amphibious forces deployed to cover the 8 May 1963 Haitian evacuation were ‘used in Just as real a sense as were the forces employed during the October 1958 Cutan evec— uation though only the later case enters onto the ist presented in table E—1 Presence 1s Just as eal‘ as projection and in some cases perhaps even more usfil coneatison wiry Earur® rexion or navat prrcomicy one of the most atziking aepects ofthe ist prosented above is the amall number 13 99 ot major profection operations conducted over the 21 year periods This Is in masked contract to earlier phases of American naval ditomacy that are often used to develop assessments of naval diplomacy e13 Cables Ounbost Diplomacy « For example during the imer—waz years 1919—1999 projection of power above took place in 82% of Navy and Marine Corpe responses to International events G3 of 40 cases see tite E—2 White the feat has continued to play an active role in support of U diplomacy Navy and Murine forces have been loss frequently employed I relative term in over — the—baach operations Moreover when the pe of operations conducted during the two perfods ae compazed other significant differences emerge Many of the operations dizing the iter—war years Involved the placement of U S forces within a foreign territory to perform what amounted to comttalazy functions particularly In the Certbean and Chisa there fictions were often performed by Marine unite of eirpristngly small atze ‘There s no counterpart to this type of response in the post—1958 projection operations Another atgniicant difference relates to th steategte conterzs within which the aperations took place during the two periods The two Russlan Imervertions took place Airing a time when the USSR wae not finctioning ae a major power From the end of these operations in the early 1920‘ until he China respansen In the mld to late 1990‘s there was essentially no ateategte component t the operations This ts In mazked con— rast to the post—1955 responses where the actions of the Sovlet Unlon and other communist states and or the activites of domestic communtat movements were major factors in a majority of the 13 responses James Cate Guntont Diplomacy New York Praeger 1971 Appendix E prosenta short descriptions ofthe 10 Navy and Marine Corps responses to International events which took place over the period 1919—1939 as 1 BBXtirty mote Ba f raojecmion orera ions 1919—1999 Your Place 1sis—1984 Haim isi—1924 Dominican Repubtic i9t7—i002 Cum 1919 USSR Arctunged 1919 Honduras 119 Turkey asis—i002 Usst Viadtvortoly 1920 Chima imm Chim 192 Chima 192 Nicaragua 1902 Torey 1929 China Mazen Inland 192 Chine Tungetan 192 China Shanghat Trentoto 1szi—i007 Chine Vangtse River 192 Honduras s 1925 Chima 1925 Honduras 1925 Nearagia 1525 Pavame 1926 Chime 1925 Nearagia 1927 Chine Ghangta 1927 China Nanking 1527 China Tiemat 1927 Chime @ooting 1927 China Hangetow 1927 Nearapun 1920—1980 Mcarngia 1930 Chima 1984 Chima 1939 Chim na NOEIOOIEIE Chon IN Apeenont ® usy Atp usic RESfoNsES To INTERNA TIONAL EvaNTS 19191989 BNERESSINED — copa mus Yat hi aresnon r us Ap usic reseonses to nrreanwmonat svaits 1919—1990 Tne Inter—war years 1919—1935 provide one benchmazk period against which more recent operations can be evaluated ‘ning foue sources 40 Navy and Marine Corps responses to Internationa events can be Identified as shown in tables P—1 and R2 ‘sing the geographic information provided in table E—1 the regtonal diatritation ot the Navy‘a responses can be compared to that fund in Iter yeare able P—3 James Catie Gunbont Diplomacy New York Procger 1971 Harzy Allanton Rlteworth One Hundred Eighty Landings of United Sates Marines 1800—1994 Washington GFO 1974 reprint of 1954 ealtion s Seuator Everett Disksen Use of U S Armed Forces in Forel Countries instances of Use of 0 5 Armed Forces Abroad 1798—1945 Congressional Record Senate June 23 1969 $6955—6958 Herbert K Tilleme Appeal to Foree _ American Miltary Itervertion in the Ea of Gomatnment New Yorks Grovell 1975 Appeodix B ra PNitBgEey c as rr use anp usvc resronss to nereanaionat svants 1919—2900 Natton Region your Halt Americas 1sis—1984 Dominican Republic Americas 1s16—1904 Cuts Americas 19u7—a002 USSR Europe i918—1019 Turkes Mediterrenoen 1919 Hondirso American 1919 USSR North Anta ists—a002 Mexico American 1920 Chima Asia 1920 Gustemala American 1920 Chisa Aoin i921 Pavamaa—Conta Rica Americas i921 ° China Aia ar Mcaragu American a9m Turkey Mediterrsnoan 1922 China Mtes Teland hate 1903 China Tangrtan Aeta a0 Chine Shangha Tlentsen Asta 1921 China Vangewe Riven hola aoat—a907 Hondirao Americas 192 Chima Aaia 1905 Hondurso American n ases Narngua Americas 1925 Pasima American 1925 Letanon Mediterranoan 1925 Chisa Aoia 1926 Mcaregu American 1925 China GhanghatAsia 1527 China Nanking Aota aar China Tientsin Asia 127 China Rooming Anta aser China tangstow Asia aer Nearmgua American 1927 Ncarngia Americas 19zt—2003 Mexico American 192 Chima hain 1980 ra fRURROET AAR THE Taste ma Conta Natton Region year China Japan Aste 102 Cubs Americas 198 Chima Asia 1934 China Jpan Aaia 1939 ame pa pescrurtions or operations 1919—959 Operation pescription smi ors—1984 Maines landed to restore order USMC officers sway to form the Gendarmesie dae and serve as its officer corps Dominican Repubilc 1916—1924 Maines were landed in response to ctvil disorders Some Maztnes stayed after the man intervention to form ind serve as the offer corps af the Guardia Nacional Dominicana oute 1917—2922 Landing of Marines tn response to civil unrest two companten xe main after the main lnding as a contingency force usen isis—1919 U S forces lend in Archangel to support British interventionasy operations Turkey 1919 Us$ Arizom tends Marines to guard the U 5 Connslate at Constantinople dszing the Grek cccupation of that oly Honduras 1919 buring an attempted revolution in September Marines wece pot — ashore to matseain order tn a nestral zone that had been entab Htahed to protect forelgn nationals ro WHEL i 4 f MA m AOERUUIH T TABLE F—2 Conta Operation Description usa 1919—1922 S forces land in and around Viadivortok Mexico 1920 Destroyer Thornton dispatched to city of Maran in response to bundit violence Chine 1920 March landing at Kluktang to protect civilians during civil uncest Guatemala 1920 Landing party pat ashore in April to protest Lepiton and cable station during civil unsent» Chine 1921 ¥angtse River patrols to matezatn order and protect Western nationale Panama—Come Rica 1921 Nasy forces demonstrate on both j aides ofthe Tettmus to deter a border var R Chine 1922 Marines land in Stanghal curing May in response to revolitionary vialence Nearagua 1922 An augmented Legation guard and other Maxine forces hep in mato tatning order daring an attempted revalition Turkey 1922 With the consent of the Governments of Turkey and Greece a landing pasty was pot ashore during September and October In the cy of Smyzma to protect American citizens China Mateu Island 1923 USMG force lands during Febriary in response to diaturtances China Tungutan Isten 1923 November landings of Mazines tn response to revolutionary violence Chine Shanghat —Ttentats 1923 September through November landings to reeponse to revolution — pek Rt mus race is unctassirieo Taste P2 Cord Operation Description China Vangese Riven 19241927 Conttnuing series of patzols and landings daring period of dlurunces Honduras 1924 Maine force landed daring election hootilites Chima 1925 Maine landing at Stanghal to pro— tect Internationa Settlement caring oil disrmances Hondirae 1928 Protection provided to foreigners Tocated at LaCelta during upheavals Nearague 1925 Marine force assiate in matntalning order at request of GON Param 1925 Landing of Marines in October due to riot and strikes Lebanon 1928 Two destroyers sent to Belu to provide ressnurance to U S nationals during violence tn French mandate territory« China 1926 Naval forces pat ashore at Hinkow in August and September daring disturinnces NMecarague 1926 Maine force landed die to revolution China Shangiap 1927 Landing to protect International Concession daring revolution in— ternational force tnvoived China Nanking 1927 Landing of Mazines dozing civil wer China Tiestaty 1927 Landing daring civil ware China Rooming 1927 Landing dring civil was China Hangctow 1927 Landing diring chil war Nicaregun 1927 Maine force pat nto action to — 4 matntatn order dizing disturbances — Nearague 1928—1988 U 5 forces assist in entabltstment and maintenance ot law and order rs BERSEEL TABLE F—2 Cod — Operation Description Mexico 1928 Navy force dispatched to protect U S cltizens and property in Ouayamas China 1920 Evacuation of Changin China Japan 1982 U S Asiatic Aeet moves to Stanghal to protect International Concession to assist in the settlement of Chinese—Jspanese hostilities and to ensure that the forces of the to ball gerants vere withdraun from the imme diate aren Cute 1983 Werships and Marine establish presence off Cut to ntuence change of regime Chim 1934 Marines landed to protect 0 5 Consulate at Foochow s China Japan 1989 U S forces land at Kulangeito to protect International Setlement during hootlites mote rs Reotonat pretimumion or nav resronses Region 1919—2900 ross—1960 a9tet9ss ros6caons rossasns Medterrsnean 3 $% 10GMD 3 68 12 63% — 25 CD Americas vouen cem a cn 4 on s cm Bast Asta 1 @a sem r om ce 2 cb orer regions 2 3D — 30 11 CD 3 4D 17 7D A compasison of the fst and last columns shovs the shit tn geographic emphasis aver the two eras of criate diplomacy notably the marked increase in Mediterzanoin responses ‘This relative increase in Mediterzancan operations ia even more maked which the nter—war years ae compezed to the first 1955—1960 and thied 1966—1979 ros UROASSTED BNMbSNAE ma a period ‘The regtonal distritaton of operations dring the 1961—1965 phase more closely « resembles that found in the Inter—waz years than in the other two post—1955 phases particularly In terms of the pauelty of Medterzansan operations and the relative frequency r of responses in the Americas rr