l'f - I '• L• •• ·vJ rc - • -• ' JI- - MRlm' NATIONAL RONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION AND OEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE A·NATIONAL PROGRAM T O MEET_SATELLITE AND SPA E VEHICLE TR A CKING REQUIREMENTS ' AND SURVEILLANCE FOR F Y 1959 Al JD 1960 •• I l eco4 'J - C ·v - - ' 'E 4- -e-r I et 44 l - ' f - o 26 5 ' S ce r -v •-- L-0 e q_ SC · _ v - DE r SIFIED Autho i_ty J 91 Cf Cp · i By - NARADate ill 07 -'-• - - - • - - •-- I I - - l' ' ' • · _ · -- ' · - • • tC · - · · ··- _ ·· · ' ·• · - I C·O·K ' r EN TS II I 1 ilequirementa Page 1 u r the Program r Pr • e q t Facilities 6 12 a 195 9 - 1960 4 t The Management _P ble pi 16 5 NASA-DOD Ag r eement ·18 6 Appendbc I i· I l l J II j s°' corJ s R e · v e E 4 c r I et '-I '-l - '- b --- - o- L 2 G S ce - UV '-' _ lv V f - V ' - DE SIFIED SC 9 °1C-p By _ j_NARA Date lilf 07 r Authority • I PREFACE On January 8 1959 the Joint NASA-ARPA Committee on United States Satellite d Space Vehicle Tracking_and Surveillance Requirements made the following presentation to the Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration the Deputy Secretary of Defense the Dilector Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Chairman Civilian-Military iaison Committee This pre sentation reflects ·the results of a stuqy by the C ommittee to determine the present capabilities of the U S to conduct tracking and surveillance of U S and foreign satellites and 1 1pace vehicles and to recommend a financial Q and development program to provide for future requirements as supported by the U S space program as visualizeq at this time It is recognized that future developments ahd requbements will probably change this picture and the recommendations contained herein are considered to fulfill only a portion of the ultimate requirements Concurrent studie on national intell_igence requirements in the space surveillance field were undertaken by another committee chairmanned by ARPA and the methods of exchanging information among DoD scientific-military pro grams NASA scientific progr-ams and the intelligence community were agreed upon As a _result_of this presentation an agreement on the 'NASA-ARPA · Il relation _h ips in the fields of global tracking data acquisition communications DE fIFIED Authority 1'1- C q --p i By _NARADateJilf 02 _ _ ' r • C S3NH lh' l 'NOl VN 3HUV 03 nilOMd3 ' - ' and data centers for space flight was reached between the Secretary of Defense and the Administratol NASA The Joi t NASAt ARP A Committee membership was as follows L A Kurtz Cdr USN F ank Smith NASA ARPA John S Patton Jack T Mengel NASA -ARPA · Clµf9rd I Cummings JPL CIT Homer J Stewart NASA Dr Henry Richter JPL CIT M Cortright NASA ii A World-·wide -Tracking and Pata Acquisition System for Satellite and Space Probes Introduction A broad program of space exploration cannot be successfully undertaken without an adequate ground tracking and data acquisition network Although such a sys tern will be expensive it actually represep ts a reasonable proportion of the total space program budget While tracl ing and data acquisition is not a profitable area fo_r skimping cost savings may be effect_e d by carefully coordinating the requirements of all potential users of such a system During the past year ARPA with the aid of JPL has conducted a study P of the needs of the DoD for a wo rld-wide network In addition they took under consideration the needs of other users with a view to providing service and minimizing duplicatiQn · Asimilar study has been underway within the NASA for the past several months and recently the two agencies and JPL have attempted to cut across jurisdictional lines reconcile differences and develop a joint technical plan for immediate and longer range action It is the pxeliminary results of this work which will be presented herein The reaction of inost individuals when first introduced to the problem of world-wide tra ing and data acquisition is one of confusion this a brief introduction to basic principles will be made In order to m inimize Following this intro- duction the exi tirig equipment will be reviewed and then the additional needs will j i be deta i l'ed Lastly joint recommendation for site development and construction to begin immediately will be made I l l ' DEN ' SIFIED I Authori tyl Jj 9t C't C-p l B y NARA Date 1i If r a7 f rt · £ f S3AIH IJ ' r - · u-r 3Hf lV q qf12 JJ3 l - L OI The first chart Fig 1 illustrates the basic components which go to rriake up a tracking d data acquisition system l I The launching phase 1 makes use of somewhat special zed quipment which will not be ge11erally available to serve orbiting vehicles or space probes and hence will ne t be· discussed herein the Track 1 ing 2 is accomplished by eiectl'oriic means such as I complex which-is shown or by optical means with such equipment as the illus- I trated Baker-Nunn camera Data acquisition 3 requires large parabolic self- 'i l initrack antennae tr a cking antennae such as the one shown if large quantities of data are to be I t transmitted large bandwidth l Thes e antennae may also be used for tracking The data collected must be transmitted to a central processing and computing 1 l Q enter 5 by conventional means such as radio l dlines and cable 4 or by future communication satellites j The question of how to assemble these components into a useful system 1 I' is considere d in the second chart of an idealized system Fig 2 Ideally we would like to make c o ntact with our satellites once each orbit particularly for data acquisition purposes and to a lesser extent for tracking It is thus necessary to set up a line of coverage over which the satellite must pass on each circuit The num ber of stations required to do this depends on the altitude of the satellite as indicated by the coverage of a single station for 300 and 1000 mile satellites ' Most of our experience to date has been with low inclination orbits such g s the illustrated 330 orbit Complete coverage here c o uld be obtained with the 2 indicated vertical chain of stations type orbits Our current interest has shifted towards polar We must thus either extend our idealized chain of stations northward and southward ·to the poles or eastward and westward to a total arc of 1800 The latter is the natural choice smce it does not require excessive stations and provides better geographic choices of location It is apparent however ·that such a neat _ network is impossible due to land-ocean geography may be made however Various types of trades E oT example station C may be replaced with station C' with a displacement of l 2 orbit iri time Also stations A and B could be replaced with A' plus B' at a higher latitude where a single station gives a greater percentage coverage of the polar orbits Q c by C' provides three Another point of interest is that replacing stations separated by more than I80° Utilizing the cross hatched stations for deep space probes permits continuous contact with the probe for all but the earliest portion of the flight However complex the real pattern of stations becomes in subsequent discussions it is important to remember that the goal is simply to achieve the coverage described in this chart L et us imagine that each station of the chart contains a minitrack or equivalent antenna and a large tracking antenna dish Would such a system serve as a common system for all of our national space programs Some indication of the answer may be seen in the third chart Our scientific satellite programs are well served by such a network provided the tracking system is sufficiently accurate for geodetic satellites - The research and development programs on communication meteorological 3 S 1 C IRE 'Ir-- • - - DE SIFIED Autho_ri_ty IJ C q f J By NARA Date • Ii 'I 13 2 I • and navigation satellites ar also well served provided sufficient bandwidth exists to collect and transmit to a co puting center relatively large ainounts of data in relatively short thn es Manned space flight developments are not completely served by the indicated system Special equipment of the radar type are required to provide ffste r _ i · more accurate and more reliable orbit determinations in the launching and recov·e ry areas - Reep try and recovery places special dem-ands -on this equipment Space probes co d be ser ved by the common system provided at least three stations with the indicated spacing were equipped with highly sensitive receiving equipment to detect the relatively weak signals spanning the many millions of miles Operational satellites are generally not well served by the basic system which is conceived as largely an R and D system -Communication meteorolog - ical and reconnaissance satellites in operational systems will generate huge volumes of data requiring both private and real time transmission to c _e ntral computing and analysis facilities In s ome cases this equipment will be con- trolled by other government agencies than those with current requirements i e U S Weather Bur eau and in other cases they might be privately owned i e a telephone company The equipment required in 11 silenti 1 satellite detection is basically dif- ferent than that described as part of the common system Due to this factor and the _9 perational military aspect of silent satellite detection it requires its own tracking communication and computing system 4 ' i - _· if 1 · _y DECL SIFIED Authority tl-l'J P 9 l 9 C-p By NARA Datelifl cz_ - • - Lastly there are the special needs of the intelligence groups which will be discussed subsequently Because of the sensitive nature of this work separate equipment appears to be required although some slight possibility exists of receiving R and D se -vic_e from this equipment at least on an interim basis i All of this network will ·not be developed at o ce Rand D needs are paramount A t the present time A civil and military ·Rand D network could share much equipment with the prototype operational military systems and In the future however although could provide most of the -private civil needs the axnount of shared equipment may actually be expected to increase the needs of military and civil operational satellites will require an increasing amount of equipment outside of the R and D network The remainder of the discussion illustrated by the accompanying charts will detail the existing equipment and the futu e requirements for a world-wide 7 tracking and data acquisition system ' i I I ' I -1 I 5 OE SIFIED Autho i ty YP9 cic-p By ta NARA Date 1i1 07 __ - · - - - ·- · · -- r - PRESENT F AGILITIES The present National capabilities for satellite and space vehicle tracking and data acquisition include a number of facilities and networks established primarily and only for this application a number of facilities now a _part of the National missile and test ranges that are available for this application on a shared basis and some independent or private facilities that can be borrowed for this application on a temporary basis Chart l Figure 3 provides a summary of the tracking and data acquisition j i facilities now available The first item the Minitrack network will be desc ribed I · I in some detail because it is the only permanent full-time network now in operation j ll I iI that provides all of the types of functions typical of a world-wide tracking and data acquisition network The functions provided by this network are a Tracking of the vehicle b Data acquisition and recording c Ground command of vehicle functions d Ground communications e Network technical and administrative control f Logistic support g Orbital computation h Continuous provision of station look angles and of orbital elements and ephemerides 6 - · _ - i Ground monitoring of the scientific measurements being made in the vehicles Chart 2 Figure 4 is a map of the present Minitrack network On all of the maps following · red indicates present facilities green planned facilities which are included in th'e budget estimates following and purple temporary or shared facilities The red or presently in talled Minitrack network ' includes stations in a vertical fence approxirn ately along the 75th meridian plus special stations to enhance signal recovery during the initial orbits £ired south-east from Cape Canaveral and to provide tracking data from lo c ations equally positioned around the world Chart 3 Figure 5 · gives a detaileddiag m m of the communications system ii- ·' J associated with this network Basically this_ system provides direct private full-time teletype lines to all of the domestic and Latin American stations using both leased _wire lines and a special radio teletype drcuit provided by the Signal Corps as an off-·net tributary to the Army ACAN system Shared usage of Navy and Air · Force military teletype communications is used to the Australian station and commercial teletype is used to the South African station Chart 4 Figure 6 gives an aerial view of the Minitrack station located at Batista Field near Havana Cuba The inserts show an actual telemetry antenna left and tracking antenna right I - Chart 5 Figure 7 is a map of the Baker-Nunn stations showing· the locat ion of the 12 Baker-Nunn precision optical cameras These stations are • located at sites offering good seeing conditions between 30° North to 30° South 7 1 •- · ' DECL IFIED Autho i ty 1q C p @'J 9• 1 1 By J 1'fJNARA Date l7 J O2 I • - ' L • S3AIH ijV_lVNOUVN 3HUV o n il3 -------------------·-·-- -- - -----------Latitude around the world This system provides the most precise tracking data now available accuracies currently provided are a few seconds of arc but with a greatly reduced number of observations and a long delay in data availability compared to elec_tronic tracking_systems Chart 6 Figure 8 shows a Baker-Nunn cainera with an insert showing an idealized station layout Chart 7 Figure 9 shows a map of the Microlock stations i' i I i I These tracking and data acquisition facilities have been us ed for all previo 1Sl· s atellite operations This system features a technique £or improving system sensitivity that makes it I l1 particularly applicable for telemetry and radio doppler measurements Operatk- s with U S satellites at 108 me primarily for the Explorer series and at 40 me for the Soviet satellites have been provided-by these stations Chart 8 Figure 10 shows a photo of -the Goldstone 85 1 antenna station l ' This sta ion was the primary tracking station used for the JPL moon probe 1 t PIONEER ill Secondary temporary stations at Cape Canaveral and Puerto Rico provided launch and initial orbital data as well as data during the re-entry phase This antenna is typical of the 85 1 antennas proposed for deep space operations by the NASA and for wide-band data acquisition systems for satellites by both NASA and ARPA A model of it is sitting at the center of the conference table All operations using this dish have been at 960 me with the exception of a flash i conversion to 183 me required for tracking the Soviet lunar shot _ This tracking operation _was successful -8 · '· _ _if£ •· 1'· S3AIH lW 1'fNOlll N 3fli l 03 J 100 a3 --- - - Chart 9 Figur e 11 shows a map of the stations used in the STL lunar probes PIONEER I and PIONEER ll These shots utilized a 60-foot antenna at Hawaii plus temporary installations at Cape Canaveral and at Singapore and shared use of the Millstone Hill Radar and the Jodre ll Bank Radio Astronomy antenna I Operations were at 108 me and coverage was also provided on the initiai'orbit phase by the Minitrack system Chart 10 F fgur e 12 is a photo of the Hawaiian 60 -foot di sh used in this shot This is a T LM-18 225 to 260 me antenna converted to 108 me This same type of antenna at the original frequency band will be used with the ARPA DISCOVERER satellite series Chart 11 Figure 13 shows a map of the DISCOVERER tracking stations 0 which all utilize SCR-584 Mod Il radars plus TLM-18 ante a installations at _the Hawaii and Vandenberg ·Air_Force Base stations Additional facilities that can be provided by the National Missile and Test Ranges on a shared basis for space and satellite operations are the TLM-18 antenna just shown various- photo theodolites and precision tracking radars Chart 12 Figure 14 shows a picture of an FPS-16 radar typical of these precision tracking radars and also of the radars r equired for tracking the MERCURY satellites which a re included in the program proposals to be given by Mr Smith NASA Chart 13 Figure 15 is a m ap showing the lo_c ation of the satellite detection fence components across southern United States r- Two types of equip- ment are currently in a development study status in this fence - the Doploc S lE CiltE 'Jr 9 - • I - ' DEnt SIFIED · Autho_ri y§ c 1 1qc-p By NARA Date Ii fl a2 F - ·-------·- ---- --- - -- - -------------- -----·-------- ------------doppler detection system and the active Minitrack detection system In the se systems a signal from a large ground transmitter is reflected from a satellite into ground tracking receiving stations Because the signal reflected from a satellite is extremely weak very high gain antennas are employed at these 1 receiving station·s with a consequent reduction in beam width A s a result a lthough they are capable of receiving signals from satellites equipped with 108 me • ' transmitters the duration of a signal is so short as to signific a ntly decrea s e the precision of the data obtained from it For this reason and bec use of certain operational conside ations this detection fence is considered as a separate facility from the primary Minitrack network Ch a r't 14 Figure 16 shows an aerial view of the ·Bro vn Field Active · Minitrack station showing the supports for the three _1600 foot antennas Also sh wn at the lower left is tl e Prime IGY Minitra k Station which will be operated on a common cooperative basis with the a ·c tive Minitrack system _at this site In addition to the tracking and data ·acquisition acilities given on Chart l Figure 3 there are several support facilities applied to these operations on a full-time basis These include the Vanguard Control Center and the Vanguard Computing Center associated with the Minitrack network the SPACETRACK Data Filter and Coordination Center and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Computer and Operations Control Center ' - f _ 10 OECL SIFIED Autho_ri_ty 91 q -p • t lrJJ By NARA Date Ii If I O7 - $3 IH l l'o'NOUVN 3fU l f 03 ll00 d3ij 1 Jn summary although there are about 35 full-time tracking and data a c quisition facilities now in ope ration and about 15 part-time o r shared facilities the ne e ds of the presen tly scheduled s a tellite and space vehicle programs are n o t now b e ing met I In the area of satellite tracking v irtually no capability exists for p olar I inclination orbits and not over half of the r e quir ements for 51 d e gree orbits can b e met Only for the original IGY orbits of about 35° c an it be said tha t trackin g fac i lities are adequate In the area of ·space vehicle tracking only the Goldstone 85-foot antenna f acility exists This cannot meet over one third of the present minimum space v ehi cle requiremt nts and less than that when the requi rements for t Wo-way transmission to provide velocity and range are c nsidered In the area of data acquisition only low information bandwidth requireI l ments can now be met by the use of ground magnetic tape recorders and physical 1 transporta tion of the magnetic tape s from the stations to the user group Real time data ground transmission capabilit ies can meet only the very lowest bandw idth requirements using teletype circuits In consideration of these shortcomings a program for the improvement of the National capability for tracking and data acquisition has been prepared 11 DECL SIFIED Authority tlJ C qc --p By j_NARA DateJillyd 7• I --------- - ---·- -·· a-_ _ _ _ • •---' - - - • - - Recommended Program 1959 - 1960 Representatives of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and ARP A have met over a period of months in an effort to identify national space eurveillance tracking requirements the assets available to meet these requirements and from ·these by a process of subtraction to identify addi1 tional requirements essential to the national space program It would be incorrect to report that a completely satisfactory solution to all problems has been reached However the two agencies concerned have agreed on certain adq itional facilities to be developed as a matter of national priority and on the inescapable premise that no space program is feasible without an adequate ground environment 0 We therefore unanimously recommend that the program for FY 59 and FY 60 include at a minimum the following components 1959 Referring to this chart for Fiscal Year 19 59 Figure l 7 we believe fre natimal tracking effort must include the following additional facilities a Space Probe Tracking and Wide Band Data Acquisition includes two 8 -foot diameter antennae located in Aui tralia and Spain This 'an ·as £oot diameter antenna located in South Africa and a transportable data station initially located in Japan The 85-foot antennae will serve the dual purposes of providing wide band data acquisition for the Meteorology Program the Com- munications Program the Early Warning Program and the Mercury Man in DEnr IFIED 'Jj ltl °iv-p B y NARA Date 7l ' t3 2 ' Authority S3NHJ t V lVNOUVN 3HHV 03Jll0Qijd3 1 --------- --- --· --·---- -·- · ·•··· ___ _ -- - - - - -- - In addition 1 these antennae can serve the intelligence com- Space Program i munity on a time available basis to track and readout data from foreign satellites and 'space vehicles The 85-foot antenna to be located in South Africa ' will serve the same prog_r ams and provide coverage in that part of the world ' The United States is in need of general purpose tracking and data acquisition ' ' equipment in the Far East which will also support the intelligence community ' surveillance of foreign s ·a tellites A transportable type of tracking equipment is considered to be satisfactory to meet this requirement b High Inclination Orbit -Tracking The high inclination orbit - racking· equipment consists of Minitrack stations located in Alaska North O central U S 1 Newfoundland · and Spain This equipment is needed to provide the basic tracking capability necessary for light-weight scientific satellites in high inclination and polar orbits The equipment in Spain is also necessary to provide target acquisition information needed to position the 85-foot antenna The figure indicated to cover the cos for these stations is considered minimum but adequate c Merc_u ry Man In Space Program The additional equipment needed in FY 1959 for support of the Mercury Program consists of highprecision pulse-type tracking radars and ·computers located on Bermuda and Hawaii plus additional tracking data acquisition nd communications equipment located on a ship operating in the Atlantic 0 The Bermuda equipment is necessary for injection and for a rapid determination of the orbit as well as for tracking during the later passes - ---- This equipment is also needed for the ' i ' r - i 1m ff fl -U · w- -JC a li · 13 -1 · DECL IFIED Autho_ri_ty N 'J 9J 9 q CJ By NARA Date ill 12 ··-- · - · r S3 IHJW l lNOU fN 3HH V 03 Jl100 d3 £ -------- -- - --- -----·-· earlier non- -orbital shots· Southe·astwari fi·om- Wallops Island _____ -·- ____ _ The Hawaiian equipm ent i needed for rapid toe-determination of the orbit immediately after firing the ·retrorocket so that the exact landing point can be predicted The shipboard instrumentation is needed to provide com m unications and data acquisition in those areas where no land mas see are available for location of this equipment These stations are considered the minimum necessary for safety of the pilot The ·re·quiretrients of the D AB Program have not yet been thoroughly defined but wil1 be reviewed in order not to _duplicate t e Mercury Program equip1nent d The Satellite Detection Fence Program Th·e Satellite Detection Q Fence Program was authorized in May of 1958 and construction •is lI j l complete on this system essentially Experience to date indicates that additional work must be accomplished on this system in order to obtain maxiinum benefit from the stations now available These stations consist of modified Minitrack equipment and a Doppler system The stations already in operation have contributed to the intelligence com tnu nity and ·to the U S capability in determining the existence of satellites passing _over the United States · I lans have been approved to integ_ ate this system with Project Space rack at the Air Force Cambridge Research Center in order to develop an interim filter center for all satellite and space vehicle infor·mation e The Interim Filtel' Centet Th e interim filter center develop- Cn ent is considered to be a research arid dev'efopment to J to_provide information $1E CIR i 14 By OEftf IFIED IVj '1'-l°lC Authority ' NARA Date l71 a 7• i · i _ t ' · on· an immediate basi s to all satellites and space vehicle a c tivities and to se rve s a means for dete_rmining the ultimate type of activity which can pest serve the U S · interests This is consi dered to be based primarily on the national defense requirement to provide information of this nature but it is expected that it will be us ful to all other agencies c oncerned with the Space Program It •is not intended th t· the filter center will replace computing and data re 4uction adivities separate requ rements of the scientific commun ity £ _M oney · The total cost of these programs for FY 1959 a mounts to $41 million It should be noted that this includes the proc urement installati on ·and supporting res·earch and d-evelopment for these programs ·- It is quite clear that the United States must now invest money in a capital outlay for tracki1 1g and data acquisition equipment and their necessary logi stical systems during 1959 in order to have the capability of supporting its currently ap roved satellite and space vehicle projects commencing in 1960 To date $18 7 millio -of-the•-i--e-qun--edtotal-amount ·of-$41 ' million is avail-able and the necessary··addttionai' 1959 fun ds amount to $22 3 million _ The 1960 program Fig 18 is es- 6 Dt-i lly--an exfe on of the equir e me'nt as laid dowr ·in the 19 59 progr·a m· a Space Probe Track lng and W ld'e J3and ata Acquisit i on The item for Space Probe Tra ldng a nd Wide Band ti -Acc pii-aition ·a _s di ated on the -fY 196'0 chart includes l an ·additi oJ ial 85-fo o t a ntenna t o he located in the eastern United _St at s Z a 60 foo t antenna in Bermuda 3 an interplanetary to ·be located in Australia Spain and _Gold atone control net with additional equipment Lake California and 4 a tran s p ortable ·data acquisition and tracking ation io O er areas of space ehic e su r veill nce not foreee n The costs of these item are consist-ent with the costs a a noted in 1959 b -High Inclination Ox b i t Tracking ·The _high inclination or bit tr a king s_tationa equire improvements ' 'riies e include J' e l thne data t-eadou t for positioning _o f tra c_k g ant e a cha e of- e operating fr quen to permit accui acy comparable to opticaltiacld i ig in a dition to p oviding ·a capability to co ver the polar ·o rbits ' ' ' c Mer cury · Man in_Space _·P rogr-am The a dditional facilltie a ne eded in EY 1960 for continua nee · » additional pulae-type track of the Me·rc ury Program inc lud e ing radar in Texas which -w ill precisely fix the vehicl-e's landing projectory addi- tional data acquis tion and c ommunication facilit es at the exis ting Auatralian and South Ai r i c an statlo n a and ·additional ship modifications 15 a SlECJRlE T DECL IFIED Authority • N vp 9 q C-p f By J2lJ NARA Date Iyo i 7 I ' I • • d ·s atellite Dete c tion Feac __ ttelllte-_-cletectio n Ie c· a s e en no - Ul require -continu-ed rea·e arch -and dtry'elopm ent on b oth the a ive M lnit l ' ·a nd Doploc systems to meet the ultimate d sign 21e uiJ -em ent to detect non- -radiat g satellites of an_ -e eCti e -radar cross sectional area Of one square m'irter ·a t 1 000 ' ' ' miles and to provide f9r development of th '° optim mn data prese'nta ion niet_ hod The o bJetj is to c o o dina te the ·v arious tion ·outputa c ncurrently with the - - interim filter center ·development e · Interim Filter Centei- _ D uring _ FY 1960 the_re earch and dey lopment phase of the interitn filter ce n ter -a t Spa ce Tra·ck will reach full scale This ie essary in order to complete -the researc ·and- dev elopment phase of th is important component by July 1 196 0 -at which tim e it is exp ecte that a blueprint fo r -establishing an operational Natb n al Coo r ·dlnation Center will be available Typical of th R _D activities at Space Track during FY 60-are 1 studies and experimental operations to test ·in·c oming a nd outgoing comnumications 2 tie-ins and data processing fr om the Sat te Detection Fenc e and -other sourc s 3 _ specialized techniques such ·as multi dlm ensional displays ·and a4v anced ephermeris calculation methods and 4 quick reaction procedui es J or handling a large satellite population The capital coat £or technical equipment procur-ement installation necessary faciliti a costs and supporting res ear ch and development am o unts to $30 8 million • 1 C 15 J l uc ntIE T - - --- _ - -- -- - - _ - --- - -' - - -- - - - - · ---- - -- - --- -- ·- - --- --- -------- - -- - - -----·- - -- -- _ _ _ - -- - ---·---- -- · ---- -· OECt SIF1ED · Authority N f'JJ Cf -1q C7 By JjNARA DateJifl 07 - --· -------·--· -- - r - S3NHJ 1 NOUVN 3HUV 03JnQO fcf3 f 1 ·- · Ttznni 1 11 · • · SECRE· JI' for the ·above it e Thi iB · e xclusive 1 • • ' • suppo r t or ·an stations ' ' 1 ' • c ts 'of operation 'and logiat cal the ' · · i of th u · s• ti tt Wte · md iipa·e ehlcie ·u r- ce · program £ Operati L Support lt has' b ee esthnatei that· $33 3 mUlion will htclu ding the c ur r - t DlSC VER-tR Pr gr µn be required £or· opei-ation a 1 ·$upporf ' ' ' - ' ' ' · ' -_ ' ' and SENTRY Progra m It should be understdo d that the SENTRY Progra m is atlll _ and ilruµ d cia ions ha v e n t b e ett m ade -to date as t o the extent Qi · this progr - a· rip re of $10 fuilllon h a a been inclucied to c ov r the pos sible · under ·review • nee d e fo SENTR Y _- ·· $25 · _ m llli h s b mi ent ·to d ate- · · · · t a g da acq st ' c omputing communic a tio ns and gis tics io r·-the DISCQ V ER ER Progr and tha t these facUities will ontribute to whatever _ operationa l SENTRY Pro_gram is J ISCO YERER tracking facilities -approved · It is also piantied·to use - of all other progfams in s uppQr t Th e ae fa illltle a will be wider Pac C Missile Range g e - ment since they ar e co n sid l -ed as -p ad Qi the total national pability The ·over - all nat ional co s t ·e stimate for FY 1960 le $64 •1 million In -con-clusion · th programs presented for 1959 and 1 9 60 are 0 ons i der ed to b e only a portion of what developm ents the future United States requir ements will be in space Th e to date have indicated an entirely new field ·of endeavor for the sci ntific a nd military agencies of this nation It is still too early to s e e the total picture an d thi s program as presented repres enta the min i mum implementation as w supported by val id requir en ts · 15 C · ' l DECL SIFIED Autho_ri ty By t i'JJ 9 q r p NARA Date Ii Q a 2 r - conc-eivedg - - n ·err THE MANAGEMENT PROBLEM The purpose of this part of the presentation is to make a few remarks about the management problem associated with the formation and operation of what we have chosen to call the National Ground-Based Surveillance Complex The plans for this complex have been outlined to you in general form today and these represent a great deal of study by many individuals with a heavy concentration of effort in the last few months There is some air of vagueness stili associated with this plan and this is because the structure of a world complex depends strong y on the management structure over the c omplex This plan is far from unique it would look much different if both ARPA and NASA installed and operated completely separate equipments for only their e wn programs It would be even more complicated if each program installed and operated its own network Some management had to be presupposed in order to formulat_e the plan you h ave heard this presuppositio ' V as not in the charter of this planning group If joint participaticm of both ARPA and NASA in the complex does not come about then this plan w ill hav'e to be revised In any case this plan will have to be re-examined as to its long-range plans and goals after a detailed management arrangement exists The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was requested to study and recom m end a National Complex To date two reports resulted from this study JPL 140 and 146 It became ob' ious that at best the latter report could only collect the over-all technical requirements to be placed on such a complex and to u s e this to define the management problem It was felt that if technical agreement could be reached on what the complex should do and might look like then a management decision could be made on this basis The plan today is in general agreement with the complex suggested in 146 but represents the minimum implementation The over-all complex recommen d ed by this report amounts to a continuing capital investment of about the same as you see for 1959 and 1960 namely $40-$50 million per year It appears that this is still t he right order of magnitude to expand the complex to match our growing space program for several years Not only will there be an increasing number of vehicles but th e data transmission will become more complicated as vehicies increase in size It is realized that a complete management decision will probably not be made in the immediate future but it is essential that some fundamental agreements be reached so the installations can be started and longer range technical plans be· made in greater detail Numerous plans for the complex have been made only to be discarded when the presupposed management neve i-· came into being C The management of the complex includes several functions This is true whether the complex is an integrated national one or whether it 16 - · ·' ✓ - -- - ·--· ----·- - - ' •• DEC SIFIED Authority By JJ Jj 91 q C-p NARA Date li l' ' 'l_•a_ 7 S3 IH lf lVNOUVN 3Hl 1 V 03 ll00lld3ll · II- ·nru-· r • V c onsists of two sets of installations operated by different agencies The management plan must reach through all levels of the complex from the loca l operation of each equipment tllrough the top level planning requir ed There are two classes of management which must be represented in all levels of the operatic n These are the technical' and ·a dministrative super vision which may or _may not be eparate I The people operating the equipment must have a clearly defined local administratQr who insures their welfare logistic support and other similar items On the other hand they must have a clear understanding of the source of their technical supervision This latter could come from different organizations at different times depending on the particular circumstances of op ration t j The technical and admmistrative supervisors of each installation must also have a clear understanding as to the source of their support and from whence they get their guidance and decisions This level of management is a very critical one at those locations where different types of equipments will be located and which will be assigned different tasks at different times Some of the operation will involve routine tracking and data collection as a service function others will involve the installation and operation of special equipment by organizations doing R D on the site The top level management has an obvious responsibility for over-all operation and planning This includes allocation of specific equipments and formation of networks within the complex as w e ll as participation in the program-planning stage to insure conipatability of ground- based and vehicle equipments Six m anagement plans are suggested in publication 146 As a result of the study work by JPL as weli as others that have studied this subject for their own agencies it is clearly apparent that some decision must be ma de very soon to begin those facilities indicated for 1959 Even if begun today many of these facilities could not be placed in operation until m onthr after they are first needed for progra ms soon to launch their first experiments I i -I 17 DE f SIF1ED Autho i ty t-tNP t qcp By NARA Datelill 07 r - -- •iflllilil'iiirit11111n - - - -- - - -- -- - -- - - - - ··· ·-- -· •--·- - - -·' COP't AGREEMENT between NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION and DEPARTMENT OF DE IfENSE on Global · T acking Data Acquisition Communications and Da t a Centers fo t Space Flight 1 The separate r e quirements of NASA d the Depa rtment of Defense fo space tracking and data acquisition a re recognized The NASA requirements are primarily for research and development flights and the DOD requirements are primarily for research operational flights and intelligence support • Z Immediate and vigorous action is required in both agencies to implement the agreed-on national program 3 It is agreed that the following actions be started in the current year a Provide tracking and data acquisition stations for deep space probes at Woomera Australia and South Africa using one of the existing 85-foot dishes This will complete a three-station net including the existing NASA Goldstone facility for 24- hour coverage of deep space flights These statibns will be operated by NASA High capacity data acquisition equipment will be required at these sites by the Department of Defense in the near future These stations will provide for DOD requirements until the load increases so that parallel DOD equipment is required I I i I1 1 - -- - -- -- --- - -- - -- -_ -_ _- - - - - - ____ ·--- a ·_ - 1 ''' - -_ - - ' --1-o • ' 'f ___c - --- - - - - - S3 IH8 lN l lNOllVN 3Hl 1V 038nOO d3 1 b Pzovide one of the existing 85- foot dishes in _Spain and a second a ry acquisition a n t with high capacity in Japan Tltese statio r s will b e operated by the Department of Defense These stations wlll provide £or NASA requirements until the load increases so that parallel NASA equipment is required c • Provi de ·facilities required for p oject Mercury including tho S e for injection tracking data acquisition and re-entry command The NASA will provide and operate these facilities d Add iou-r stations to the Minitrack network and modernb e emaining stations tp provide coverage for polar flights • NASA provide a nd operate these stations will ·c 4 The need is rec ognized for two closely cooperating data reception and analysis -centers one operated by NASA as a continuation and expansion of the Vanguard center and one Q-perated by the Department of Defense under Spacetrack management at the Cambridge Research Center These two centers will exchange data freely and provide mutual support for the national program 5 The world-wide communications networks now in existence shall be shared equally by DOD and NASA 6 A technic al committee -with representation irom NASA and DOD shall maintain a coo tinuing study and monitoring of the global tracking data acqui sition and communications problems ' and periodically report their findings for action to the Secretary of Defense and the Administrator of NASA s s T Keith Glennan Administrator NASA Neil H McElroy Secretary of Defense C Washington D C lanuary_lO 1959 COPY -· -_ _ - -- - -- - _ __ - - ··-•• •···-···-· --·---•-- •··--•- _- --• -- ·-•---- · · - -- - - DE r SIFIED Autho_ri_ty tJ f'Jj C al ---p By NARA Date Ii 1 O2 r - -· ·· --·------ - - S3 IH l l lN0l N 3Hl l 03 000Md3 - ·-••n11mlliirii-Zliii___________ _---- APPENDIX NO 1 GROUND FACILITIES NEEDtD FOR SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF SATELLITES SPACE PROBES AND MANNED SPACE FLIGHT All presently anticipated space programs have been reviewed by NASA and ARPA representatives to determine what ground facilities are needed to support the national pr gram during the next two years In determining what n e w stations should be established an attempt was made to use existing facilities wherever p0ssible and to choose new station sites to serve as many different programs as possible The major programs to be considered by this paper are scientific and application _s atellites space probes and manned earth satellites I I EARTH SATELLITES Unmanned r I 0 No firm schedule exists for launching satellites into equatorial orbits during the next two years ' · For this reason coverage for zero-degree inclination orbi_ts was not con s idered to be a prime requirement at this time During 1959-60 12 to 15 satellites are scheduled for launching into low-inclination 30°-35° Tlie existing IGY electronic and optical tracking station a furnish adequate coverage for these vehicles---at least insofar as tz acking is concerned During the same period 15 to Z0 satellites are scheduled for highinclination · 51 ° orbits and an additional 15 to Z0 satellites will be launc hed from the Pacific Missile Range into polar orbits For thes e vehicles the e xisting networks do not provide adequate c overage '--es pecially fe r lig tweight scientific vehicles which cannot carry a heavy radar beacon and power supplies This is illustrated on C hart 1 Fig A-1 which shows polar orbits It can be seen that a few passes which occur near the 75th meridian will be thoroughly covered but most other passes w ould b e missed entirely To r e medy this situation it is proposed that four additional stations be located at Alaska N Central U S Newfoundland and Spain These stations form · a rough east-west fenc e which will catch most of the polar orbits A proposed further modification for polar orbit coverage is to add east-west antenna arrays to the existing Minitrack stations The o t h er o 11new 11 stations indicated on the map Flo rida and Bermuda are· relocations of the Cuban and Ft Steward stations The ' -- - ---- - 1- • - --·-·-·· - - - _ _ _ __ - OECl t SIF1ED Autho i_ty N NJ 9 cl p By NARA Date • ·-· Ii I 1 I S3AIH W 1VN0 l1VN 3HllV03 no0l d3l I 7 Flc rida stati Ii serves the same function as the Cuban station and the Bermuda station will provide needed additional coverage for vehicles launched from AMR and Wallops Island T e next Chart Z Fig_ A-Z shows the existing IGY stations provide rather poor coverage for 51° orbits an d illustrates how the proposed new stations provide the needed additional coverage Note· especially th e N Central U S Newfoundland nd Spain stations SPACE PROBES AND DATA ACQUISITION Another area where the existing facilities are inadequate is the reception of ide bandwidth data transmitted from meteorological or experimental reconnaissance satellites This is ill strated on Chart 3 Fig A-3 Explorer and Vanguard satellites launched in 1958 transmitted a data bandwidth in the order 'of a few hundred cycles per second The meteorological satellite will transmit a few hundred thousand cycles per second and a reconnaissance vehicle may transmit 50 to 60 million cycles per second 0 This in c reased bandwidth can be handled by increasing the power transmitted by the satellite in direct proportion to the amount of data to be transmitted---which is of course unpractical---or by increasing the gain of the ground receiving antenna To get the required antenna gain on the gr9und necessitates the use of big parabolic antennas which must be aimed at or must track the satellite continuously during the data readout period Another program which requires the use of high-gain antennas is the space probe program For tracking of space vehicles 3 antennas located on the equator and spaced 120° apart in longitude would be ideal as illu s trated on Chart 4 Fig A-4 · To approach this situation practically two additional 85-foot antennas are proposed for location in Australia and Spain whic h along with the existing 85-foot antenna in Goldstone California will provide the needed space probe tracking capability Anather 85-foot antenna i propos ed for the eastern U S so that the Goldstone antenna which is actually an R D prototype can be worked on for R D purposes These proposed additional station locations · f' - Fi - Al · _are 85-foot antennas in Goldstone Spain eastern S a d Australia 60-foot antennas in Ber muda and S Africa and a 10 - foot antenna in Japan which in addition to the existing 60-foot antennas at Hawaii PMR and Florida will provide the data acquisition and space probe tracking capability needed for the 1959-60 national spac e program u - 2- I DE IFIED Autho i ty Vj 9 q c -p s I • By _f211 NARA Date 1 o ' S31 IH' llN lVNOllVN 3Hl 1V 03' l 1001 d31 I Ii • e MANNED SATELLiTE PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS 1 Pres-ent plans for the Manned Satellite MERCURY J rogram call for launching northeastward from Cape Canaverai in a 33° inclination and recovery in the Atlantic after the second or -third pass as illustrated on Chart 6 One of the P imary considerations in the choice of this orbit was that it makes possible maximum use of existing ground instrumentation facilities at the Atlantic Missile Range Pacific Missile Range White Sands Missile Range ·Eglin Air Force Base etc l I I Additional facil_ities needed include pulse-type tracking radars an d computers in Bermuda· Hawaii and Texas some additional communications equipment at Woomera· an d South Africa and shipboard equipment to provide crude tracking data acquisition and communications for those areas where no land masses are available The Bermu d a equipment is n e eded for injection and for rapid determination of the orbit as well as for tracking during the later passes It is also needed for tracking non-orbital vehicles and satellites launched southeastward fro r n Wallops Island or northeastward from the Atlantic Missile Range C The Hawaiian _e quipment is needed for rapid redetermination of the orbit immediately after firing the retro-rocket so that the exact landing point can be predicted The equipment in Texas is needed to supplement existing WSMR Eglin and AMR radars in precisely fixing the trajectory during the landing phase Th e shipboard equipment will be installed on ships owned by the AMR by PMR and the Navy and the ships will be operated in the Atlantic the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Several additional ships and planes which _w ill be available from th e AMR and the Navy will be required for the actual recovery operation OEw IFIED Authority 1'1- C l °1C7 By NARADate 82 ' ··- - S3 IIHO IV l lNOl1VN 3HU f 030nOOlld3l I m O ELEMENTJ' OF rJLOBAl TRAC'K N J AN PATA AC iVIJ'ITION NETWORK · 0 e' i m i5' ili ' - fl ' ' FIGURE l I I S3AIH M I WNOUVN 3Hiiv o3 naoijd3ij Ii JI t · r m 0 1 PIVIPVAL PR0d l f U IEMENT3 · tf i - i · ' - 1 t· ' PROG 0 C RAM · •J' - rlORBIT I - · --···- -- -- - - ------ • · I • I - I Y ti i i' - -· - -IA m 0 m 6 i 55 0 o ·- ADOITIONAL ·REQUIREMENTS •· -1 ' Q c J - • c- SVJ 9 _ Q - S 0 l t -··1MbNtAfi N _ g t '' i · ' _ t · i ilCON i w 4f ji Ji a r 1 1 f fi iij 1i t i -i I to t·' d 'lil t' J ij'1 DETECTION SA• biAr1i FOREIGN 90• ll'irr ·- - _fi '- - · -s •·· · • Y ff_ NO ' S N • ·s ' ' ·'TO' ✓ ·_ · · f ' · ' • • · ' _ ·_· ·· • · - - · _ _• · • ' -NO NO - l• · ··I i t ' fHi 2 t12·· ' _ _ - •• _ · • 1• FIGURE 2A '-· - - - • J ·'t' r I B I w ' ' 'ti I I I § ' 'i ' · - ' · ii i I · I I I i I i ffi S i I t- I i i l i t l GS -- I _ N t · i 'S' 1 ti1 t I I ij ' · · f ' · · ' g ' i f Oi · t I I By I _A3 NARA Date ti 9 d 7 NJ OECL SIFIED Autho i_ty C i t 1C i 1 t I I t I Ill N i I ' S3J JH llfl' lVNOllVN3Hl lV 03 ln •Olld3ll i Qi By ' NARA Date Ii fl o1 Autho i_ty $ 9 r1 C OECL SIFIED S3AIH HN WNOllVN 3HUV030nao d3 ' m ll g I 0 - m VANGUARD MINITRACK AND ASSOCIATED COMMUNICATION NETWORK I 0 il • 0 c OUTG01Jtf ' 'ILOG 1 y VANGUARD I I I ' 6 I o- COlilROI ClliTU IR IJ fCOlllk• t t-s' s 2 ' • t t - a l1UtOL1H T_ U fT - IIIAOIO U TT - r CAeL L GCNO •i LIIIA Pc•u l PLU 111 tO• vC Y'OIC lt 010 LAIIIIOl •lrfc voice cirru is o FIGURE 5 t t - ' ' ' ' ' j ' r 'J · ·i i-· f - ·- • ______f _ _ _____ - - - -- --_- - -'_- - S3AIH nN l lNOllVN 3Hl lV 03 JnOOlfd3lf ' i ·t l Ji' · By I Ii f 13 ' t NP C- 4-1r1 CY NARA Date Autho i_ty OECL SIFIED I ' • l S3 IIH l V lVNOllVN 3Hl 1V 03 JnOO d3 · I - ·- · _ - l l - ·1 ' - - -· · • i By NARA Date Ii t y o1 ' NJ 94-lq er OECL SIF1ED Autho_ri_ty S3 IIHO lVNOUVN 3H1 l 030nOOlld31l By _A3 NARA Date I Ii tit t3 7 N J fi G C DECL SIFIED Autho n ty S3AIH' l N lVNOll lN 3Hl lV 03 Jn0Qijd3 J I By __ NARADate fl oJ Autho_ri_ty f JJ C 1 1r- Cp OEC SIFIED S3AJHJijll 7 NOllVN 3Hl 1V 03Jf1008d38 m rSt ET g 5 g PARK J'ATEI I ITE PETECT10N rENCE i m z ½ ii1 en ·------- --------------------- ' f' V - -- - '-- -- _ - f · 'l INTERIM ILTE · CENTER -- u AF-CRC · BEDFORD MASS - LEGEND ' ' - __ r- - - OPERATIONAL - OPERATION COMMENCED t JAN 1959 '- UNDER CONSTRUCTION _ UNDER DEVELOPMENT - - ·- S f ' tf'i FIGURE 15 S3i lH' l JV lVNOll fN 3Hl l 03 JnOOlld3ll m -u 0 g m 0 INFORMATION TRANJ'MITTEP F'ROM J'ATEtl lTES iii 6 z F' s n l ' # # ## -- L- 1 1 S I · 0fg # METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES BANDWIDTH OR AMOUNT OF INFORMATION Q SATELLITE EXPLORERS VANG_UARD 1958 1959 o- al RECON 1960 I - -- e 0-- O ·c o · S z · 8 i I rt I '