MARSHALL ISLANDS FILE TRACKING DOCUMENT Record Number f File Name TITLE Document Number ID - _2-_· _ _ _2_·_C _ ____________ Previous Location FROM _ AUTHOR J' 'I ___ C _·_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Addditional Information _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ OrMibox £f ___ n CyMibox _P--_ __ - - r f _t _ _ - • J PACIFIC PROVING GROUND SPRING 1954 I r· FINAL REPORT OPERATION CASTLE cs i r -· iI t f t ✓ ' - - ' - -FORCE SEVEN AL P W CLARKSON STATES ARMY 1MANDING c - -·· - - i' - • - -· - --- - _ -· - --- __ _ ___ --- --- _____ _ __ _ - - - - _ __ -- • --- _o y ·-sy 15 June 1951 FIN AL REPORT BY THE C » MANDER 1 JOilff TASK FORCE SEVEN to the JOilff CHIEFS OF sr AFF AND CHAIRMAN• ATOMIC ENERGY CCMMISSION on 1954 OVERSEAS 'WEAPONS TESl'S OPERATION CASTLE Reference - a -1 e e JCS JCS JCS JCS JCS JCS JCS 2179 l J 2179 4 6 2179 47 2179 49 2179 52 2179 53 2179 62 THE PROBLEM 1 To present a report of the activities of Joint Task Force SEVEN during Operation CASTIE to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in compliance with paragraph 7 ot Enclosure A to JCS 2179 47 and to the Chairman Atomic Energy Collllliaaion DISCUSSION 2 See Enclosure CONCLUSIONS 3 The misaion_ot Joint Task Foree SEVEN as delineated in Enclosure A to JCS 2179 47 was successfully accomplished 4 The issuance of press releases prior to the beginning of the operation again art er several ot the detonations and at the conclusion ot the series proved to be sound procedure 5 In view ot the high yield ot the devices and weapons tested the danger area established prior to the operation proved to be too small The enlarged area adopted art er the first detonation va s adequate tor the devices and weapons tested 6 Infonnation is needed as to the possibility ot a high yield dstonation causing a tsunami under varied conditions ot tiring 7 The designation of the task force collllll llder aa senior representative ot the Atomic Energy Cozmdssion at the Pacific Proving Grounds facilitated overseas - 0 S ' -l- 11P IEB 75 _ operations b7 establishing a single authorit7 over all components military and civilian of the task force 8 Military support forces provided were adequate and essentiall7 in the correct amount DELETED -------• 10 ------ · - --- The emergenc7 capability of high yield thermonuclear weapons in the mega- ton range was demonstrated 11 The weather prim ril7 upper wind pattems determines to a great extent the detonation schedule of weapons and devices in the megaton range when they are tired from the ground or on barges over shallow water 12 Realistic fallout predictions tor high yield weapons require reliable wind forecasts tor the first 24 hours following a detonation Data obtained during CASl'IE must be studied in order to develop dependable criteria tor predicting fallout resulting from high yield detonations A network of manned stations equipped with appropriate instruments and radio facilities w1l1 provide a valuable safeguard for populated areas within five-hundred miles of the shot site 13 Fear of causing a tsunami of destructive proportion as a result of very high yield detonations will be present during Mure tests until this question is resolved RECC IMENDATIONS 14 That the Joint Chiefs of Start and the Chairman Atomic Energy Commission note the above conclusions 15 That incident to future overseas tests joint Atomic Energy Commission - Department of Defense public statements be released prior to the start of the test series art er each detonation and at the conclusion of the test series 16 That an adequate danger area around the Pacific Proving Grounds be es- tablished prior to Mure overseas test series and that information concerning the establishment be given wide dissemination 17 That tests be conducted prior to Operation REmam to determine the possibility of high yield detonations causing tsunamis 18 That the Atomic Energy Commission and Department of Defense utilizing -2- 9' ILUN • - the capabilities or the permanent joint task force maintain a capability or testing one or more high yield detlces or weapons at the Pacific Proving Grounds on short notice requiring minimum buildup o forces - it Coolea OoE LANL J-Dlv -3- 22 ENCLOSURE DISCUSSION INl'RODUCTION 1 Joint Task Force SEVER JTF SEVEN commanded b7 Major General P W Clarkson U S A ray was tonnerl7 Joint Task Force 132 and was redesignated as JTF SEVEN on l Febru r1 1953 The Commander Joint Task Foree SEVEN CJTF SEVEN was designated by the Chairman Atomic Energy Collllli1111ion AEC as the senior representative ot the AEC at the Pacific Proving Grounds on 15 December 1953 The command post was opened on Parrr Island Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands at 171200l Januarr 1951 and was closed at 170001Z Ma7 195 2 Seven detonations had been scheduled wen the task force arrived in the Pacific Proving Grounds actually detonated Five or the original seven plus one substitute were In conjunction with these detonations scientific and weapons effects experimental programs were conducted Thia report describes the weapons and devices and presents prelind nacy conclusions which can be drawn from earl7 analysis of available data More definitive conclusions will appear in technical reports to be published at a later date This report covers in summary the operational security communications logistical and fiscal aspects or JTF SEVEN Detailed information regarding these subjects will be included in the Histocy or Operation CASTLE to be completed b7 31 July 1951 The CASTLE Film Report will be completed and prints forwarded on or about 31 July 1951 J The planning date or l March 1951 -was established for detonation of the first shot in accordance with JCS 2179 53 The report by CJTF SEVEN to the Executive Agent dated 8 Januarr 1951 stated that the task force was prepared to conduct its first test o n schedule l March 1951 a The shot schedule as of 1 March 1951 was tElETED DELETED -1- Cooled DO£ LANI_ J-Orv - b B cauee o ad e- s weather the et' ecte o r -- actual detonation dates were ae ollova1 DELETED 4 The experience gained in prerloua operations b7 ke7 milit r7 and civilian members or the task force made possible accurate detailed planning for the operation in advance or the movement rca the Zone of Interior ZI There ore the task orce headquarters was required to issue onl7 brief checklist directives in advance o each detonation WEAPONS AND DEVICES TESTED 5 GENERAL a The scientific objectives set forth or CASTLE can be brieny stated as fellows 1 Achievement or emergency capabillty_on at least one weapon DELETED ------ ··------- 3 The-acquisition or experimental information pointing the way to future develop11ents in the direction or weight reduction or thermonuclear weapons 4 Obtain ef ects information b At the beginning of CASTLE ' __J DELETED -2- Copied DOE LANL J-Olv 7 b difference between the two being the types and 81ROunts or materials 1n thermo- nuclear components _DB11ED • t 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------- - DELETED -4- Copied DOE LANL J-OIV --------- ------·- ___ _ __ 1 12 The preceding is a SUJlllll I7 or the significant achievements of CASTLE in the light or the scientific objectives previously set torth A summary features or the weapons and devices tested is presented in Appendix H ot the It can be concluded that CASTLE achieved the following ----------- ·----- DELETEQ MILITARY SUPPORl' 13 On 4 August 1952 CJTF SEVEN submitted a report to the Joint Chiefs ot Start outlining the military participation program for CASTLE then planned as a 4-shot nuclear and thermonuclear test operation scheduled tor September - October 1953 On 20 October 1952 the Joint Chiefs of Starr made certain modifications to this report and approved the program for planning purposes only Concurrently the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed the joint task torce commander to revise the military force requirements on an austere basis Subsequently the AEC and the D partment of Defense DOD approved a plan to broaden CASTLE to a 6-shot all thermonuclear operation and to postpone the tests until January - February or 1954 The program 11-as later increased to seven shots The Comnander JTF SEVEN submitted modified support requirements as directed on 17 February 1953 having withheld action until the AEC could formally present a proposed revision ot the CASTLE concept On 14 April 1953 the Joint Chiefs or Stat approved the modified support 'equirements and authorized CJTF SEVEN to further modify the military requirements as cha ges were made in the operational concept ot the tests The commander of the joint task torce vas further authorized direct communications with the three military Services to e ect further modifications The Joint Chiefs of Starr instructed each military Service to establish suitable priorities to insure timely manning and equipping of the task force and to provide additional forces and services as necess r7 Military torees provided are renected in -5- - • - 1 v-·- · UOE c 1 Appendices C through G The task force received full cooperation from all three military Serrlcea OPERATIONS 14 ORGANIZATION AND C H ANI RELATIONSHIPS a The taak force vaa organized into a headquarters and five functional task groups designated as 1 Task Group 7 1 Scientific 2 Task Group 7 2 Army 3 Task Group 7 3 Navy 4 Task Group 7 4 Air Foree 5 Task Group 7 5 AEC Base Facilities b Forces were drawn from the AEC and its contractors and the three military Services Appendix A depicts the general organization for CAsrLE Appendix B depicts the organization of Headquarters JTF SEVEN c Organization mission and major equipnent or the various task groups e depicted in Appendices C through G 15 PLANNING AND TRAINING As the mission and concept or CASTLE became known Operation Order No 1-53 was issued to cover the activities or the task force during the buildup phase As the concept became more fi na Operation Plan No 3-53 was issued to cover the period or operations from the time major elements or the task force were deployed in the forward area until completion of on-site operations Operation Plan No 3-53 became effective as an order on 17 January 1954 These publications defined in detail the missions for various subordinate units and although closely monitored by task force headquartera training prior to the on-site phase was the responsibility of the various units The highlight or training prior to the on-site phase occurred in October 1953 wen the Air Force Task Group and Navy Task Group conducted a rehearsal in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego California 16 ON-SITE OPERATIONS a The on-site phase of CASTLE commenced with the establishment of command posts in the forward area on 17 January 1954 Arrival or major components in the forward area was phased to coincide with the i llmediate operational n ds ·- Meanvhile construction of teat facilities progressed substantially as planned b By l February 1954 all task torce elements had arrind in the forward area and preparations wre begun tor the conduct of the firat tull seal• Nhearsal Extensive preliminary commwrl cations checks were made and on 23 February th• rehearsal or the first shot wu auccesstully carried out scale rehearsal conducted Thia was the only full Since all shots weN statically detonated and opera- tions were similar each detonation served as a rehearsal tor the one to follov c a s detonated at 0645 local time on l March 1954 Prior to this shot all personnel were evacuated trom Bikini Atoll except tor a small firing party vhich rsmained in a bunker on En 'U Island approximately twenty miles from zero point At the time of the detonation all task force ships in the Bikini area were located southeast of the atoll at least thirty miles trom zero point Arter the shot it became necessary to close the camps on Bikini Atoll because of the radiological contamination and blast damage Subsequent operations at Bikini were conducted principally tro m afioat d Because ot unfaTorable weather conditions at Bikini it was not until 27 March t h a s detonated The concept or the shot schedule wu reviewed and revised to incorporate more fiexibility at Eniwetok Atoll l__ On 7 A p r il ' 1111- --• lllllwas -»as rescheduled to be ti red detonated at Bilcini on lninlwl Island On detonated ·-- ·-·--- U May the Eniwetok weather became avorable lll'Q § was Except tor rollup and redeployment the on-site phase vas eaaenti ll7 completed vith the last shot e As tasks were completed units ot the task force weN redeployed and individuals vere retumed to parent organisations or were reusigned In accord- ance vith previousl7 prepared plans reduced planning statts and certain troop elements vere reformed as components ot the task force in order to provide tor -7- - JI continuity of operations and tor economical expeditious support ot Operation REDWING scheduled tor the Spring of 1956 concern was voiced as to the posai- since the device was positioned on the edge of the reef prior to tiring MIKE during Operation m Thia same question arose In both cases it was disconcerting to the commander to have this question raised by scientists just prior to shot time In both cases a 't er study the task force scientific director assured the commander that under the specific conditions or the particular test involved a tsunami would not occur This question will continue to arise with certain high yield detona- tions until suitable tests are conducted to resolve the problem ME TEOROLOGY 17 As in previous operations weather was a m jor problem particularly with regard to winds aloft tor fallout considerations o unacceptable fallout patterns Delays were experienced because The tests were carried out during a period of the year when the weather in the Marshill Islands area was reasonably favorable it was not an unusual season from a climatological point of view Future tests must expect similar delays due to weather unless firing techniques such as firing on barges in the open ocean or air drops are developed which will minimize the amount and the activity of fallout RADIOLOOICAL SAFETY 18 During CASTLE it was more important than on previous tests to make certain that populated islands and transient shipping were not contaminated since the detonation of six weapons and devices were planned with yields expected to be in the megaton range The lack of fallout information rom previous shots or megaton yield weapons or deviceL - serious handicap • • lELfTED -·--·Consequently ·more radioactive debris was carried up and di tused over a much larger area than was thought possible ll ll emonstrated that the origin or the fallout pattern is a large area up to fii t y miles in diameter varying according to the yield The radioactive intensity or the debris likewise varies with the yield ssr r rt cop ed OOE LANL J-0 v 3 11 19 Radioactive debris om th _ _loud contaminated populated areas which necessitated the evacuation or groups or Marshall Islands natives and certain U s milita1'7 personnel The experience gained t s valuable in evalu- ating radiological safety conditions on subsequent shots so that no additional significant contamination of populated areas occurred 20 The primary means of rapidly detennining the relation of forecast to actual particle trajectory was the use ot aerial cloud tracking flights Informa- tion obtained from these flights combined with reports roa ground monitoring stations made possible rapid detenid nation of fallout patterns after each shot 21 The planned maximum permissible exposure MPE of personnel was 3 9 roentgens However it was anticipated that this limit was too low considering the number and expected yields of the weapons and devices to be tested There- fore the provision or waiver or this MPE by the task force commander was established The Surgeons General of the three milit 1'7 Services and the Director Division of Biology and Medicine AEC approved the granting of waivers as neces_sary Only in relatively few eases vaa it necess 1'7 to do so PERSONNEL AND ADMINistRATION 22 After Operation IVY tables of personnel distribution were revised and new requirements set up for CASTLE The Army NayY and Air Force tilled the joint task force requirement for both officer and enlisted personnel tion additional personnel were foond to be required During the opera- These were obtained on temporary duty status and sent to the forvard area 23 The decision of the Secretary of Defense to reduce surplus military manpc w-er in the military Services during 1953 resulted in the appointment of a DOD joint manpower survey board under the monitorship or G l Department of the AI-my to study the personnel requirements of JTF SEVEN and to recommend an interim table of distribution The Comm anderi JTF SEVEN concurred with the report of the board and the proposed table of distribution whieh closely approximated the figures previously estimated by CJTF SEVEN was adopted 24 The official observer program for CASTLE as approved by the AEC and DOD provided for a total of twenty observers or each detonation were distributed equally between the AEC and DOD Space allocations Military Air Transport Service ' ATS arranged special air ml•sion flights in conformit r -wit h the schedule o -9- Tl If RI lfll IJ Tl urr iii u hf 1 -----detcnations The first group of observers made the trip to the forward area llllii lllrand cbserved retu ' ned in seven days As a result or unfavorable wea- ther conditions the next tvo shots were delayed resulting in many of the most important observers being forced to return without witnessing detonations To preclude these undesirable delays and to ineure a fixed schedule tor future nights CJTF SEVEN with the approval of the AEC and DOD arranged for the cancellation or the four remaining special air mission nights and the substitution of two observer nights to depart and return on specified dates without regard to the ahot schedule SECURITY Ilfl'ELLIGENCE AND PUBLIC INFORMATION 2 5 SECURITY a Security activities were conducted in accordance with applicable AEC and DOD regulations and directives Headquarters JTF SEVEN published security memoranda to provide specific instructions tor the task groups in such matters as personnel clearance£ security indoctrination badge identification and security couriers These memoranda were further augmented by posters displayed in offices and public places A movie program consisting of security talks by senior comman- ders and security shorts was presented in conjuntion with the recreational movie program b By decision of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 14 April 1954 the provi- sions for CJTF SEVEN to report to the Commander in Chief Pacific CINCPAC for movement control and general security with respect to the task force and Eniwetok Atoll was broadened to include Bikini Atoll The Eniwetok-Bikini area or operations as closed to all vessels aircraft and personnel except those participating in the operation and access to the area was controlled by the provisions of CINCPAC letter Serial 020 dated 1 April 1952 c Coordination was maintained with the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Counter Intelligence Corps CIC U S Army Criminal Investigation Division CID U S Army Office or Special Investigations OSI U S Air Foree and Office of Naval Intelligence ON 1 U S Navy in all areas in which elements of the task force operated Security aspects for such activities as the shipment or weapons and device compcnents to and f'rt m the forward area required close -10- Copied DOE LANL J-Dlv coordination with the above agen ies as Wt'll as military protection provided by CINCPAC and JTF SEVEN d The Army Task Group wu ruponsible tor conducting neceaaar y ground security patrols and the Navy Task Group conducted air and sea patrols Appro- priate task force personnel wre indoctrinated in the correct and expeditious reporting or contacts e 26 There were no major security violations INI'ELLIGENCE Intelligence swmna ries as well as estimates and comments received from intelligence agencies or the three lllilitary Services were collated and eval_µated so as to detennine their effect upon the plans and operations of the task force Several contact reports in the forward area received immediate evalu- ation but none were determined to have derived from an enemy source 27 PUBLIC INFORMATION Releases to the press pertaining to JTF SEVEN opera- tions and activities were made only by the AEC and DOD A release was 1118de prior to the establishment of the task force in the forward area and again following the first three detonations made After completion of the operation a final rdease was In order to insure that all personnel in the task force had knowledge of the information which had been made public 9 the content of the releases was made known to all personnel of the task force LOGISTICS 28 TRANSPORT AT ION a All movement requirements of JTF SEVEN were planned and accomplished in accordance with broad policies and procedures previously established and in- volved utilization of the movement capabilities of MATS and of the Military Sea Tran port Service MSTS Requirements for movement of personnel and cargo via air and surface t ansportaticn were origc nated by the various task groups and were submitted to CJTF SEVEN for review and consolidation prior to submission through chan els to the Executive Agent b Airlift by MATS aircraft was used extensively to expeditiously move to the forward area essential penonnel 6 priority supplies and equip l8nt Nquiring rapid delivery Airlift was used to return large numbers or personnel to duty stations in the ZI The cugo return volume was considerably diminished since a -11- s large part of the outbound eargo was eixpended 6r eatest extent pr cticable Surfaee u n was utilized to the MSTS vessels lirted a considerable amount of re- placement and buildup military personnel to the orvard area Surface llrt accounted for a large volume of general cargo construction materials general supplies and vehicles c The phasing or men and materials to the forward area began during April of 1953 and was not completed until the end of January 1954 The greatest problem encountered in connection with surface transportation was that of llrting more than two-hundred heavy-li n item a including nearly one-hundred large van type trailers Many or these trailers contained electronics equipnent which required very careful handling All vessels used had to be self-supporting insofar as heavy-lift gear was concerned since no fioating cranes are available at the Pacific Proving Grounds d To expedite the processing and movement or personnel and equij' lllent through transshipnent points 9 liaison officers were continued at the U S Naval Supply Center 9 Oakland California Travis Air Force Base California Hicka m Air - Force Base Oahu T H and the U S Naval Station Kwajalein M I These agencies are essential e During the operation 88 vessels were utilized to transport 1 314 passengers and 156 930 6 measurement tons of west and eastbound cargo not include cargo and personnel transported in Navy Task Group ships This does A total ot 17 499 passengers and 2 257 short tons ot freight were airlifted east and westbound Appendix I presents logistics data concerning air and surface transporta- tion to and from the Pacific Proving Grounds t Forn rd area transportation was both interatoll and interisland vi th- in an atoll and required both air and surface movements Interatoll air traffic was handled primarily by our C-47 aircrart and two specially configured PBM air- craft Surface traffic was serviced by tw rsr vessels augmented by one LSD Interisland traffic at both atolls was handled b y H-13 H-19 and L-13 aircrart and by surface craft of the LCPL LCM water taxi LCU small tug and barge types For the most part traffic was serviced on established schedules which were revised frequently to conform with existing movement requirements Appendix J indicates surface logistics or interatoll and interisland activity The amount of inter- -12- PHI a ·oo ea OOEI •_ o N J-0 s -• ----•- _ ' if atoll cargo tonnage handled was 74 887 6 measurement tons and the interisland tonnage amounted to 1 304 488 6 measurement tons tor a total ot 1 379 376 2 measurement tons The number ot personnel transported interatoll amounted to 1 429 passengers and the passengers transported interisland amounted to 275 718 tor a total or 277 147 passengers g The air transportation or personnel interatoll and interisland trom l January 1954 through May 1954 amounted to 24 078 passengers a In the ZI normal support ot the military elements ot the task force was provided through established supply sources of the respective military Services while support of the AEC elements was provided by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory University of California Radiation Laboratory and associated activities and contractors b In the forward area the military elements of the task force vere supported by ZI depots and other military supply activities 'With the exception of petroleum oil and lubricants which were provided by the Commander Service Force Pacific Fleet COMSERVPAC The Overseas Supply Agency OSA San Francisco Port of Embarkation processed all Army supply requisitions except emergency requests Naval material was furnished principally through the Naval Supply Centers at Oakland California and Pearl Harbor T H while the Air Force Task Group received its support from the Sacramento Air Material Area Sacramento California Emergency support was provided by U S Army Pacific USARPAC COMSERVPAC Hickam Air Force Base and U S Naval Station Kwajalein The AEC elements 1n the forward area were supported in the same manner as in the ZI utilizing military port and shipping facilities c Technical and nonstandard items peculiar to the conduct of the test • were obtained from the AEC appropriate military Service or commercial contractor sources by special arrangement in each case d No proble1118 that could not be resolved vere encountered in the supply ot the task force JO MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION The AEC contractor Holmes and Narver Incorporated maintained the fixed plant except communications facilities on Eniwetok and Bikini Atoll •• Since provisions for maintenance and construction on -13- Ill IL F oiwetok Island were not included in any programs or budgets authority for required work was obtained with great difficulty Therefore a badly needed long range construction plan for Eniwetok Island was developed coordinated with the task groups and submitted to the AEC • 31 MEDICAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES The medical facilities in the forward area proved entirely adequate and were based on a 15-day torvard area evacuation policy The Army Task Group provided hospital facilities on Eniwetok Island The AEC contractor provided an infirmary and aid stations on Parry Island and at various Bikini campsites The Navy Task Group provided medical services to the forces anoat Personnel used the closest available medical facility COMMUNICATIONS 32 CollllllUilications during CASTLE were characterized by a necessity for relia- bility flexibility and ability to speedily handle a large volume or messages of a high degree or security• 3 3 Communications security was given major emphasis Task force personnel -were thoroughly indoctrinated in the necessity tor communications security and radio circuits were closely monitored Security was round to be unusually good but in some instances military communications security regulations i e JANAP 121 122 AFSAG 1248 unnecessarily hampered operations Operation CASTLE was recognized as an at mic test - not a tactical military operation - and norm al military communications practices were modified where necessary to fit test requirements and expedite operations Variations and confiicts between communica- tions regulations and practices of the AEC and the DOD created serious operational difficulties Strenuous efforts were made to provide secure facilities for the rapid exchange of classified information and these greatly accelerated operations Much automatic on-line cr-yptographic equiJX11ent was employed to handle the unusually large amount of classified messages It operated very satisfactorily with speed and accuracy and required a relatively small number or operators for the heavy volwae of traffic 34 Radioteletype circuits formed the main communications syst811l They connected the Pacific Proving Grounds with the AEC and scientific installations through Los Alamos New Mexico with worldwide Army and Navy communications -14- 1 I tG • cn wt1 networks through the Army radio relay stAtion in Hawaii and with the Air Force network through Kwajalein Other radioteletype circuits interconnected Eniwetok Atoll Bikini Atoll and major ships of the task force One relay center located on Eniwetok Island served the entire task force and processed all messages leaving the Pacific Proving Grounds except for a minimum number of direct Navy and Air Force communications which were specifically authorized The USS ESTES AGC-12 provided alternate carrier wave CW service to Hawaii when required Submarine and land line cable systems connected islands on Eniwetok and Bikini Atolls The primary radioteletype facility was supplemented by efficient manual and automatic telephone systems and both short and long range voice radio nets Telephone and voice radio systems were interconnected to provide maximum fiexibility 35 The communications system met the loads placed on it during CASTLE but the operation emphasized the necessity for increased use of fixed station type communications equipnent properly engineered and installed to meet the rigid requirements imposed upon the system Distances to be covered by radio are long and require high power transmitters adequate antennae and optimum perfonnance Land areas are extremely limited and an excessive number of high power radio circuits must be operated within a small area resulting in unusually difficult interference problems These radio interference problems became more acute when operations were conducted from aboard ship Intensive efforts and a high degree of technical skill were required to keep all radio circuits operating satisfactorily Rapid and unexpected changes in test operations required rapid changes in c0111munications net -orks emphasizing the need for maximum fiexibility 36 Peak load traffic exceeded fifty-thousand messages and four million groups per month This amounted to our times the volume handled for a compara- ble period during any previous operation volume were negligible Personnel increases to handle this The communications centers and their supporting radio and telephone systems were heavily loaded by the increased traffic but were able to meet it because of improved equipnent installed 37 Operation CASTLE nquired the integration of colll Illll1ications syste n s and practices or the Army Navy Air Force Scientific and Base Facilities Task Groups The crumnunications success achieved was in a large measure 1 due to the high degree of cooperation and teamwork of communications personnel of these various task groups -15- 1 FINANCE AND FISCAL MATTERS 38 As during IVY 11 the task force COlllll l'lder vas provided a fund for defraying expenses over and above those normally incurred by the military Services in support of the operation Thia fund was included in the regular Arrey budget under the appropriation Maintenance and Operations It was used for task force opera- ting expenses such as travel and temporary duty transportation 11 modification of ships and aircraf't 11 procurement of special equipment not common to the military Services and radiological safety equipment and supplies required for protection of the command Allocations were made direct to the task force commander as chief of an operating agency and allotments were made by him as required to task groups and other interested agencies As of 30 April 1954 a total of $4 198 347 78 was obligated for operational expenses of the task force 39 Direct expenses of the DOD scientific programs were funded by the Chief Armed Forces Special Wupons Project AFSWP out of the appropriation Research and Developnent Army Projects of all three military Services were financed in this armer after evaluation and correlation by the Chief 11 AFSWP Total obligations against research and development funds as of 31 March 1954 amounted to $3 859 000 40 There are attached as Appendices K and L statements showing amounts approved and recorded obligations in operational and scientific funds U Overall costs of the operation in terms of capital costs and operating costs were computed from reports submitted by participating agencies of the military Servicea 11 the AEC and other government agencies total reported cost was J88 223 ll 793 M As of 31 March 1954 11 the A detailed statement is provided as Appendix A final cost I'eport showing costs accumulated for the entire operation will be disseminated at a later date -16- H 17711125 3112 r APPENDICES A Organization or Operation CASTLE B Headquarters Joint Task Force SEVEN Organization C Task Group 7 1 Scientific Organization D Task Group 7 2 Anny Organization E Task Group 7 3 NaV7 Organization F Task Group 7 4 Air Force Organization G Task Group 7 5 AEC Base Facilities H Summary or Weapons and Devices Tested I Surface and Air Logistical Support J Interatoll and Interisland Logistical Support K Obligations Against DOD Extra Military Funds as of 30 April 1954 L Obligations Against DOD Research and Developnent Funds as of 31 March 1954 M Total Operation CASTLE Costs - -17- __ _ -- •- •- - Y ' rul U1C I J- I IUI I l A I Lt ON-SITE PHASE CHAIRMAH ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION CHAIRMAN loSLITARY LIAISON COMMITTEE I '' I MANAGER SANnl FE OPERATIONS OFFICE '' '' '' '' '' '' ' '' '' JTF SEVEN SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF CHIEF OF STAFF U S ARMY EXEC AGENT '' '' '' '' ' CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS atlEF OF SWF U S AIR RlRCE __ _ _ _ J _ _ _ _ COMMANDER JOINT TASK FORCE SEVEN SEE NOTE-I CINCPAG CHIEF AFSWP I 1 I I L-----------------SEE NOTE-2-------------------J r·-·-·-· l ·--·-· --li- -S-K_G_A _OU __p_ 7___ 5_ --- - ----- AEC BASE FACILITIES TASK GROUP 7 I SCIENTIFIC LEGEND LIAISOIII TASK GROUP 7 2 TASK GROUP 7 3 TASK GROUP 7 4 ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE NOT I BY DECISIOII DF TME JCS OIi II UORIL lfSI fHE ODIIMANDEI 01' THE JI IINT TAK FORCE fU REPORT TO THE A•PROPRIUI COMMANDER UNDER THE JCI ICINC•ACI FOR MOVEMENT CUNTRCll LOGISTIC SUf PCilRl AND POW THE ptUNfl'ID e OF GENERAL lUCURlf'I' WITH RESPECT ro rHE 1 A5K FORCE MID ENIWETOK Al'DLL ILA1'Elt BIIOADENED TO INCLUDE BIKINI UOLL lfN fHE ABSENCE OF lfHE T lH PDRCf CDMM AWOf lt t JICHI rt£ E MWETOI -'ltEA fHE IE•IOR U MC fl011Cf llf'PtOOI rtte BNf lilLL I I AfCOil R l'OH f OINC C l' ll Iii PURPo a AEC POUCY 4- TE 2 UY' DE'CISION Ctf THC JCS ON 23 APRIL 1155 rHE CHIEF Of 1'HE ARMED f'ORCE S SlletliJ WEA PONS PROJECT AFSIWP WILL EKERCISE WITHIH AH t USI FORCE ORGANlZATIOtl TE CHNICAL DIRFCTIOH Of THE WfAPOMS Efft CTS TESn OF PRIMARY CONCERN TO fHE HME 0 FORCU AT ATOMIC TESTS COHDUCTED OUTSIDE THE CDNTIMEHTA L UMITeD STATn PltlDR TO THt ON-SITE PHASE OF AH OVERSEAS HST OPERA TIO • THE TASK FORCE COMMANDER WIU COl6ULT THE CHIEF Of AFSWP ON MODIFICA TIOMS DR CIEU TIONI TO THE DEPARTMEH r Of DEHlNSE wt APON t fiFECTS TEST f'ROGRA Mlo HEADQUARTERS JOINT TASK FORCE SEVEN ORGANIZATION COMMANDER SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR SECRETARY J-1 DIVISION L I -----JO_I_N_T_ST_A_F_F_ _ _ _ J-2 DIVISION DEPUTY FOR AIR FORCE HISTORIAN CHIEF OF STAFF J-4 DIVISION J-3 DIVISION J-5 DIVISION COMPTROLLER 0 w a a z MISSION PREPARE FOR AH CO 'CUCT OPEiATIUd CASTLE PREPARE FOR THE CONDUCT OF EXPERl1 iiflHAL A NC TEC11NICAL MEASUREMENTS PROf'OSED Y THE AEC A ND COO AS APPIWVED OY Ttit rn RCSPECTIVE Alit NCIES PRGVIDE FOR ThE SCCU1UTY C F 1 ril JOit- T USK f-LECE At C C1 I IHOI AHO dlKIIH ATOLLS KEY PERSONNEL MAJOR GENERAL P W CLARKSON USA Commander IUJOR GENERAL E McGIHLEY USA C i I ol Stofl DOCTOR A C GRAVES A EC Sci nt1lic Dir ctor COLONEL M A BYWATER USA F O put1 lo Air COLONEL R H CUSHING USA Anhlont Ctu 1 of Stoff J-1 COLONEL 5 P WALKER USA Anhtant Ch1 I of Stoff J-2 COLONEL W S COWART USAF Assislont C 11 f of Stoff J-1 CA PU IN W L KHICKEROOCKER USN Aui11ont Ch •I of Stoll J-4 COLONEL F C BOWEN USA A ui11on1 Ch •f of Stoll J-5 COLONEL R C DAVIE USA Auistont Chi I of Stoll Comptroll r TASK GROUP 7 1 SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION ADVISORY GROUP CLASSIFICATION TECHNICAL REPORTS COMMANDER DEPUTY FOR UCRL J-1 PERS TU-I LASL PROGRAM J-3 DIVISION a ADM PLANS TU-3 SP MATERIALS FACIL11 JI TECHNICAL REPORTS DEPU FOR __ADMINISTRATION _ _j I J-6 DIVISION TEST FACILITIES J-4 DIVISION LOGISTICS DIVISION a OPNS TU-8 TU-6 FIRING ---l A_RTY_ _ _ _ TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY TU-2 TU-4 TU-7 TU-9 PROOUCTION LASL ASSEMBLY RADSAFE DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY MISSION r- Q -13 OD GRAM_S _ _ _ D D -14 CRL MBL _Y U-15 TIMING FIRIN_I CONDUCT TESTS OF WEAPONS AND EXPERIMENTAL DEVICES CONDUCT TECHNICAL AND litiEASUREMENT PROGRAMS AS FINALLY APPROVED CONDUCT DOCUMENTARY FILM OPERATIONS CONDUCT RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PROGRAM INFORM CJTF SEVEN OF THE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR JTF SEVEN TEST AIRCRAFT AND SURFACE CRAFT IN LIAISON WITH CTG 7 5 ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS FOR BASE AND TEST PACILITIES AND INFORM CJTF SEVEN OF SIGNIFICANT REQUIREMENTS AFFECTING HIS OVERALL MISSION PROVIDE CJTF SEVEN WITH DETAILS OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS INVOLVING MILITARY PARTICIPATION KEY PERSONNEL DR W E OGLE Co111111ond11 OR D C SEWELL Depu1 for UCRL » R D CURRY JR Deput for A dmi11i11ro1u1a DR R C SMITH Clan11ico1lo11 11 R A W KELLY J-1 COLONEL 11 R A J M R R H OR R L DA H L P L HOOPER USA J-l YAH GE II EAT CA 11 PBELL J-6 AA MOOT TU-I JOHNSTON TU-2 J- MR S H ELLISON TU- DR M G HOLLOWA Y TU- OR J C CLARK TU-6 MAJOR J D SERVIS USA TU-7 MR L M GARONER TU-8 LT COLONEL J L GAYLORD USAF TU-9 OR A J HUDGINS TU-12 COLONEL H K GILBERT USAF TU-ll MR P BYERLY TU-1-4 MR H E GRIER TU- IS ' oo 0' _ g UJ TASK GROUP 7 2 ARMY ORGANIZATION COMMANDER ·-r·-· r 18 th MP CID NAVY DET BOAT POOL USCG COMMUNICATIONS DET LORAN 7126 ·--1--·--·--·--·7 CIC DET SECURITY DET AU 0 HQ a HQ DET SERVICE SIGNAL MILITARY POLICE PORT TRUCK DET DET DET DET DET MISSION LEGEND _ _ OPERATIONAL CONTROL __ BASE FACILITIES SUPPORT COMMAND REHDER NECESSARY SUPPORT TO TASK GROUP 7 1 PROVIDE LOGISTIC SUPPORT FOR THOSE ELEMENTS OF THE JOINT TASK FORCE BASED OH ENIWETOK ATOLL PROVIDE GROUND SECURITY FOR ENIWETOK AND BIKINI ATOLLS OPERATE PORT FACILITIES AT ENIWETOK ATOLL PROVIDE SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS AT ENIWETOK AND BIKINI ATOLLS KEY PERSONNEL COLONEL E H LAHTI USA Com ondor LT COLONEL D L BLUE USA Executi Olfiu MAJOR C W MARTIN USA SI MAJOR H E WANDEL USA S2 MAJOR 8 J MALLORY USA SJ LT COLONEL W TROY USA 54 MAJOR M H DAKIN USA Co-n1nliou 11 CA PU IN R G HARNEY USA Comptroller CAPTAIN C E RAMSBURG USA Hq Hq Ootacf11n -1 CAPU IH B G STRONG USA S nlu 0 111eh111e111 MAJOR J 5 GIBSON USA M P D01och1no11t CAPTAIN M KEAT USA Po 1 D01ochmon1 CA PTA IN M E BOCKOVERH USA Truck O•tochm•rtt 1st LT E H STEVENS USA Sigrtol Delochm•nl 0 z w a a - TASK GROUP 7 3 NAVY ORGANIZATION COMMANDER TASK UNIT 7 3 0 TASK UNIT 7 3 1 TASK UNIT 7 3 2 TASK UNIT 7 3 3 TASK UNIT 7 3 4 SPECIAL DEVICES SURFACE SECURITY CARRIER PATROL PLANE JOINT TASK FORCE FLAGSHIP I-AV- ooe 1-CVE 10-HRS 12-P2Y-6 1-P2V-S 1-P4Y-2 2-PBM-SA 1-AGC TASK UNIT 7 3 7 TASK UNIT 7 3 8 TASK UNIT 7 3 9 BIKINI HARBOR ENIWETOK HARBOR TRANSPORT 1-l'C 6-f4U-SN TASK UNIT 7 3 5 TASK UNIT 7 3 6 UTILITY AW SHIP COUNTERMEASURE TEST I-ARDS 2-YAC IS-LCM -Alf 1-LCP Ill I-YO 1-YCV 1-YOG 1-YOGN 1-YFN I-AYR 1-MWB 1-AVR 5-LCU 1-YC I-YO 1-LCU I-LCM I-A RS 1-DM 2-LCPR MISSION PROVIDE AND OPERATE A BOAT POOL AT ENIWETOK AHO BIKINI AND AN INTER-ATOLL SURFACE LIFT SYSTEM PROVIDE lN INTER-ISLAND HELICOPTER AIRLIFT SlSTEM AT BIKINI PROVIDE FOR DELIVERY OF SIGNIFICANT DEVICE COMf-'ONEtHS TO me FORWARD AREA AND BETWEEH ATOLLS PROVIDE SHIPBOARD COMMAND FACILITIES AOMIHISTHATIY SPACE ANO COMMUNICATIONS CIRCUITS WHILE CJTF SEVEN 15 AFLOAT AT BIKINI PROVIDE FOR CONTROL OF THE DRONE VESSELS CONTROL HARBOR OPERATIONS AT ENIWETOK ANO DIKINI PROVIDE FOR THE SECURITY OF THE ENIWETOK-BIKINI DANGER AREA KEY REAR ADMIRAL H C BRUTON USN Commonde CAPTAIN R RUTHERFORD USN Chief ol S1off LCOR A C DRAGGE USN Admini11ro1ion ond Per1CM1nel COMMANDER R A KLARE USHR S1cun1r ancl l111ell1q1nce COMMANDER M S SCHMIOLING USN Pion oncl Op110 1iGt11 PERSONNEL COMMANDER 0 BONTECOU USN Loqhlin LCOR J B JOHNSON JR USN Commun1cotion1 CAPTAIN R E C JONES USN TU 7 3 0 · ··e TNl u H TTuu 7 COMMANOFR W ARNOI O USN TU 7 3 3 CAPTAIN J W WAlERtlOUSE TU 7 3 4 LCDR L JONES USN TU 7 3 S CAPTAIN G G MO -UMPHV USN TU 7 3 6 COMMANDER C 0 LOWE USN TU 7 9 I-TAP 2-LST TASK GHOUi-' 4 AIR FORCE ORGANIZATION COMMANDER TASK UNIT 7 4 1 TASK UNIT 7 4 2 TEST SUPPORT UNIT TEST AIRCRAFT UNIT 10 L-IJ u1 l ll 7H-19 TEST SERVICES UNIT 15 F-84G wa 29 I B- 60 l SA 16 lC SC 2 B-J6H I RB-16 1 C-SC CJTFI HA-16 I TASK UNIT 7 4 3 1 J 2 PBM u a 1 a so a z· w a a MISSION ASSUME OPERATIONAL CONTROL OF THE INTER-ATOLL AIRLIFT SYSTEM AMO THE INTER-ISLAND AIRLIFT SYSTEM AT ENIWETOK EXECUTE MISSIONS Of CLOUD SAMPLING EFFECTS TESTS AIRCRAFT OPERATIOH COMMUHICUIONS SERVICE SEARCH AND RESCUE TECHNICAL REPORT PHOTOGRAPHY AIRCRAFT OPERATIOHS WEATHER SERVICE MATS TERMINAL OPERATIONS AHO OFFICIAL OBSERVERS FLIGHT'5 KEY PERSONNEL BRIGADIER GENERAL H M ESTES USAF Commander COLONEL E W KESLING USAF Depu17 Commond11 COLONEL H D MAII0H USAF 01111 of Stoll LT COLONEL G E FORREST USAF P nonnel LT COLOHEL P H FACKLER USAF O •ratlff• l T COLONEL R M HAWLEY USAF Material LT COLONEL R S NUGENT USAF Commu ucolion1 MAJOR H M MEADOWS USA I- 1 omptroller w 00 C-' j COLONEL J F STARKEY USAF To k Unit 7 4 1 LT COLONEL J A WATK NS USAF Ta1 k Unit 7 4 '1 LT COLONEL M B t1AMM 6HO USAF T01ok Uni 7 4 3 -z go uJ TASK GROUP 7 5 AEC BASE FACILITIES COMMANDER DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF COMMANDER FOR HSN AIRSTRIP OPERATIONS VEHICLE-DISPATCHING E-1 TU-I ENGINEERING DIVISION TU-2 SERVICE MARINE E-4 DIVISION E-2 DIVISION TU-3 OPERATIONS TU-4 CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT MAINTENANCE SUPPLY 8 WAREHOUSING TU-5 FINANCE E· S DIVISION TU-6 PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION OPERATIONS MISSION EXECUTE' MISSIO S ASSIGNED BY MANAGER Sfl O IH ACCORDANCE WITH CURRENT AEC POLICIES PLAN Ot ISTRUCT OPERATE AHO MAIHTA IN CERTAIN SPECIFIC IHSULU TIOHS AHO FACILITIES AT EHIWHOK AND BIKINI ATOLLS PROYIDE H CEIIARY BASE FACILITIES AND LOGISTIC SUPPORT FDR MILITARY PE IDHHEL AT ENIWETOK AHO BIKINI PROVIDE 1-iECESSARY TEST FACILITIES TO MEET THE SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS KEY PERSONNEL MR J t lFEVES Comnu nder MR P W SPAIN Deputy CommonJ IIIR C A GORIS E-1 Adm1ni1t1otion MR W R A DAIR E-2 S•curilr MR M A R X E-l Opero11ons MN E WYNKOOP E-4 Eng n Con 11 and Lo111stie1 MR J A SUGDEN E- Communico11ons MR C L CORAY H M Co-ond« MR R A BOETTCHER TU-1 MR l CORMAN TU-2 ' MR R BURBANK TU-• gi MR S SCHMIDT TU-5 MR 0 W BULLOCK TU-6 az MR E JEFFCOAT TU-l • J 0 U J - nam n APPENDIX- if --- --- 946 SURFACE AND AIR LOGISTICAL SUPPORT OPERATION CASTLE --- TOTAL I CARGO 8920 TOTAL 7 6 S TONS PASSENGERS EASTBOUND CARGO 8679 TOTAL WESTBOUND 5 TONS 126 74 Lli JlQ PASSENGERS 886 TOTAL 30 185 1 428 WATER M TONS AIR SHORT TONS EAST _ W_ ST_ JAN FEB MAR APR MAY 2167 6 19098 JUN ·-409l ___1 94 2 6263 3 2614 0 78 6710 3 2028 8 4961 7 1151 4 461 14254 6 14715 6 592 8 6788 3 6990 5 1744 2 15 8 20 6 19 4 13 7 16 6 WEST 3 41 8 73 3 46 5 47 8 29 8 TOTAL 44 8 89 I 67 1 TOTAL _AST -- WESTBOUND I 501 3 I I --- 29 46 4 JUL NOV AUG 692 9 81165 256 2 51 9 54 3 47 2 75 0 79 281 5 111439 UJT PASSENGERS EASTBOUND CARGO M T PASSENGERS APR D UTIIIATE IIAY 196 4 _ ___ 17 100_ _90311 _____4000 577 7 46 7 694 4 263 3 83 2755 10242 3 16952 4 83906 9283 1 3213 9 5527 148 6 149 2 199 3 216 5 135 5 I75 I 189 6 2465 370 0 312 2 uJ 50 151 i oq o - sz d l a INTER-ATOLL INTER- ISLAND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT OPERATION - CASTLE ENIWETOK ' ATOLL k- Iiltf • BIKINI •• INTER ISLAND INTER ISLAND ENIWETOK BIKINI 430 421 874 06 ----- _ C argo Mt_T 223 720 Passengers 51 998 INTER ATOLL ATOLL ·' 4 Cargo M T Passengers INTER ATOLL 0 ENIWETOK to BIKINI ' ·1 '• ' l 81lun1 ' 1 1En1wetok 1• 01 1- I _ ' J ntwetok JAN Cargo Pa• Cargo _fg• _Carve Pax Cargo Pax 920 5 I 857 --10 3 455 2 354 18 089 13 207 FEB -- I 5 63 6 973 16 492 21 086 863 000 954 MAR 2 11 I 50 5 906 16 644 28 132 263 08 I 807 48 552 Cargo M T 26 338 Cargo MtT I 064 Passengers 365 Passengers APR 7 9 I 31 7 BIKINI to ENIWETOK MAY 619 I 3 72 6 12 55 5 5 800 34 - --- -9 I8 7 14 589 784 2 325 44 3 35 IO I I2 5 7 198 JUN JUL 814 I 3 25 0 35 I _ 85 2 2 IO 7 3B 56 I 8 899 I 589 0 4 8 71 32 19 44 6 I 167 44 409 8 4 4B AUG I 910 10 3 583 23 36 697 I 564 39 76 9 9 840 SEP 3 36 2 6 I 13 960 2 I 41 4 9 31 056 6 60 239 OCT NOV 2 4 78 I 5 2 79 5 21 -45 380 2 532 6 I 05 3 I2 73 I 845 0 3 2 19 I -· ··--- 9_ 54 684 2 72 6 51 570 14 560 DEC JAN FEB I 560 0 3 4 27 3 915 0 I 265 I 7 I I 0 I 591 -- 62 4 56 15 - S _ 604 599 3 31 I I3 ___ __ J_ _______ o__ 52 7 59 17 449 436 748 366 31 4 59 19 7 I3 175 982 396 MAR APR I 076 2 690 124 73 234 628 ____ 17_5 466 ---22-- 2 I 4 7 002 4 84 2 10 2 05 64 86 6 73 405 19 5 55 23 28 2 EST MAY 2 01 JQ 85 1 200 100 -- 65 000 21 000 ___ _______ APPENDIX K OBLIGATIONS AGAINST DOD EXTRA MILITARY FUNDS AS OF 30 APRIL 1954 FY T ravel $53 023 23 122 452 17 3 168 94 104 410 77 107 579 71 1 37 100 00 100 702 96 237 802 96 86 082 97 86 082 97 586 320 00 589 550 94 28 928 23 28 928 2 3 21 93 3-87 26 2 0 26 5 200 00 5 200 00 412 980 12 412 980 12 $272 8 2 38 8 0 000 00 $ 3 215 2 36 62 8 0 000 00 i 3 488 079 00 84 J 211 049 $ 357 056 87 626 054 29 $ 3 841 290 91 710 268 78 $4 198 347 78 Activation Modification and Inactivation o Aircra t Maintenance and Construction of Real Facilities 3 2 30 94 Documentary Photography Radiological Safety 1 306 • 39 Weather Service Operational and Logistical Support Ship Rental 877 982 C6 70 258 79 Task Force Overhead Expenses $ 52 193 • 38 Communications Tar AL 824 958 8 3 15 3 279-58 22 819 50 POL Non-operational phase • 1 30 460 ce Tnnsportation of Things Activation Modification and Inactivation o Ships FI 1954 1953 Includes expenses such as local procurement of equiJlllent supplies and services not obtainable from the military Services and not otherwise classified Includes procurement o POL during the operational phase APPENDIX L OBLIGATIONS AGAINSf DOD RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT roNDS AS OF Jl MARCH 125 AUTHORIZED OBLIGATED BALANCE 11 614 831 60 $1 334 181 08 $ 280 650 52 906 249 00 750 121 86 156 127 14 Structures 375 llO OO 356 640 41 18 469 59 Test of Service Equipnent and Operation 950 278 00 859 104 42 91 173 58 Long Range Detection 357 574 00 189 768 30 167 805 70 Supporting Measurements ll9 86l OO 97 919 71 21 941 29 1 616 096 40 271 265 05 l 344 8Jl J5 S5 940 ooo oo $3 859 000 83 $2 080 999 17 Blast and Shock Measurements Nuclear Effects I Common to Operation TOrAL CopleO DOE LANL J·Dlv 34