Tep SEeRe IIltilWlJ 00l00lDW' iJ fI1DOO Li'l lWV 1iI13l lOO13 iii WWilIll13 f W i W Q i G1ll PL 86-36 50 USC Non - Resp o n s i v e '' ' WEDDING BELLS AND THAT OLD GANG OF MINE E Leigh Sawyer 1 A SMALL PROBLEM Wayne E Stoffel 2 1 __ __ 1 3 LINGUISTICS AND THE CODE RECONSTRUCTOR Stuart H Buck ' 6 DIALOGUE BETWEEN MS USER AND DR ANALYSIS 9 I C A S T A D O U B L E S HA D O W T R O JA N H O R S E O F S I G IN T ____________________ 11 13 16 18 19 21 YIIIII BUII IB Y 1811112111111 1111 111 •• r ItSY •• l6l Tep SESRiT Approved for Release by NSA on 10-13-2021 MDR Case # 110918 360 nr li fiR ' Published Monthly by PI Techniques and Standards for the Personnel of Operations VOL V NO 11 NOVEHBER 1978 · · · · • • • • · • • PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 1 lor 8118 INon Responsive I here was a time when Okinawa had not Well this sort of thing ha peped eriodical l y Every time it didj _ _ khe sky-high prices yen currency and the station CO was just a Sii coo iowar me for a closure of the big club on RYCOM few days I even got wind that he was seeing if Plaza 1 was fortunate enough to be Chief there was any legal way to keep me out of the NSAPAC Okinawa in that era -- 19S9 to 1961 to stati on at odd-ball hours and also to instruct be precise Not only was I much concerned with the front gate guard to tip off Operations if he the operations of USM-3 at Sob USN-2S at spotted me driving in at strange hours I could Futenma and later Hanza and USA-68 at Onna SYMpathize with him and since we were fast Point but as well with the trigger-pulling friends I Must admit that I felt like a heel types at the JIJth Air Division and the 3rd at times Marine Division t believe it was one ti returning to my One recurring duty that I had from time to office from Onna Point when I did a bit of time was to enter CRITIC drill aessages into the hard thinking about this CRITIC test business system These came to me consistently from NSA I had just given my driver one of my regular by means other than normal CRITICOMM to ensure drills for hill to learn how to say lollipop that USM-3 which relayed communications to our and lalapalooza instead of rorripopll and office did not learn of the upcoming test and Ifraraparooza he eventually learned by the thereby be geared up for it Without fail so way Then settling back for the remaining 30 it seemed my instructions were to inject the minut es of the ride J did some soul-searching CRITIC test into the system at a precise time on the bottom-line payoff of a CRITIC I deranging usually botween 0200 and 0400 This cided that essentially there are two bottom meant driving out in the wee small hours of the lines morning usually to U 3 since Torii Station • a startling event of probable great seemed to be a favorite target of these tests interest to CRITIC recipients and Of course at that hour the st tion was at dead low tide with only a handful of OSH in tho • much more significantly an event that the intercept rooms My job was to drop off the United States would react to by doing instructions for the CRITIC test at a position sOllething and then let nature take its course The sce· The second obviously ranked far hlaher than the nario was predictably fairly pro-forma I would say to the intercept operator ' his is a first Then I wondered to myself who in the united States would in fact do something on the CRITIC test and instructions are on this piece of paper 1t He would look at IDe as though he had basis of a CRITIC The answer to this obviously just discovered me under some flat rock and say lay in what the CRITIC said It might be an event to prompt 8 presidential foreien policy You're kidding me Well not exactly that speech in which the admonition of Don't do it but euphemisms do have their place I would reassure him it was for real and would leave as to a foreign power would be unmistakable On the other hand it might be the sort of thing he was streaking out to find the trick chief fj yet entered the age of dual hiihways November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page I 90tlPIIlE T' SamES 2L2 2 Itt J PL 86-36 50 usc 3605 1 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 H8 f IfIB It yltzls requiriniu S action ASAP in the mokt literal sense This struck me as being analoious to the humaq nervous system In some instaf ces there is 'time for the brain to react oto stimuli and pass-idvice back to the right forefinaer that it wpuld be prudent not to touch'the aot stove tn others there is no time tpr lcrsurely a ion such as when the refl ive nervous ststem advises the right forefinger to get the ktll off the stove because it s hot •• In terms·of the latter situation co red by • the buzz· term quick reaction these pays the- CRITIC tpsting system that I was inv ved in • at the eJjla of the line seemed pretty pointless - How about the people on Okinawa who re triggeI1-pullers How did the CRITlt system work wit 'h them Had anybody ever tr ed to find out W t was the communications situation Secure hot lines Etc etc I dete mined to find ou nd to do something about it What l·conceived was a locally generated CRITIC reit to originate at USA-68 threat of air attlck and be passed via existing communicatioQs'paths to 3rd MARDIV and 313 h AD The basic·goal was to determine the ttme elapsed until the 313th AD was scrambied and brakes released for those fighters on· strip alert 'Par the 3rd MARDIV I visuali1ed perhaps trQop dispersal from the barrack$ I decided to eall the project WEDDING BELLS since I was basically trying to marry the result of a SIGINf vrocess to a tactical organi ation that pr swmably might be obliged to tfke immediate aetion • I e e ted complete cooperation frpm 3rd MAROIV sibce I had been holding theiD hand for some t e·to get them out of the category of SIGINT eqphytes This included among other thi gs ml deY D a of 'time n ass1st1ng __ _ _the n setting up an shop n any case I I Assistant Commanding General was moSt receptive to the WEDDING BELLS concept when I tried it out on him The 313th AD was equally enthusiastic Less enthusiastic were my boss at Camp Puchinobe and the Commander of APSS PAC in Hawaii The former directed me in no uncertain terms to exclude 3rd MARDIV from the drill for reasons never made clear to me The latter visited me personally on Okinawa in fact I was his tenant at the 6922nd RGM at Kadena and left me with the unmistakable impression that I was trespassing upo sovereign territory So there I was caught in the middle between local enthusiasm on the one hand and cold water dripping down my neck from remote points on the other In retro· spect it is apparent that I erred by going too far locally before getting a green board up and down the line beyond the low water mark of the shores of Okinawa fai amount light Although there was a secure hot line from Onna Point USA-68 to the 313th AD at Kadena no secure line existed from Kadena to the defensive wing of the 313th at Naha -only an open commercial line This in itself was an interesting revelation To get around this we shelved any ideas about manufacturing SIGINT for a CRITIC test and decided simply to use WEDDING BELLS for the text There was even one suggestion to send the message from Kadena to Naha by courier to point up the communications flaws Cooler heads prevailed however There is no need to embellish the details of the test Suffice it to say that it took I I re- lL p or 't ' e 7 a' tnl e - r e su o nt - s - l't o - ' h1 lg h er a u'l l tn o r H Y hoping somehow that a spark might be struck to pursue this test concept further and to enable the fixing of glaring loopholes that might become evident If in fact a spark was struck ignition failed In the 2 June 1978 issue of the Far Eastern Economia Review there appears a penetrating item on the roies of the U S 13th Air Force and the 5th Air Force Among other things one reads The might of American air power in the Philippines and Japan is on the alert for 'the call in the night' -maintaining a ceaseless watch on North Korea as well as standing by for anyone of a dozen potential crises in a vast area stretching to the far side of the Indian Ocean This is comforting except for the call in the night The experience of WEDDING BELLS in 1961 still makes DO uneasy f II A SMALL PRDBLEM W yne E stoff l PI4 As I proceeded with the spade work to set up th e test one interesting wrinkle came to November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 2 tom IDeIh blL 22 I 8r IFI8f1r litIS Nov_er 78 • CRYP1tILOG • Pale 3 f 8rrrlllflPITIJItIJ I Non - Responsive I I Non - Responsive CONFIDENTIAL November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 4 CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL Novomber 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 5 I Non - Re s p onsi v e • CONFIDENTIAL I SI8RI' EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 LINGUISTICS r----AND THE CODE I PL 86-36 50 USC 360 RECONSTRUCTOR STUART B B K P16 j••fl ••oI' et me hasten to point out that I no pretensions to more than a very limited knowledge of modern linguistic theory It was my fate to be born several decades too soon By the time I entered college language majors were expected to delve deeply into literature and history but that was about it Philology as it was called then was regarded as a field for specialists not as a requirement for an AB in Romance Languages J remember once suggesting rather timidly that I would like to take a onesemester course in phonetics My tutor knocked that one down quickly Such an aberration he pointed out would conflict with a course on Voltaire which would stay with me longer He made it sound like a steak dinner And so the advent of Bloomfield and his disciples caught me preoccupied first with Voltaire and then with the Great Depression when it didn't seem to make any difference what kind of linguist you were -- everyone suffered equally I can make one small claim to fame however carl Darling Buck the great philologist and I are distantly related Moreover Carl Buck was Leonard Bloomfield's teacher That ought to count for something I wish that I could set· tIe for that but total candor compels me to reveal that my learned relative and I share a common ancestor one Colonel Jonathan Buck who is reputed to have burned a witch back in the 18th century So much for name-dropping • • I have mentioned all of this in order to explain why I was such a late-bloomer in the field of linguistiCS It wasn't until I arrived at Arlingtolo l-Ia11 over 30 years ago that L I realized something w s going on th t very little about Aft er the war I -received some free benefits when my older brot er decided to get his PhD in lingOistics He not only tested each theory on e but passedpn many of his textbooks hoping that they woul do me some good In self-defense I began o read through them I started with Bloomf eld -- and discovered that there as a whOle new world waiting out there Thin I read Bloc and Trager and found them informative but not likeable While th i s ort of desult y reading was goi ng on I became-deeply involvea in bookbreaking -- or to use·a term that I prefer code recons t ruction Vefore I retired in 1973 I had worked on a great variety of c04es involving seven different languages and-including three countries whose traffic had never been read before I know t at this sounds boastful -so I shall hasten to aad that I still consider myself a novice in the field I have· seen a lot but not all of the elephant so· give me credit for being aware-of that gloomy· fact One result of all this· knocking aroun was that I acquired a compulsiop to talk and ite about my experiences remembering that when- started out no one told me anything - Not a word was uttered in my· presence regar ing tools teChniques or standar s The implic tion was that either you could do it or you couldn't -it was just as Simple as that • Plopped into MIl First Assignment I • 1--- My fjrS aSSiRPmCJ- was to crack a·1 i SUPlose i was mov _ To help me concentrate out of I To as- Stu Buck eti ed from NSA i n 1973 but - etU1'7led to P18 several clays a month as a eemployed annuitant to k on a special pl'Ojeat equiJ'ing his unique qualifiaations When he Jas finally dIlbJ'iefed at the aonalusion of that pl'Oje t in Oatobe 1977 he handed ov to a fe i aOlJO ke Pie of pape s they might still find useful Among those pape s was the te r t of a talk Stu had given in S6pterribe 1974 w tich is published he e as sound rds of advice fo the t generation of people to aCUTy out what Stu alls one of the basic missions of the Agency Ed Ii s i' s t- m e ' 'I' h a ldrt h r e e - cr yp t a n a l y s - t ' s -7 n o n l - i ngui sts of course who waited rather impatiently I thought for me to get going Well this is all ancient history so I won't dwell on it except to note that I broke the code eventually although it took a lot longer than it should have and gave me mental anguish that could have been avoided Throughout most of my career I have been a loner On the few occasions when I have worked with another bookbreaker I have discovered a curious reluctance on his or her part to talk about methodology Usually it was a case of That's what it means because I say so or If you challenge my results you attack me November 78 • CRYPTOLOG· Page 6 91SRI5 - - - _ _-- - -- - _ - II En OhZI l U j jO j PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 as a person After you have had your head bitten off' a few tilles you tend to be less talkative -- unless you enjoy name-calling for its own sake In my experience the great ex- ception to this cantankerous type was Betty Doane May she rest in peace Betty was not only completely honest but was not afraid to lay all her cards on the table She never hid behind a mystique and there was no chip on heT shoulder as bia s a plank Everything was out in the open for all the world to see those with proper clearances 1 hasten to add She was feisty tough-minded completely logical in all of her arguments and she never sed arrogance as a shield for ignorance or insecurity For that 1 remember her with a special reverence November 78 CRYPTOLOG Page 7 • I • EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 SEGDI Novomber 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 8 22 7 S a A TO 8lcn I tNldl EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 1PL 86-36 50 usc 3605 A DIALOGUE· BETWEEN MS USER 4ND DR ANALYSIS L - ____--II R51 November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 9 'lOP IUli IT Btl Btl I 1 TOP Bile 6ftilRa November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 10 EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 SLeIZZI A 1 A l oUB - HAI w ' 1 Ito A rt O Of I I -r PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 A RIOng the leading attributes of COMINT according to its past and present practitioners are the dual qualities of timeliness and authenticity SIGINT support to tactical military commanders is contingent on these two characteristics while a wealth of combat and peacetime applications have borne out this unique dependency on the intelligence source known in the open literature as intercepts II Only recently in the works is fraugnt with potential disaster as Brown's BodyguaPd of Lies convincingly demonstrates even to th most skeptical reader Creditability is everywhere and at once a two-edaed sword of Kahn Winterbotham and BTown has the public been told the story of the central critical role played both by COMINT and by radio strategems in World War II and in the Allied victory n fact 50 consummately has this story been told that it is now necessary to revise history in light of information only recently made available to scholars Here we see journalists and a former ssa in the role of historical revisionists -- not a new role for journalists but certainly a new role for SSOs at least in the open literature Dependency on SIGINT's timeliness authenticity and -- oft-times -- uniqueness is unsettling The quality of believability or creditability -- tile much sought Al source -- • L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - Qvemb r·i8· CRYPTOLOG • Page EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 IilDCPpm 11 p EO 3 3b 3 PL 86-36 50 USC 3605 IIU RLI November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 12 IB8111ii' II 57 2 2277752 7 iH I Non - Responsive UNCLASSIFIED November 18 • CRYPTOLOG • UNCLASSIFIED Page 13 UNCLASSIFIED Iiovellber 78 • CRYPTOLOG· Pale 14 UNCLASSIFIED I Non - Responsive • I - Responsive UNCLASSIftED Nov_ber 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Pa e 15 UNCLASSlftBD • I I Non - UNCLASSIFIED November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Pale 16 UNCLASSlnED Responsive I I Non - Responsive UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED - UNCLASSIFIED 18 UNCLASSlnED ' 77m ' Respons v I Non - • OJIIJlIBI N'ItiI • r • November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 19 eeNPlBtlN'I'llttJ Responsive tWIRls fIst 118JJII lItJ1dfttELS oiCCi UNCLASSIFIED I Non - Responsive •• • November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 20 UNCLASSIFIED I eer 'IBJr fIfTIAt I November 78 • CRYPTOLOG • Page 21 Q IFIBI lPl'f'IA Non - Responsive