fr - unh Approved For Release 2004 09 23 - 3 5 7 SURVEY OF COMPUTER NETWORKS JACK I PETERSUN SANDRA A VEIT The work reported here was sponsored by the Defense Communications Agency under contract 1 9628 7 SEPTEMBER 1971 THE MITRE CORPORATION This d cumenf Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a survey of state of the-art computer networks It identifies ten major networks ARPA COINS CYBERNET the Distributed Computer System DLS MERIT Network 440 Octopus T58 and TUCC and outlines their eapa- bilities and design A tabular presentation of the most significant network features and a brief discussion oi networks that were examined but rejected for the survey are also included Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors of this survey thank the organizations mentioned herein for their assistance in providing much of the basic information from which this survey was com piled We wish to extend special thanks to the individuals named below who gave a good deal of their time for site interviews telephone conversations and correspondence with US Jack Byrd Jim Caldwell and Jim Chidester of Control Data Corporation Doug McKay and Al weis of IBM Don Braff John Fletcher Mel Harrison and Sam Mendicino of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Eric Aupperle and Bertram Herzog of MERIT Peggy Karp and David Wood of Dan Cica Wayne Hathaway Gene Itean Marge Jereb and Roger Sehulte of Doug Engelbart and Jim Norton of the Stanford Research Institute Leland Williams of and David Farber of the University of California at Irvine Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 at 'i'i'ia-i- Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 FOREWORD Data for this survey was gathered primarily from interviewing individuals at the various network sites A questionnaire was used a checklist during the interviews but not as a tool for comparative evaluation of the networks because of the wide range of questions and because of the vast differences among the networks In many cases additional information was obtained from literature provided by the interviewees or their installation Most of the information furnished by this survey was gathered between January and April 1971 however in this rapidly expanding area most networks are in the process of changing This document gives a picture of these networks as they were at a given point in time where possible proposed or impending changes have been indicated Each section of the survey has been reviewed by the cognizant organization to ensure greater accuracy although errors are inevitable in an undertaking of this magnitude Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION LIST OF FIGURES I INTRODUCTION II - NETWORKS SURVEYED The ARPA Computer Network The COINS Network The CYBERNET Network The Distributed Computer System Data Link Support The MERIT Computer Network Network 440 The Octopus Network The TSS Network The TUCC Network MATRIX OF NETWORK FEATURES Configuration Communications Network Usage IV EXCLUDED NETWORKS SUMMARY GLOSSARY APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE ARPA Network Topology February 1971 Inventory of Nodes and Host Hardware in the ARPA Network COINS Configuration 1 2 3 The Interface Message Processor 4 5 The CYBERNET Network vii PAGE vii PAGE Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 FIGURE 10Typical CYBERNET Configurations The Distributed Computer System Topology Inventory of Planned Hardware Communications interface DLS Configuration Overview of the MERIT Network Inventory of MERIT Host Hardware MERIT Communications Segment Communication Computer System Logical Structure of Network 440 Nodes in Network 440 The Octopus Network Octopus Hardware Television Monitor Display System TMDS File Transport Channel File Transport Channel Octopus Teletype Subnet Remote Job Entry Terminal RJ ET System and Network Connections An Overview of the TSS Network TSS Network Hardware Usage of the TSS Network An Overview of the TUCC Network Configuration of the 360 75 at TUCC PAGE 16 45 49 50 55 56 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 SECTION I INTRODUCTION As defined in this paper a computer network is an interconnected group of independent computer systems which communicate with one another and share re- sources such as programs data hardware and software This paper presents the results of a survey of state-of the-art computer networks by MITRE under the sponsorship of the Defense Communications Agency lt identifies the major networks according to the working definition given above and includes a discussion of their purpose configura tion usage communications and management The bulk of the paper consists of a discussion of the selected networks and a matrix presentation of some of the more predominant characteristics of each Section 1 presents much of the information gathered in the course of the study it is divided into ten subsections one for each of the networks surveyed Each of the subsections net- works is further divided into five topic areas Introduction Configuration Communica- tions Usage and Management A comparative matrix in Section gives an overview of the characteristics of the networks Section IV brie y examines networks that were not included in the survey Section presents a summary of the survey The Glossary provides definitions of terms and acronyms which may be unfamiliar to the reader Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 SECTION NETWORKS SURVEYED Each subsection in Section ll presents the findings pertaining to one network All network discussions are organized in the same manner and deal with five basic topics hurrah rim gives background information such as the sponsor purpose and present status of the network rmji'gurarion provides an inventory of network hardware gen- erally accompanied by a topological diagram of the network and information on network software Crmmumtea ions relates the relevant factors in the communications of the network Usage discusses the present or intended use of the network Managean presents a view of the network management structure THE ARPA COMPUTER NETWORK introduction The Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA network is a nationwide system which interconnects many ARPA-supported research centers The primary goal of this project is to achieve an effective pooling of all of the network s computer resources making them available to the network community at large in this way programs and users at a particular center will be allowed to access data and programs resident at a remote facility At the present time network activity is concentrated in three major areas The first is the installation of the network interface hardware and the development and testing of its associated software modules Secondly network experimentation is being carried out at several operational sites These experiments are designed to develop techniques for measuring system performance for distributing data files and their directories and for dis seminating network documentation Finally expansion and refinement of the original system design are being investigated with considerations being paid to both long range and immediate goals gonfiguration The ARPA Network is a distributed network of heterogeneous host computers and operating systems store-and forward communication system consists of modified Honeywell DDP-S 6 computers located close to the hosts and connected to each other by 50 kilobit-per-second leased telephone lines The 516 is called an interface Message Proces sor or IMP The Network Control Program NCP is generally part of the host executive it enables processes within one host to communicate with processes on another or the same host The main functions of the NCP are to establish connections terminate connections and control traffic ow 3 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Figure is a topological diagram of the ARPA Network Figure 2 lists the network nodes along with a brief description of the hardware and software at each Although this compilation is approximate at the time of this writing it provides a general idea of the resources available at various nodes in the ARPA Network UTAH I ILLINOIS MIT LINCOLN CASE xos-940 IMP IMP IMP IMP IMP IMP GEMS 360 57 ucse STAFFORD soc CARNEGIE IMP IMP IMP DDP7516 IMP 9 UCLA HAND BEN HARVARD SURFIOUGHS x Es T SIGMA-7 IMP IMP IMP IMP 4 IBM 360 65 PROPOSED EXQSTING SOURCE BOLT BE RANEK AND NEWMAN Figure 1 ARPA Network Topology February 1971 Communications Communications in the ARPA network are achieved using a system of leased lines operated in a full-duplex mode at 50 000 bps The interconnection of the host computers to the telephonic network is the primary function of a specially developed communications computer system the Interface Message Processor Each IMP as shown in Figure 3 is an augmented ruggedized version of the Honeywell and includes 12K 16-bit words of core memory 16 multiplexed channels 16 levels of priority interrupt and logic supporting host computers and high-speed modems Special 1A second device the Terminal Interface Processor TIP is under development for use on the ARPA network It not only performs the same function as an IMP but can also directly support user terminals eliminating the need for a host The first TIP is scheduled to go into operation in August 1971 at NASA Ames 4 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 v1 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NOOE PROCESSOR SPECIAL NOOE FUNCTIONS OR SOFTWARE BOLT HERNAEK ANO NEWMAN ICAMRRIDGE MASSACHUSETTS FOF IO ITENEIO LISP 25m 0V VIRTUAL mum NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSORS NE MORII CONTROL BURRDUGHS IPAOLI assau CARNEGIFMELIDN UNIVERSITY GARE WESTERN RESERVE IOLEUELANO GHIOI FDP IO LOGGSIGATAMANAGEMENTI HARMARO UNIVERSITY MASSACHUSETTSI PUP IO FIJPI GRAPHICS LINCOLN LABORATORY MASSACHUSETTSI LEAP A GRAPHIC LANGUAGE LIL -- LOCAI INTERACTION LANGUAGE 350m MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ICAMBRIOGE MASSACHUSETTSI RAND MONICA CALIFORNIAI STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE IMENLO PARK CALIFORNIAI STANFORD UNIVERSITY STANFORD CALIFORNIA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION ISANTA MONICA CALIFORNIAI UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT SANTA BAROA RA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS IURBANAI UNIVE OF UTAH AIR WEATHER SERVICE1 IOFFUTT AIR FORCE OMAHA NEBRASKA IINAEHINGTON MI IMGLEAN NASA AMEs RESEARCH GENTER1 IMOUNTAINVIEW NATIONAL BUREAU OF IGAITHERROURG NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC IGOULOER CDLORAOOI IROME YORKI LONDON UNIVERSITY2 ILONOONT ENGLAND OOANIA2 ITINKER AIR FORCE BASE OKLAHOMA CITY OKLAHOMAI 3AAG2 IALEXANORLA SAAMA2 IMGCLELLAN AIR FORCE BASE SACRAMENTO CALIFORNIAI UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA2 ILOS ANGELESI CALIFORNIAI TSP GE 5451 IMULTICSI POP I0 POP 5 35055 VIA IBM 300 POP I0 TENEXI PDPVIO POP-6 36G 67 VIA ODP SIS IADEPTI XOS IOS MVTI POPII UNIVAC I108 USER ONLY USER ONLY 350 57 ILLIAC IV VIA BBEOO POP IO DATA MACHINE POP II CDC 6600 CDC 7600 PDPIB COCIGEOO UNIVAC A18 UNIVACAIO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MATHLAB DYNAMIC MODELING ADAPTIVE COMMUNICATION PROJECT NETWORK SERVICES PROGRAM PROGRAMMING SYSTEM NETWORK INFORMATION CENTER TOOAS NLS ARTIFICIAL PROJECTS CONVERSE DISPLAY ORBIT UCSR CULLFR-FRIEO ON LINE SYSTEM NETWORK MEASUREMENT CENTER REMOTE JDB SERVICE SPECIALIZED GRAPHICS SERVICES SPECIALIZED FOR DATA MANAGEMENT 1SCHEDULED NODES Figure 2 Inventory of Nodes and Host Hardware in the ARPA Network Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 TTY CPU PAPER-TAPE READE 16 PRIORITY WORDS HOST INTERFACE 1 UP TO FOUR E HOST INTE RFACE 2 I1 16 HO CHANNELS MODEM INTERFACE 1 I 12K MEMORY WORDS CLOCK WATCHDOG TIMER STATUS INDICATORS POWE FAI AUTO-RESTART MODEM INTERFACE 2 I I NUMBER OF HOSTS PLUS THE NUMBER OF MODEMS MAY NOT EXCEED SEVEN SOURCE HEART F E et al INTERFACE MESSAGE PROCESSOR FOR THE ARPA COMPUTER PROCEEDINGS OF THE SPRING JOINT COMPUTER CONFERENCE MAY 1970 P 558 Figure 3 The Interface Message Processor 6 UP TO SIX Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 hardware is provided to detect certain internal failures and to either correct them or to gracefully power down if correction is not possible Each IMP is capable of supporting up to four hosts with the restriction that the number of hosts plus the number of trans- mission lines may not exceed seven Software support is derived from a specially developed operating system which requires approximately 6K words of core memory the remaining 6K words are used for message and queue storage The operating system is identical for all except for a protected 51 3-word block which contains programs and data unique to each This allows an IMP which has detected a software failure to request a reload of the program from a neighboring IMP The IMP hardware is activated by a host computer whenever a message is ready for transmission Such messages are variable length blocks with a maximum size of 8005 hits The host interface portion of the IMP which is its only host-dependent component operates in a bit serial full duplex fashion in transferring the message between the host and memories A data-demand protocol is used in the interface to match the transfer rates of the two processors Messages received by the IMP are segmented into variable length packets each having a maximum size of approximately 1000 bits Packets serve as the basic unit record of information interchange between Their smaller size places a reduced demand on intermediate message switch storage and increases the likelihood of an error-free trans mission Parity cheek digits which provide an undetected error rate of about 10 3 are appended to the packets The packets are then queued for transmission on a first-in first- out basis The selection of the particular link over which a packet is to travel is determined by the estimation of the delay in reaching its destination over each of its available lines These estimates which are recomputed at approximately SOD-millisecond intervals are based on the exchange of estimates and past performance records between neighbor- ing As a consequence of this estimation capability transmission paths which maximize effective throughput are selected In addition since these estimates are dynamic the several packets which comprise a message need not use the same physical path through the network to their destination IMP activity is also initiated upon receipt of a packet from another IMP A packet error check is performed first If the packet is error-free it is stored and a positive acknowledgment is returned to the sending IMP allowing it to release the packet from its storage area If the packet contains errors or if the receiving IMP is too busy or has insufficient storage to accept it the packet is ignored The transmitting IMP waits a pre- determined amount of time for a positive acknowledgment if none is detected the packet is assumed lost and retransmitted perhaps along a different route Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Once a positive acknowledgment has been generated the receiving IMP must determine by an examination of the destination field in the packet header whether the packet is to be delivered to a local host or forwarded In the latter case the packet is queued for transmission in a fashion similar to that used for locally initiated messages Otherwise the IMP must determine whether all the packets comprising rhe message have arrived If so a reassembly task is invoked to arrange the packets in proper order and to transfer the message to the host memory In addition to its message handling functions the IMP provides special capabilities for the detection of communication failures and the gathering of performance statistics In the absence of normal message traffic each IMP transmits idling packets over the unused lines at half-second intervals Since these packets must be acknowledged in the usual manner the lack of any packet or acknowledgment traffic over a particular line for a sustained period about 2 5 seconds indicates a dead line Local routing tables may be up-dated to re ect the unavailability of such a line The resumption of line operation is indicated by the return of idling packet traffic The IMP is capable of gathering statistics on its own performance These statistics which are automatically transmitted to a specified host for analysis may include summaries tabulation of packet arrival times and detailed information describing the current status of the packet queues All network can provide these statistics on a periodicbasis allowing the receiving host to formulate a dynamic picture of overall net- work status An additional capability supporting performance evaluation is tracing Any host generated message may have a trace bit set Whenever a packet from such a message is processed each IMP records the packet arrival time the queues on which the packet re- sided the duration of the queue waits the packet departure time etc These statistical records which describe the message-switch operation at a detailed level are automatically transmitted to a specified host for assembly and analysis Usage The use of the ARPA Network has been broken into two phases related to the network implementation plans 0 initial research and experimental use and 0 external research community use The first phase involves the connection of approximately l4 sites engaged principally in computer research into areas such as computer systems architecture information system Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 design information handling computer augmented problem solving intelligent systems and computer networking The second phase extends the number of sites to about 20 During the final phase one the network usage consists primarily of sharing soft- ware resources and gaining experience with the wide variety of systems This enables the user community to share software data and hardware eliminating duplication of effort The second phase activities will consist of adding new nodes to take advantage of other research in such areas as behavioral science climate dynamics and seismology Data distribution data sharing and the use of the IV in climate dynamics and seismology modeling are areas of special interest One of the uses of the network will be to share data between data management systems or data retrieval systems this is regarded as an important phase because of its implications for many government applications A network node for data management is being designed by Computer Corporation of America CCA it will consist of a one trillion bits of on-line laser memory interfaced with the lV processing complex CCA plans to implement a special data language to talk to the data machine having disk storage and a slower trillion bit direct-access store that will provide an alternative to storage at network sites The network is also used to access the Network Information Center NIC at SR1 the NIC serves as a repository of information about all systems in the network that can be dynamically updated and accessed by users Another use of the network is measurement and experimentation because of the nature of the network much effort has been expended developing appropriate tools for collecting usage statistics and evaluating network performance Bolt Beranek and Newman BBN the Network Control Center gathers information such as the tip down status of the hosts and telephone lines 0 the number of messages failing to arrive over each telephone line 0 the number of packets successfully transmitted over each telephone line and the number of messages transmitted by each host into its IMP Additional information is being gathered by UCLA the Network Measurement Center Management Although the several nodes of the ARPA network are at lease partially sup ported by ARPA each is an independent research facility engaged in many activities beyond its participation in the network One of the primary considerations of the network design philosophy and of its management is the preservation of this autonomy 9 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 As a consequence administrative control of the computer systems has remained with the individual facilities while the responsibility for intercomputer communications has been assumed by network management The management of the network is functionally distributed between two or- ganizations Fiscal policy particularly the disbursement of funds is determined by the Information Processing Office of ARPA The technical pursuit of the network is the responsibility of the Chairman of the Network Working Group NWG who is appointed by ARPA The NWG itself is composed of at least one member from each participating site It meets every three months and operates in a somewhat informal fashion Its main purpose is to propose and evaluate ideas for the enhancement of the network To this end several subcommittees have been formed within the NWG each involved with a single major aspect of network operation Their respective areas of inquiry include the following 0 data transformation languages 0 graphics protocol 0 host-host protocol 0 special software protocol and accounting The critical need for the timely dissemination of technical information through- out the network community is satisfied by means of a three-level documentation scheme The most formal papers are called Documents and are issued by the Chairman of the NWG as a statement of network technical policy A Request for Comments RFC is issued by any member of the NWG as a means of proposing technical standards RFC's are therefore technical opinions and serve to promote the exchange of ideas among the NWG An RFC Guide which indexes and defines the status of all is published periodically by The MITRE Corporation Finally Documents substantive memoranda telephone conversations site documents and other appropriate material are cataloged by the NIC at the Stanford Research Institute SR1 which periodically publishes a comprehensive index to these materials SR1 has also developed two sophisticated software systems to enable a network user to effectively utilize the information in the catalog files The first of these is the Typewriter Oriented Documentation Access System TODAS This system as its name implies is intended to provide the teletype terminal user with appropriate capa bilities for manipulating the library catalogs These facilities include text editing record management keyword searching and display of formatted results The second system which is similar to TODAS but far more powerful employs graphic display devices with specially developed keyboards in place of the teletype l0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Introduction The Community On-Line Intelligence System COINS was proposed in 1905 as an experimental program Its primary purpose is to assist in determining methods of im- proving information handling among the major intelligence agencies The COINS network is currently operational as an experimental system The research that has been carried out to date has been concerned almost exclusively with the means of sharing pertinent data among the network users This is a particularly complex problem in the intelligence community because of the variety of hardware software and standards that are used Studies are also underway to demonstrate the applicability of a common network control language and a common data management system to be imple- menth at all sites Con saeayal COINS is a geographically distributed network of heterogeneous computers and operating systems working through a central switch an IBM 360 30 Linked to the switching computer are a CE 635 and two Univac 494 installations one of which is a triple processor The configuration is illustrated in Figure 4 Some agencies participate in the network via terminal connection to one of the participating computer systems Communications Communications are achieved in the COINS network by a centralized message switch and conditioned leased voice-grade lines The lines which connect each host com- puter to the central switch are operated in a full-duplex mode at 2400 using modems The transmission system is completely secure using equip- ment throughout the network I A host computer may transmit a message of up to i5 000 characters to another host however a message must be subdivided into segments of no more than 150 charac- ters prior to transmission All characters transmitted use the 7-bit ASCII code with addi tional bit for parity Each segment of a message must be sent and acknowledged is no longer operational it is included here as a matter of historical record Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 GE 635 1 2400 BPS 1 IBM 360 30 2400 BPS UNIVAC 494 UNIVAC 494 TRIPLE PROCESSOR Figure 4 COINS Configuration 12 EXTERNAL ORGANIZATIONS EXTERNAL ORGANIZATIONS Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 COINS is being used experimentally to enable various intelligence agencies to share their data bases with each other These data bases are constantly changing and the responsibility for building maintaining and updating a data base rests solely with its sponsor Users at terminals cannot change the data bases they can only query them A response time of less than l5 minutes is the goal but in practice it ranges from five minutes to two' hours The response time achieved is dictated to a great extent by the workload of the file processors responding to interrogations Measures The management of the COINS network is vested in the Project Manager who is responsible for the design and operation of the network He is assisted by a Manager from each of the participating agencies who represents the interests of his agency One of the more critical problems faced by the Project Manager is the establish- ment of acceptable procedures governing the inclusion of files Currently through a formalized nomination procedure a network user may request that a file maintained by one of the participating agencies be made available for network access The Project Manager coordinates such requests by determining whether other users also require the files or by establishing the necessary justifications Subsequently the request is forwarded to the particular agency which maintains the exclusive right to accept or deny the request A forum for the presentation and discussion of interagency problems is provided by four panels each consisting of one or more individuals from each agency Although the panels can make specific recommendations final decisions rest exclusively with the Project Manager and Managers The User Support Panel is responsible for con- ducting training seminars in network usage and for distributing network documentation among the users The Security Panel is tasked with investigating procedures for ensuring adequate security on the network computers The gathering and evaluation of network performance statistics is the responsibility of the Test and Analysis Panel Finally the Computer and Communications Interface Panel is concerned with the system software and network communications and the protocol used in network operation Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 THE CYBERNETI NETWORK introduction The CYBERNET network is a nationwide commercial network offering computing services to the general public CYBERNET is operated as a division of the Control Data Corporation and represents a consolidation of their former Data Center operation By interconnecting the individual service centers CDC feels that the user is offered several unique advantages which include the following 0 better reliability by offering local users a means for accessing a remote com- puter in the event of local system failure 0 greater throughput by allowing local machine operators to transfer parts of an extra heavy workload to a less busy remote facility 0 improved personnel utilization by allowing the disperse elements of a corpora- tion to more readily access one another s programs and data bases and 0 enhanced computer utilization by allowing the user to select a configuration which provides the proper resources required for the task Con guration CYBERNET is a distributed network composed of heterogeneous computers mainly CDC 6600 s and CDC 3300 s linked by wideband lines Figure 5 gives a geographic picture of CYBERNET and a partial inventory of its hardware The 6600 s are considered the primary computing element of the network and are referred to as centroids where many jobs are received and processed Future centroids will include a 7600 and other CDC machines to be announced The 3300 s serve as front ends and concentrators for the 6600 they are referred to as nodes In addition small satellite computers can be used as terminals to the CYBERNET network they are dis- tinguished by the fact that they have remote off-line processing capabilities and are able to do non-terminal work while acting as a terminal These satellites include CDC 3 1 50 s CDC 1700 s and lower scale IBM 360 s Figure 6 gives some typical system configurations CYBERNET supports essentially four types of terminals 0 Interactive conversational MARC2 0 Low- medium- and high-speed peripheral processors MARC ll 11 0 Small- to medium-scale satellite computers MARC and 0 Large- to super-scale computers with terminal facilities MARC Vi is a registered trademark of the Control Data Corporation Multiple Access Remote Computer 14 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 15 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 DETROIT 3 4 CLEV qunl lu I 3 - l CHICAGO i an - I BALTIMORE a i PALO nno I RICHMOND a - I OALauc 05 b PHOENIX I 5 o DALLAS 3 I 1 Houston I CDC 6600 CDC WIDEBAND LINES CDC 5400 -- CDC WIUEBAND LINES om ORDER 0 CDC 3390 uum CDC VOICF-GHADE LINES SOURCE THE CONTROL DATA CORPORATION SYSTEMS OF MULTIPLE CDC Figure 5 The CYBERNET Network Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 CORE AND SECONDARY I PROCESSOR MEMORY OTHER COMPONENTS TYPICAL 6600 131K MAIN CORE SCOPE OPERATING SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 2 IBIMILLION WORD DISKS DEPENDENT A FORTRAN COBOL ETC EXPORT 8231 - WIDEBAND REMOTE TERMINAL SYSTEM 2000 - A BATCH OR INTERACTIVELY ACCESSIBLE LIST STRUCTURED DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CDC 6400 131K MAIN CORE KRONOS - TIME-SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM 6638 DISK FILE DEPENDENT FORTRAN COBOL ETC 848-4 MULTIPLE-SPINDLE TELEX COMMUNICATIONS MODULE AND SWAPPING DISK DRIVE EXECUTIVE EXPORT 200 CDC 200 BATCH COMMUNICATIONS MODULE EXPORT 8231 WIDEBANO TERMINAL COMMUNICATIONS MODULE IMPORT 6600 - WIDEBAND LINK TO 6600 MODULE WITH INPUT CONCENTRATION AND OUTPUT DISPERSION FACILITY TYPICAL 3300 131K MAIN CORE MASTER MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 854 DISK DRIVES DEPENDENT FORTRAN COBOL ETC SHADOW COMMUNICATIONS AND MESSAGE SWITCHING SHADE RECORD MANAGING Figure 6 Typical CYBE FIN ET Configurations Terminals are categorized in the above manner to indicate their hardware and or software characteristics For example the CDC 200 User Terminal is the CYBERNET standard for Iow- and medium-speed devices other devices which have been programmed to resemble this terminal include the CDC 8090 the CDC 160A the IBM I 130 the Univac 9200 COPE series the IBM 360 30 and higher and the Honeywell 200 Software available through CYBERNET includes FORTRAN COBOL COMPASS assembly language ALGOL SIMSCRIPT GPSS SIMULA JOVIAL BASIC the TEM 2000 Data Management System the EASE structural analysis package the STARDYNE dynamic structural analysis package and a large statistical library Linear programming systems include OPHELIE II OPTIMA and NETFLOW trans- portation Communication The communications facilities of the CYBERNET network consist of two pri- mary elements the transmission system and the nodes The transmission system itself includes four major components lines modems multiplexers and switches CYBERNET employs a variety of lines connecting terminals with computers and computers with one another For the most part the lines are either switched or leased lines but private lines are occasionally used and at least one satellite communications link is in use Switched lines are Operated at low speeds and include both local and Direct Distance Dial facilities Leased lines include Foreign Exchange FX 16 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 facilities and point-to point connections Measured and full period inward WATS lines are also provided for operation at moderate speeds Finally wide-band full period lines are used between computer complexes A corresponding complement of modems is used throughout CYBERNET Typewriter-like terminals are supported by Western Electric 103A modems operating at rates of up to 300 bps Medium speed terminals use Western EleCtric 201 A and 20 modems operating at 2000 and 2400 respectively on switched and leased lines High speed terminals use Milgo and ADS modems operating at up to 4800 on leased lines Western Electric 303 modems are used on the wideband lines operating at 40800 bps Multiplexers are used to increase the transmission efficiency of voice-grade lines supporting low-speed terminals The principal multiplexing configurations are designed to drive the leased lines at their full capacity of 2400 or 4800 by operating as many as 52 low-speed devices simultaneously on the same line Cost savings are realized by having low-speed terminal users dial in t0 the local multiplexers rather than directly to a remote computer Western Electric line switches have been used throughout CY BE RNET to establish terminal-to-computer and computer-to-computer connections The switches are operated similarly to a telephone exchange system The switches are not dependent on any Of the computer systems providing a highly reliable mode of operation CYBERNET supports two types of nodes remotejob entry and conversational Each type of node can concentrate message traffic perform message switching and pro- vide a user processing capability The remote job entry node is a CDC 3300 operating with the MASTER multiprogramming operating system A special called SHADOW has been developed for this configuration to provide the necessary support for the communications and message sWitching functions of the nodes The SHADOW soft- ware is capable of supporting remote job entry from typewriter-like and CDC 200-Series terminals Communication from the 3300 to either another 3300 or to a 6600 is also supported by SHADOW The conversational nodes of CYBERNET are CDC 6400 s operating under an ex- tended version of the KRONOS time-sharing operating system At the present time the 6400 is capable of supporting teletypes in a conversational mode and remote batch 200- Series terminals Planned additions to the system include comniunciations capabilities for 3300 and 6600 support and complete message-switching facilities Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 1453 The CYBERNET Network is intended to make the computer utility concept available to all of its commercial users by offering the following services super-computer processing remote access a multi-center network file management and an applications library and support Load sharing data sharing program sharing and remote service are possible over the network The CDC 3300 nodes are used for remote job entry and the CDC 6400 is used for time sharing Both nodes can also serve as front ends or concentrators can relay messages and can processjobs nodes are intended to provide the following facilities generalized store-and-forward message switching the ability to send work to a system that is not loaded the ability to send work to a system which is not inoperative the ability to utilize a unique application at a particular location the ability to access a data base at another location and the ability to utilize a specific computer system Management The management of the CYBERNET network is centralized vested in the Data Services Division of CDC All activities including hardware software development resource accountability and documentation development and dissemination are con- trolled through this central office THE DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEM Introduction The Distributed Computer System is an experimental computer network being developed by the Information and Computer Sciences Department at the University of California at Irvine The immediate goals of the project are to design construct and evaluate the intercomputer communications network 18 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 The Distributed Computer System is currently in the planning stage Upon com- pletion of the overall design the communications interfaces are to be constructed followed by an experimentation program using small computer systems Qon guration When the Distributed Computer System at Irvine becomes operational it will consist primarily of a store-and-forward communications system with a uni-directional ring structure topology Messages will be forwarded around the ring which is to be composed of two megabit coaxial cables until the appropriate destination is reached Figure 7 illustrates this topology Figure 7 The Distributed Computer System Topology The initial Irvine network will consist of heterogeneous mini computers located at several nodes on the lrvine Campus A simple device such as a teletype can be con- sidered a host computer on this network Figure 8 gives the planned inventory of hardware FORTRAN and BASIC will be provided through the network plans call for other capabilities to be added later Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NODES CORE SIZE SECONDARY MEMORY VARIAN 620 i 8K 16 BIT IBM 2314 ONE SPINDLE VARIAN 620 6 8K 16 BIT MICRO 800 I 8K 16 3TELETYPES Figure 8 Inventory of Planned Hardware Communications Two principal elements comprise the communication the transmis- sion lines and the communications interface The transmission lines actually form three distinct subnets as Figure 7 shows The primary subnet forms a closed ring connecting all of the nodes This is the path which is normally used for all message traffic The other two subnets one connecting the even nodes the other the odd are included solely for reliability In the event a particular node should fail the two adjoining nodes could communicate directly over the backup link All of the transmission paths will be coaxial cable carrying digital transmissions using pulse-code modulation PCM The links are operated using a simplex protocol with all message traffic traveling in one direction around the ring Data rates of two million are expected to be used in the initial configuration this rate may be in- creased to as high as six million if conditions warrant The communications interface is functionally illustrated in Figure 9 Its primary components and their functions are as follows 0 an input line selector switch which automatically switches to the backup input line whenever the primary line drops out for a predetermined period of time 0 a pair of passive PCM repeaters which autonomously forward messages through the interface 0 a repeater selector which activates the backup PCM repeater in the event that the primary unit fails a shift register which provides intermediate storage for messages originating from and delivered to the host computer and logic modules which operate the previously mentioned components and de termine whether a message is to be delivered or forwarded 20 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 INPUTLINE SE LECTOFI SWITCH PRIMARY OUTPUT LINE BACKUP INPUT LINE Figure 9 Communications Interface REPEATER SELECTOR SWITCH PCM A REPEATER PCM EPEATER SHIFT REGISTER 240 BITSI INTERFACE LOGIC TO HOST COMPUTER 31 La PRIMARY INPUT LINE BACKUP OUTPUT LINE Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 The communications interface can operate in one of two modes idle or busy In the idle mode the interface can accept messages from either the transmission line or its host In the former case the message header is examined to determine whether the destination is the local host if not the message is ignored and the PCM repeaters forward it to the next node If the message is to be delivered it is removed from the line placed in the shift register and checked for errors If none are detected a positive acknowledg- ment is generated and sent to the originating host and the message is passed to the destination host If errors are detected a retransmission request is sent to the originating host Upon receipt of a message from its host the communications interface places the message in the shift register and on the output lines and goes into the busy mode In this condition the interface routinely forwards all messages received over the lines checking only for acknowledgments or retransmission requests The receipt of a re- transmission request indicates that the previously transmitted message was received in correctly by the destination node The interface subsequently places the message on the output lines again A positive acknowledgment indicating receipt on an error free message is passed to the host and the interface returns to the idle state There are two conditions in which a message may circulate in the ring for a protracted period one of which is the non-existence of the destination node The other occurs if a message arrives at the destination node when the node interface is in the busy state unable to accept any messages In most cases if the message is allowed to circulate it will eventually arrive at the destination node while the interface is idle An interesting exception however is the case where two nodes independently and simultaneously send messages to each other The two messages would circulate forever since each destination is awaiting an acknowledgment which the other cannot generate At the present time there is no facility for preventing infinite message loops although such a capability will probably be added later Usage Because this network is primarily an experimental communications system very little has been done to provide software to assist users of the network Load sharing program sharing data sharing and remote service are not anticipated in the near future User software to provide these features and host host protocol will be developed by the university s computer center once network viability has been demonstrated Mannheim At the present time the Distributed Computer System is highly localized in- volving mainly the resources of the Information and Computer Sciences Department Consequently there has been no need for a formalized management structure 22 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 DATA LINK SUPPORT DLS Introduction The DLS system is a communication facility which connects the National Military Command System Support Center with the Alternate National Military Command Center ANMCC Its primary purpose is to provide an automated high-speed capability allowing data bases to be exchanged between the sites and to facilitate computer load leveling by allowing remote program execution was developed by the IBM Corporation for the Defense Communications Agency during the period June 1969 to June 1970 Final testing was completed in September 1970 The system is currently undergoing further tests and evaluations Con guration Data Link Support DLS transmitsjobs and data over a 40 800 leased line between IBM 2701 Data Adapter Units connected to two IBM 360 computers Model 50 s or larger operating in a point-to-point mode Data is hardware prior to being transmitted and is decoded when received DLS is currently being operationally tested using a 360 65 at the and a 360 50 at the ANMCC DLS is a software package that runs as a problem program in a single region under Standard OS software is available when using DLS The DLS configura tion as currently used by the and the ANMCC is shown in Figure GRAPHIC 40 8 GRAPHIC DEVICE Figure 10 DLS Configuration Communications DLS operates between the Support Center and the Alternate Center using a secure leased wide band line operated at 40 800 bps The transmission line is termi 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 nated by an IBM 2701 Data Adapter at each end connected to IBM 2870 Multiplexer Channels The link uses standard communication protocol Software support for the operation of the link is derived from the DLS pro- gram a copy of which must be operating at each of the link end points The portion of the DLS program which drives the communications link is called the Communication Controller BCC The BCC consists of two primary modules the Start Restart SRS and the Continuous Communication Access Method CCAM SRS is responsible for recognizing the need to start DLS at the remote site to read and spool job decks to despool job decks and dispose of data sets SRS decodes operator requests and invokes the necessary support routines to perform the desired function CCAM is responsible for maintaining an active channel program for the communi- cation line CCAM permitsmultitask usage of the communication link by supporting software multiplexing and demultiplexing functions The module is also responsible for generating positive acknowledgments upon proper receipt of a message and for requesting retransmission for lost or garbled messages Message compaction and decompression are also supported by CCAM as is the gathering of statistics re ecting the performance of the communication Usage The primary capabilities offered by DLS are data base transmission between remote locations and remote job processing Thus far DLS has been used primarily to transmit data bases rather than to achieve load leveling DLS is used for program sharing but not extensively because of the large data bases in the operational environ ment of the NMCS DLS is designed for batch processing and has no on line capability Ajob requiring no data base transmission can be transmitted under operator con- trol to the remote site executed and the output returned without modification to the deck used when running locally A job for remote execution which requires data sets located at the local site must include DLS control cards to transmit those data sets The job is then placed in the reader destined for the appropriate site or for whichever site is more desirable if the job can run at either location Management The DLS system is controlled by the National Military Command System Technical Support Directorate of the Defense Communications Agency DCA and is being implemented by the 24 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 THE MERIT COMPUTER NETWORK The Michigan Educational Research Information Triad inc MERIT network is a cooperative venture among the three largest universities in Michigan Michigan State University Wayne State University and the University of Michigan The central purpose of this undertaking is the development and implementation of a prototype educational computing network whereby the educational and computing resources of each university may be shared as well as enhanced by each other The development of the MERIT network is proceeding in two stages The first of these funded by grants from the Michigan State Legislature and the National Science Foundation calls for the development and installation of all network hardware and software modules by June l971 Subsequently network experimentation projects will begin advancing research in information retrieval and computer-aided instruction systems Egrfiguratiorr MERIT is a distributed network of heterogeneous computers with nodes at Michigan State University MSU in East Lansing Wayne State University WSU in Detroit and the University of Michigan UM in Ann Arbor Each host is connected to the network through a communications computer CC a modified 20 computer with a special purpose operating system for communications Data is transmitted over 2000 bps voice-grade lines with eight lines connected to each CC Figure presents an overview of the MERIT Computer Network UM runs Michigan Terminal System MTS on a duplex IBM 360 67 MTS can service over fifty time-sharing terminals and several batch jobs MSU uses a CDC 6500 with the SCOPE operating system WSU has an IBM 360 67 and runs the MTS operating system Figure 12 presents an inventory of the host hardware at each of the three nodes Communications The communications of the MERIT network consists of three functional units the host interface the communications computer and the telephonic network The interconnection of these modules along a typical communications segment is illustrated in Figure 13 lBertram Herzog Proposal Summary 2nd Revision 28 February 1970 25 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 MSU CDC 6500 1 3 CC CC CC IBM 360 67 MTS 21 WSU 360 67 MTS CC COMMUNICATIONS COMPUTER DEC POP-11 SOURCE THE MERIT COMPUTER NETWORK Figure 11 Overview of the MERIT Network The host interface is a specially designed hardware module which interconnects the host computer with the communications computer CC This intercace provides two primary capabilities First it is capable of independently transmitting a variable-length data record1 to from the memory of the CC from to the host computer performing whatever memory alignment operations are required by the different word configurations of the two processors Secondly it provides a multiple address facility which permits the host to treat the CC as several peripheral devices This greatly simplifies the host soft ware since a dedicated pseudoadevice can be allocated to each user or task requesting use of the communications resources 1Record length is determined by a software parameter 26 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NODE PROCESSOR MAIN CORE OTHER HARDWARE MSU CDC 6500 64K ISO-BIT WORDS 1 CDC DISK SYSTEM 167 4K WORDS MILLION 6-BIT CHARACTERS FOR EACH OF THE 3854 DISK STORAGE DRIVES TEN PERIPHERAL 8 2 MILLION B-BIT PROCESSORS ACTERS PER DISK PACK MODEL 33 TELETYPES 2 CDC 200 REMOTE BATCH STATIONS 1 217-2 REMOTE SINGLE STA- TION UM 360 67 MILLION 32314s 8 DRIVES EACH DUPLEX 8 BIT BYTES TOTAL 2 DATA CELLS 800 MILLION VIRTUAL MEMORY BYTES TOTAL MACHINE 2 HIGH-SPEED DRUMS IMATELY 7 4 MILLION BYTES TOTAL IBM 360 20 COMPUTER IBM 1130 COMPUTER IBM 2780 REMOTE JOB ENTRY TERIVIINAL TERMINALS IBM 2741 DATEL 30 33 35 TELETYPES WSU 360 57 ONE MILLION lay-r532 2 2314s3 8 DRIVES 8 EACH HALF VIRTUAL MEMORY 2 DRUMS DUPLEXH MACHINE TERMINALS IBM 2741 TELE- TYPES DATA 100 1A DUPLEX SYSTEM BECOMES OPERATIONAL IN JUNE 2AN ADDITIONAL 125K WILL BE ADDED WHEN THE DUPLEX SYSTEM BECOMES OPERATIONAL 3TWO MORE 2314s WILL BE ADDED IN JUNE Figure 12 Inventory of MERIT Host Hardware 27 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 HOST Hosr COMPUTER INTERFACE TELEPHDNIC INTERFACE 1 MICHIGAN BELL SYSTEM TELEPHONIC INTERFACE HOST HOST INTERFACE COMPUTER Figure 13 MERIT Communications Segment The heterogeneous composition of the network has required the development of two philosophically similar but functionally different host interfaces one for the IBM equipment the other for the CDC system The IBM interface attaches to a 2870 Multi plexer Channel and transmits data on eight parallel lines at rates of up to 480 000 bps The CDC interface on the other hand couples the CC with the CDC 6500 Data Channel and its associated Peripheral Processor Transmission is achieved over twelve parallel lines at an expected rate in excess of 3 000 000 bps The central element of the communications is the CC As Figure 14 shows the CC is a 1 20 computer with 16K 16-bit words of core memory augmented with interfaces that allow interconnection to the host computer and the telephonic network The primary responsibility of the CC is to allocate its resources among messages to be transmitted delivered and forwarded Software support is derived from the Communications Computer Operating System CCOS a specially developed multitasking monitor operating on the 1 The present configuration of CCOS requires approximately 8K words of core memory the remaining 8K words are used for message and message queue storage Upon receipt of a message from the host interface the CC translates the local host character string into a standard ASCII code unless the original message was in 28 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 SOURCE THE MERIT COMPUTER NETWORK UNIBUS BDICI PANEL In 3010 EIGHT PROGRAMMABLE 30 INTERVAL TIMER MULTIPLEXEFI MULTIPLEXER DIRECT-DIAL INTERFACE TELEPHONE LINES l 1 201A 201A3 INTERMCE I PDP II 20 HOST HOST mm A 201M COMPUTER ISK COHE INTERFACE MEMORV a 201A 4 I I INTERFACE 201 PAPER TAPE T I TELETYPE 20 KSR 3 y INTERFACE 2m 5 PUNCH Figure 14 Communication Computer System binary eliminating the need for this operation A message header is generated by CCOS and a 16-bit Checksum is computed and checked by the CC hardware The message is stored and a transmission queue entry is generated The order in which the queue is emptied and the physical link over which transmission takes place are subse- quently determined by a CCOS task Each CC is capable of receiving messages from the others In this event a de- termination of whether the message was received free of errors is made using the mes sage ehecksum If the message was error-free an acknowledgment is returned to the transmitting CC allowing it to release its record of the message If errors were detected a request for retransmission is returned in lieu of the acknowledgment Upon receipt of an error-free message the receiving CC determines whether the message is for its host or is to be forwarded f the former the message is queued for host interface activation and subsequent transfer to the host memory otherwise the message is queued for transmission toward its destination The telephonic network comprises the physical transmission medium and its termination equipment The MERIT network employs voice-grade dial-up lines ex- clusively Some economy in line costs is achieved by sharing the existing tri-university Telpak lines on a competitive basis with normal voice traffic Each site supports four Western Electric 201 A modems operating in four-wire full-duplex 39 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 mode at 2000 bits per second Dial-up connections are made by a Western Electric 80lC Data Auxiliary Set whichis multiplexed among the four modems Because the modems operate in a four-wire configuration the 801C is designed to allocate lines in'pairs for each modem Moreover since the 801C is completely controlled by the 1 soft- ware it is possible to change the number of lines between two sites in accordance with the current traffic volume achieving an optimum cost performance tradeoff within the constraints of available bandwidth Usage MERIT is seeking knowledge of the problems and solutions of operating a net- work in an established educational computing environment through the development and implementation of a network they expect to make contributions to computer and educational technology MERIT management feel that a network linking the computers of the participating universities will have a synergistic effect on the combined resources of the separate computing facilities Connecting machines with significantly different system characteristics enables the user to take advantage of the computer best suited for his work For example the University of Michigan s system was especially designed for time sharing it will be available to those at other nodes needing a time-sharing capability Because of its speed the CDC 6500 at MSU is well suited for compute-bound jobs once it is connected to the network personnel at other universities will be able to take advantage of its facilities lnterconnecting computer systems can make possible a cooperative policy for acquiring some of the more unusual peripheral devices The MERIT Network is designed to provide a vehicle for a rapid exchange of information that would not be possible otherwise and to bring researchers in closer contact with those doing similar work at different locations thereby eliminating much duplication of effort MERIT will provide remoteservice that will be transparent to the user hisjob will look like a standard batch job except for the addition of a few network routing commands MERIT feels that load sharing is infeasible on a per program basis Ultimately MERIT hopes to provide a service whereby real time terminal users will be able to concurrently control programs on two or more host systems This dynamic communication would enable the user to control this process operating the programs simultaneously or sequentially and transferring data between them Dynamic communication will facilitate dynamic file access the ability of a user at one node to access a file at another node without transferring the file to the user s node MERIT feels that implementation of this capability will be difficult 30 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 A standard data description language has been proposed by the Michigan Interuniversity Committee on Information Systems MICIS to facilitate transmission of data between computers systems and programs and to provide a convenient and complete format for the storage of data and its associated descriptor information MICIS proposes a standard data set composed of two parts 0 a directory describing the logical and physical storage of the data and the properties of its variables and the data matrix The directory is to be written in a standard character set facilitating maximum trans ferability between various character codes This restriction does not apply to the actual data described by the directory however data can be highly machine dependent although its description is written in a standard character set The current plan is that data will be converted to ASCII prior to being trans mitted over the network upon receipt by the object node the data will be converted to a compatible form for processing on the target hosts Programs and data must be trans- mitted in a form acceptable to the target host MERIT feels that the network will eliminate the need for physical program transferability and that all users can share pro- grams that exercise special features offered by a node but have not been written in a computer independent manner Management The participants in the MERIT network are independent universities each vying with the others for students faculty and research grants One of the primary goals of the network is to maintain this autonomy at the maximum level consistent with effective network operation Consequently-each of the universities is responsible for access authorization resource accounting systems development and local hardware expansion Communications facilities intercomputer protocol and similar aspects of the network are the proper concerns of the network management Network management is vested in the MERIT Central Staff comprising a director an associate director from each university and a small technical staff The Director is appointed by the Michigan Intcruniversity Committee on Information sys- tems MICIS the predecessor of MERIT which is composed of representatives from each of the three participating institutions Each associate director s position is filled by nominations from the university selection by the Director and approval by MICIS 3i Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 The Director is responsible for the technical development of the network and for the administration of its fiscal resources He relies on his associate directors to insure that the implementation at each university is proceeding on schedule The associate directors are also responsible for promoting and encouraging network activities at their respective institutions Moreover each associate director acts as a liaison between MERIT and his university to ensure that the university s interests are equitably served with respect to the demands placed upon its resources The distribution of system documentation throughput the user community is the joint responsibility of MERIT and the individual universities At the present time MERIT disseminates information relevant to the design and operation of the communica- tions and its interfaces Each university is required to maintain and distribute its local facilities documentation and is responsible for issuing notices reflecting any significant changes The MERIT staff is developing procedures to closely monitor the performance of the network Statistics gathered on message errors traffic distribution and overall throughput will significantly help in adapting the original network design to actual usage patterns Moreover a study of machine utilization should facilitate the develop- ment of an equitable interuniversity rate structure 1 Introduction Network 440 is an experimental network sponsored by the Watson Research Center of the IBM Corporation located at Yorktown Heights New York Its primary purpose is to facilitate the study of computer networks and to provide a vehicle for an experimentation program in network applications The network is currently operational using a 360 91 MVT region as a central switch This architecture was chosen because of the ease with which performance statistics could be gathered However because of the inherent disadvantages of the centralized topology the network is to become distributed Con guration At the present time Network 440 is a centralized network of homogeneous computers as shown in Figure 15 The grid node of this network is a region of an 1This network is no longer operational it is included for historical purposes 32 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 USER NODE USER NODE INTERFACE USERNODE USER NODE INTERFACE NETWORK CONTROLLER USERNODE COMMUNI- INTERFACE GRID NODE 360 91 PARTITION Figure 15 Logical Structure of Network 440 IBM 360 91 I running under MVT This node acts as a central switch for the store- and-forward communications presently being carried out over 40 800 leased lines The present and expected nodes in the network are listed in Figure 16 LOCATION MACHINES IBM WATSON RESEARCH CENTER IBM WATSON RESEARCH CENTER IBM BOULDER COLORADOI OTHER IBM INSTALLATIONS NYU YALE IBM SAN JOSE CALIFORNIA CURRENTLY IN THE NETWORK CURRENTLY IN THE NETWORK CDC 6600 360 44 360 91 65 65 Figure 16 Nodes In Network 440 Standard 05 360 software is available to the user over the network IThis is the same 360 9 that is linked to the T58 Network 33 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 anmunicatigns Network 440 is a centralized network comprising a grid node which performs all of the communications support functions and a set of transmission links which extend radially outward from the grid node to the host computers The transmission links are leased wide-band half-duplex lines operated at 40 800 using Western Electric BOO-Series modems Computer terminations are provided by IBM 2701 Data Adapters connected to 2870 Multiplexer Channels The links are operated using the standard Basic Telecommunications Access Method BTAM Special communications capabilities are provided by a problem program operating in a single region of a 360 91 MVT system The program comprises six primary segments performing network control operator interface error recovery line handling message queue management and transaction recording functions The net- work control segment is responsible for handling user jobs and decoding appropriate network control messages The operator interface handles messages going to and from the central machine operator The error recovery segment is responsible for retrans- mitting messages which were lost or garbled and for attempting to the lines after a line loss The line handler provides the interface with the BTAM software for forwarding messages to the host computers The message queue manager is respon- sible for queuing messages in core for forwarding if the target host is available or on a disk if not In this way a host will always receive its messages whether or not it is operational at the time the message is sent Finally the transaction recording segment maintains an audit tape of all message traffic passing through the central switch Usage Network 440 is a research project being used to gain a better understanding of computer networking for this reason the centralized approach was taken in its design The grid node monitors all messages passing through the network and makes network measurements more easily than w0uld be the case on a distributed system Load sharing data sharing and program sharing are possible over the network The grid node provides a centralized catalog of all data sets available for network usage but each node maintains control over its own data sets One of the more important functions of the network is transferring data sets This currently requires the user to spell out exactly what he is referring to when manipulating files Current plans call for making these operations more user transparent Network 440 is currently a batch- oriented network with plans to offer interactive facilities in the future 34 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Network 440 has developed several control languages each providing the user with more capability and flexibility in a less machine oriented form Planned expansions of this control language include the following 0 grid node conversion of local job control language into the language required by the target computer or grid node mapping of one job control language into the target machine s job control language 0 grid node conversion of floating point numbers integers and character strings from one machine structure to any other and automaticjob scheduling to achieve load leveling among like machines or by job control language conversions among unlike machines IBM's concern about network usage of proprietary data has prompted the de- velopment of a grid node usage matrix that maintains a list of resources available to a specific user Additionally a node may disconnect itself from the network to process proprietary data if this occurs incoming messages are stored until the node is reconnected Management Because of the nature of Network 440 no formal management structure exists The network is administered as a research project of the IBM Corporation THE OCTOPUS NETWORK Introduction The Octopus network is a highly integrated system providing operational support for the research activities of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory LRL The network was developed and is operated by LRL under the auspices of the United States Atomic Energy Commission The computation requirements of LRL have necessitated the use of several large computer systems the purpose of the Octopus network is to integrate these systems into a unified computer complex In satisfying this responsibility Octopus performs two primary functions - 0 it provides the user with a single point of access to the several computers and 0 it allows each of the computers to access a large centralized data base Octopus was first conceived in the early 1960 s and became operational in 1964 As the computation center has grown in size and complexity Octopus has been expanded to meet changing needs At the present time the system services about 300 remote terminals four main computers and a trillion-bit data base 35 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Con guratiorr Octopus is a heterogeneous network of computers including two CDC 6600 s two CDC 7600 s and in the future a CDC STAR Each of these worker or host computers is operated in a time-sharing mode and is linked to a central system providing two features a centralized hierarchy of storage devices a centralized data base shared by the worker computers and a provision for various forms of remote and local input and output permitting the network to be viewed as a single computing resource Octopus uses a store-and-forward communications protocol Communications lines between workers are 12 megabit hardwire cables Figure 17 gives a graphic description of the Octopus system Octopus can be more easily visualized as two independent superimposed networks 0 the File Transport Subnet which is a centralized network consisting of worker computers the Transport Control Computer a duplex which serves as the grid node and the central memory system disk data cell Photo-store and the Teletype Subnet Figure which is a distributed network consisting of worker computers three each servicing up to 28 teletypes and the Transport Control Computer the duplex A third network not yet installed will comprise remote terminals supported by duplex 1 s While the networks can be considered logically independent they are interconnected to provide alternate routes for data for example the pro vides an alternate path between the interactive terminals and the worker computers Figure 18 shows some of the major hardware components in the Octopus system The Octopus network also supports a Television Monitor Display System TMDS shown in Figure 19 The purpose of TMDS is to provide a graphic display capability with monitors distributed throughout the facility Bit patterns representing characters and or vectors are recorded on the fixed-head disk which operates at a speed compatible with the standard television scan rate Sufficient storage is available on the disk to store 16 rasters of 512 512 black or white picture points The addition of a crossbar switching system will allow a particular raster to be displayed on several monitors simultaneously 3 36 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 37 DATA STORAGE GPL 05c 8 109 BITS DATA CELL 32x109st PHOTO STORE 1o12 BITS TMDS DISPLAY PUP-10 IS A HOST WHEN A USER WISHES TO MANIP- ULATE FILES DUAL PROCESSOR PDP-10 TRANSPORT CONTROL COMPUTER TO BE DELIVERED EVANS AND SUTHERLAND PDP-B LINE DRAWI NG POP-8 Wm 128 128 TELETYPES TE LETYPES Figure 17 The Octopus Network 128 TELETYPES TO BE INTRODUCED INTO THE NETWORK IN THE FUTURE DUAL PROCESSOR POP-11 REMOTE POP-8 PRINTERS AND CARD READE Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 PROCESSOR CORE SIZE 0THE HARDWARE WORKER 6600 6600 7600 7600 START TRANSPORT CONTROL COMPUTER POP-10 DUAL PROCESSOR POP-8 CONCE NTRATORS 3 REMOTE I102 DUAL PROCESSOR 128K 128K 65K SMALL CORE 500K LARGE CORE 65K SMALL CORE 500K LARGE CORE 500K I64-BIT WORDS 8K 225 MILLION SCI-BIT WORDS DISK 225 MILLION BO-BIT WORDS DISK 167 MILLION BD-BIT WORDS DISK 8 MILLION I 167 MILLION WORDS DISK 8 MILLION BD-BIT WORDS DRUM 16' MILLION 64-BIT WORDS DISK IBM 2321 DATA CELL I32 109-6IT CAPACITY IBM 1360 PHOTOSTORE CAPACITY GENERAL PRECISION LIBRASCOPE DISK 6 3 IDS-BIT CAPACITY TMDS TELEVISION MONITOR DISPLAY SYSTEM EVANS SUTHERLAND LINE DRAWING SYSTEM UP To 128 TELETYPES ON EACH PDP-B TERMINALS TYPICAL LY CONSIST- ING OF A PDP-B CONNECTED TO l O DEVICES READERS AND PRINTERS 1THE LETTER TO THE RIGHT OF THE WORKER COMPUTER IS AN INTERNAL LRL DESIGNATION THESE LETTERS ALSO APPEAR IN FIGURE 17 2NOT YET OPERATIONAL Figure 18 Octopus Hardware 38 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 FILE TRANSPORT CHANNELS TO CDC WORKER MACHINES HLE TRANSPORT MEMORY SYSTEM BUFFER CPU DIRECT MEMORY I ACCESS SECONDARY STORAGE I TMDS HERA RCHY CONTROLLER AND TRACK-SWITCHING ELECTRONICS CONTROL ITO BE INSTALLED COAX 16 64 ELECTRONIC CROSSBAR SWITCH FIXED-HEAT DISK 32 TRACKS 3600 RPM 16 CHANNELS 2 1 TMDS SOURCE PEHRSON D L ENGINEERING VIEW OF THE LRL OCTOPUS COMPUTER NOVEMBER 17 1970 P 24 Figure 19 TelevisiOn Monitor Display System TMDSMONITORS I C LRL has designed and built much of their hardware and almost all ofthcir software including the Operating systems for their computers for example they have a special multiplexer enabling the to handle I28 teletypes each whereas DEC permits a maximum of 32 LRL has implemented their own versions of COBOL FORTRAN called APL and They are currently developing an APL compiler their current version of APL is interpretive In addition they provide CDC FORTRAN SNOBOL debugging routines a text editor LISP and linear programs 39 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CommuniCations The File Transport Subnet connects the 0 system and its central data store to the worker computers Because of the inherent differences between the CDC 6600 and the CDC 7600 two distinct file transport channels have been developed one for each machine type However there are two channel characteristics which are identical in both cases The first of these is the 0 interface which uses a data demand protocol to the transmission rate between the computers The second is the maximum channel transfer rate which is about 10 million bits per second The file transport channel is shown in Figure 20 The principal components involved in the transmission process are as follows 0 the 6600 Peripheral Processor Unit PPU a 12-bit 4K-word programmed l O processor 0 a Channel Switch which connects one of the ten available to one of the twelve available data channels - the 6000 Series Data Channels which transfer data on 12-bit parallel lines 0 the Adapter unit which interfaces the 12-bit CDC channel to the standard LRL Octopus Data Channel a 12- or 36-bit wide transmission system 0 the LRL Data Channel which performs half-duplex digital transmission and i the and its channel interfaces The operation of the le transport channel is initiated by a request from the 6600 requesting either a read from or a write to the central data store These requests normally involve the transfer of a complete file with the average transmission com- prising more than 500 000 bits of data A processor dialog is subsequently established to transfer data between the two computers At the data is transferred between the GPL disk and core and then between core and the transmission line The 6600 uses two in a buffer-switching scheme alternating between the transmission line and the local disk bypassing the main core of the 6600 As Figure 21 illustrates the 7600 configuration is somewhat different Each of the fifteen on the 7600 has eight dedicated channels available eliminating the need for the channel switch Moreover because the 7600 CPU and are much faster than those of the 6600 a more classical transport protocol is used with the PPU acting as a programmable interface between the 0 and the 7600 CPU which con- trols the data transfer 40 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 6600 MAIN FRAME A TOTAL OF SYSTEM 3 PPU 0 PPU 0 0 PPU PMS CHANNEL SWITCH CDC DATA CHANNELS 12 CHANNELS 12-BIT DATA PATH ADAPTER FH-E OR 36-BIT DATA PATH TRANSPORT 2 CHANNEL POP-10 LINE UNIT 36-BIT DATA PATH PDP-10 SYSTEM CORE MEMORY I SOURCE PEHRSON D L 0P CIT P 14 Figure 20 File Transport Channel 4 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 CDC 7600 SYSTEM FILE TRANSPORT CHANNEL POP-10 SYSTEM I 7600 MAIN FRAME- PPU PPU PPU ADAPTE FI 0 cm 7000-SERIES A DATA CHANNELS 8 POP-10 LINE UNIT PDP-IO CORE MEMORY UP TO 15 PPU's 12-BIT DATA PATHI 12-BIT DATA PATH 36-BIT DATA PATH SOURCE D L OP CIT P 15 42 Figure 21 File Transport Channel Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 The Teletype Subnet shown in Figure 22 is designed to efficiently route short messages of approximately 80 characters between user terminals and the worker com- puters Although this subnet functions independently of the File Transport Subnet the two are interconnected primarily for enhanced reliability WORKER MACHINES TELETYPE NETWORK f 6600 7500 5300 7800 L i ADAPTER ADAPTER ADAPTER LINE UNIT LINE TTW LINE UNIT LINE UNIT I m LINE PDP-8 PDPIS LINE 123 8K worms WORDS WORDS EILE CHANNEL FILE CHANNEL FILE CHANNEL POP-1O CPU POP-10 SYSTEM CDHE MEMORY MESSAGE BUFFER SHUNTING PUP-10 CPU SOURCE PEHRSON D OP CIT P 20 Figure 22 Octopus Teletype Subnet 43 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 The central element of the Teletype Subnet is the PDP-8 computer Each PDP-8 has 8K 12-bit words of core memory and is capable of supporting up to 128 full-duplex Teletype terminals operating at 10 bps A special operating system has been developed for the PDP-8 to support the Teletype Multiplexer to manage core buffers and to forward messages in the subnet This system requires 4K words of core memory leaving 4K words for line message buffers Each accepts characters from its terminal until a complete message has been formed If the message destination is a worker which is directly connected to the the message is transmitted using links similar to those described in the File Transport Subnet discussion but operating at about one-tenth the speed If the worker is not directly connected the message is forwarded to a neighboring where a similar process is repeated An analogous protocol is followed for output messages traveling from a worker computer to the user terminal In the event that a PDP-S worker link becomes inoperative messages can be forwarded to the affected worker computer via the File Transport Subnet Although the intermixing of short Teletype messages with long file transfers does downgrade system performance the enhanced reliability that is achieved is adequate compensation A Remote Job Entry Terminal RJET Subnet is currently under development for inclusion in the Octopus Network Its purpose is to provide a capability for card reader input and line printer output at remote sites throughout the facility The pro- posed RJ ET configuration is shown in Figure 23 The controlling element of RJ ET is a pair of 1 computer systems One performs a role similar to that of the Teletype Subnet Computer routing messages between the workers and local buffer areas The other 1 acts as a line handler providing interface capabilities for eighteen 4800 bps half-duplex terminal lines Osage The Octopus Network has increased the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the computing facilities provided by large computers The multicomputer com- plex is treated as a single resource enabling all terminals to access all worker computers and providing the Octopus user with several advantages 0 easy accessibility to any worker computer from any teletype terminal 0 man-machine interaction with a high-speed computer while executing a pro- gram and 0 rapid turnaround time during debugging 44 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 POP-10 AND STORAGE SYSTEM 6600 6600 7 600 7600 MESSAG HANDLER COMPUTER LINE HANDLER COMPUTER I I POP-11 UNIBUS PDP-11 SELECTOR LINE UNIT PDP-II CORE BUFFER 32K WORDS INITIALLYI PDP-I CHANNEL PDP-I 1 CPU CPU LINE UNIT SUBPORTS TYPICAL TERMINAL I I I POP-11 UNIBUS PDP-II CORE MEMORY 4K WORDS CARD READER SERIAL LINE INTERFACE 0 UP TO 13 SERIAL LINES 0 AT 4800 BPS SOURCE PEHRSON D L OP CIT P 28 LINE PRINTER Figure 23 Remo'te Job Entry Terminal RJET System and Network Connections 45 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 _l I I I Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Most of computer work consists of long running compute bound problems re- quiring many hours of computer time Of their 1000 users 20 to 40 are generally on line at one time running concurrently with batch background jobs User-controlled data sharing program sharing and remote service are possible on the network load sharing however is hampered by the fact that the worker machines are different Interactive multi-programming on giant computers generates a require- ment for massive on-line storage Tapes are inefficient in this type of environment and for this reason the concept of the shared data base has been employed A hierarchy of storage is composed of a Librascope fixed-head disk 807 million bits rapid access high transfer rate and an IBM Data Cell 3 24 billion bits both supporting the IBM Photo- store over one trillion bits the major media for mass storage Economics and flexi- bility make the sharing of these storage devices advantageous The large-capacity Photostore provides an economical means of storing long-life files such a large storage device is reasonable only if it is shared by several large systems Writing the Photostore is a time-consuming activity and it is therefore not amenable to files that change frequently The storage hierarchy balances and smooths leads in supporting the Photostore and also provides an indexing mechanism for this device The shared data base concept instills exibility and operational advantages into the system since files transported to the Photostore by one worker system can be subsequently accessed from another worker system eliminating the need for unique copies of public files on each worker system The 0 Transport Control Computer and the appropriate worker computer handle file transport Data is copied from a file controlled by the and written into a file controlled by the worker computer the source file is not altered or destroyed although it can be rewritten while in the worker computer Maintaining a centralized data base has some disadvantages since all worker computers depend on the shared storage hierarchy reliability requirements are greatly increased and a major effort is required to implement the centralized file storage subnet File access codes enable a file to be read by others but written only by those with the correct access code Worker computers have their own access codes which may inhibit file transport in some cases Various types of files include the following 0 private files accessible to one user 0 shared files accessible to a group of users and 0 public files accessible to all users 46 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Each user is identified with a maximum security level at which he is permitted to operate these include unclassified protected data cannot be carried off the site administrative and secret Each file and device is identified with an operating level and a user s access to them must not exceed the maximum operating level allowed him No Top Secret work is done on the Octopus network Management The Octopus network was developed to provide computer support exclusively for LRL Consequently its management is centralized vested in the Computation De- partment of LRL The Computation Department which comprises over 300 staff members is managed by a Department Head and a Deputy Department Head supported by three Assistant Department Heads for Administration Research and Planning Octopus is managed in a fashion similar to that of any research computational center Management is responsible for acquiring developing and maintaining hardware and software authorizing system access allocating computer resources and assisting the user community in achieving effective computer utilization The applications programming support functions of the Computation Depart- ment are necessarily extensive and varied Applications programmers working in one of six main groups provide programming support throughout the Laboratory in areas including administrative data processing engineering physics medicine and nuclear weapons research In addition to the applications programming staff the Computation Department maintains six project groups each tasked with a specific support role These groups and their respective functions are as follows 0 the Systems Development Section which designs and develops all of the sys- tems software for the network 0 the Systems Operation Section which performs software maintenance and consultation services 0 the Numerical Analysis Group which designs develops and evaluates mathematically-oriented computer algorithms 0 the Computation Project Group which engineers additions and modifications to the network hardware 0 the Computer Information Center which obtains edits writes publishes and distributes all system documentation and the Computer Operations Section which is responsible for the operation of the computer systems 47 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 THE TSS Introduction The TSS network was first conceived in 1967 when Princeton IBM Watson and Carnegie-Mellon University decided to interconnect their computer facilities The purpose of the network is to advance research in the applications of computer networks particu larly in the areas of cooperative system development The network is currently operational at all of the nodes Moreover experi- mentation programs are well underway at several sites particularly those on the east coast Configuration The TSS network is a distributed network of homogeneous IBM 360 67 com- puters using the operating system Each node manages a local network of heterogeneous computers including some large 360 s running under these proces- sors appear as devices to the network Nodes are located at IBM Watson Research Center Carnegie-Mellon University CMU NASA Lewis Research Center NASA Ames Research Center Bell Telephone Laboratories Naperville and Princeton Uni- versity The nodes are interconnected by 2000 voice-grade auto-dial lines and 40 800 leased lines Figure 24 presents an overview of the nodes participating in the T88 Network and Figure 25 presents configuration information for each node Additional facilities that may become TSS nodes are Chevron Oil Corporation and Northern Illinois University Modifications to the operating system were necessary to enable processors to initiate tasks on and communicate with other processors one processor appears as a terminal to another A major consideration was given to minimizing these modi cations By using like processors and software many of the usual obstacles of network design were avoided provides enough exibility for expansion and the modular network design allows for the inclusion of other operating systems in the future Languages available over the network include FORTRAN H ASSEMBLER H ALGOL SNOBOL 3 SNOBOL 4 APL BASIC WATFOR LISP CSMP GPSS JOSS LC2 and LEAD Other software includes NASTRAN a structural analysis program and lTime Sharing System a time-sharing operating system for the IBM 360 67 computer 48 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 IBM RESEARCH NASA LEWIS RUTGERS BELL TELEPHONE LABS PRINCETON CARNEGIE MELLON NASA AMES SOURCE IBM WATSON RESEARCH CENTER Figure 24 An Overview of the T88 Network a text editor In addition software is available to convert FORTRAN source code from the T88 format to the OS format automatically for example between the 360 67 with the T88 operating system and 360 91 with NASA Lewis will be the Network Information Center for the T88 Network They will keep records on machine configurations and available programs will maintain up-to-date source code for the network software and will keep a history of usage re- quests identifying the user and the reason for the request All changes to programs available over the network will be recorded for other users Communications Communications among the 360 67 3 of the T88 network are carried out using voice-grade switched lines operating at 2000 bps The lines are driven by Western Electric 201A modems in a half-duplex configuration The 360 67 interface is provided by an IBM 270 or 2703 connected to the 2870 Multiplexer Channel Because of the lack of programmable interface hardware all communications software support is resident on the host computer In order to avoid extensive changes 49 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NODE NODE CONFIGURATION LOCAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION IBM WATSON RESEARCH CENTER CMU NASA LEWIS NASA AMES PRINCETON 360 6 7 TSS DUPLEX DUPLEX DUPLEX 360 6 7 TSS IBM 1800 1130 SYSTEM 7 UNIVAC 1 16 PUP-101 SMALL COMPUTERS IXDS DEC ON-I-INE CDC MICROFILM UNIT 2321 DATA CELL 2 2301 DRUMS 2 2314 DISK UNITS 3 MAINCORE UNITS I256K EACH CALCOMP PLOTTE R SENSOR EQUIPMENT 3 2314s 2 2301 DRUMS 6 27805 1800 WITH A 2250 IMLAC PBS 1 SC 4020 30 TERMINALS 27415 IBM 360 65 65 50 ASP IBM IPROPOSED Figure 25 T88 Network Hardware to the standard TSS operating system the communications software was designed to operate as a user program contending for resources on the same basis as other user programs As a consequence the highest message throughput capacity which has been realized is less than the maximum possible with the present communications hardware 1 1In recognition of this problem IBM is developing a communications computer concept which would use 3 370 145 as a combination communications computer and data base manager 50 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 In order to provide the user with access to the communications the T85 network employs the Computer Access Method CAM a specially developed set of procedure calls and software which effect the intercomputer dialog CAM is capable of supporting voice-grade lines operating at 2000 bps and wide-band leased facilities oper- ating at either 40 800 or 50 000 bps A more generalized version of CAM called Table Driven CAM has also been developed In Table Driven CAM the characteristics of the communications and the receiver are defined by means of table entries per mitting a wider range of computers and communications equipment to be used on the network Upon receipt of a CAM request the communications software must first de- termine whether a connection exists to the destination computer if not one is estab- lished The message which may be up to 1024 bytes long is compacted prior to transmission The message is subsequently transmitted to its destination by a special software task which time-multiplexes all messages destined for any particular site The receiving system software effectively performs the same process in the reverse order Error checks are performed retransmissions are requested if errors occurred while acknowledgments are returned otherwise Usa 'The first goal of the T83 network was to investigate the uses and advantages of a general purpose network of computers The experience gained is to be used in de- termining future avenues of expansion in designing and implementing other networks The nodes will use the network for experimentation and research rather than for pro- duction work The TSS Network provides a convenient means of exchanging programs and sys- tem modifications since like computers are used in the network Use of the network for program sharing and data sharing saves duplication of programs and data at foreign sites Load sharing remote service and dynamic file access are among the features provided by the T38 Network Figure 26 gives an example of how the network is used Since one processor appears asa terminal to another and since all devices in the network appear to be on each processor the terminal user can command the full re- sources of the network as though he were dealing with a single system After the user has gained access to the target processor he may initiate processing activity disconnect or connect to another node he may even have many jobs executing at various nodes simultaneously Specialized facilities such as graphic and large core memories are available over the network 51 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 A woman 331 mu a esn 9a 9mm 3 XSVJ 10 90' 3110938 80 ONES I BOON HUM -nwwoo NOILVILINI CINV 30 N0 90' 8 $110338 80F 10 901 a GOP 90F BAIEIDEIH N0 901 300M 2 HOP NOILVOHILON 80 ' i 300M HilM SNOILVDIMHWWOS 10 a emmaoau ago 901 x1v1 3 snnsau aor snnsaa aor was NO 301 ENLLVIJJNI 530 901 a anon LV aansuma s aor 901 anon 01 aorawas N0 901 300 0 52 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Passwords and keys serve to maintain the privacy and integrity of the user files As an added precaution however does not allow outsiders to connect to their 360 9l when proprietary information is being processed The network has a copy protect feature that enables a person to use a file or a program without allowing him to copy it A Network Control Language enables the user to perform the following functions connect to a specified node initiate a computational process disconnect from a specified node test for any outstanding responses and send and receive data sets and display process responses The language is simple since the designers eon- centrated on making the system easy to use Management The TSS network is an interconnection of several independent research facilities A consequent goal of the net-work is the establishment of an experimental environment which interferes with the other activities of the nodes as little as possible The home- geneity of the network has been instrumental in establishing this environment by minimizing the amount of effort required to develop all of the network software The technical development of the network has been carried out informally Representatives from each of the sites meet periodically to discuss technical proposals and ideas Planned experiment activities are also discussed and coordinated at these meetings The collection and dissemination of network documentation is the responsibility of the Network Information Center NIC located at the NASA Lewis Research Center Systems which will permit retrieval of appropriate documents by a network user are currently under development at the Lewis Center No formalized procedure has been developed for intersite billing At the present time the informality of the project and the nearly equal intersite utilizatiOn of resources has obviated the need for such procedures However usage statistics are gathered to monitor this situation and to uncover any heavy one sided usage patterns THE TUCC NETWORK Introduction The Triangle Universities Computation Center TUCC was established in 1965 as a cooperative venture among three major North Carolina universities Duke University North Carolina State University NCSU and the University of North Carolina UNC its 53 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 incorporation was a response to the saturation of existing local computer facilities and the unavailability of funds to permit the expansion necessary at each of the universities The network was developed to satisfy three primary goals 0 to provide each of the institutions with adequate computational facilities as economically as possible 0 to minimize the number of systems programming personnel needed and to foster greater cooperation in the exchange of systems programs and ideas amongthe three universities Network operation was begun in 1966 Since that time a continual growth in both the central computing capability and that at each of the universities has been necessitated Throughput on the central computer has grown from 600jobs per day in 1967 to a present peak volume of about 4200jobs per day Present plans call for a 100% increase in the centralcomputer capacity by September 1971 Con guration The TUCC Network is centralized with homogeneous computers at its three nodes UNC Duke and NCSU Through the North Carolina Educational Computer Services TUCC also serves some fifty smaller schools within the State and provides general computing services to a small number of research oriented organizations Figure 27 gives an overview of the TUCC network The center of TUCC is a well-equipped IBM 360 75 with one million bytes of high-speed core and two million bytes of Large Capacity Storage operating under see Figure 28 There are approximately 100 terminals high medium and low speed in the network The high-speed terminals are a 360 50 and an 1 130 at UNC a 360 40 at NCSU and a 360 40 at Duke The 360 systems are multiprogrammed with a partition for local batch work and a telecommunications partition for TUCC remote services The medium speed terminals are IBM 2780 s or equivalents and 1 130 s and the low-speed terminals are teletypes IBM 2741 s or equivalents and IBM 1050 s Less than 10% of work is submitted at the card reader at the central computer Software facilities provided by TUCC include FORTRAN E G and WATFIV ALGOL APL COBOL CPS BASIC SNOBOL CSMP ECAP GPSS MPS FORMAT and Assembler G 54 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 COMMUNITY COLLEGES 350 40 TECHNICAL INSTITUTES AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2770 PRIMARY TERMINAL 2780 1050 AND TELETYPESI HILL 360 50 360 40 TEHMWAL PRIMARY TERMINAL NOTE IN ADDITION TO THE PRIMARY TERMINAL INSTALLATION AT DUKE UNC AND NCSU EACH CAMPUS HAS AN ARRAY 0F TERMINALS INCLUDING 2780 2741 1050 1130 AND TELETYPE TERMINALS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE TUCC 350 75 Figure 27 An Overview of the TUCC Network 55 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 56 2355-3 2355 3 MAIN MAIN STORAGE STORAGE 512K 512K 2361-2 LARGE CAPACITY STORAGE I def 1 CONSOLE 2075 CPU 2150 CONTROL 1 MILLION BYTES 2314 DISK FACILITY 2314 DISK FACILITY 2860 SE LE CTO CHANNEL 2820 STORAGE 2870 MULTIPLEXOR CHANNEL SE LECTOR SUB-CHANNEL 2540 CARD 2821 READ PUNCH CONTROL 2701 DATA ADAPTER 1403-N1 PRINTER 2701 DATA ADAPTER l__1 MED-SPEED TERMINAL 2703 MEDSPEED CONTROL TERMINAL TOTAL OF 24 MEDIUM- SPEED TERMINALS Figure 28 Configuration of the 360 75 at TUCC TRANSMISSION '1 54 PORTS FOR SPEED TYPEWRITER TERMINALS 2860 SE LE CTOFI CH ANNE CONTROL I DUKE I NCSU I UNC HIGH SPEED 1130 SOURCE TUCC 2303 TAPE CONTROL 2314 DISK FACILITY 1 1 a 2402- 9 TRK 2402- 9 TRK 2402- 9 TRK 2402-1 9 TRK 230 DRUM 2301 DRUM Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Communications The central TUCC computer connects to each local-site computer by means of a single leased wide-band line Operation of the lines is half-duplex at 40 800 bps using Western Electric 301-B modems The computer interface is provided by an 2701 Data Adapter connected to the 2870 Multiplexer Channel The lack of programmable interface hardware requires that each of the computers provide the necessary communications software support However because of the straightforward message flow patterns the local sites need supply only a relatively simple software interface The central computer employs HASP which treats each local com- puter as a card reader card punch and line printer terminal The central computer also provides facilities supporting medium speed terminals operating at 1200 to 2400 bps These devices employ switched or full-period voice grade lines using Western Electric 200-Series modems The computer interface is pro- vided by a 2703 Data Adapter capable of terminating 24 such lines These devices which are typically IBM 2780 s 2770 s and 1130 s are treated by the communications software in a fashion similar to the high speed devices The 2703 Data Adapter also terminates 64 switched voice-grade lines operating at 100 to 300 using IOO-Series modems The low-speed terminals which include Model 33 Teletypes IBM 2741 s and 1050 s are interfaced to the Conversational Pro- gramming System CPS or the APL system on an interactive basis or the remotejob entry system Usage_ The TUCC network realizes substantially more power than would the three sites operating separately because of the economy of a large computer system and the sharing of personnel and programs The network is used primarily for remote service jobs are sent from the satellite computers and terminals over communications lines to the central computer the 360 75 for processing Up to 4200jobs per day can be handled by the network Although the average running time for a job is 20 seconds 50 percent of the machine time is devoted to jobs running 4 minutes or longer The network is used for scientific and instructional work and for some administrative function The workload includes all types ofjobs small student jobs large jobs requiring a substantial amount of core jobs with no set up re- quirements jobs with large data bases compute-bound jobs and 1 0-bound jobs Turnaround time on batch processing ranges from 5 to 20 minutes for the slow- and medium-speed terminals to 4 hours for the high-speed computer-based terminals 57 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 TUCC offers interactive service through the Conversational Programming System CPS and A Programming Language both of these systems reside in LCS except for some frequently used code which is in fast core 0f the six fast core MVT regions one is used to provide express service for small non-setupjobs that can run in 100K Jobs with the shortest running times are generally scheduled first for more efficient utilization however like jobs are scheduled to run concurrently to take ad vantage of compilers and library routines that have been brought into storage This is accomplished through a scheduling algorithm that is part of software Management TUCC is a non-profit corporation owned jointly by the three participating universities The corporation is governed by a nine-man Board of Directors three appointed by the executive officer of each institution Typically one of the individuals from each university represents that institution s business interests another represents the local user community the third represents the computer sciences interests The Board of Directors meets once each month to discuss and dispose of pending matters Most questions are decided by a majority vote of the members However questions of fundamental importance which include the selection of the President of TUCC the annual budget and major equipment purchases are decided with each univer sity delegation having a single vote Each of the universities maintains its own staff and is required to respond to the problems of its own users This permits the relatively small central staff to focus its attention on the installation and maintenance of operating systems and documentation in accordance with the needs of the universities At the same time this dual staff arrangement allows the user to interface with his own local campus staff contributing to the political stability of the overall system The problems of interuniversity billing have been eliminated in the TUCC billing system Each university pays 1 3 of the budgeted operating costs of TUCC plus its own local computer and terminal costs In exchange for this payment the universities are assured of receiving equal consideration for the allocation of resources by means of a usage-levelling scheduler which allocates resources first to whichever university has used the least Each of the institutions is then free to bill its users based upon the payment made to TUCC and on the detailed usage statistics gathered at the central computer 58 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 SECTION MATRIX OF NETWORK FEATURES This section tabulates the basic features of the surveyed networks Features are listed on the left side of the chart and the networks are listed across the top The terms used in this section are defined in the Glossary CONFIGURATION Network topology hardware and software are shown Features are listed only when they have been implemented or when definite plans call for their implementation Footnotes indicate more tentative plans and further explain Matrix entries COMMUNICATIONS This section presentsan overview of the communications characteristics of each of the networks surveyed Emphasis has been placed on hardware attributes since these are the major factors determining the overall communications performance NETWORK USAGE This section indicates network features available to the user and areas of investi- gation being pursued by the network management 59 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NETWORKS FEATURES ARPA COINS CYBERNET DCS Configuration Organization Distributed Centralized Distributed Distributed Composition Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Number of Nodes 191 3 36 Nodes UCLA Classified Palo A1103 2 Nodes located in SRI Los Angeles various buildings UCSB 3 on the UCI Utah Minnea olis campus Rand Boston 2 BEN New York3 3 MIT Washington 3 SDC 5 Harvard Houston3 illinois Honolulu Stanford Atalnta Case Detroit CMU San Francisco Lincoln Labs Hartford AW52 Seattle ETAC2 Phoenix London Albuquerque University2 Omaha3 2 Chicago Washington Dallas National Cleveland Bureau of Cincinnati Standards2 Richmond NASA Antes 3 Baltimore NCAR2 Philadelphiaa OCAMA2 l2 RADC2 SAAC2 SAAMA2 University of Southern California2 1Of these approximately 14 are actually connected to the network Not yet connected to the network The number in parentheses represents the number of computers in the indicated geographical area 60 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NETWOH KS DLS MERIT OCTOPUS TSS TUCC Distributed Distributed Centralized1 Centralized5 Distributed Centralized Distributed Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous 2 3 82 107 9 4 msu lBM Watson3 l2l All nodes IBM Watson DUKE ANMCC WSU IBM Baulder located at Princeton UNC UM NYU4 LRL NASA Lewis NCSU YALE4 emu Tucc Jose4 BTL Naper- ville NASA Ames Chevron Oil Northern Illinois University 1Plans to become a distributed network Only two nodes are connected at the present time Two different nodes at same location Entry into the network under negotiation Centralized File Subnet Distributed Teletype Su bnet Includes the CDC STAR which has not yet been delivered 61 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 FEATURES NETWORKS ARPA COINS CYBERNET DCS Configuration continued Types1 of Host Computers Available able over the Network Special Hardware or Software Available Through the Network Burroughs B6500 Burroughs ILLIAC iV DEC PDP-10 TENEX DEC DEC DEC Data Machine DEC PDP-11 GE 645 Honeywell DDP-516 IBM 360 75 IBM 360 91 1800 360 65 IBM 360 65 IBM 360 67 TX-2 XDS-940 XDS SIGMA 7 LS TODAS ILLIAC lV Data Machine Laser Memory Culler-Fried System MATH LAB CONVE HSE OR BIT Artificial Intelligence Projects LOGOS GE 635 494 CDC 6600 SCOPE CDC 3300 MASTE Fl CDC 6400 K HONOS Structural Analysis Packages Linear Pro- gramming Packages Micro 800 Teletype Varian 620 i Varian 620 3 1While only one of each type of computer configuration is listed many of the same configurations may exist in any one network in some instances the listed hosts have not yet been installed but they have been included in the tabulation because of definite plans to connect them to the network 62 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NETWORKS DLS ME RIT OCTOPUS TSS TUCC IBM 360 50 CDC 6600 CDC 6600'l CDC 6600 IBM 360 67 IBM 360 52 08 MVTI IBM 360 91 CDC 7600 T65 IBM 360 50 IBM 360 65 IBM 360 67 03 MVT CDC STAR IBM 360 40 IOS MVTI IMTSI IBM 360 67 CPI IBM 360 67 IBM 360 651 IMTSI OS MVTI IBM 350 441 MTS CP Photo Store CP CPS STAR Graphics APL 1In negotiation The grid node in a centralized net other nodes may process jobs on their own machine or on the 360 75 but not on any of the machines at other nodes 63 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NETWORKS FEATU Fl ES COINS CYBERNET DCS Communications Interface Device Modified GE Datanet Special Design DDP-516 IBM 2701 PPU UNIVAC CLT Communications Protocol Message Message Message Message Switch Switch Switch Switch Transmission Medium Leased Line Leased Lines Leased Line Coaxial Cable Satellite FX WATS Data Rates bps 50 000 2400 100 300 2 000 000 2000 2400 4800 40 800 Transmission Mode Analog Analog Analog Digital Link Protocol FullaDuplex Full-Duplex Full-Duplex Simplex Half-Duplex Data Compression Used No No No No Message Format Variable Variable Fixed Length Fixed Length Length Length Message Size 8095 hits 15 000 1024 240 bits characters characters Segment Format Variable Variable Length Length 150 1000 hits characters max max Security Level None Top Secret None None 1For variable length messages this is the maximum message size 64 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 NETWORKS DLS MERIT OCTOPUS TSS TUCC IBM 2701 Modified IBM 2701 PPU IBM 2701 IBM 2701 Point-to-Point Message Message Message Point-to-Point Point to-Point Switch Switch Switch1 Point to-Point Leased Line I Telpak Leased Line Coaxial Cable 000 Telpak 40 800 2000 40 800 1 500 0001 2000 100 300 12 000 0002 40 800 2400 40 800 Analog Analog Analog Digital Analog Analog Half-Duplex Full-Duplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex1 Half Duplex Half-Duplex Half-Duplex2 Yes No No No Yes No Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable Length Length Length Length Length Length 32 7603 bytes 240 char- 8192 bits 1208 bits1 8192 bits 1000 bytes acters 4 3 780 000 bits Top Secret None None AEC Restricted None None Data 1The Teletype Subnet The File Transport Subnet Absolute maximum Limited core memory imposes an operational limit of 7294 bytes May be varied by changing software parameter Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NETWORKS EATU Fl ES ARPA COINS CYBERNET DCS Network Usagg Load Sharing No Yes N03 Program Sharing Yes No Yes N03 Data Sharing Yes Yes Yes N03 Remote Service Yes No Yes No3 Dynamic File Access No2 No N0 N03 Experimentation Yes Yes No Yes Measurement Yes Yes No Yes Data Description Language Yes No No No Control Language N02 No Yes Yes 1While load sharing is technically possible the network was not designed for this purpose 2Technically feasible still in research stage 3This network is experimental and has not yet developed plans for software to assist users 66 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NETWORKS DLS MERIT OCTOPUS TSS TUCC Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1While program sharing is possible it is an unlikely use because of the large data bases involved Unnecessary because of like processors MICIS has proposed a data description language but it has not been adopted as the standard Not required because of centralized data base Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 SECTION IV EXCLUDED NETWORKS Six additional networks were considered for inclusion in the survey but were rejected either because they did not satisfy the definition of a computer network given in the Introduction or because insufficient information was available ARS Advanced Record System is a General Services Administration network used by various departments and civilian agencies of the Federal government ARS was not included in the survey since it is primarily concerned with transmitting data bases and responding to queries rather than resource sharing through connected computer systems ASP Attached Support Processor is an IBM-developed system providing facilities for simultaneously controlling the operation of several support processors and main processors The support processors collect work from input stations monitor library requests schedule work and distribute output while the main processors executejobs exclusively Because the processors do not operate under independent operating systems ASP does not conform to the definition of a computer network given in the Introduction CLETS California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System connects over 450 different law enforcement agencies at the state county and local levels to files in Sacramento and Washington D C CLETS is the nation s largest state-wide computerized law enforcement system A query system this network does not meet the criteria used in this survey NCIC National Crime information Center is an information network including 49 states and servicing law enforcement agencies at all levels of the government NCIC is a query system and hence does not conform to the survey definition of computer network NTDS Navy Tactical Data System is a secure network which performs the routing of tactical data from ship-to ship and from ship-to-shore The computer facilities used in NTDS perform message switching and local decision-making functions but do not support intersite resource sharing consequently NTDS does not satisfy the definition of a computer network The RTCC Real Time Computing Complex at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston Texas has linked their computers to achieve the reliability necessary for manned mission support During a mission two computers are actively engaged in processing The primary computer is termed the missions operation computer and 69 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 the backup computer is designated the dynamic standby computer As long as the missions operation computer functions satisfactorily the output of the dynamic standby is unused If a failure occurs in the primary system the dynamic standby computer becomes the missions operations computer and another computer is activated as the dynamic standby The usage of linked computers does not comply with the definition of a computer network I 70 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 SECTION SUMMARY The surveyed networks were designed to meet very different needs making any comparison extremely difficult therefore this paper examines the current philosophies on networking and provides extensive information on those networks included in the survey From the survey it is apparent that computer networking is in its infancy Only CYBERNET Octopus and TUCC can be considered fully operational and they are in a state of continuous development of added capabilities The other networks must all be considered either in an experimental phase or under development leading to an initial operational capability Since computer networking is within the state-of the-art most of these networks can reasonably be expected to become operational in the foreseeable future This survey reflects how features of computer networks are employed in actual or planned networks The information herein can serve network designers in determining how some of these features can be used to meet their networking requirements 71 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Acknowledgment ADEPT ALGOL Analog Transmission ANMCC APL ARPA ASCII ASP Transmission AWS BASIC BBN BCC BTAM GLOSSARY A process whereby the transmitter of a message is notified of its receipt by the receiver A time-sharing operating system developed by System Develop ment Corporation for use on 360 computer systems Algorithmic Language a processing language oriented to the arithmetic specification of numerical procedures A method of data transmission requiring the original informa tion signal to be converted into an ac form at the proper frequency for transmission The Alternate National Military Command Center a pro- tected backup facility for the National Military Command System A Programming Language a highly interactive programming system particularly suited to the manipulation of vectors and matrices The Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense The American Standard Code for Information Interchange Attached Support Processors an operating environment for multiple IBM 360 installations which optimizes allocation of local resources among waiting jobs A mode of data transmission in which the time spacing between bits characters or message segments is not regular Air Weather Service a scheduled node on the ARPA network Beginner s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code a simple mathematically oriented interactive programming language Bolt Beranek and Newman Cambridge Mass the developers of the ARPA IMP and a node of the ARPA network Communication Controller the com- munications module of the Data Link Support software Bits per second Basic Telecommunications Access Method a data communica- tions protocol supported by 05 360 73 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 BTL CAM CC CCA CCAM CCOS CDC Centralized Network CLT CMU COBOL COINS Communications Protocol COMPASS Composition Computer Network Control Language Bell Telephone Laboratories the research arm of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company Computer Access Method a specially developed communica- tions protocol used in the TSS Network Communication Computer a modified 1 20 computer used as a communications interface in the MERIT Network Computer Corporation of America contractors for the development of the Data Machine to be attached to the ARPA network Continuous Communications Access Method a portion of the Data Link Support control software The Communications Computer Operating System a specially developed communications software system used on the MERIT Network Control Data Corporation a manufacturer of large computer systems and the operators of the CYBERNET Network A network configuration in which each user node connects to a central node which performs all message switching functions Communications Line Terminal a computer link interface used on UNIVAC and ARPA systems Carnegie-Mellon University Pittsburgh Pa a node in the T88 and ARPA networks Common Business Oriented Language a processing language designed for data processing applications Community On-Line Intelligence System a network developed for the intelligence community A specification of whether intercomputer communication is achieved by message-switching or point to-point lines Comprehensive Assembler System a name generically applied to CDC assemblers A specification of whether a network is composed of similar homogeneous or dissimilar heterogeneous computer systems An interconnected group of independent computer systems which communicate with one another and share resources such as programs data hardware or software A special language which allows the user to directly specify functions that he wishes the network to perform 74 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 CONVERSE COPE cr CPS CPU CSMP Culler-Fried Data De nition Language Data sharing DCA DEC Decentralized network Digital Transmission Distributed Network DLS A natural language data management system developed by System Development Corporation Communications Oriented Processing Equipment a series of terminals produced by University Computing Corporation Control Program a virtual memory operating system developed for the 360 67 Conversational Programming System an interactive monitor used on 360 computer systems Central Processor Unit the central arithmetic and logic unit of a computer System Continuous Systems Modeling Program an applications pro- gram which provides the time response of physical systems defined by simultaneous differential equations An interactive system developed at the University of California at Santa Barbara to perform quick-response mathematical computations A control language which allows a user to define the structure of a data base This is particularly useful in transferring data between machines with dissimilar data formats and structures A mode of network operation in which programs are sent to a particular node in order to utilize data resident at that node Defense Communications Agency operators of the Data Link Support System Direct Distance Dialing a class of switched voice-grade service provided by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company Digital Equipment Corporation manufacturers of the PDP series of computer systems A network configuration in which groups of local user nodes are interconnected in a centralized fashion The grid nodes are then connected to form a distributed network A method of data transmission in which unmodulated digital data is transmitted directly A network configuration in which all node pairs are connected either directly or indirectly through intermediate nodes and shared links Data Link Support a communication facility interconnecting two of the elements of the National Military Command System 75 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Dynamic File Access EASE ECAP ETAC Experimentation FORTRAN Full-Duplex FX GPL GPSS Half-Duplex HASP Heterogeneous Homogeneous Host A mode of network operation in which programs executing at one node can access data at a remote node as if the data were locally resident Electronic Associates Incorporated a manufacturer of analog and hybrid computer systems Elastic Analysis for Structural Engineering a CYBERNET applications program which performs structural analyses Electronic Circuit Analysis Program an applications program which performs analyses of linear and non-linear electrical networks Environmental Technical Applications Center Air Weather Service Washington D C a scheduled node on the ARPA network A specification of whether network research experiments are being carried out on the network Formula Translation 3 programming system designed to solve problems which can be expressed in algebraic notation A communications link which permits simultaneous use of the link in both directions Foreign Exchange a class of leased line service offered by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in which a termination in one central office is assigned a number belonging to a remote central office General Precision Librascope manufacturers of small com puters and peripheral equipment General Purpose Simulation System a discrete system modeling program A communications link which may be operated in either direction but in only one direction at a time Houston Automatic Spooling Priority a unit record support program operated in conjunction with IBM 360 OS A network characteristic denoting the use of dissimilar computer systems A network characteristic denoting the use of only similar com- puter systems A computer system which provides the user with an appropriate interface to the network 76 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 ILLIAC IMP 088 I OVIAL KRONOS LC2 LCS LEAP LIL Link Link Protocol LISP Load Sharing LOGOS LRL Illinois Automatic Computer a specially designed multiple processor computer system under development by the Burroughs Corporation Interface Message Processor a modified Honeywell PDP-S 16 used as a communications computer on the ARPA network Johnniac On-Line Support System an interactive algebraic interpreter originally developed by the RAND Corporation Jules Own Version of the International Algebraic Language an algebraically oriented computer language An abbreviation used to represent the number 1024 32K is 32 768 A CDC 6400 time-sharing operating system An interactive language in use at Carnegie-Mellon University Large Capacity Storage a large relatively slow core memory extension used on 360 computer systems A graphics language used at Lincoln Laboratories Local Interaction Language an interpretive system for interactive graphics in operation at Lincoln Labs A communications channel which interconnects a pair of nodes A specification of whether the link is operated in a simplex half-duplex or full duplex fashion List Processing a programming system designed to facilitate the manipulation of linked lists A mode of network operation in which a given workload is distributed among the computer systems of the network in order to achieve equal use of resources A design tool capable of producing systems that are certifiable as being secure currently under development at Case Western Reserve University Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Livermore California a part of the University of California operated as a research facility for the Atomic Energy Commission the location of the Octopus An extended version of the FORTRAN programming system written and used by the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 77 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 MARC MATHLAB Measurement MERIT Message Message-Switching MICIS MIT Modem MPS MSU MULTIICS Multiplexing MVT Multiple Access Remote Computer a designation given to terminals on the CYBERNET Network A CDC 3300 multiprogramming operating system A mathematically-oriented computation system in operation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology A specification of whether statistics re ecting the performance of the network are being collected and analyzed Michigan Educational Research Information Triad Incorporated a non-profit corporation responsible for the development and operation of the MERIT network A logical unit of communication between two hosts A process of accepting a message for the purpose of relaying it toward its destination The Michigan lnteruniversity Committee on Information Systems the predecessor of the MERIT network Massachusetts Institute of Technology a node in the ARPA network Modulator Demodulator a device used to convert digital signals to an appropriate frequency for analog transmission and vice versa Mathematical Programming System a library of scientific subroutines available under OS 360 Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan a node in the MERIT network Michigan Terminal System a specially developed time-sharing operating system used on the IBM 360 67 at the University of Michigan An experimental time sharing system in operation at MIT A method of packing several data streams into a single link in order to achieve a higher effective transmission rate Two methods are commonly used time multiplexing in which the bits or characters of the data streams are interleaved to form a single stream and frequency multiplexing in which each data stream is assigned a particular frequency slot in the overall link bandwidth and all the streams are transmitted in parallel Multiprogramming with 1 Variable Number of Tasks an IBM 360 operating system 78 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 NASA NASTRAN NCP NCAR NCSU NETF LOW NIC NLS NMCS Node NWG OCAMA Octopus OPHELIE II OPTIMA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Two of research facilities the Ames Center in Mountainview California and the Lewis Center in Cleveland Ohio are nodes in the T88 network A special programming system developed by NASA for per- forming structural analyses Network Control Program an ARPA host program which inter- faces the host with the network National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado a scheduled node in the ARPA network North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina a node in the TUCC network A CYBERNET applications program which solves network flow problems Network Information Center a network node which acts as a central repository for network documentation A system developed by SRI which is similar to TODAS but employs graphic display terminals National Military Command System an aggregation of agencies and systems which provide communications and processing support for the Joint Chiefs of Staff National Military Command System Support Center the ADP support arm of the NMCS National Military Command System Technical Support the directorate of the Defense Communications Agency responsible for the operation of the NMCS A data transmission terminal point Network Working Group the technical advisory board for the ARPA network Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area a projected node on the ARPA network A computer network developed and used by the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory A linear programming system available on the CYBERNET network A linear programming system available on the CYBERNET network 79 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 ORBIT Organization OS Packet PCM PDQ LP I Point-to-Point PPU Program Sharing RADC Remote Service RJ ET SAAC SAAMA SCOPE SDC Segment On-Line Retrieval of Bibliographic Information a system developed by SDC A specification of the basic topology of the network Operating System the primary multiprogramming monitor used on IBM 360 computer systems An ARPA term used to denote a message segment Pulse Code Modulation a form of digital transmission A linear programming system available on the CYBERNET network Programming Language 1 a higher-level programming language capable of performing a wide range of algebraic data processing and system-level functions A network topology in which conversant nodes communicate directly without intervening message switching Peripheral Processing Unit a small programmable computer which typically controls data flow on CDC 6000 and 7000 series computer systems A mode of network operation in which data is sent to a particular node to be processed by programs resident at that node Rome Air Development Center Rome New York a scheduled node on the ARPA network A mode of network operation in which programs and data resident at a given site are manipulated by a remote user Remote Job Entry Terminal a planned subnet of the Octopus network Seismic Array Analysis Center Alexandria Virginia a projected node on the ARPA network Sacramento Air Material Area a projected node on the ARPA network Supervisory Control of Program Execution a CDC 6600 batch operating system System Development Corporation Santa Monica California a node in the ARPA network The portion of a message which serves as the basic unit record of information interchange between two nodes 80 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Simplex SIMSCRIPT SIMU LA SNOBOL SRI SRS STAR STARDYNE Store-and-Forward transmission SYSTEM 2000 TSS UCC UCI UCLA UCSB UM UNC A communications link which can be operated in one direction only I A discrete system simulation program A simulation system available on the CYBERNET network A string manipulation system developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park California the Network Information Center for the ARPA network Start-Restart a portion of the Data Linl Support operating software String Array a powerful high-speed computer system recently developed by the Control Data Corporation A dynamic structural analysis system available on the CYBERNET network A form of message switching in which the message is stored at the intermediate node prior to being forwarded This allows the previous node in the chain to release its copy of the record A mode of data transmission in which the time spacing between bits characters and message segments is regular A Data Management System available on the CYBERNET network Time Sharing System a time-sharing operating system for the IBM 360 67 computer A specially developed computer in operation on the ARPA network at Lincoln Labs University Computing Corporation manufacturers of COPE- Series communications terminals The University of California at Irvine developers of the Distributed Computer System The University of California at Los Angeles the Network Measurement Center for the ARPA network The University of California at Santa Barbara a node in the ARPA network University of Michigan Ann Arbor a node in the MERIT network University of North Carolina Chapel Hill a node in the TUCC network 81 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 WATFIV WATS WHINOT WSU XDS An in-core FORTRAN compiler particularly well suited to processing small student jobs Wide Area Telephone Service a voice grade leased line service offered by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company An in-core compiler developed by TUCC used primarily for short student jobs Wayne State University Detroit Michigan a node in the MERIT network Xerox Data Systems manufacturers of the Sigma computer series 82 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 APPENDIX The following is a list of individuals who can provide a central point of contact for each of the surveyed networks ARPA COINS CYBERNET DCS DLS MERIT NETWORK 440 Mr Steve Crocker Chairman Network Working Group 1400 Wilson Boulevard Arlington Virginia 22209 202-694-5922 Classified Mr Gabe Bustamante Control Data Corporation 4550 West 77th Street Minneapolis Minnesota 55435 612-920-8600 X5956 Dr David Farber Information and Computer Science Department University of California Irvine California 92664 714833-6891 Lt Richard P Quintana B-1 1 The Pentagon Washington D C 20330 202-695-4789 Dr Bertram Herzog Director MERIT Computer Network 61 1 Church Street Ann Arbor Michigan 48104 313-764-9423 Mr Doug McKay Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights New York 10598 914-945 3000 X1159 83 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 OCTOPUS TSS TUCC Mr Sam Mendicino L-61 Box 808 Livermore California 94550 415 447-1100 X8582 Mr A1Weis Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights New York 10598 914-945-3000 X1593 Dr Leland Williams President and Director Triangle Universities Computation Center P O Box 12175 Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709 919-549-8291 84 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 5H4 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ARPA Network Current Guide to Network Facilities MC 5148 Network Information Center Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park California 94025 Aupperle Eric M Computer Network Hardware Notes from presentation at the computer network seminar at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences 30 November 1970 Bolt Beranek and Newman The Interface Message Processors for the ARPA Computer Network Report No 2103 January 1971 Braden R T Request for Comments 90 ARPA Network Working Group NIC 5707 25 January 1971 Brooks Frederick Ferrell James and Gallic Thomas M Organizational Financial and Political Aspects of a Three-University Computing Center Proceedings IFIP Congress Edinburgh August 1968 Carr Stephen C Crocker Stephen and Cerf Vinton G Communica- tion Protocol in the ARPA Network Proceedings Spring Joint Computer Conference 1970 Cocanower A Fischer W Gerstenberger W and Read B S The Communica tions Computer Operating System Initial Design MERIT Computer Network Manual 1070-TN-3 October 1970 Control Data Corporation Service Crocker Stephen D Protocol Document No 1 ARPA Network Working Group 3 August 1970 Davis M 8 Economics A Point of View of Designer and Operator Proceedings the University of Texas and the MITRE Corporation Interdisciplinary Conference on Multiple Access Computer Networks Austin Texas 2022 April 1970 Donaldson Robinovitz Stewart and Wolfe Barbara Proposed MICIS Standard for Data Description Michigan lnteruniversity Committee on Informa- tion Systems 4 December 1970 DuBois Pierre et al Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Livermore Time-Sharing System Part I Octopus Chapter 4 Files 14 October 1970 Fletcher John G Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Livermore Time-Sharing System Part I Octopus Chapter 0 Introduction to the OCTOPUS Network December 1970 Freeman David and Pearson Robert R Efficiency versus Responsiveness in a Multiple-Services Computer Facility Proceedings 1968 ACM National Conference 85 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Freeman David and Ragland Joe R The Response Efficiency Trade-Off in a Multiple-University System Datamation March 1970 Heart F Kahn R Ornstein S Crowther W and Walden D C The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network Proceedings Spring Joint Computer Conference I 970 Herzog Bertram Proposal Summary MERIT Computer Network February 1970 IBM Data Link Support DLS Final Report Draft 25 September 1970 IBM Data Link Support DLS Program Description Volume 25 September 1970 Karp Peggy M The MITRE Corporation Event Report February 1971 ARPA Net- work Working Group Meeting 23 February 1971 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Tour of the Computer Facility January 1971 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Mathematical Programmers Luther W 1 Introduction to Presentation made at the Symposium on Computer Networks at the New York University Courant Institute of Mathe- matical Sciences 30 November v 1 December 1970 Management Consultants Bulletin State and Local Government October 1970 MERIT Computer Network Slides of the MERIT Network Pehrson David L Lawrence Radiation Laboratory An Engineering View of the LRL Octopus Computer Network 17 November 1970 Peterson J J The MITRE Corporation Event Report Visit to the Watson Research Center 18 December 1970 Peterson J J The MITRE Corporation Event Report Visit to the University of California at Irvine 18 January 1971 Peterson J J The MITRE Corporation Event Report Visit to the Stanford Research Institute 19 January 1971 Roberts Lawrence and Wessler Barry D Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing Proceedings Spring Joint Computer Conference I 970 Rutledge Ronald Vareha Albin Varian Lee Weis Alan Seroussi Salomon Meyer James Jaffee Joan F and Angell Mary Anne K An Interactive Network of Time Sharing Computers Proceedings of 24th National Conference Association for Computing Machinery 1 96 9 Triangle Universities Computation Center Telecomputing Memorandum TUCC Documentation Index 18 10 February 1971 Veit S A The MITRE Corporation Event Report Visit to Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 18 January 1971 86 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 Veit S A The MITRE Corporation Event Report Visit to NASA Ames Research Center 18 January 1971 Weis Alan IBM Watson Research Center Slides on the T58 Network Whitfield Williard D Veterans Administration Text from Presentation at the National Communications System Computer Communications Symposium 27 29 October 1970 Wood D C The MITRE Corporation Event Report Interim SHARE Network Project Meeting 9 December 1970 87 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0 STAT Approved For Release 2004 09 23 Approved For Release 2004 09 23 CIA-RDP79M00096A000500010017-0                     National Security Archive    Suite 701  Gelman Library  The George Washington University    2130 H Street  NW  Washington  D C  20037    Phone  202 994‐7000  Fax  202 994‐7005  nsarchiv@gwu edu