DEClfJ mf iGD m PART ·f L P £ z Q A72 t# sey BY fJN NM DPJ jlL U -TOP SECRET THE WHITE HOUSE· WASHINGTON July 4 1982 NATIONAL SECURITY VECISION VIRECTIVE NUMBER 42 - 61 SYSTEM II 903 98 NATIONAL SPACE POLICY I INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES This direct·ive establishes national policy to guide the conduct of United States space program and related activities it supersedes Presidential Directives 37 42 and 54 as well as National Security Decision Directive 8 This directive is consistent with and augments the guidance contained in existing directives executive orders and law The decisions outiined in this directive provide the broad framework and the basis for the commitments ne ssary for the conduct of United States space programs · The Space Shuttle is to be a major factor in the future evolution of United States space programs It will continue to foster cooperation between the national security and civil efforts to ensure efficient nd effective use of national resources Specifically routine use of the manned Space Shuttla will provide the opportunity to understand better and evaluate the role of man in space to increase the utility of space pr ms and to expand knowledge of the space environment J The basic goals of United States· space policy are to a strengthen the s curity of the United States b maintain United States space leadership c obtain economic and · scientific benefits through the exploitation of space d expand United States private-sector inves ent and involvement in civil space and space-related ac ivities e promote international cooperative activities that are in the national interest ·and f cooperate with other nations in maintaining the freedom of space for all activities that enhance the security and welfare of mankind or l'OP SECHY Review on·July 4 1992 Classified Extended by William P Clark Reason for Ext NSC 1 13 e cy ··· of __ copies ' 1 Ut' otbtttt 'fO ' SECREQ l 2 The United States space program shall be conducted in accordance with the following basic principles A The United States is committed to the exploration and use of outer space by all nations for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all mankind Peaceful purposes allow for military and intelligence-related ac ties in pursuit of national security and other goals B The United States rejects any claims to sovereignty by any nation over outer space or celestial bodies or any portion thereof and rejects any limitati JVon the funda mental right to acquire data from space UfJ C The United States considers the space systems of any nation to be national property with the right of passage through and operations in space without interference Purposeful interference with space sys ems shall be viewed as an infringement upon sovereign rights D The United States encourages domestic commerci l exploit tion of space-capabilities technology 1 and sys ems for nati nal economic benefit These activities must bt consistant with national secu Zty concerns treaties a1d inter narional agreements E The United States will conduct international coopera ive space-related a ctivities that achieve suff · ient scienti ic politic economic or national security t nefits for the nation F The United States space program will comprise three separate distinct and strongly interacting sectors - Military National Foreign Intelligence and Civil Close coordination cooperation and information exchange will be maintained among these sectors to avoid unnecessary dupli cation All programs in these sectors will operate under conditions that protect sensitive technology and data and that promote accept and legitimacy of United States space activities J G The United States Space TransportatiOh System STS is the primary space launch system for both national security and civil government missions STS capabilities and capacities shall be developed to meet appropriate national needs and shall be available· to authorized users domestic and foreign commercial and governmental q Qp SEC lBW I · ·- of __ copic i cy_ c Tn 0 Q J P D cr --1 Ur' tbt t l 3 H The United States will pursue acti ties in space in support of its right of self-defense kU I The United States will continue to study space arms control options The United States will consider verifiable and equitable arms control measures that would ban or other wise limit testing and deployment of specific weapons· systems should those measures be compatible with United States national security The United States will oppose arms control concepts or legal regimes that seek general pro bitions on the military or intelligence use of space J II SPACE TRAI 'TSPORTATION SYSTEM The Space Transportation System STS is composed qf the Space Shuttle associated upper stages and related facilities The following poli shall govern the develop ment and operation of the STS J A The STS is a vital element of the United States space program and is the primary space launch system for both· United States national security and civil government missions The STS will be afforded the degree of survivabi J ity and security protection required for a critical national space resourceo ¢ B The first priority-of the STS program is to make the system fully operatio nd cost-effective in providing routine access to space c · The Un ted States is fully committed to maintaining world leadership in space transportation ith an STS capacity sufficient to meet appropriate national needs The STS program requires sustained commitments by all affected departments and agencies The United States will continpe to develop the STS through the National Aeronautic and Space Administration NASA in cooperation with the Department of Defense DoD • Enhancements of STS operational capability upper stages and efficient meth9ds of deploying and retrieving paylods should be pursued as national requirements are defined D United States Government spacecraft should be designed to take advantage of the unique capabilities of the STS The completion of transition to Shuttle should occur as expeditiously as practical cy __ of_ _ _copies -TAD QCPOt T ' E 4 · ·- - _nr -f p _ s 3 iZ1$w E NASA will assure the Shuttle ' s utility to the civil users In coordination with NASA the DoD will assure the Shuttle's utility to national defense and will integrate national security missions into the Shuttle system Launch will be vided for national security missions F Expendable launch vehicle operations shall be con tinued by the United States Government until the capabilities of the STS are sufficient to meet its needs and obligations Unique national security consideratio s may dictate deveioping special-purpose launch capabilities G For the near-texm the STS will continue to be managed and operated in an institutional arrangement consistent with the current NASA DoD Memoranda of Understanding Responsi bility will remain in NASA for operational control of the STS for civil missions and in the DoD for operational control of the STS for national security missions Mission management is the responsibility of the mission agency As the STS operations mature options will be considered for possi9le transition to a different institutional structure H Major changes to STS program capabilities will require Presidential approval III CIVIL SPACE PROGRAM prr· The United States shall conduct civil space programs to expand knowledge of the Earth its environment the solar system and the universe to develop and promote selected civil applications of space technology to preserve the United States leadership in critical aspects of space science applications and technology and to further United States domestic and foreign policy objectives Consistent with the National Aeronautics and Space Act the following policies shall govern the conduct of the civil space program A Science Applications and Technology United States Government civil programs shall continue a balanced strategy of research development operations and exploration for science applications and nology The key objectives of these programs are to yn 1 Preserve the United States preeminence in critical major space activities to enable continued exploita tion and exploration of space i - cy of __ copi s Tnn C r nnrr -fOP SEGHt l -TOP 'Sf CRE'I' - 5 2 Conduct research and experimentation to expand understanding of a astrophysical phenomena and the origin and evolution of the universe through long-term astra physical observation b the Earth its environment and '- its dynamic relation with the Sun c the origin and evolution of the solar system through solar planetary and lunar sciences and exploration and d the space environment and te7hnology _r uired to advance knowledge in the biological sc ences yn 3 Continue to explore· the requirements operational concepts an -- chnology associated with permanent space facilities vn 4 Conduct appropriate research and experimentation in advanced technology and systems to provide a basis for future civil space applications U B Private Sector Participation The United States Government will provid a climate conducive to expanded private sector investm t and involvement in civil ·space activities with due regard to public safety and national security Private sect0r space activities will be authorized and supervised or regulated by the governmen to the extent required by treaty and 1ational security c International Cooperation United St s cooperation in internat onal civil space act v ties will n · 1 Support the public readout of data from Federal civil stations and the provi of data specified conditions J nondiscriminatory direct systems to foreign ground to foreign users under 2 Continue cooperation with o er nations by conducting joint scientific and research programs that yield sufficient benefits to the United States in areas such as access to foreign scientific and technological expertise and access to foreign research ap d development facilities· and that serve other national goals All international space ventures must be istent with United States technology transfer policy J D Civil Operational Remote Sensing nagement of Federal civil operational remote sensing is the responsibility of the Department of Commerce The Department of Commerce will a aggregate Federal needs for civil operational remote sensing to be met by either the private sector or the Federal government b iaentify needed civil operational system research·and development objectives and c in coordination with other depar ents or agencies provide for regulation · of private-sector operational remote sensing systems -- W __ _ -l ' I U ULUI Li OP SECRB 6 IV MILITARY SPACE PROGRru1 - The United States wil conduct those activities in space that are necessary to national defense The military space program shall support such functions as command and control communications navigation environme tal monitoring · warning tactical intelligence targeting ocean and battlefield surveillance and force application including an aggressive research and development program which supports these functions In addition military space programs shall contribute to the satisfaction of national intelligence requirements The following polic hall govern the conduct of the military space program A Survivability Survivability and endurance of space systems including all system elements will be pursued commensurate with the planned use in crisis and conflict with the threat and with the availability of other assets to perform the mission Deficiencies will be identified and eliminated and an aggressive long-term program will be undertaken to provide more-assured survivability and endurance Availability of systems to meet mission requirements will be achieved through a balanced and flexible architecture employing both space and non-space systems and incorporating appropriate survivabil V interoperability redundancy and reconstitution features • ZJ · B Anti-satellite ASAT Capability The United States will develop and deploy an ASAT capability to achieve an operationa system at the earliest practical date The primary military purposes of a United States ASAT capability are to deter threats to space systems of the United States and its Allies and within such limits sed international law c Force Application The United States will consistent with treaty obl gat ons a develop and maintain an integrated attack warning notification verification and contingency reaction capability which can effectively detect and react· to threats to United States space systems b conduct research and planning to be prepared to develop acquire and deploy space weapo systems and to counter adversary space activities should national security conditions dictate These efforts must ensure a reasonable hedge against breakout in space and space-related weapons by any adversary and should support technology advances th_at will place he United States in a favorable strategic posture D Interaction with the National Foreign Intelligence Space Program The Secretary of Defense n concert with the Director of Central Intelligence and for the purpose of rnn --f'rf'nrr - cY ·- of __ coole3 -1u uEbf Lt -- EeP SECRET 7 supporting operational military forces may or augmentations to national fore inte as necessary E Security The military space program including dissemination of data shall be conducted in accordance with Executive Orders and applicable directives for protection of national security information and commensurate with both the missions performed and the securit - asures necessary to protect related· space activities J V NATIONAL FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SPACE PROGRAM The United States foreign intelligence program shall include a space program to acquire information and data required for the formulation and execution of foreign military · and economic licies to support the planning for and conduct of military 0perations to provide warning to support crisis managemen to monitor treaties and to perform research and development -elated to these functions The following policies shall govern the conduct of this program A Survivability The· national foreign intelligence space program shall be cc figured to operate in a hostile environment The guidar ·e set forth in subparagraph IV A shall be aggressively pu sued by the intelligence community B Support of Military Operational Requirements Support of m litary operational requ rements is a major space intelligence mission National space intelligence assets shall provide appropriate support to deployed military operational forces in ·balance with their· primary mission capab_ili ties In order to ensure a proper balance between the national and tactical missions of these assets there will be military involvement in the requirements taskings exploitation and dissemination functions and in the develop ment program The Director of Central Intelligence will together with the Secretary of Defe se ensure that there is no unnecessary overlap b tween national ign intelligence programs and DoD intelligence programs C Interaction with the Military Space Program The Director of Centr al Intelligence J n concert with the Secretary of Defense may propose mudifications or augmentations to military space syste · cessary to support national foreign intelligence needs · -'POP SECRET ' ' ' Tnn o·c 'ncr cy ' ·- of __ copies i U U L U I L I 0 SECRE 8 D security The nature the attributable collected information and the operational details of intelligence space activities will be classified As is necessary to protect sensitive aspects they will be controlled in special compart mented security channels as determined by the Director of Central Intelligence Collected information that cannot be attributed to space systems will be classified according to its content The following security guidelines apply to the conduct of these programs xsJ 1 The fact of satellite photoreconnaissance for use in monitoring arms control agreements is UNCLASSIFIED The fact that the UnLted States conducts satellite reconnais sance for intelligence purposes without disclosing the generic type of activity is classified CONFIDENTIAL All other facts and details concerning the overall national foreign intelligence space program will continue t quire appropriate classification and security controls 2 Operational aspects of intelligence space activities shall be afforded strict security protection within a special access program system as determined by the Dir ctor of Central Intelligence 3 Strict control over public statements and background concerning space reconnaissance will be maintained Z 4 Changes to the space intelligence urity policy can be authorized only by the President vcJ VI INTER-SECTOR RESPONSIBILITIES This section contains guidance applicable to and binding upon the military tional foreign intelligence and civil space programs J -51 A The military intelligence and civil space sectors will be closely coordinated and will emphasize t chnology sharing within necessary security constraints Technology transfer issues will be resolved within framework of laws directives and executive orders J B Civil Earth-imaging from space lllliwill be permit and when such needs are justified and assessed in to civil benefi s national securi y and foreign OP SECRE' ' cy --Tn n £'EP8 ET ·- of __ copies ' ' I Ur btbt tr 9 c Civil remote sensing system constraints on spatial resolution timeliness spectral resolution substantive content or other appropriate parameters will be periodically reviewed to det·errnine - h n policy constraints should be revised or imposed vn D United States intelligence military and civil Federal agencies should foster maximum use of satellite imagery products consistent with essent al security require ments and user needs The Director of Central Intelligence will continue efforts to facilitate the availability of imagery products outside of special control channels un F Civil space sys-tems identified as critical to national sec11 'tity may be modified at the expense of the requesting ag ncy or department These actions should provide a lev l of survivability commensurate with planned use and or· a l pability to deny use by an enemy in time of national emerrency declared by the President To the maximum extent p0SS ib 1 theSe systemS 1 When modified 1 ShOUld retain their normal perational utility 'The fact or details of such measures hall be classified G The United States Government will maintain and coordinate s arate national security and'civil operational space systems when di££ering eeds of the sectors dictate U VII IMPLEMENT _rroN - Normal interagency coordinating mechan i sms will be employed to the maximum extent possible to implement the policies enunciated in this directive To provide a forum to all Federal ·agencies for their policy views to review and advise on proposed changes to national space policy and to provide for orderly and rapid referral of space policy issues to the President for decisions as necessary a Senior Interc rg ency G oup SIG on Space shall be established The SIG Space will be chaired by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and will include the Deputy or Under Secretary of State Deputy or Under Secretary of Defense Deputy or Under Secretary of Commerce Director of Central Intelligenc Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the TOP SEQili 'l' cy· __ of __ copies -Tnn· QCPDCT ' '· -1 ur ltLtttl I'QP SEC R E'f 10 Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis tration Representatives of the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of Science and Technology Policy will be included as observers Other agencies or departmen will participate based on the subjects to be addressed W1 · cy ot___ ·· COpieS